SIDA a Strategic Conflict Analysis of Cenntral Asia

7/31/2019 SIDA a Strategic Conflict Analysis of Cenntral Asia

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0$ Agdg{`n Sgcw{hyx di Cedfnhcy Shyw`yhed hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0

0$0$ Agdg{`n cedfnhcy igvgnepbgdy$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;

0$0$0$ Bwnyhn`yg{`n sgcw{hyx `{{`dagbgdys$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3

0$0$;$ Cedfnhcy b`dàgbgdy. {gsenwyhed `di cedfnhcy p{gvgdyhed$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$90$0$3$ B`je{ cl`dags ;??;";??7. swbb`{hnx$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7

0$;$ Cedfnhcy nhdgs hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7

0$;$0 Gyldhchyx `di Ke{ig{ Hsswgs$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$6

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0$;$3 D`yw{`n [gsew{cgs: Ehn. A`s di Q`yg{ Ied‘y Bh|5 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <

0$;$9 Cedfnhcy evg{ Aevg{dbgdy `di _enhyhc`n Swccgsshed $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8

0$;$7 [gnhahed$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$00

0$;$6 E{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di sy`yg hdfhny{`yhed $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0;

0$;$1 Sech`n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$03

0$3 @cye{s hd cedfnhcy$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$09

0$3$0 Sy`yg. swk"sy`yg"a{ewp. chvhn sechgyx. g|yg{d`n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$09

0$3$; _g`cg àgdi`s. hdcn$ qebgd‘s a{ewps $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$07

0$9 Bgcl`dhsb ye ìi{gss cedfnhcys$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$07

0$9$0 G|hsyhda cedfnhcy {gsenwyhed bgcl`dhsbs$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$07

;$ Mx{axzsy`d$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 06

;$0 Cedfnhcy Nhdgs hd Mx{axzsy`d$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$06

;$0$0 Gyldhchyx. {gahed`nhsb `di ke{ig{ cedfnhcys$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$06

;$0$; [gahed`n peqg{s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0< ;$0$3 Aevg{d`dcg `di {gfe{b $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0<

;$0$9 Lwb`d {halys igvgnepbgdy `di sech`n f`cye{s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;?

;$0$7 E{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di ce{{wpyhed $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;?

;$0$6 Gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy `di {gsew{cgs$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;;

;$; @cye{s hd cedfnhcy$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;3

;$;$0$ Sy`yg. swk"sy`yg"a{ewp. chvhn sechgyx. g|yg{d`n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;3

;$;$; _g`cg àgdi`s. hdcn$ qebgd‘s a{ewps $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;9

;$;$3 Bgcl`dhsbs ye ìi{gss cedfnhcys$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;9

3$ Y`jhmhsy`d $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;73$0$ Cedfnhcy nhdgs hd Y`jhmhsy d $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;7

3$0$0 Gyldhchyx. {gahed`nhsb `di ke{ig{ cedfnhcys$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;7

3$0$; [gahed`n peqg{s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;6

3$0$3 Aevg{d`dcg `di {gfe{b $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;6

3$0$9 Lwb`d {halys igvgnepbgdy `di sech`n f`cye{s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;1

3$0$7 E{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di ce{{wpyhed $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;8

3$0$6 Gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy `di {gsew{cgs$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3?

3$; @cye{s hd cedfnhcy$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3;

3$;$0 Sy`yg. swk"sy`yg"a{ewp. chvhn sechgyx. g|yg{d`n$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3;

3$;$; _g`cg àgdi`s. hdcn$ qebgd‘s a{ewps $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$33



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3$;$3 Bgcl`dhsb ye `ii{gss cedfnhcys $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$39

9$ Scgd`{he d`nxshs$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 39

9$0 Scgd`{he edg: sgcw{hyx {gfe{b di gcedebhc sy`khnhyx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$39

9$; Scgd`{he yqe: sy`yws we$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$39

9$3 Scgd`{he yl{gg: Sy`yg f`hnw{g `di c{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef ylg {gahed$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$379$9 @ssgssbgdy$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$37

7$ Sy{`ygahgs di epyheds$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 37

7$0 Sgcw{hyx sgcye{ {gfe{b hd Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$36

7$0$0 Ce{{wpyhed `di e{a`dhzgi c{hbg$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$31

7$0$; _enhyhc`n ngahyhb`cx `di peqg{$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3<

7$; Igc{g`shda [gahed`n Ihffg{gdcgs$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3<

7$3 Hdf{`sy{wcyw{`n hbp{evgbgdys$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$38

7$9 Bwnyhn`xg{gi pp{e`cl ye cl`dag ylg cw{{gdy shyw`yhed $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$387$9$0 Hdyg{d`yhed`n ceepg{`yhed$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$9?

7$7 Qhdieq ef eppe{ywdhyx `di ylg n`cm ef penhyhc`n qhnn$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$9?



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0$0$ Agdg{`n cedfnhcy igvgnepbgdy

Cgdy{`n @sh` l`s kggd sp`{gi ylg ngvgn ef `{bgi cedfnhcy yl`y l`s cl`{`cyg{hzgi ylg C`wc`sws{gahed. qhyl ylg g|cgpyhed ef ylg 088;"81 Y`jhm chvhn q`{$ Dgvg{ylgngss. cedfnhcy peygdyh`n g|hsys hdylg {gahed `neda ` dwbkg{ ef cedfnhcy nhdgs$ Gyldhchyx. {gahed`nhsb. {gsew{cgs. aevg{dbgdy.{gnhahed. `di e{a`dhzgi c{hbg `{g ylg besy `pp`{gdy cedfnhcy nhdgs$ Wdnhmg hd ylg C`wc`sws.gyldhchyx l`s dey kggd ylg b`je{ cedfnhcy nhdg hd ylg {gahed. `di ` be{g ihvg{shfhgi phcyw{g ef cedfnhcy nhdgs g|hsys hd ylg {gahed$ @s ylg kneeix gyldhc {heys kgyqggd Mx{axz `di Wzkgms hd Eslhd 088? hdihc`ygi. ylewal. gyldhchyx l`s ` peygdyh`n ye p{evhig ` sew{cg ef cedfnhcy$ [gahed`nhsb hsyhalynx ceddgcygi ye ylg neq ngvgn ef ngahyhb`cx `di pepwn`{ higdyhfhc`yhed qhyl ylg p{gsgdy"i`x kewdi`{hgs hd Cgdy{`n @sh` – higdyhyhgs `{g fe{bgi be{g ed ` {gahed`n yl`d ed ` d`yhed`n ngvgn$Hdiggi. {gahed`nhsb q`s `y ylg lg`{y ef Y`jhmhsy`d‘s chvhn q`{. `di hs ` sy{eda penhyhc`n {hsm f`cye{ hdMx{axzsy`d `s qgnn `s Wzkgmhsy`d$ [gsew{cgs cedsyhywyg ` ylh{i c`ygae{x. b`hdnx iwg ye ylg `k{wpyihvhshed ef ylg {gahed‘s {gsew{cgs neda agea{`plhc`n nhdgs. qhyl lxi{ec`{keds `nbesy g|cnwshvgnx hdylg qgsyg{d l`nf `di q`yg{ gw`nnx g|cnwshvgnx e{hahd`yhda hd ylg g`syg{d p`{ys$ Cedy{en evg{aevg{dbgdy hs `d hbpe{y`dy cedfnhcy nhdg hd ylg {gahed `y p{gsgdy. ahvgd ylg f`cy yl`y de pg`cgfwncl`dag ef aevg{dbgdy l`s y`mgd pn`cg hd ylg {gahed shdcg hdigpgdigdcg. `di ylg igvgnepbgdy ef `d hdyg{d`yhed`n e{ig{ hdc{g`shdanx hdyeng{`dy ef `wyle{hy`{h`d {wng$ [gnhahed l`s igvgnepgi hdye `dhbpe{y`dy hsswg. qhyl {ìhc`nhzgi fe{bs ef Hsn`b igvgnephda hd ylg {gahed$ Ylgsg cedy{hkwygi yeylg Y`jhm chvhn q`{. `di ngi ye `{bgi hdsw{agdchgs hd Mx{axzsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d yl`y fwdi`bgdy`nnx `ffgcygi ylg {gahed‘s sgcw{hyx$ E{a`dhzgi c{hbg l`s a{eqd hbbgdsgnx hd shzg evg{ ylg p`sy xg`{s`di y{`dscgdis ylg eylg{ c`ygae{hgs ef cedfnhcy$

Cedc{gygnx. ylg shdang besy cedfnhcy p{edg swk"{gahed hd Cgdy{`n @sh` yei`x hs ylg hdyg{sgcyhed `{gèf g`syg{d Wzkgmhsy`d. de{ylg{d Y`jhmhsy`d. `di sewylg{d Mx{axzsy`d. spgchfhc`nnx ylg Fg{al`d`

v`nngx `{g`$ Besy ef ylg cedfnhcy nhdgs yl`y qhnn kg ihscwssgi kgneq `{g p{gsgdy hd ylg Fg{al`d`

v`nngx `di `{g {gn`ygi ye ylg `{yhfhch`n ke{ig{s. gcedebhc igcnhdg. gdvh{edbgdy`n c{hshs `di {`phipepwn`yhed a{eqyl$3 Ylg sy`yg"ye"sy`yg cedfnhcys hd ylg {gahed l`vg igc{g`sgi hd hbpe{y`dcg ylgn`sy fgq xg`{s. gvgd hf ygdsheds hd ylg Fg{al`d` v`nngx `{g syhnn lhal$ Y{`dsd`yhed`n p{ekngbs. edylg eylg{ l`di. l`vg hdc{g`sgi hd hbpe{y`dcg. qhyl ygdsheds evg{ {gsew{cgs. y{`dsd`yhed`nyg{{e{hsb `di e{a`dhzgi c{hbg igsy`khnhzhda ylg {gahed$

Cedfnhcys evg{ {gsew{cgs l`vg kggd pehdygi ewy `s edg ef ylg besy hbpe{y`dy peygdyh`n fe{cedfnhcys hd ylg {gahed$ Ylg q`yg{ hsswg hs `ccgdyw`ygi hd ylg Fg{al`d` v`nngx qlhcl hs `dhbpe{y`dy à{hcwnyw{`n {gahed fe{ `nn p`{yhgs hdvenvgi$ Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d `{g lg`vhnx igpgdigdy ed ehn `di a`s f{eb ylg eylg{ sy`ygs `di l`vg p{epesgi g|cl`dags. kwy ylg{g l`s kggd` sy{eda {gnwcy`dcg ye cl`dag ylg sy`ywgs we ed ylg p`{y ef ylg ieqdsy{g`b sy`ygs$ Wzkgmhsy`d

l`s cediwcygi y{`hdhda g|g{chsgs yl`y neem qe{{xhdanx `pp{ep{h`yg fe{ `yy`cmhda ylg Yemyeawn q`yg{ {gsg{veh{ hd Mx{axzsy`d$ Hy qewni be{gevg{ kg sy{`dag hf Wzkgmhsy`d‘s bhnhy`{x ihi dey pn`dfe{ igfgdihda ql`y ylgx cedshig{ ye kg ylgh{ ngahyhb`yg {haly ye q`yg{. iwg ye ylgh{ lhsye{hc`n`ccgss ye q`yg{ `di. be{gevg{. ylg cewdy{x‘s lg`vx {gnh`dcg ed q`yg{$

N`di hsswgs `di se"c`nngi yg{{hye{h`n gdcn`vgs `{g hbpe{y`dy {g`seds fe{ pesshkng ygdshed. kwy ylgx ie dey sggb ye kg ef hbbgih`yg cedcg{d. `nylewal `ccgss ye gdcn`vgs `di ylgh{ aevg{d`dcg l`skggd ` dgangcygi hsswg fe{ ylg p`sy 07 xg`{s$ Ylg ke{ig{ cedfnhcys `{g leqgvg{ penhyhc`n. gcedebhc`di bhnhy`{x hsswgs yl`y dggis ye kg ig`ny qhyl$ Effhch`n y{ìg hs igc{g`shda hd ke{ig{ `{g`s `dibesy `ffgcygi `{g ylg pee{g{ `di be{g wdsy`kng sy`ygs hd ylg {gahed `di ylg pee{gsy sy{`y` hd

3 Sqhss @agdcx fe{ Igvgnepbgdy di Ceepg{`yhed. @d`nxshs ef Cedfnhcy _eygdyh`n hd Fg{al`d` V`nngx . ;??7$




sechgyx= be{gevg{ ylg f`hnw{g ye gsy`knhsl nec`n y{ìg evg{ ylg ke{ig{ l`s igc{g`sgi y{wsy kgyqggd`cye{s `di hdc{g`sgi ylg cedfnhcy peygdyh`n$ Ylhs c`d kgsy kg sggd hd ylg hdc{g`sgi bhnhy`{hz`yhed ef e{ig{ `{g`s. swcl `s n`di bhdhda. qlhcl c{g`ygs hdc{g`sgi ygdshed$ _`{y ef ylg p{ekngb hs yl`ysebg ef ylg pee{gsy {gaheds `{g hd ylg ke{ig{ `{g`s `di ylg c{ess"ke{ig{ y{ìg hs hbpg{`yhvg fe{gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy$

Ylg a{g`ygsy {gahed`n yl{g`y `y ylg bhnhy`{x ngvgn hs ylg bhnhy`dy Hsn`bhc fwdi`bgdy`nhsb yl`y l`shdc{g`sgi hd sy{gdayl `fyg{ hdigpgdigdcg$ Besy hbpe{y`dy hd ylhs c`sg hs ylg HBW ,Hsn`bhcBevgbgdy ef Wzkgmhsy`d( qlhcl hd 0888 `di ;??? cediwcygi bhnhy`{x epg{`yheds hd yl{gg sy`ygsef ylg {gahed `di hs kgnhgvgi ye kg`{ ylg {gspedshkhnhyx fe{ yg{{e{hsy `cyheds hd Wzkgmhsy`d hd keyl0888 `di ;??9$ Ylg HBW q`s lg`vhnx igchb`ygi `fyg{ ylg W$S$ hdyg{vgdyhed hd @fal`dhsy`d. kwy hssyhnn hbpe{y`dy `di ` {gsw{agdcg slewni dey kg {wngi ewy$ Lhzk wy"Y`l{h{ l`s gbg{agi `s `deylg{Hsn`bhc e{a`dhz`yhed qhyl ylg ae`n ef evg{yl{eqhda ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d aevg{dbgdys. gvgd hf ylgx cn`hb yl`y ylhs qhnn kg `ccebpnhslgi qhyl ded"vhengdy bg`ds$

D`{ceyhcs `di e{a`dhzgi c{hbg cebgs wp `s edg ef ylg be{g hbpe{y`dy wgsyheds qlgd ig`nhda

qhyl cedfnhcy p{gvgdyhed `y ylg {gahed`n ngvgn$ E{a`dhzgi c{hbg l`s dey ednx pgdgy{`ygi `nngcedebhgs ef ylg {gahed. kwy `nse hdc{g`sgi y{`ds"d`yhed`n vhengdcg iwg ye ylg c{hbhd`nhyx yl`y{hsms hdc{g`sg ylg ygdshed kgyqggd ylg ihffg{gdy sy`ygs$ Spgchfhc`nnx. d`{ceyhcs y{`ffhcmhda l`vgfwdcyhedgi `s ` fhd`dchda sew{cg fe{ ylg HBW$ Ylg penhyhc`n ce"epyhed f{eb ylg d`{ceyhcsdgyqe{ms l`s bìg penhyhc`n `di nga`n gcedebhc hdyg{`cyhed kgyqggd ylg sy`ygs be{g ihffhcwny$ Hdìihyhed. fwdis f{eb e{a`dhzgi c{hbg c`d kg wsgi ye bekhnhzg `di k`dm{enn pepwn`{ wd{gsy. `ssggbs ye l`vg kggd ylg c`sg hd Sewylg{d Mx{axzsy`d hd B`{cl ;??7$ Igsphyg sebg `yygbpys yeig`n qhyl ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg. hy hs ` y{gbgdiews p{ekngb yl`y l`s hdc{g`sgi ce{{wpyhed ye ngvgnsyl`y `{g wdp{gcgigdygi hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$ Nhdmgi ye ylhs hs ylg lg`nyl p{ekngb yl`y yl{g`ygds yec{g`yg sgvg{g p{ekngbs hd ylg {gahed. gspgch`nnx hd {gn`yhed ye qebgd yl`y l`vg ngss `ccgss ye

bgihc`n c`{g$ Ylg{g l`s `nse kggd ` hdc{g`sg hd d`yhed`n `di y{`ds"d`yhed`n pgyyx c{hbg `di vhengdcg {gn`ygi ye e{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di d`{ceyhcs `kwsg$

Ylg agdig{ `di àg ihbgdshed {hsm c{g`yhda ygdshed qhylhd sy`ygs hd ylg {gahed. `s qebgd `dixewyl efygd pg{cghvg ylgbsgnvgs `s kghda g|cnwigi. `di efygd ce{{gcynx se$ Ylg {`phiigbea{`plhc a{eqyl `di nhbhygi n`di {gsew{cgs hd ylg {gahed àa{`v`ygs swcl ygdsheds$ Ylgpeygdyh`n sech`n p{ekngbs yl`y cewni fneq f{eb hdc{g`shda dwbkg{s ef wdgbpnexgi `diwdig{giwc`ygi xewyls dggi ye kg y`mgd hdye `ccewdy$ Qhyl hdc{g`sgi pepwn`yhed. ylg{g l`sgbg{agi `d wdcedy{enngi bha{`yhed hdye be{g p{espg{ews sy`ygs yl`y l`s c{g`ygi ygdshed.gspgch`nnx `s hy efygd hs `ssech`ygi qhyl hdc{g`sgi ngvgns ef c{hbg$

Fhd`nnx. ylg n`cm ef hdyg{`cyhed kgyqggd ihffg{gdy `cye{s yl{ewal cnesgi ke{ig{s `di `{khy{`{x ke{ig{ {gahbgs hdc{g`sgs ylg ygdshed kgyqggd ylg ihffg{gdy sy`ygs `di {ghdfe{cgs ylg g|hsyhda cedfnhcys$ Hy hs kx ylg i`x be{g ihffhcwny ye c{g`yg {gahed`n sgcw{hyx bgcl`dhsbs. `s ceepg{`yhedkgyqggd sy`ygs ef ylg iegs dey sggb ye hbp{evg. hd sphyg ef lepg ye ylg cedy{`{x$ Ylhs iegs deyednx hdc{g`sg penhyhc`n p{ekngbs. kwy b`xkg be{g hbpe{y`dynx igc{g`sgs ylg pesshkhnhyx fe{gcedebhc hdyg{`cyhed `di hdc{g`sgi y{ìg$

0$0$0$ Bwnyhn`yg{`n sgcw{hyx `{{`dagbgdys

Cgdy{`n @sh` swffg{s f{eb ylg n`cm ef fwdcyhed`n {gahed`n sgcw{hyx bgcl`dhsbs$ Ylhs hs iwg p`{ynx ye ylg {eng ef g|yg{d`n `cye{s `di p`{ynx ye ylg n`cm ef ceepg{`yhed kgyqggd Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs$Sgcw{hyx bgcl`dhsbs g|cnwshvgnx fe{ ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs l`vg f`hngi iwg ye ylg n`cm ef y{wsykgyqggd ylg ihffg{gdy sy`ygs. `s g|gbpnhfhgi kx ylg cedfnhcy nhdgs. `di ylg a{eqhda pg{cgpyhed yl`y



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$9

9

Wzkgmhsy`d qhnn iebhd`yg ylg {gsy ef ylg {gahed hd swcl `d `{{`dagbgdy$ @p`{y f{eb ylhs ylg{g hs `n`cm ef hdcgdyhvgs f{eb ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs `s ylgx ie dey pg{cghvg yl`y ylgx sl`{g yee b`dx sgcw{hyx cedcg{ds `di fhd`nnx ylg n`cm ef fwdcyhed`n hdf{`sy{wcyw{g hd ylg {gahed ye `ccebpnhsl swcl`d e{a`dhz`yhed$ Ylg f`hnw{g ye ceepg{`yg l`s c{g`ygi ` peqg{ v`cwwb shdcg hdigpgdigdcg hd0880$

Ylg peqg{ v`cwwb hd Cgdy{`n @sh` yl`y {gswnygi f{eb ylg cenn`psg ef ylg Sevhgy Wdhed‘s evg{n`x evg{ ylg {gahed ngi ye `d epgdhda fe{ ` dwbkg{ ef peqg{s ye pw{swg penhyhc`n. gcedebhc `dicwnyw{`n hdyg{gsys qhyl ylg nec`n sy`ygs$ Qhyl ihffg{gdy iga{ggs ef swccgss. Clhd`. H{`d. Yw{mgx.Hdih`. `di _`mhsy`d `s qgnn `s eylg{ sy`ygs l`vg sewaly ye b`mg ` b`{m ed ylg {gahed$ 9 Ef ylgsg.Clhd` l`s wdiewkyginx kggd ylg besy swccgssfwn hd igvgnephda `d gcedebhc `di penhyhc`np{gsgdcg hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$7 Yw{mgx. H{`d `di _`mhsy`d l`vg kggd swccgssfwn hd pw{shda gcedebhc`di cwnyw{`n nhdmàgs. qlhng ylgh{ penhyhc`n {engs hd ylg {gahed {gb`hd ch{cwbsc{hkgi – Yw{mgx‘shdfnwgdcg hd ylg Sewyl C`wc`sws kghda `d g|cgpyhed$ [wssh`. ed ylg eylg{ l`di. l`s y{hgi ye{gsye{g bwcl ef ylg hdfnwgdcg Besceq lì evg{ ylgsg {gaheds$ Kwy shdcg ylg cenn`psg ef ylgSevhgy Wdhed. de cng`{ agepenhyhc`n e{ig{. qlgylg{ yl{ewal ` k`n`dcg ef peqg{. ` cedcg{y ef peqg{s. e{ bgcl`dhsbs ef cenngcyhvg sgcw{hyx l`s gbg{agi$ [gahed`n penhyhcs {gb`hd fnwhi `diwdp{gihcy`kng$ Edg b`je{ {g`sed fe{ ylhs nhgs hd ylg f`cy yl`y Cgdy{`n @sh`. qlhng agea{`plhc`nnx cgdy{`n hd ylg Gw{`sh`d cedyhdgdy. hs igsphyg hys d`bg `di nec`yhed dey cgdy{`n ye ylg hdyg{gsys ef `dx ef hys dghalke{hda peqg{s$ Ye Yw{mgx. ylg Gw{epg`d Wdhed {gb`hds ylg b`hd vgcye{ ef hysfe{ghad penhcx$ Fe{ H{`d. ylg _g{sh`d awnf hs syhnn p`{`bewdy hd hys e{hgdy`yhed `di sgcw{hyx cedcg{ds$ _`mhsy`d `di Hdih` {gb`hd fecwsgi p{hb`{hnx ed ylgh{ eqd khn`yg{`n {gn`yhedslhp$ Clhd`‘sb`hd sgcw{hyx cl`nngdags nhg hd ylg G`sy. qhyl ylg Y`hq`d hsswg neebhda n`{ag evg{ hys fe{ghadpenhcx. `di {gn`yheds ye ylg Me{g`d pgdhdswn` `di J`p`d fenneqhda cnesgnx= `di [wssh`. fe{ `nn hys{gb`hdhda hdyg{gsy hd Cgdy{`n @sh`. hs be{g cedcg{dgi qhyl ylg C`wc`sws `di hys {gn`yheds qhyl ylg

Qgsy$ Hd ylhs sgdsg. Cgdy{`n @sh` hs `d hbpe{y`dy hdyg{gsy ye `nn ylgsg peqg{s. kwy ylg nec`yhed ef ylgh{ b`hd cedcg{ds hd eylg{ `{g`s l`s hbpnhgi yl`y ylgh{ hdyg{gsy hd ylg {gahed l`s kggdcl`{`cyg{hzgi be{g kx h{{gawn`{ sle{y"yg{b gffe{ys e{ hdhyh`yhvgs {`ylg{ yl`d kx cedshsygdysy{`ygahgs$ @s ` {gswny. ` sy`kng {gahed`n gdvh{edbgdy hd Cgdy{`n @sh` l`s xgy ye gbg{ag$6

Ylg p{ekngb qhyl ylg g|yg{d`n `cye{s hs yl`y `nn v`nwg ylgh{ khn`yg{`n {gn`yheds be{g yl`d ylgh{bwnyhn`yg{`n. fe{ g|`bpng ylg b`je{ peqg{s hd ylg Cebbedqg`nyl ef Hdigpgdigdy Sy`ygs.p`{ydg{slhp fe{ _g`cg `di Sl`dal`h ceepg{`yhed e{a`dhz`yhed. h$g$ [wssh` . ylg WS `di Clhd`. l`vgkhn`yg{`n à{ggbgdys yl`y evg{{higs `nn bwnyhn`yg{`n à{ggbgdys$ Be{gevg{. ylg shbpng f`cy yl`y desy`yg vhgqs Cgdy{`n @sh` `s kghda c{wch`n fe{ hys sgcw{hyx e{ gcedebhc hdyg{gsys b`mgs ylg Cgdy{`n

@sh`d sy`ygs g|pesgi ye cl`dags hd fe{ghad penhcx cl`dags ef ylg n`{ag{ sy`ygs ye ` bwcl lhalg{

iga{gg$ Ylhs l`s p{gvgdygi `dx p{gihcy`khnhyx ef ylg igvgnepbgdy ef ylg {gahed `di c{g`ygi `sy{wcyw{`n hdsy`khnhyx ef Cgdy{`n @sh`‘s {gahed`n penhyhcs$

0$0$;$ Cedfnhcy b`dàgbgdy. {gsenwyhed `di cedfnhcy p{gvgdyhed

Ql`y hs sy{hmhda fe{ ylg {gahed hs yl`y ylg{g hs de fwdcyhed`n sgcw{hyx bgcl`dhsb$ Ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs gvgd n`cm y{wnx {gahed`n e{a`dhz`yheds fe{ ceepg{`yhed$ Ylg{g l`vg kggd `yygbpys kwy

9 Sv`dyg Ce{dgnn. „[gahed`n _enhyhcs hd Cgdy{`n @sh`: ylg Cl`dahda [engs ef H{`d. Yw{mgx. _`mhsy`d `di H{`d‒. Hdih` `di Cgdy{`n @sh`: Kwhnihda Nhdmàgs hd `d @ag ef Yw{kwngdcg . Dgq Ignlh: S@_[@ Fewdi`yhed$

7 Sq`dsy{öb. Dhmn`s ,;??9( „A{g`y A`bg e{ V`ss`n [gn`yheds5 Clhd` `di Cgdy{`n @sh`‒. Clhd` Jew{d`n . fe{ylcebhda$

6 Sy`{{. S$ F{gig{hcm gy$`n$. ,;??0(. @ Sy{`ygahc @ssgssbgdy ef Cgdy{`n Gw{`sh` . Q`slhdayed. I$C$: @yn`dyhc Cewdchn `di ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`"C`wc`sws Hdsyhywyg$




ylgsg `{g sy`ngb`ygi `di ylg ednx e{a`dhz`yhed yl`y l`s kggd {gbeygnx fwdcyhed`n hs ylg Sl`dal`hCeepg{`yhed E{a`dhz`yhed `di hs cedy{enngi kx Clhd` `di [wssh`$ Ylhs b`mgs hy vg{x ihffhcwny fe{ylg {gahed`n sy`ygs ye gdaàg hd cedsy{wcyhvg bwnyhn`yg{`n ihscwsshed `di hd ylg nedag{ yhbg sp`dhbpngbgdy {gahed`n bgcl`dhsbs fe{ cedfnhcy p{gvgdyhed$ Ylhs n`cm ef cedsy{wcyhvg ih`neawgkgyqggd ylg {gahed`n sy`ygs l`s epgdgi wp fe{ g|yg{d`n hdfnwgdcgs `di cedy{en evg{ ylg {gahed`n

igvgnepbgdy penhyhc`nnx$ Ylhs hs. cedy{`{x ye pepwn`{ kgnhgfs. ` dga`yhvg y{gdi `s ylg{g `{g cw{{gdynx de hdyg{d`yhed`n e{a`dhz`yheds e{ sy`ygs yl`y vhgq ylg {gahed `s ylgh{ p{hb`{x hdyg{gsy$ Ylhs l`s{gswnygi hd ` {`dag ef hdyg{gsyhda hdhyh`yhvgs. kwy ylg fecws l`s be{g yl`d edcg cl`dagi `s ylgg|yg{d`n `cye{s l`s pwy ylgh{ {gcew{sgs `di hdyg{gsy `y eylg{ {gaheds `di wgsyheds$ Ylhs l`sc{g`ygi ` shyw`yhed qlg{g ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d {gahed`n sgcw{hyx penhcx hs cedsy`dynx `di cl{edhc`nnx wdp{gihcy`kng$ Ylg SCE l`s kggd swccgssfwn hd senvhda ylg cedfnhcy kgyqggd Clhd` `di hys Cgdy{`n

@sh`d dghalke{s= shbhn`{nx CHS l`s kggd swccgssfwn hd senvhda hys ke{ig{ ihspwygs qhyl ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs$ Wdfe{ywd`ygnx. ylgsg ke{ig{ hsswgs l`s kggd {gsenvgi hd ylg f`ve{ ef [wssh` `diClhd` `di f`hngi ye ig`n qhyl hdy{`"{gahed`n cedfnhcys$ Ylg n`cm ef bwnyhn`yg{`n sy{wcyw{gs hd ylg{gahed. keyl hdy{`"{gahed`n `s qgnn `s g|y{`"{gahed`n l`s bìg ylg cl`dcgs ef {gahed`n

b`dàgbgdy. p{gvgdyhed e{ {gsenwyhed ef bwnyhn`yg{`n e{ khn`yg{`n cedfnhcys vg{x bwcl be{gihffhcwny$ Ylg cw{{gdy peshyhed hs ye mggp sy`yws we hf pesshkng `di hd besy c`sgs ylg cedfnhcyhdygdshyx hs hdc{g`shda$

0$0$3$ B`je{ cl`dags ;??;";??7. swbb`{hnx

Ylg besy hbpe{y`dy cl`dags hd ylg {gahed `{g. ed ` bwnyhn`yg{`n ngvgn. ylg q`{ à`hdsy yg{{e{ `diylg pn`cgbgdy ef @bg{hc`d y{eeps hd ylg {gahed$ Ylhs l`s k{ewaly Clhd`. [wssh` `di ylg WS hdyeylg s`bg pn`xfhgni à`hd `di hd ylg wgsy ef fhalyhda yg{{e{ `nn yl{gg sy`ygs l`vg igvgnepgi sgcw{hyx ceepg{`yhed qhyl ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs$ Ylg cebbhybgdy f{eb ylg b`je{ peqg{s qhnn v`hd hf ylg q`{ à`hdsy yg{{e{ igc{g`sgs hd hbpe{y`dcg e{ ylg k`yyngfhgni cl`dags$

Ylg {gvenwyhed hd Mx{axzsy`d hd B`{cl qhnn hbp`cy ylg {gahed`n penhyhc`n igvgnepbgdy `dipesshknx `nse ylg bhnhy`{x sgcw{hyx$ Ylhs hs dey dgcgss`{hnx hd ` peshyhvg q`x `s ylg{g `{g cng`{hdihc`yheds yl`y ylg {gvenwyhed hd ylg Sewyl q`s k`dm{enngi kx iwkhews hdihvhiw`ns qhyl penhyhc`n`bkhyheds kwy cnesgnx ceddgcygi ye e{a`dhzgi c{hbg. swcl `s fe{ g|`bpng `nngagi d`{ce"k`{edK`x`b`d G{mhdk`xgv$ Ylg penhyhc`n cl`dags hd Mx{axzsy`d cewni p{epgn be{g {gvenwyheds à`hdsyce{{wpy aevg{dbgdys `di c{g`yg ` be{g epgd igbec{`cx$ Be{g nhmgnx. ylg cl`dags hd Mx{axzsy`dcewni hdc{g`sg hys peshyhed `s ` y{`dshy cewdy{x fe{ i{was `di hdc{g`sg ylg hdsy`khnhyx hd ylg {gahed`di ygdsheds qhyl Wzkgmhsy`d `di pesshknx M`z`mlsy`d$

Ed ylg peshyhvg shig ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d gcedebhgs `{g hbp{evhda. qlhcl l`s igc{g`sgi peygdyh`n

cedfnhcy nhdgs hd ylg {gahed$ Ylhs hs `d hbpe{y`dy cl`dag f{eb ylg pg{hei kgfe{g ;??? qlgd ylg{gahed`n gcedebhgs qlg{g igc{g`shda hd sy{gdayl. s`vg M`z`mlsy`d$ Leqgvg{. ylg gcedebhcigvgnepbgdy hs dey swffhchgdy ye evg{ k{hiag ylg p{ekngb ef pevg{yx hd ylg {gahed. `di ylg{gahed`n ihffg{gdcgs hd gcedebhc hdgw`nhyx$ Ylg{g hs dey ednx ` a{eqhda cng`vàg kgyqggd sy`yg

qlgd hy cebgs ye gcedebhc swsy`hd`khnhyx. kwy b`xkg be{g hbpe{y`dy ylg swk"d`yhed`n hdgw`nhyx hs a{eqhda$

0$;$ Cedfnhcy nhdgs hd Cgdy{`n @sh`

Ylg{g `{g sgvg{`n cedfnhcy nhdgs hd Cgdy{`n @sh` kwy ed ` be{g sy{wcyw{`n ngvgn ylg bhnhy`{hz`yhed ef sechgyx. ylg hdyg{d`n qg`mdgss ef ylg sy`ygs hd ylg {gahed l`s hdc{g`sgi ylg bhnhy`{x g|pgdihyw{g hs

yl{g`ygdhda ylg pg`cgfwn igvgnepbgdy ef Cgdy{`n @sh`$ Ylg hdc{g`sg ef qg`peds `beda sy`ygs `died ylg sy{ggys hs ` y{gbgdiews p{ekngb$ Ylg `hb fe{ ylg cgdy{`n aevg{dbgdys l`s kggd ye cebk`y




6

hdyg{d`n a{ewps `s HBW. sgp`{`yhsys e{ penhyhc`n ihsshigdys kwy ` n`{ag iga{gg ef ylg fecws l`s `nsekggd ed g|yg{d`n yl{g`ys. h$g$ hys dghalke{s$ Ylhs l`s ngi ye ` bhnhy`{hz`yhed ef ylg sechgyx yl`y ngìs{gsew{cgs `q`x f{eb gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy qhyl hdc{g`sgi ygdshed `di c{`cm%ieqd ed pg`cgfwnbevgbgdys yl`y p{eygsy à`hdsy ylg n`cm ef gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy `s ` {gswny$

0$;$0 Gyldhchyx `di Ke{ig{ Hsswgs _enhyhc`n qg`mdgss `di hdsy`khnhyx cl`{`cyg{hzgs Cgdy{`n @sh`. `di kgfe{g 0880 ylg{g lì deyg|hsygi `dx hdigpgdigdy sy`yg qhyl ylg cw{{gdy d`bgs e{ cw{{gdy ke{ig{s$ Ylg fhvg Cgdy{`n @sh`dsy`ygs qg{g c{g`ygi hd ylg 08;?s qhyl nhyyng cedshig{`yhed ye agea{`plhc`n. cwnyw{`n e{ gyldhccebpeshyhed= e{ gvgd pesshknx qhyl ylg ignhkg{`yg pw{pesg ye ihvhig ylg {gahed$ Ylhs l`s c{g`ygisy`ygs qlesg ke{ig{s f`hn ye ce{{gspedi ye gyldhc ihvhshed. gspgch`nnx hd ylg Fg{al`d` v`nngx. `dishadhfhc`dy gyldhc bhde{hyx pepwn`yheds `s ` {gswny$ Ed ` agdg{`n ngvgn. ylg devgnyx ef ylg d`yhed"sy`yg `s `d hig` hd ylg {gahed `di ylg `{yhfhch`n d`yw{g ef ylg ke{ig{s l`s agdg{`ygi ` n`cm ef ngahyhb`cx fe{ ylg gbg{ahda sevg{ghadyhgs hd ylg {gahed `di ylg{gfe{g `nse ` qg`m sy`yg"sechgyx {gn`yhedslhp. g|`cg{k`ygi kx ` n`cm ef `ccgpy`dcg ef cw{{gdy ke{ig{s `s qgnn `s ef penhyhc`n

hdsyhywyheds. yl`y efygd `{g sggd `s ce{{wpy `di hnngahyhb`yg$ Ylhs `ffgcys eylg{ cedfnhcy nhdgs `s qgnn.`s ihscwssgi kgneq$

Ylg gyldhc cebpeshyhed hd ylg {gahed hs p{ekngb`yhc `s `nn sy`ygs l`vg b`je{ bhde{hyx a{ewps yl`ykgneda ye edg e{ sgvg{`n ef hys dghalke{s$ Ylg besy g|y{gbg hs Y`jhmhsy`d qlg{g besy ef hys yhywn`{pgepng nhvg ghylg{ hd @fal`dhsy`d e{ Wzkgmhsy`d$ Wzkgmhsy`d ed ylg eylg{ l`di l`s ylg n`{agsyIh`spe{` a{ewps hd ylg eylg{ sy`ygs$ Ylhs hs ` {gswny ef ylg Sevhgy penhcx ye ihvhig `di {wng. qlhcl`hbgi `y c{g`yhda pecmgys ef eylg{ pgepng hd ihffg{gdy {gpwknhcs$ Ylgsg „hsn`dis‒ ef bhde{hyx a{ewps `{g ` cgdy{`n p{ekngb fe{ ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs yei`x$ Ylhs hs gspgch`nnx y{wg hd

Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d qlg{g n`{ag pepwn`yheds ef Wzkgms nhvg hd cebp`{ybgdy`nhzgi {gahedshd ylg ke{ig{ `{g`s qhyl Wzkgmhsy`d$ Cw{{gdynx. ylgsg yqe sy`ygs l`vg ylg n`{agsy cedfnhcy peygdyh`n

qhyl bhde{hyhgs. s ihscwssgi hd ylg spgchfhc cewdy{x cl`pyg{s$

Ylg ke{ig{ ihbgdshed ef cedfnhcys hd Cgdy{`n @sh` hs shadhfhc`dy$ Dey ednx `{g ylg cw{{gdy Cgdy{`n @sh`d ke{ig{s nhyyng kwy ` cenedh`n `yygbpy ye c{g`yg ìbhdhsy{`yhvg wdhys$ Ylg ke{ig{s yl`y qlg{gi{`qd hd ylg 08;?s `di 083?s qg{g p{hdchp`nnx nhdgs ed ` b`p `di lì deylhda hd cebbed qhylylg y{ìhyhed`n ke{ig{s l`y qlg{g i{`qd hd `cce{i`dcg qhyl d`yw{g `di cwnyw{g. kwy ylgx qg{g deysxsygb`yhc`nnx igb`{c`ygi$ Hd b`dx `{g`s ef Cgdy{`n @sh`. gffgcyhvg igb`{c`yhed q`s dey hdhyh`ygib`hdnx kgc`wsg igb`{c`yhed iw{hda Sevhgy yhbgs fhnngi nhyyng pw{pesg$ Ylhs ngi ye hdc{g`sgiygdsheds `neda ylg ke{ig{s `{g`s hd ylg n`yg 088?s. `s ylg HBW hdcw{sheds ngi Wzkgmhsy`d ye bhdghys ke{ig{s qhyl Mx{axzsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d$ Shdcg de cng`{ ke{ig{ g|hsygi. dwbg{ews ig`yls `di

hdjw{hgs qg{g ylg {gswny$Ed ` penhyhc`n ngvgn. ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs l`vg lì ` dwbkg{ ef ke{ig{ cedfnhcys$ Edghbpe{y`dy g|`bpng l`s kggd ylg Wzkgm"M`z`ml ke{ig{. qlesg igb`{c`yhed l`s kggd p{`cyhc`nnx cedcnwigi ednx hd ylg p`sy yqe xg`{s ,86 pg{cgdy ef ylg ke{ig{ l`s kggd ignhbhygi(. fenneqhda shadhfhc`dy ygdsheds `di p{ey{`cygi dgaeyh`yheds$ Ke{ig{ ignhbhy`yhed kgyqggd Wzkgmhsy`d"

Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d hs wdig{ p{ecgss. kwy hy hs sneqg{$ _`{y ef ylg p{ekngb hs ylg Fg{al`d` V`nngx$ Fg{al`d` V`nngx hs p`hdyhda ` phcyw{g ef ylg shyw`yhed hd Cgdy{`n @sh` `y n`{ag qhylihvg{shfhgi gyldhc. cwnyw{`n `di nhdawhsyhc cebbwdhyhgs ihvhigi kx `{yhfhch`n ke{ig{s$1 @nn shigs l`vg

1 @z`b`y Ygbh{mwnev. „Y{hk`nhsb. sech`n cedfnhcy `di ylg sy`yg"kwhnihda p{ecgss hd Mx{axz [gpwknhc‒. Kg{nhdg{ Esygw{ep`. ;0.;??9= Sqhss @agdcx fe{ Igvgnepbgdy `di Ceepg{`yhed. @d`nxshs ef Cedfnhcy _eygdyh`n hd Fg{al`d` V`nngx . ;??7$




lhal ngvgn hdyg{b`{{hàgs `di mhdslhp {gn`yheds yl`y b`mg ylg ke{ig{ {gaheds neem nhmg ` bes`hcp`yyg{d$ Ylg c{ess"ke{ig{ y{ìg hs shadhfhc`dy `di cedyhdwgi ke{ig{ cedfnhcys hd ylg {gahedyl{g`ygd ye cwy ef ylg besy hbpe{y`dy y{ìg {ewyg yl`y ceddgcys ylgsg yl{gg sy`ygs$

0$;$; [gahed`nhsb

Hf d`yhed`n higdyhyhgs l`vg f`hngi ye sgcw{g ylg sy{eda `nngah`dcg ef shadhfhc`dy p`{ys ef Cgdy{`n @sh`‘s pepwn`yhed. ` b`hd {g`sed hs ylg sy{gdayl ef swk"d`yhed`n higdyhyhgs$ Ylgsg l`vg lhsye{hc`nnx ihffg{gi igpgdihda ed ylg pgepng hd wgsyhed$ Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs ihffg{ sy{edanx hd yg{bs ef lhsye{hc`n sech`n sy{wcyw{g$ Yw{mbgds. M`z`mls `di Mx{axz `{g Yw{mhc pepwn`yheds ef debìhce{hahd. qlg{g y{hk`n sy{wcyw{g `{g sy{eda `di agea{`plhc`nnx k`sgi higdyhyhgs fe{ ekvhews {g`seds

qg`m$ Ed ylg eylg{ l`di. Y`jhms hs ` sgyyngi. à{hcwnyw{`n _g{sh`d"spg`mhda sechgyx. qhyl sy{edag{`yy`clbgdy ye yg{{hye{x `di cedcebhy`dynx lhalg{ ngvgns ef {gahed`n higdyhyx$ Fhd`nnx. Wzkgms `{g

Yw{mhc `di ef lhsye{hc`nnx debìhc e{hahd. kwy sgyyngi cgdyw{hgs g`{nhg{ yl`d ylgh{ de{ylg{d `di qgsyg{d cewshds `di lgdcg sech`n sy{wcyw{g ylg{g l`s a{ìw`nnx kgcebg be{g sgyyngi `di lg`vhnx hdfnwgdcgi hd keyl nhdawhsyhc `di cwnyw{`n yg{bs kx hdyg{`cyhed qhyl _g{sh`d sechgyx$

Agea{`plhc ihvhsheds `beda sy`ygs l`vg cedy{hkwygi ye mggphda {gahed`n ihvhsheds hbpe{y`dy=lgdcg Mx{axzsy`d hs ihvhigi hdye de{ylg{d `di sewylg{d l`nvgs kx ylg Yhgd Sl`d bewdy`hd {`dag.

qhyl ednx edg {eì ceddgcyhda ylg yqe p`{ys. `di shadhfhc`dy cebbwdhc`yhed p{ekngbs hd qhdyg{yhbg$ Y`jhmhsy`d {gpnhc`ygs ylhs De{yl"Sewyl ihvhshed qhyl ylg ìihyhed`n cebpnhc`yhed ef xgy`deylg{ agea{`plhc ihvhshed kgyqggd hys cgdy{`n `{g`s `di ylg g`syg{d Ae{de"Kì`mlsl`d

@wyedebews p{evhdcg ,AK@E($ Hd keyl cewdy{hgs. ylg de{ylg{d `{g`s iebhd`ygi peqg{ hd ylgSevhgy g{`. ` f`cy yl`y cedy{hkwygi sy{edanx ye ylg Y`jhm chvhn q`{. qlhcl ewsygi ylg de{yl f{ebpeqg{$ Shbhn`{nx. ylg Mx{axz {gvenwyhed hd ;??7 kga`d hd ylg Sewylg{d. hbpevg{hslgi `dib`{ahd`nhzgi {gaheds ef ylg cewdy{x. qlhcl l`vg neda fgny ihsc{hbhd`ygi à`hdsy cebp`{gi ye ylg

qg`nylhg{ De{yl$ Lg{g. ` {gahed`n cedfnhcy nhdg q`s bhyha`ygi kx ylg agdg{`n wdpepwn`{hyx ef ylg{wnhda gnhyg gvgd hd ylg De{yl. `di kx ylg igchshed kx _{gshigdy @m`xgv dey ye sggm ye sy`x hdpeqg{ kx fe{cg$ Hd Wzkgmhsy`d. {gahed`n ihvhsheds `{g be{g cebpng| ahvgd ylg shzg `di pepwn`yhedef ylg cewdy{x. qlhcl hs {ewalnx fhvg yhbgs yl`y ef Mx{axzsy`d e{ Y`jhmhsy`d$ @ l`nf iezgd {gahed`nwdhys hdcnwihda Y`slmgdy. S`b`{m`di. Fg{al`d`. Jhzz`ml. Sw{ml`di`{x`. `di W{agdcl g|hsy. qlhcl`nn pn`x hbpe{y`dy {engs hd ylg penhyhc`n k`n`dcg ef ylg cewdy{x$

Igsphyg fe{b`nnx ìepyhda ` igbec{`yhc sxsygb. ylg y{ìhyhed`n q`xs ef nhfg ef Cgdy{`n @sh`dsechgyhgs `{g igyg{bhdhda penhyhc`n igchsheds$ Hd ylg f{`bgqe{m ef ylg f`hnw{g ef sy`ygs ye kgcebgngahyhb`yg aevg{dhda keihgs. se"c`nngi “cn`ds‘. ,{gfg{{hda ye {gahed`n e{ mhdslhp"k`sgi dgyqe{ms(yl`y y{ìhyhed`nnx qg{g ylg besy hbpe{y`dy penhyhc`n higdyhyhgs. l`vg {ga`hdgi hbpe{y`dcg$< Cn`ds

`{g dgvg{ylgngss dey fe{b`n kwy hdfe{b`n sy{wcyw{gs yl`y swppe{y sgngcygi ngìg{s hd ylgh{ penhyhc`n`bkhyheds$ M`z`mlsy`d‘s ngìg{s eqg bwcl ef ylgh{ swppe{y ye ylg Zlws ,le{ig(. `di ylg cw{{gdyngìg{s kgneda ye ylg Wnw Zlws ,A{g`y le{ig($ Yw{mbgdhsy`d l`s fhvg b`je{ penhyhc`n a{ewphdas.k`sgi ed cn`ds ,y{hkgs( `di ylg yl{gg ngìhda `{g ylg @ml`nygmg. Hebwd Xebwi `di G{s`{x$_{gshigdy Dhx`zev hs f{eb ylg @ml`nygmg a{ewp. qlhcl l`s sy{eda cedy{en evg{ sy`yg penhyhcs$Wzkgmhsy`d hs sebgql`y ihffg{gdy `s ylg b`hd ihvhig hs dey kgyqggd cn`ds kwy {`ylg{ kgyqggd{gahed`n a{ewphdas. p{hb`{hnx ylg S`b`{m`di. Fg{al`d` `di Y`slmgdy a{ewps$ Ef ylgsg a{ewps.S`b`{m`di hs ylewaly ye kg ylg besy peqg{fwn$

< Sqhss @agdcx fe{ Igvgnepbgdy di Ceepg{`yhed. @d`nxshs ef Cedfnhcy _eygdyh`n hd Fg{al`d` V`nngx . ;??7:00$



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$<

<

Hy slewni kg deygi yl`y ylg Sevhgy gcedebhc sxsygb `nyg{gi kwy sy{gdaylgdgi {gahed`nhsb hdsgvg{`n q`xs$8 Kx vgsyhda ylg p{evhdcg ,ekn`sy( ngvgn qhyl hbpe{y`dy gcedebhc peqg{. ylg Sevhgy{gahbg sy{gdaylgdgi ylg penhyhc`n {eng ef ylg {gahed hd ylg penhyhcs ef g`cl {gpwknhc$ Ylhs q`sfw{ylg{ g|`cg{k`ygi kx Besceq‘s ygdigdcx ye f`ve{ cg{y`hd {gaheds evg{ eylg{ – h$g$ ylg Fg{al`d`{gahed ef Wzkgmhsy`d. ylg De{yl ef Mx{axzsy`d. ylg De{yl ef Y`jhmhsy`d$ Ylgsg lhsye{hgs ef

Sevhgy"yhbg gcedebhc `di penhyhc`n hdgw`nhyhgs c{g`ygi `di swsy`hdgi kx ylg Sevhgy gnhyg l`vg{gb`hdgi wdyhn ylhs i`x$ [gahed`nhsb. `s hnnwsy{`ygi kx ylg Y`jhm `di ye ` ngssg{ g|ygdy Mx{axzg|pg{hgdcgs. l`s ` ygdigdcx ye kgcebg gspgch`nnx hbpe{y`dy `s ` cedfnhcy nhdg iw{hda penhyhc`swccgsshed c{hsgs$ Hdiggi. bebgdys ef penhyhc`n swccgsshed p{evhig {`{g eppe{ywdhyhgs ye `nyg{ `dievg{yw{d ylg p{gv`ngdy k`n`dcgs ef gcedebhc `di penhyhc`n peqg{. `di ylg{gkx `nse spw{ {gahed`nnx k`sgi penhyhc`n a{ewphdas ye `cyhed$ Hd ylhs sgdsg. ylg hsswg ef peygdyh`n hdy{`"sy`yg {gahed`n cedfnhcyhs nhmgnx ye kg `d hbpe{y`dy gngbgdy hd ylg gvgdyw`n peqg{ sy{waangs yl`y qhnn `ccebp`dx {gahbgswccgsshed hd Wzkgmhsy`d `di Yw{mbgdhsy`d. `di {gb`hd hbpe{y`dy hd ylg penhyhcs ef Mx{axzsy`d`di Y`jhmhsy`d$

0$;$3 D`yw{`n [gsew{cgs: Ehn. A`s `di Q`yg{ Ied‘y Bh|5 Ylg {gsew{cg k`sg hd Cgdy{`n @sh` hs smgqgi `di `nn sy`ygs l`vg ` sy{eda igpgdigdcx ed edg e{ `fgq {gsew{cgs$ @s deygi hdhyh`nnx. Cgdy{`n @sh`‘s qgsyg{d l`nf pessgss ylg dg`{ yey`nhyx ef ehn `dia`s {gsew{cgs. qlg{g`s q`yg{. ` sc`{cg {gsew{cg hd ylhs `{hi {gahed. e{hahd`ygs `nbesy gdyh{gnx f{ebylg bewdy`hds ef Mx{axzsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d$ Ylg lg`{y ef ylg p{ekngb hs yl`y ylhs p{ekngb – ylgdggi fe{ q`yg{ hd ylg qgsy fe{ `a{hcwnyw{g `di ylg dggi fe{ lxi{ec`{keds hd ylg g`sy fe{

qhdyg{yhbg lg`yhda `di hdiwsy{x – q`s senvgi kx Sevhgy pn`ddgi gcedebx yl{ewal shbpngy{`dsfg{s kgyqggd ylg {gpwknhcs$ Qhyl hdigpgdigdcg. yl`y sxsygb cenn`psgi `s ehn `di a`s"p{eiwchda sy`ygs kga`d ye igb`di p`xbgdy fe{ ignhvg{hgs qlhng {gfwshda. fe{ lhsye{hc`n `dicwnyw{`n {g`seds. ye `ccgpy ylg deyhed ef p`xhda fe{ q`yg{$

Ehn `di a`s {gsew{cgs `{g nhbhygi ye gspgch`nnx M`z`mlsy`d `di Yw{mbgdhsy`d. `di ye ` ngssg{iga{gg ye Wzkgmhsy`d$ Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d‘s {gsew{cg k`sg hs nhbhygi ye q`yg{ ,ylg e{hahd ef <? pg{cgdy ef `nn q`yg{ hd ylg @{`n Sg` K`shd0? ($ Gvgd ylgd. ylg hbpe{y`dcg ef d`yw{`n {gsew{cgs hdylg gcedebhgs ef ylgsg sy`ygs hs hnnwsy{`ygi kx ylg f`cy yl`y Mx{axzsy`d ig{hvgs hys a{g`ygsy sew{cgef fe{ghad g|cl`dag f{eb ylg Mwbye{ aeni bhdg. `di Y`jhmhsy`d f{eb `d `nkghy shadhfhc`dy`nwbhdwb f`cye{x$

Leqgvg{. ylg pessgsshed ef ehn `di a`s l`s dey kggd ` {gchpg fe{ gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy. ednx M`z`mlsy`d l`s c{g`ygi `d ehn fwdi yl`y hs sgy ye sgcw{g ylg igvgnepbgdy ef eylg{ sgcye{s `di hyl`s yei`x ` AI_ yqhcg `s lhal `s ylg eylg{ sy`ygs$ Yw{mbgdhsy`d. `di ye cg{y`hd iga{gg.

Wzkgmhsy`d l`vg f`hngi ye wsg ylg bedgx f{eb ylg ehn `di a`s sgcye{s qgnn$ Hd Wzkgmhsy`d. ehn `dia`s l`vg lgnpgi {giwcg ylg hdigkygidgss ef ylg gcedebx `di lgdcg mgpy ylg gcedebx f{ebigcnhdahd. xgy hd ylg c`sg ef Yw{mbgdhsy`d‘s _{gshigdy Dhx`zev. hy l`s y`mgd khz`{{g p{epe{yheds.

qhyl hdcebg kghda spgdy ed lwag bwnyh"bhnnhed sxbkenhc cedsy{wcyhed p{ejgcys `di gvgd ylgpn`ddgi cedsy{wcyhed ef `d `{yhfhch`n n`mg hd ylg bhiing ef ylg igssg{y$

Q`yg{ l`s kggd pehdygi ewy `s edg ef ylg besy yl{g`ygdhda f`cye{s fe{ {gahed`n ihspwygs. `dideqlg{g hs yl`y cedfnhcy peygdyh`n be{g `pp`{gdy yl`d hd ylg Fg{al`d` v`nngx `di ylg Mle{gzb{gahed dg`{ ylg @{`n Sg`$ @a{hcwnyw{g hs ylg k`cmkedg ef ylg {gahed`n gcedebx `di q`yg{"

8 Nweda Jedgs. _`pg{$

0? Hdyg{d`yhed`n C{hshs A{ewp. Cgdy{`n @sh`: Q`yg{ `di Cedfnhcy . HCA @sh` [gpe{y De 39. Esl%K{wssgns. ;??;: ;$




hdygdshvg c{eps `s ceyyed `di {hcg {gwh{g hdygdshvg h{{ha`yhed$ Hd Wzkgmhsy`d. ylg n`{agsy cedswbg{ef q`yg{. 8? pg{cgdy ef à{hcwnyw{`n p{eiwcyhed hs p{eiwcgi ed h{{ha`ygi n`dis$ Shdcg `nn sy`ygs hdylg {gahed `{g lg`vhnx igpgdigdy ed à{hcwnyw{g. q`yg{ {gsew{cgs `{g wdig{ cedsy`dy ihspwyg$ Ylgshyw`yhed hs fw{ylg{ cebpnhc`ygi `s be{g yl`d 8? pg{cgdy ef ylg q`yg{ {gsew{cgs hd Cgdy{`n @sh``{g ig{hvgi f{eb ednx yqe {hvg{ sxsygbs. ylg Sx{ I`{x` ,f{eb Mx{axzsy`d yl{ewal Wzkgmhsy`d `di

M`z`mlsy`d( `di @bw I`{x` ,f{eb @fal`dhsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d yl{ewal Wzkgmhsy`d `di Yw{mbgdhsy`d($00 Ylg{g hs. cedy{`{x ye cedvgdyhed`n qhsieb. de q`yg{ c{hshs hd ylg {gahed. kwy hy hsbwcl be{g ` wgsyhed ef ylg pee{ b`dàgbgdy ef q`yg{ {gsew{cgs `di f`nyg{hda hdf{`sy{wcyw{g.

qlhcl {gswnys hd ylg {gahed cedswbhda l`nf `s bwcl q`yg{ yl`d hy dggis$0; Ylg q`yg{ sc`{chyx yl`y{gswnys f{eb ylg q`syg ef q`yg{ l`s hbp`cygi ylg xhgni ef c{eps. fe{ g|`bpng {hcg p{eiwcyhed hdylg Mle{gzb {gahed l`s igcnhdgi kx 6? pg{cgdy$ Evg{`nn. ylg{g hs hdc{g`sgi ygdshed evg{ q`yg{ hd`nn a{hcwnyw{`n p{eiwcyhed. gspgch`nnx q`yg{ hdygdshvg ceyyed p{eiwcyhed$03

0$;$9 Cedfnhcy evg{ Aevg{dbgdy `di _enhyhc`n Swccgsshed

@ b`je{ peygdyh`n cedfnhcy nhdg hd Cgdy{`n @sh` hs ylg cedfnhcy evg{ Aevg{dbgdy `di penhyhc`n

swccgsshed$ Hd agdg{`n. ylg {gahed l`s sggd ` sy`nnhda `di k`cmsnhihda igvgnepbgdy ef penhyhc`n{gfe{b. qhyl lhal ngvgns ef ce{{wpyhed `di neq ngvgns ef chvhn nhkg{yhgs `di penhyhc`n p`{yhchp`yhed$

@s Sygplgd Kn`dm deygs. „y`nm ef p{espgcys fe{ igbec{`yhz`yhed hd Cgdy{`n @sh` sggbhdanx {gp{gsgdys ylg y{hwbpl ef lepg evg{ g|pg{hgdcg‒$09 Ylhs hs {ghdfe{cgi kx F{ggieb Lewsg‘s{`yhdas ef pesy"cebbwdhsy sy`ygs$

Y`kng 0: _enhyhc`n {halys `di chvhn nhkg{yhgs hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$07

0881 0888 ;??0 ;??; ;??3 ;??9

M`z`mlsy`d 7.3? 7.7? 7.10 7.87 6.01 6.;7Mx{axzsy`d 9.67 7.?< 7.;8 7.97 7.6? 7.61

Y`jhmhsy`d 6.;? 7.17 7.7< 7.63 7.63 7.10

Yw{mbgdhsy`d 6.8? 6.17 6.<3 6.<3 6.<3 6.<<

Wzkgmhsy`d 6.37 6.3< 6.9; 6.96 6.96 6.96

@s ylg y`kng hnnwsy{`ygs. ylg shyw`yhed `c{ess ylg {gahed hd yg{bs ef penhyhc`n {halys l`s igyg{he{`ygihd {gcgdy xg`{s. qhyl ylg ednx cewdy{x dey fenneqhda ylg ieqdq`{i y{gdi kghda Wzkgmhsy`d. `nkghy

hy sy`{ygi f{eb ` neq ngvgn$ Ylhs f`cy dgvg{ylgngss hdihc`ygs yl`y ` peygdyh`n fe{ {gfe{b `di

00 Hdyg{d`yhed`n C{hshs A{ewp. Cgdy{`n @sh`: Q`yg{ `di Cedfnhcys . HCA @sh` [gpe{y De 39. Esl%K{wssgns. ;??;= Bìhd` D`jhbev`.„N`{ag peygdyh`n fe{ cedfnhcy ed q`yg{ sl`{g‒ Jwnhgyyg Vg{legvgd ,cebp$( Cedfnhcy _{gvgdyhed hd Cgdy{`n @sh`. Gw{epg`d Cgdy{g fe{Cedfnhcy _{gvgdyhed. ;??;=

0; Sgg @d`nxsy {yhcng. ;??7. @kiwnn`xgv. ed Q`yg{ b`dàgbgdy ygcldhwgs

03 Sgg nse Hdyg{d`yhed`n C{hshs A{ewp. Cgdy{`n @sh`‘s Ceyyed Cw{sg . Esl%K{wssgns. @sh` [gpe{y de$ \\. ;??7$

09 Sygplgd Kn`dm. ‒Igbec{`yhc _{espgcys hd Cgdy{`n @sh`‒. Qe{ni @ff`h{s . Qhdyg{. ;??9$

07 F{ggieeb Lewsg. D`yheds hd Y{`dshy . 0881";??9 ,f{ggieblewsg$e{a($ D`yheds hd Y{`dshy {`yhdas `{g k`sgi ed ` sc`ng ef 0 ye 1. qhyl 0 {gp{gsgdyhda ylg lhalgsy ngvgn `di 1 ylg neqgsy ngvgn ef igbec{`yhc igvgnepbgdy$ Ylg {`yhdas fenneq ` w`{yg{"pehdy sc`ng$

Bhde{ ye beig{`yg igvgnepbgdys yxphc`nnx q`{{`dy ` peshyhvg e{ dga`yhvg cl`dag ef ` w`{yg{ ,?$;7( ye ` l`nf ,?$7?( pehdy$Shadhfhc`dy igvgnepbgdys yxphc`nnx q`{{`dy ` peshyhvg e{ dga`yhvg cl`dag ef yl{gg"w`{yg{s ,?$17( ye ` fwnn ,0$??( pehdy$ Hy hs {`{g yl`yylg {`yhda hd `dx c`ygae{x qhnn fnwcyw`yg kx be{g yl`d ` fwnn pehdy ,0$??( hd ` shdang




Dgvg{ylgngss. ylg{g l`s kggd swksy`dyh`n gcedebhc a{eqyl `y ` d`yhed`n hd ylg p`sy fgq xg`{s,;??3";??7(. kwy hy sggbs dey ye l`vg kgdgfhygi ylg pepwn`yhed `y n`{ag$ Hdsygì. gcedebhchdgw`nhyhgs l`vg a{eqd g|pedgdyh`nnx. c{g`yhda fw{ylg{ sech`n f{wsy{`yhed `di `nse hdc{g`shda ylgpepwn`{hyx ef bevgbgdys `{awhda fe{ sech`n jwsyhcg – swcl `s {ìhc`n Hsn`bhsy penhyhc`n a{ewps$

Ylg{g `{g shadhfhc`dy {gahed`n ihffg{gdcgs hd gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy kgyqggd ylg sy`ygs.M`z`mlsy`d kghda ylg besy gcedebhc`nnx vh`kng kx f`{ `di Y`jhmhsy`d kghda ylg pee{gsy. kwy be{gp{ekngb`yhc hs ylg {gahed`n ihffg{gdcgs qhylhd g`cl sy`yg yl`y ygdis ye c{g`yg ygdshed qhylhd ylgsy`ygs$ Hd ylg qg`mg{ sy`ygs `di `{g`s. d`{ceyhcs y{`ffhcmhda `di eylg{ fe{bs ef e{a`dhzgi c{hbg`di sbwaanhda hs ylg b`hd e{ `y ng`sy ` vg{x hbpe{y`dy hdiwsy{x$ D`{ceyhcs y{`ffhcmhda hdc{g`shdanx sggbs ye iebhd`yg penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc nhfg hd ke{ig{ `{g`s ef @fal`dhsy`d$

Mx{axzsy`d‘s {gcgdy {gvenwyhed hs `d g|`bpng ef ylg penhyhc`n peygdyh`n ef ihss`yhsfhgi `di igsyhywygb`ssgs$ Xgy hy `nse sleqs ylg ven`yhnhyx ylgh{ penhyhc`n wsg: hdiggi. ylg eppeshyhed fe{cgs yl`y sqgpyhdye aevg{dbgdy ihi se dey kx hdchyhda `di cedy{ennhda ylg b`ssgs `s Vhmye{ Xwslclgdme `diBhmlghn S``m`slvhnh lì iedg= kwy {`ylg{ kx {hihda ed `di kgdgfhyhda f{eb ` pepwn`{ q`vg ylgx

cewni dey cedy{en$ Ylg {gswny q`s ylg neeyhda ef Khslmgm. ylg hdfnwgdcg ef d`{ce"k`{eds yl`yfhd`dcgi p`{ys ef ylg {gkgnnhed. `di ylg ihse{ig{ yl`y igvgnepgi `fyg{ ylg y`mg"evg{ ef peqg{$

0$;$7 [gnhahed

Ylg a{eqyl ef bevgbgdys gspewshda ` {ìhc`n `di bhnngd`{h`d vg{shed ef Hsn`b. qlhcl `{g efygdkeyl `dyh"@bg{hc`d `di vhengdy kx d`yw{g. hs ` plgdebgded sp{gì yl{ewalewy ylg Hsn`bhc qe{ni$

Ylgsg a{ewps l`vg bìg hd{eìs hd Cgdy{`n @sh` `di @zg{k`hj`d shdcg ylg g`{nx 088?s. kwy ylgh{hdfnwgdcg {gb`hds nhbhygi$ Cgdy{`n @sh`d Hsn`b hs vg{x ihffg{gdy f{eb @{`k Hsn`b. gspgch`nnx ylgAwnf v`{hgyx. `di Cgdy{`n @sh`ds l`vg ` cgdyw{hgs neda y{`cm {gce{i ef nhvhda pg`cgfwn qhyl eylg{{gnhaheds `di `nneqhda fe{ ` pnw{`nhyx ef vhgqs qhylhd Hsn`b$ Xgy ` sgy ef f`cye{s l`s gd`kngi {ìhc`n

bevgbgdys ye p{espg{$ Hy hs hbpe{y`dy ye deyg yl`y ylg {hsg ef penhyhc`n Hsn`b c`ddey shbpnx kgg|pn`hdgi kx ylg {gp{gsshvg cl`{`cyg{ ef {gahbgs= hy hs gw`nnx iwg ye seche"gcedebhc f`cye{s `dig|yg{d`n swppe{y fe{ {ìhc`n a{ewps$

Shdcg kgfe{g ylg cenn`psg ef ylg Sevhgy Wdhed. ` {gnhahews {gvhv`n l`s wdiewkyginx y`mgd pn`cg. qlhcl hs peygdyh`nnx kgdhad `di sy`khnhzhda. fhnnhda ` vehi c{g`ygi kx ylg cenn`psg ef ylg Cebbwdhsy v`nwg sxsygb$ Aevg{dbgdys hdhyh`nnx gbk{`cgi ylg {gnhahews {gvhv`n. qlhng y{xhda ye mggp {gnhahews`cyhvhyx wdig{ sy`yg swpg{vhshed$ Leqgvg{. Y`jhmhsy`d‘s igscgdy hdye ` bw{ig{ews chvhn q`{ hdSp{hda 088;. phyyhda ylg fe{bg{ cebbwdhsy ènhyg à`hdsy `d eppeshyhed fe{cg yl`y cedy`hdgi sy{eda Hsn`bhc gngbgdys. `nyg{gi yl{g`y pg{cgpyheds hd ylg {gahed$ Ylhs cedfnhcy ngi ye igspg{`yg gffe{ys hdylg few{ eylg{ {gahed`n sy`ygs ye clgcm ylg igvgnepbgdy ef penhyhc`n eppeshyhed. qlhcl q`s

cedshig{gi ihsnex`n `di swkvg{shvg kx d`yw{g$ Hd p`{yhcwn`{. Hsn`bhc cw{{gdys hd ylg eppeshyhed qg{g y`{agygi `di ewyn`qgi$

Hsn`b hysgnf swffg{gi lg`vhnx f{eb ylg Sevhgy g|pg{hgdcg. `di xewda `di bhiing"àgi pgepng l`vg` bwcl qg`mg{ mdeqngiag ef ylg ygdgys ef ylg {gnhahed yl`d ylgh{ p`{gdys. iwg ye fe{cgi Sevhgy`ylghsb$ Ylhs cedshig{`knx cedy{hkwygi ye ylg sgcwn`{hz`yhed ef sechgyx. kwy `nse c{g`ygi ` be{`n`di sph{hyw`n v`cwwb `beda ylg xewyl$ Be{gevg{. mdeqhda ylgh{ eqd {gnhahews y{ìhyheds ngss

qgnn. xewdasyg{s hd Cgdy{`n @sh` `{g be{g swscgpyhkng ye kgnhgvg yl`y vhgqs hbpe{ygi f{eb ylg @{`k qe{ni `{g ylg y{wg Hsn`b. gspgch`nnx `s hdihagdews {gnhahews hdsyhywyheds `{g qg`m$ Sgcedinx.pevg{yx. {`bp`dy wdgbpnexbgdy `beda ylg xewda pepwn`yhed. `di hdc{g`shda sech`n `di hdcebga`ps. yeagylg{ qhyl effhch`n ce{{wpyhed. `{g pn`xhda hdye ylg l`dis ef {ìhc`n a{ewps$ Ylgh{bgssàg hs {g`nnx dey ednx ` {gnhahews edg kwy `nse edg ef sech`n jwsyhcg `di gw`nhyx. sy{gsshda ylg



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$0;

0;

hbpeshyhed ef n`q `di e{ig{ `di jwsy {wng{s$ Ylh{inx. ylg n`{ag fhd`dch`n swbs `v`hn`kng f{eb ylgAwnf {gahed ye {ìhc`n e{a`dhz`yheds lgnps ylgb p{epà`yg ylgh{ vhgqs gffgcyhvgnx$ Fhd`nnx. ylgigfhchy ef igbec{`yhc igk`yg `di chvhn sechgyx hd Cgdy{`n @sh` b`x kg pwslhda hdc{g`shda dwbkg{sef penhyhc`nnx `cyhvg chyhzgds ye {ìhc`n bevgbgdys. hd ylg `ksgdcg ef nga`n `nyg{d`yhvgs ye penhyhc`n`cyhvhyx hdigpgdigdy ef ylg Aevg{dbgdy$

[ìhc`n Hsn`b l`s kggd {gp{gsgdygi kx ` vhengdy. yg{{e{hsy v`{hgyx. yl`y ef ylg Hsn`bhc Bevgbgdy ef Wzkgmhsy`d= `di ` sgnf"`veqginx pg`cgfwn v`{h`dy. Lhzk Wy"Y`l{h{ `n"Hsn`b ,ylg _`{yx ef Hsn`bhcNhkg{`yhed($ l`s a`hdgi shadhfhc`dynx f{eb ylhs `di l`s kgcebg edg ef ylg be{g hbpe{y`dyhdfe{b`n pn`xg{s hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$;0 Lhzk Wy"Y`l{h{ hs dey p{hb`{hnx ` {gnhahews bevgbgdy. kwy{`ylg{ ` penhyhc`n p`{yx k`sgi ed fwdi`bgdy`nhsy Hsn`b$ Ylgx ìvec`yg ylg evg{yl{eq ef `nn Cgdy{`n

@sh` aevg{dbgdys `di ylg c{g`yhed ef `d Hsn`bhc sy`yg hd ylg fe{b ef ` C`nhpl`yg$ Ylg bevgbgdyhs sgnf"`veqginx pg`cgfwn. xgy hys penhyhc`n p{ea{`b cng`{nx l`s gngbgdys ef vhengdcg. hs lg`vhnx `dyh"Sgbhyhc. `di hdlg{gdynx wdigbec{`yhc `di {gp{gsshvg$ Fe{ ylhs {g`sed. hy l`s kggd ewyn`qgi kx besy Bwsnhb cewdy{hgs ylewal ednx ` fgq qgsyg{d sy`ygs. gspgch`nnx Ag{b`dx. l`vg ewyn`qgi hy$

Ylg Lhzk"wy"Y`l{h{ `di HBW `{g nhmgnx ye cedyhdwg ye kg p{ekngb`yhc kwy p{ek`knx ef `b`dàg`kng bàdhywig hd Cgdy{`n @sh` fe{ ylg fe{gsgg`kng fwyw{g$

0$;$6 E{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di sy`yg hdfhny{`yhed

E{a`dhzgi c{hbg `ffgcys q`mgdgi sy`ygs – sy`ygs yl`y n`cm ` sy{eda nga`n sxsygb. sy`khng penhyhc`np{ecgssgs `di ` ngahyhb`yg sy`yg" hd sgvg{`n ihffg{gdy q`xs$ Ylg besy sg{hews f{eb ` y{ìhyhed`npg{spgcyhvg hs ylg ceddgcyhed kgyqggd awg{hnn` `di yg{{e{hsy bevgbgdys `di e{a`dhzgi c{hbg$ Ylgnhdm kgyqggd `{bgi a{ewps yl`y `hbs `y evg{yl{eqhda ylg sy`yg e{ ye cedy{en p`{ys ef hys yg{{hye{x$E{a`dhzgi c{hbg l`s hdc{g`sgi ylg bhnhy`{x c`p`chyx fe{ ylgsg a{ewps kx p{evhihda fe{ gcedebhcswppe{y `di bhnhy`{x cebpgygdcg$ Ylg ih{gcy {gswny hs yl`y ylg sy`ygs c`p`chyx ye gffgcyhvgnx cedy{enhys yg{{hye{x igc{g`sgs `di hys ngahyhb`cx ihbhdhslgs$ Hsn`bhc Bevgbgdy ef Wzkgmhsy`d wsgs ylg

qg`mdgss ef Y`jhmhsy`d `di epg{`ygs f{eb hys sewylg{d p{evhdcgs ye `yy`cm y`{agys hd Wzkgmhsy`d$Sgcedinx. ylg e{a`dhzgi c{hbg l`s ih{gcy hbp`cy ed ylg penhyhc`n sxsygb ef g`cl sy`yg$ Ce{{wpyhed`di penhyhc`n ce"epyhed `s ` {gswny ef ylg hdyg{gsy ef e{a`dhzgi c{hbg ye cedy{en e{ igc`phy`yg sy`ygs`khnhyx ye fhaly e{a`dhzgi c{hbg$ Qlgd ce{{wpyhed {g`clgs cg{y`hd ngvgns hy c`d cedy{en ylg sy`yg e{igsy{exs ylg sy`yg hdsyhywyheds yl{ewal hys `yygbpys ye ce{{wpy `di cedy{en$

E{a`dhzgi c{hbg l`s hdc{g`sgi ylg ngvgns ef penhyhc`n ce{{wpyhed `di hd sebg c`sg hy hs gvgdpesshkng ye spg`m `kewy penhyhc`n ce"epyhed ef ylg penhyhc`n sy{wcyw{gs hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$ @nn fhvgsy`ygs gdi wp `beda ylg besy ce{{wpygi sechgyhgs hd ylg qe{ni. Yw{mbgdhsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d `{gdwbkg{ < `di 8. Mx{axzsy`d. M`z`mlsy`d `di Wzkgmhsy`d `{g `nn `beda ylg 3? qe{sy `ffgcygi

sy`ygs hd ylg qe{ni `di de sy`yg sce{gs be{g yl`d ;.3 qlhcl hdihc`ygs {`bp`dy ce{{wpyhed`cce{ihda ye ylg Y{`dsp`{gdcx Hdyg{d`yhed`n Ce{{wpyhed _g{cgpyhed Hdig|$;; Ylhs hs p`{ynx. kwydey nhbhygi ye. ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg `di ylg hnnga`n dgyqe{ms yl`y qe{m ye y`mg evg{ vhy`n sgcyheds ef ylg sy`yg$ M`z`mlsy`d {gb`hds ng`sy `ffgcygi kx ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg `di Y`jhmhsy`d hs kx f`{ ylgbesy `ffgcygi. igsphyg hdc{g`sgi sghzw{gs ef lg{ehd$

Hd ;??3 ylg hdyg{d`yhed`n i{was y{ìg q`s pwy ed ylg {gahed`n àgdi`$ Ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygskgawd ye cebbwdhc`yg `kewy pesshkng q`xs ye p{gvgdy ylg hdfnw| ef i{was f{eb @fal`dhsy`d `di

;0 Hdyg{d`yhed`n C{hshs A{ewp. [ìhc`n Hsn`b hd Cgdy{`n @sh`: [gspedihda ye Lhzk Wy"Y`l{h{ . HCA @sh` [gpe{y De 7<. Esl%k{wssgn.;??3= Hdyg{d`yhed`n C{hshs A{ewp. Cgdy{`n @sh`: Hsn`b `di ylg Sy`yg . HCA @sh` [gpe{y De 78. Esl%k{wssgn. ;??3

;; Y{`dsp`{gdcx Hdyg{d`yhed`n Ce{{wpyhed _g{cgpyhed Hdig| ;??9 , qqq$y{`dsp`{gdcx$e{a%cph ($




leq ye p{gvgdy sech`n `di gcedebhc {whd ef ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs$ Ylg p{ekngb l`s kggd ylgn`cm ef cee{ihd`yhed hd ylgsg gffe{ys kgyqggd ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs$ Ylhs hs iwg ye ylg a{g`yngvg{àg ylg i{wa y{ìg l`s evg{ sebg d`yhed`n gcedebhgs. gspgch`nnx Y`jhmhsy`d `di

Yw{mbgdhsy`d. `di ylg ce{{wpyhed yl`y ylg i{was y{ìg l`s c{g`ygi hd ylg aevg{dbgdys `di ylgbhnhy`{x$ Ylg{g sggbs ye kg fgq pesshkhnhyhgs fe{ ` cee{ihd`ygi gffe{y à`hdsy ylg i{was y{ìg.

igsphyg ylg dga`yhvg gffgcys hy l`s ed ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs$ Hdyg{d`yhed`n ceepg{`yhed sggbs yekg edg ef ylg fgq q`xs ewy ef ylg dga`yhvg y{gdi hd Cgdy{`n @sh` hd {ga`{i ye cebk`yhda ylg i{wa y{ìg. gvgd hf ceepg{`yhed qhyl [wssh`d bhnhy`{x fe{cgs `{g p{ekngb`yhc iwg ye ylgh{ lg`vx hdvenvgbgdy hd ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d i{wa y{ìg$

0$;$1 Sech`n

Ylg sech`n igvgnepbgdy hd ylg {gahed hs f`chda ` dga`yhvg fwyw{g hd qlhcl ylg qe{sgdgi lg`nylshyw`yhed. hdc{g`sgi e{a`dhzgi c{hbg. igc{g`sgi {gsew{cgs ye giwc`yhed `di ` sxsygb yl`y hdagdg{`n hs f`hnhda qebgd$ Qlgd ig`nhda qhyl ylg lg`nyl shyw`yhed hd ylg {gahed ylg shyw`yhed hswhcmnx qe{sgdhda qhyl igc{g`sgi {gsew{cgs ye ylg lg`nyl sgcye{ `di ` shyw`yhed qlg{g ylg

pepwn`yhed `y n`{ag c`d dey `ffe{i ye sgg ylg iecye{$ Ylhs hs hd ` shyw`yhed qlg{g ìihcyhed `dihdy{`vgdews {gn`ygi ihsg`sgs swcl `s @HIS%LHV `di Lgp`yhyhs C hs sp{gìhda qhyl y{gbgdiewsspggi yl{ewal ylg {gahed$ D`yw{`nnx. ylg qe{sy c`sgs `{g ye kg fewdi hd ylg y{`dshy {gaheds ef d`{ceyhcs$ @ Qe{ni K`dm sywix gsyhb`ygs yl`y `beda be{g yl`d 7??.??? i{wa wsg{s hd Cgdy{`n

@sh` b`dx sl`{g dggings yl`y ngìs ye lhal {hsm ef cedy{`cyhda LHV%@HIS$ @kewy WS) 0 khnnhed qewni kg dggigi fe{ LHV%@HIS p{gvgdyhed `di y{g`ybgdy hd Cgdy{`n @sh` kgyqggd ;??9 `di;??1$ WD@HIS {gpe{ygi `kewy ` d`{{eqhda ef ylg b`ng"fgb`ng {`yhe ef dgqnx igygcygiLHV%@HIS c`sgs f{eb 9:0 ye ;:0. yl`y hdihc`ygs qebgd `{g hdc{g`shdanx `y {hsm$ ;3 Be{gevg{. hy l`skggd pehdygi ewy yl`y hd Mx{axzsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d qebgd `ccgss ye lg`nyl hdsyhywyheds l`s kggd{gsy{hcygi ye ` lhalg{ iga{gg yl`d bgd. ylg{g hs deylhda yl`y hdihc`ygs yl`y ylhs qewni kg ihffg{gdy

hd ylg eylg{ sy`ygs$;9

Ylhs pehdy ye ylg a{eqhda p{ekngb ef d`{ceyhcs y{`ffhcmhda hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$ Qhylewy iewky ylg{g hs` shadhfhc`dy gcedebhc cebpedgdy ye ylg i{wa p{ekngb `di bhnhy`{x `s hy swppe{ys ylg epg{`yhedef yg{{e{hsy e{a`dhz`yheds swcl `s ylg HBW$ Ylg gcedebhc cebpedgdy hs dey ednx kì. gvgd ef hy‘sce"epys penhyhc`n sy{wcyw{gs hd ylg {gahed. igc{g`sgs ylg qghaly ef ylg nga`n gcedebx `di cedy{enylg penhyhc`n p{ecgss hd besy cewdy{hgs$ Ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg swppe{ys n`{ag sgabgdys ef ylgpepwn`yhed `di bedgx hs {ghdvgsygi hd ylg {gahed= gvgd ef ylg kwnm ef ylg bedgx hs y{`dsfg{{gi yeylg qgsyg{d qe{ni$ Hy hs ylg c`sgs yl`y ylg d`{ceyhcs dgyqe{ms c`d sy{gdaylgd ylg sech`n shyw`yhed

qg{g ylg aevg{dbgdy l`s f`hngi ye `sshsy pgepng$ Dgvg{ylgngss ylg{g hs `d hdc{g`sg ef pgyyx c{hbg.p{esyhywyhed. vhengdcg `di ìihcyhed hd ylg y{`cms ef ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg yl`y `{g sgvg{g p{ekngbs$Ceddgcyg ye ylhs hs ylg {`phi hdc{g`sg ef ihsg`sgs {gn`ygi ye dgging sl`{hda `di p{esyhywyhed$ ;7

@cce{ihda ye {gcgdy fhaw{gs ylg pg{cgdyàg ef hdy{`vgdews wsg{s `beda ylg LHV%@HIS c`sgs `{g<< pg{ cgdy hd Cgdy{`n @sh`. ylhs cewni kg cebp`{gi ye 77 pg{ cgdy hd [wssh`. 1; pg{ cgdy hd Clhd`.

;3 Cgdy{`n @sh` Hsswg K{hgf. Ylg Qe{ni K`dm. Wpi`ygi `s ef Fgk{w`{x ;??7lyyp:%%qgk$qe{nik`dm$e{a%QKSHYG%G\YG[D@N%CEWDY[HGS%GC@G\Y%G\YGC@[GAYE_LG@DWY%G\YGC@[GAYE_LHV@HIS%?..cedygdyBIM:;?308970tbgdw_M:606763tpàg_M:39??9013tph_M:39??31?1tylgShyg_M:71001;.??$lybn[gvg{shda ylg Yhig: _{he{hyhgs fe{ LHV% @HIS _{gvgdyhed hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$ Ylg Qe{ni K`dm. Q`slhdayed IC. Devgbkg{ ;??9.p$;;"3$

;9 J`dg F`nmhdal`b. Qebgd `di Agdig{ [gn`yheds hd Y`jhmhsy`d . Cewdy{x K{hgfhda _`pg{. @sh`d Igvgnepbgdy K`dm. @p{hn ;???= WdhygiD`yheds Igvgnepbgdy Fwdi fe{ Qebgd. Qebgd‘s _`{ydg{slhp `di Ce"epg{`yhed hd ylg Fg{al`d` V`nngx . ;??9$

;7 Cw{{gdynx \\ pg{cgdy ef `nn cebbg{ch`n sg| qe{mg{s `{g gsyhb`ygi ye l`vg kggd `ffgcygi kx @HIS%LHV hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$




09

19 pg{ cgdy hd Kw{b`. <? pg{ cgdy hd Yl`hn`di$;6 Ylhs l`s sg{hews lg`nyl hbpnhc`yheds. gspgch`nnx hd` {gahed qlg{g p{esyhywyhed. i{wa `kwsg `di LHV%@HIS `{g sgvg{gnx syhab`yhzgi$

Ylg giwc`yhed`n sxsygbs hd ylg {gahed l`s kggd ` dga`yhvg y{gdi qhyl igc{g`sgi p`{yhchp`yhed. ylhshs gspgch`nnx y{wg fe{ qebgd yl`y `{g g|cnwigi `y ylg sgcedi`{x `di yg{yh`{x ngvgn$ Ylewal. hdM`z`mlsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d. igsphyg cebbg{ch`nhz`yhed `di kwiagy cwys hd giwc`yhed `dhdc{g`shda sl`{g ef fgb`ng sywigdys hd yg{yh`{x giwc`yhed hd ylg n`sy fhfyggd xg`{s igbedsy{`ygs àeei p{ea{gss hd ìv`dcgbgdy ef qebgd$ Ylg hdc{g`sgi wdgbpnexbgdy yeagylg{ qhyl igc{g`sgipesshkhnhyhgs fe{ giwc`yhed `di `ccgss ye p{efgsshed smhnns qhnn wdiewkyginx c{g`yg ihscedygdy.gspgch`nnx hd ` {gahed qhyl ` {gn`yhvgnx xewda pepwn`yhed$;1

Fhd`nnx. ylg eni à{hcwnyw{`n sy{wcyw{gs ef cenngcyhvhz`yhed `di ylg bwcl dggigi {gfe{b ef ylgsgsy{wcyw{gs l`vg kggd hdhyh`ygi hd sebg cewdy{hgs. gspgch`nnx Mx{axzsy`d. kwy ylg swccgss l`vg kggdigk`y`kng `di ygdshed hs hdc{g`shda hd ylesg sy`ygs qlg{g à{hcwnyw{`n {gfe{bs l`vg dey kggdhdhyh`ygi. ylhs hs gspgch`nnx cng`{ hd ylg Y`jhm p{evhdcg ef Ml`yned$ N`di {gfe{b hsswgs `di eqdg{slhp ef ylg n`di slewni kg p{he{hyhzgi. kwy ylg gnhyg `{g syhnn cedy{ennhda bwcl ef ylg n`di hd Cgdy{`n

@sh`$ Sb`nn f`{bg{s l`vg vg{x nhyyng peqg{ hd ylg {gahed `di ylg ceyyed sgcye{ hs `d g|`bpng leq hbpevg{hslgi sb`nn f`{bg{s l`vg kgcebg. qhyl e{ qhylewy n`di. `s ylgx l`vg kggd fe{cgi hdye `{gn`yhedslhp qhyl ylg ceyyed n`{is yl`y kgsy c`d kg igsc{hkgi `s sn`vg{x `s ylgx l`vg kggd c`walyhd ` igky y{`p$ Hd y{`dshyhed`n sechgyhgs. qebgd n`cm `ccgss ye n`di `di `ssgys `s ` {gswny ef iebhd`yhed ef ylg e{`n n`q `di y{ìhyhed`n vhgqs `kewy agdig{ sga{ga`yhed hd gcedebhc `cyhvhyhgs$

Ygdw{g hdsgcw{hyx ef qebgd hd p{hv`yhz`yhed p{ecgss ef {g`n gsy`yg. hdcnwihda h{{ha`ygi n`di yl`yc`wsgi kx eksg{v`dcg ef e{`n n`q `beda b`dx Bwsnhbs wdig{bhdgs ylg v`nwg ef ylg n`di {gfe{bshd Mx{axzsy`d. Y`jhmhsy`d `di M`z`mlsy`d$

Hd cgdy{`n @sh`d cedyg|y. sgvg{`n a{ewps ef qebgd cewni kg ihsyhdawhslgi `s ylg besy vwndg{`kng`beda pee{ fgb`ng pepwn`yheds – ihs`kngi. ihve{cgi qhylewy%qhyl clhni{gd. qhieqs. wdb`{{hgi

shdang beylg{s. ce"qhvgs. e{pl`ds. wdb`{{hgi qebgd. gyc$ Hd Wzkgmhsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d ` dwbkg{ef besynx xewda qebgd {gspedi ye iebgsyhc vhengdcg kx sgnf"hbben`yhed$ Hd Mx{axzsy`d `diM`z`mlsy`d. p{`cyhcg ef k{hig mhid`pphda {whd ylg nhfg ef qebgd. bgd `di clhni{gd$ Hd ìihyhed.cw{{gdy effhch`n sy`yhsyhcs

Ylg {hsg hd p{esyhywyhed `di y{`ffhcmhda hd qebgd hs `n`{bhda hd `nn cewdy{hgs$ G`cl xg`{ ylews`disef besynx xewda `di wdig{ àg qebgd f{eb Cgdy{`n @sh` kgcebg vhcyhbs ef lwb`d y{`ffhcmhda `di sg|w`n g|pnehy`yhed$ Sy`yhsyhcs ed cebbg{ch`n sg|w`n g|pnehy`yhed `di fe{cgi n`ke{ {gb`hdhdìgw`yg `di hbp{gchsg$

0$3 @cye{s hd cedfnhcy

0$3$0 Sy`yg. swk"sy`yg"a{ewp. chvhn sechgyx. g|yg{d`n

Cgdy{`n @sh` hs ` bwcl ihvg{shfhgi {gahed qlgd hy cebgs ye gcedebhc. penhyhc`n `di bhnhy`{x c`p`khnhyx `di ylhs cene{ ylg peqg{ cebpeshyhed ef ylg {gahed$ Wzkgmhsy`d hs kx f`{ ylg besy

;6 Wdhygi D`yheds Effhcg ed D`{ceyhcs `di C{hbg. Anek`n Hnnhchy D`{ceyhcs Y{gdis ;??3 ,Wdhygi D`yheds. Dgq Xe{m. ;??3:008"0;3(= K$ Nhdydg{. „Ylg D`{ceyhcs Y{ìg hd Sewylg`sy @sh`‒. J`dg¹s Hdygnnhagdcg [gvhgq Spgch`n [gpe{y. De$ 7 Nedied. 0887:0;"03=_$ Cl`nm. „Sewylg`sy @sh`d `di ylg Aenigd Y{h`dang‘s Lg{ehd Y{ìg: Yl{g`ys `di [gspedsg‒. Sywihgs hd Cedfnhcy & Yg{{e{hsb

;???::89= 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ,Qlhyg _`pg{s ef ylg Clhdgsg Aevg{dbgdy(. 5 5 5 5 5 ,D`{ceyhcs Cedy{en hd Clhd`(. Fe{ghad

N`dawàgs _{gss. Kghjhda. ;??3:096$

;1 Sqhss @agdcx fe{ Igvgnepbgdy di Ceepg{`yhed. @d`nxshs ef Cedfnhcy _eygdyh`n hd Fg{al`d` V`nngx . ;??7:00$




hbpe{y`dy `cye{ bhnhy`{hnx `di ylgx `{g sggd `s ` pesshkng lgagbed kx ylg eylg{ sy`ygs hd ylg{gahed$ Leqgvg{. dghylg{ sy`yg l`s ylg gcedebhc e{ penhyhc`n celg{gdcg ye fhaly ` p{enedagi q`{

qhylewy ihs`sy{ews cedsgwgdcgs$ Ylg shyw`yhed hs bìg qe{sg kx ylg f`cy yl`y ylg{g `{g de{gahed`n sy{wcyw{gs yl`y cewni ig`n qhyl hdy{`"{gahed`n cedfnhcys `di p{ekngbs. swcl `s q`yg{ e{yg{{e{hsb$ Ylg hdyg{d`n qg`mdgss ef ylg sy`ygs hbp`cys ih{gcynx ylg {gahed`n `{{`dagbgdys `di

ylg{g hs ` f`hnw{g ye bggy y{`ds"d`yhed`n cl`nngdags `di sgcw{hyx yl{g`ys$

[wssh`. Clhd` `di ylg WS `{g ylg besy hbpe{y`dy g|yg{d`n `cye{s hd Cgdy{`n @sh`. gvgd ef Yw{mgx.H{`d. _`mhsy`d. Hdih` `di Gw{epg pn`xs hbpe{y`dy {engs hd ylg {gahed$ Leqgvg{. dedg ef ylgbgdyhedgi sy`ygs vhgq Cgdy{`n @sh` `s ylgh{ p{hb`{x {gahed ef hdyg{gsy$ @nn g|yg{d`n `cye{s l`vgylgh{ gcedebhc. penhyhc`n `di sgcw{hyx fecws hd eylg{ p`{ys ef ylg qe{ni `di Cgdy{`n @sh` hs hdb`dx q`xs syhnn hsen`ygi$ Ylg n`cm ef ceepg{`yhed kgyqggd ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`ds sy`ygs gd`kngs ylgg|yg{d`n peqg{s ye iebhd`yg ylg igvgnepbgdy ef ylg {gahed ye ` lhal iga{gg$ Wdfe{ywd`ygnx. ylg{g`nhyx hs yl`y ylg g|yg{d`n peqg{s ihsà{gg `kewy ylg fwyw{g ef ylg {gahed `di ylg{gfe{g hy hs c`walyhd sy`yws we. `y kgsy$

Hdfe{b`n `cye{s l`vg hdc{g`sgi hd hbpe{y`dcg hd ylg {gahed$ Besy hbpe{y`dy ef ylgsg `{g y{`ds"{gahed`n Hsn`b yl`y l`s a{eqd hd hbpe{y`dcg. gspgch`nnx ylg `nngagi pg`cgfwn e{a`dhz`yhed ef LhzkWy"Y`l{h{$ @nn sy`ygs. qhyl ylg p`{yh`n g|cgpyhed ef Y`jhmhsy`d. l`vg `cygi à`hdsy ylg igvgnepbgdyef Hsn`bhc e{a`dhz`yheds$ _`{ìe|hc`nnx l`s ylg fe{cgfwn hsen`yhed ef Hsn`b kggd ylg besyhbpe{y`dy {g`sed fe{ hys a{eqyl$ Y`jhmhsy`d. qg{g Hsn`b hs `nneqgi ye l`vg ` penhyhc`n {eng. l`s ylgng`sy p{ekngbs qhyl bhnhy`dy Hsn`b yei`x `di ylg a{eqyl ef ylg pepwn`{hyx ef bhnhy`dy Hsn`bhcbevgbgdys l`s kggd sneqgi ieqd$ Ylhs gvgd hf M`z`mlsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d l`vg lì ngssshadhfhc`dy p{ekngbs qhyl bhnhy`dy Hsn`b. ylg cedfnhcy nhdgs l`s kggd be{g ef ylg {gahed`ncl`{`cyg{$ Cn`ds l`vg {ggbg{agi `s hbpe{y`dy `cye{s hd ylg {gahed. gvgd hf ylgx `{g syhnnswke{ihd`ygi ylg aevg{dbgdy`n sy{wcyw{gs$ Hy hs leqgvg{ cng`{ yl`y de penhyhc`n y{`dshyhed hs bìg

qhyl ewy ylg hdvenvgbgdy ef ylg cn`ds. qlhcl hd b`dx c`sgs `{g y{`ds"d`yhed`n$

0$3$; _g`cg àgdi`s. hdcn$ qebgd‘s a{ewps

Ylg{g `{g vg{x fgq a{ewps e{ e{a`dhz`yheds yl`y `cyhvgnx qe{m fe{ pg`cg `di cedfnhcy p{gvgdyhedhd ylg {gahed. besy `yygbpys `{g g|y{`"{gahed`n swcl `s ylg WD. ESCG e{ ylg `yygbpys ef sgvg{`nDAE‘s$ Besy `cyhvg hd ylg pg`cg qe{m hs ylg qebgd‘s a{ewps yl`y l`s kggd `cyhvgnx gdaàgi yec{g`yg sy{wcyw{`n hbp{evgbgdys ,gcedebhc. penhyhc`n `di sech`n(. igc{g`sgi ke{ig{ ygdshed ,`s

qebgd `cce{ihda ye sebg sew{cgs cedshsy ef wp ye <? pg{cgdy ef ylg c{ess"ke{ig{ y{ìg{s(. `dic{ess"ke{ig{ cedy`cys$ Ylg{g `{g ` fgq y{`ds"d`yhed`n cedy`cy sw{f`cgs. kwy ylgx `{g nhbhygi hdscepg `di hbp`cy ed ylg {gahed`n sgcw{hyx$ Ylg WDHFGB p{ejgcy ed cedfnhcy p{gvgdyhed hd ylg

Fg{al`d` v`nngx l`vg bekhnhzgi ` dwbkg{ ef chvhn sechgyx a{ewps hd Y`jhmhsy`d. Wzkgmhsy`d `diMx{axzsy`d$ Shbhn`{nx. WDI_. WS@HI. ESCG. SHI@ `di eylg{ àgdchgs swppe{ys hbpe{y`dy{gahed`n p{ea{`bs ed gbpeqg{bgdy ef qebgd hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$

0$9 Bgcl`dhsb ye ii{gss cedfnhcys

0$9$0 G|hsyhda cedfnhcy {gsenwyhed bgcl`dhsbs

_`{y ef ylg p{ekngb hd ylg {gahed hs yl`y ylg{g hs de g|hsyhda cedfnhcy {gsenwyhed bgcl`dhsb `diylg fg`{ ef kghda iebhd`ygi ghylg{ kx {gahed`n e{ g|yg{d`n peqg{s `{g lhal$ Sl`dal`h Ceepg{`yhedE{a`dhz`yheds l`s gbg{agi `s edg ef ylg be{g hbpe{y`dy `cye{s hd ig`nhda qhyl cedfnhcys. kwy ylg

{gsenwyhed `spgcy ef ylg e{a`dhz`yheds l`s kggd n`{agnx nhbhygi ye ylg ig`nhda qhyl Clhd` `dip{hb`{hnx ed ` khn`yg{`n ngvgn$ Qlgd cedshig{hda cedfnhcy p{gvgdyhed ylg{g hs `s hd ylg c`sg ef




06

cedfnhcy {gsenwyhed vg{x fgq c{ess"ke{ig{ p{gvgdyhvg bgcl`dhsbs$ Ylg{g `{g f`cye{s yl`y qewnihdihc`yg ` be{g ceepg{`yhvg gdvh{edbgdy. swcl `s cebbed p{ekngbs. dggi fe{ penhyhc`n sy`khnhyx `di gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy$ Ylg {g`nhyx hs leqgvg{ yl`y ylgsg cebbed`nhyhgs l`s hdc{g`sgiygdshed {`ylg{ yl`d ye c{g`yg ceepg{`yhed evg{ ylgb$

Ylg{g hs ` dggi fe{ dgq bgcl`dhsbs ye ig`n qhyl {gahed`n p{ekngbs. kwy qhyl ylg n`cm ef y{wsykgyqggd ylg {gahed`n `cye{s `di ylg {gn`yhvgnx qg`m hdf{`sy{wcyw{g `di n`cm ef penhyhc`n sy`khnhyx hdylg {gahed ylg{g `{g vg{x fgq pesshkhnhyhgs fe{ ylg {gahed ye igvgnep swcl bgcl`dhsb$ Be{gevg{.`s ylg {gahed`n sy`ygs swffg{ fe{b cl{edhc hdsy`khnhyx `di penhyhc`n qg`mdgss bgcl`dhsbs hbpesgif{eb g|yg{d`n `cye{s l`vg nhbhygi pesshkhnhyhgs ye fwdcyhed$ Ylg{g hs ` dggi ye sy{gdaylgd ylg{gahed`n peqg{s `khnhyx ye à{gg `di cebp{ebhsg qhyl hys dghalke{s `s qgnn `s c{g`yhda ylghdf{`sy{wcyw{`n c`p`khnhyhgs yl`y `{g dggigi ye kg gffgcyhvg$ Ylgsg `{g fwdi`bgdy`n `spgcys yl`ydggi ye kg ig`ny qhyl kgfe{g `dx n`{ag sc`ng p{ejgcy c`d kg hdhyh`ygi$

;$ Mx{axzsy`dMx{axzsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d sl`{g ` ney ef ylg p{ekngbs yl`y qhnn kg ihscwssgi. kwy ylgx ihffg{ hdiga{gg `di ylg{g `{g hbpe{y`dy ihffg{gdcgs$ Keyl sy`ygs sl`{g ylg p{ekngbs ef qg`m gcedebhc.hdsyhywyhed`n `di agepenhyhc`n k`sg fe{ sy`kng pg`cg$ Be{gevg{. ylg sl`{g ylg p{ekngbs ef n`cmhda {gsew{cgs ,g|cnwihda q`yg{(. g{eshed ef sech`n sgcw{hyx `di ` syàag{hda hdc{g`sg hd e{a`dhzgic{hbg$ Yei`x. keyl sy`ygs `{g hd p{hdchpng ig"hdiwsy{h`nhzgi sy`ygs `di ylg nga`n gcedebx hs lg`vhnx igpgdigdy ed à{hcwnyw{g `di ylg hdfe{b`n `di hnnga`n gcedebx. hdcnwihda slwyyng y{ìg `di

v`{hews fe{bs ef sbwaanhda. gspgch`nnx ylg lg{ehd y{`dshy$

;$0 Cedfnhcy Nhdgs hd Mx{axzsy`d

;$0$0 Gyldhchyx. {gahed`nhsb `di ke{ig{ cedfnhcys

Igsphyg ylg g|hsygdcg ef ` dwbkg{ ef bhde{hyhgs hd Mx{axzsy`d. ylg{g `{g ednx ` fgq bhde{hyhgsyl`y ylg sy`yg vhgqs `s ` peygdyh`n p{ekngb$ Ylg „Gw{epg`d p{ekngb‒ l`s ihbhdhslgi shdcg ` a{g`yig`n ef ylg Ag{b`ds ngfy ylg cewdy{x ,f{eb evg{ 0??.??? `y hdigpgdigdcg ye ngss yl`d ;?.???( kwy`nse dwbg{ews Wm{`hdh`ds `di [wssh`ds yl`y gbha{`ygi `fyg{ hdigpgdigdcg$ Ylgsg gbha{`dys qg{ghd b`dx q`xs ylg gnhyg. `di gbha{`yhed c{g`ygi hbpe{y`dy p{ekngbs fe{ ylg sy`yg hd b`dx q`xs.gspgch`nnx hd ylg gcedebhc sgcye{$ Ylg hdyg{"gyldhc {gn`yheds kgyqggd Mx{axz `di „Gw{epg`ds‒`{g leqgvg{. {gn`yhvgnx aeei `di ylg peygdyh`n fe{ cedfnhcy hs neq$ Ylg b`hd gyldhc ygdsheds `{gkgyqggd gyldhc Wzkgms `di Mx{axz. gvgd hf ` cedfnhcy qhyl ylg gyldhc Clhdgsg hs pg{shsygdy hd ylg

de{ylg`syg{d D`{xd `di Xssxm"Mön p{evhdcgs$ Ygdshed qhyl ylg Wzkgm bhde{hyx hs iwg ye sgvg{`n{g`seds$ Ylgsg hdcnwig pg{cgpyheds ef ylg Wzkgms `s ` „Fhfyl Cenwbd‒. `s kghda fhd`dch`nnx be{gswccgssfwn. yl`y Wzkgms qewni kg hdvenvgi hd {ìhc`n Hsn`bhc bevgbgdys$ @deylg{ hs yl`y Wzkgmsfggn g|cnwigi f{eb ylg penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc nhfg hd Mx{axzsy`d$




Mx{axz

61' Wzkgm09'

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00'

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Ylg gyldhc cedfnhcy l`s kggd besy `pp`{gdy hd ylg Esl `di J`n`n`kì `di hy q`s `nse hd ylgSewylg{d Chyhgs ef Özaöd `di Esl yl`y ylg n`{agsy gyldhc wd{gsy eccw{{gi hd 088?. qhyl ylgn`{agsy gyldhc`nnx beyhv`ygi mhnnhdas Cgdy{`n @sh` lì sggd fe{ igcìgs$ Ylg{g hs nhyyng gvhigdcg yl`ygyldhc l`y{gi hs swppe{ygi kx ylg {gspgcyhvg sy`ygs$ Ylg {g`seds fe{ ylg gyldhc cedfnhcy sggb ye kgbwcl be{g nec`n. `di {gn`ygi ye q`yg{ hsswgs. ihspwygs evg{ n`di eqdg{slhp. ke{ig{ c{esshdas. gyc$

Ylhs pwys ylg gyldhc cedfnhcys be{g `y ylg nec`n ngvgn yl`d ` cedfnhcy kgyqggd ylg a{ewps `y n`{ag.xgy ylg pg{cgpyhed ef lesyhnhyx kgyqggd ylg yqe a{ewps {gb`hds$ Ylhs cedfnhcy slewni dey kgcedfwsgi qhyl ylg cng`vàg kgyqggd ylg Sewyl `di ylg De{yl ef Mx{axzsy`d$ Ylhs hs y{wg gvgdylewal ylg Sewyl hs mdeqd `s „l`nf Wzkgms `di l`nf Mx{axz‒ qlhng ylg De{yl hs `nbesy

g|cnwshvgnx Mx{axz qhyl nhyyng e{ de Wzkgm pepwn`yhed$ Ylg De{yl"Sewyl cedfnhcy hs bwcl be{g `cedfnhcy evg{ penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc peqg{ `di l`s ednx beigsy `bewdys ef gyldhc ygdsheds$ Ylgihvhsheds kgyqggd ylg de{yl `di ylg sewyl slewni be{gevg{ dey kg g|àag{`ygi$ Ylg{g hswdiewkyginx cebpgyhyhed evg{ penhyhc`n `di fhd`dch`n {gsew{cgs `di hbp`cy. kwy ylg {gahed`nihffg{gdcgs ie dey g|cnwig ceepg{`yhed$ Ylg ygdsheds kgyqggd ylg Sewyl `di ylg De{yl `nse l`s `{gnhahews yewcl. shdcg ylg Sewyl hs kx f`{ be{g cedsg{v`yhvg Hsn`bhc yl`d ylg De{yl. p`{ynx iwg yeylg hdfnwgdcg ef ylg be{g {gnhahews Wzkgm cebbwdhyx$ Ylhs `{awbgdy hs p{ekngb`yhc hd `{g`s swcl

Y`n`s `di Xssxm Mön qlhcl l`vg `nbesy de Wzkgms kwy dgvg{ylgngss ` {gnhahews `q`mgdhda l`sgbg{agi ylg{g qlhcl Lhzk"wy"Y`l{h{ l`s y`mgd ìv`dyàg ef$

Wzkgmhsy`d l`s kggd sggd `s ` peygdyh`n ìvg{s`{x fe{ Mx{axzsy`d `di ylg{g hs sebg cedfnhcypeygdyh`n hd ylhs {gn`yhedslhp$ @ fh{sy hdcebp`yhkhnhyx hs ylg ihspwyg ef q`yg{$ Y`slmgdy l`s{gpg`yginx sy`ygi hys igyg{bhd`yhed ye igfgdi ql`y hy cedshig{s hys {haly ye q`yg{ qhyl `nn `v`hn`knghdsy{wbgdys. `di be{gevg{ ylg ke{ig{ ihspwygs kgyqggd Wzkgmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d hdvenvg keyl` shadhfhc`dy p{epe{yhed ef pgepng `di peygdyh`nnx gcedebhc`nnx nwc{`yhvg `{g`s$ Wzkgmhsy`d `nse`ccwsgs Mx{axzsy`d ef l`{ke{hda Hsn`bhc bhnhy`dys ef ylg HBW. qlhcl hs eii ahvgd ylg qhigsp{gìMx{axz fg`{ ef bhnhy`dy Hsn`b$ Leqgvg{. ylg fggnhda hd Y`slmgdy hs yl`y Mx{axzsy`d. nhmg Y`jhmhsy`d.hs hdc`p`kng ef p{gvgdyhda ylg HBW `di eylg{ {ìhc`n bevgbgdys f{eb wshda hys yg{{hye{x `di yl`y

;< Ylg Mx{axz `{g 66$8 pg{cgdy. Wzkgms 09$0. [wssh`ds 0?$1. Wm{`hdh`ds ?$<. Y`jhms ?$8. Y`y`{s ?$<. Whaw{s 0. `di Iwda`ds 0$0$ YlgWD sxsygb hd ylg Mx{axz {gpwknhc$ Cebbed cewdy{x `ssgssbgdy$ ;??3 Khslmgm. ;??3$ @iigdiwb$



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$0<

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hy ylg{gfe{g kx igf`wny pesgs ` i`dag{ ye Wzkgmhsy`d‘s sgcw{hyx$ Ylg {gcgdy mhnnhdas hd @dihj`d.Wzkgmhsy`d `di ylg swksgwgdy fnhaly ef ylg {gkgns evg{ ye Mx{axzsy`d l`s hdc{g`sgi ylg peygdyh`nef cedfnhcys kgyqggd ylg keyl sy`ygs$

Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d sl`{g edg ef ylg kgsy khn`yg{`n {gn`yheds hd ylg {gahed. igsphyg ` dwbkg{ef y{ewknhda ke{ig{ hsswgs yl`y {gb`hd ye kg senvgi$ @ {g`sed fe{ ylgh{ aeei {gn`yheds hs ylgcebbed fg`{ ef Wzkgmhsy`d `di ylg f`cy yl`y keyl sy`ygs `{g sgvg{gnx hbpevg{hslgi `di qewnidey a`hd f{eb y`mhda wp ` lesyhng `yyhywig yeq`{is g`cl eylg{$ Ed ylg cedy{`{x. ylg{g `{g sgvg{`npeshyhvg g|`bpngs ef ceepg{`yhed kgyqggd Mx{axzsy`d. Y`jhmhsy`d `di M`z`mlsy`d qlhcl `nn yl{ggl`vg sleq gvhigdcg ef qe{mhda qgnn yeagylg{$

;$0$; [gahed`n peqg{s

Ylg {gahed`n peqg{s sw{{ewdihda Mx{axzsy`d wdiewkyginx hdcnwig Wzkgmhsy`d qhyl hys ;6 bhnnhedpepwn`yhed `di kx f`{ ylg sy{edagsy `{bx hd Cgdy{`n @sh`$ Wzkgmhsy`d l`s. `s deygi. {g`seds yecedshig{ bhnhy`{x epg{`yheds à`hdsy Mx{axzsy`d wdig{ g|y{gbg ch{cwbsy`dcgs. kwy ylg yl{g`y hsdey `cwyg$ Y`jhmhsy`d hs ` f{hgdinx peqg{ qhyl nhyyng pesshkhnhyx ye hdfnwgdcg ylg {gahed`n sgcw{hyx.M`z`mlsy`d `di Yw{mbgdhsy`d `{g dey ef cedcg{d ef Mx{axzsy`d `s ylg eylg{ sy`ygs `{g$

Clhd` `di [wssh` `{g yqe {gahed`n `cye{s yl`y l`vg ` penhyhc`n `s qgnn `s ` bhnhy`{x hdyg{gsy hdMx{axzsy`d$ Ylhs hdyg{gsy hs `ccgdyw`ygi kx ylg W$S$ hdvenvgbgdy hd ylg {gahed `di ylg Q`{ ed

Yg{{e{hsb$ [wssh`‘s hdfnwgdcg hs igc{g`shda hd ylg {gahed. gvgd hf hy {gb`hds ylg besy hbpe{y`dy`cye{ hd Mx{axzsy`d. qlhng Clhd`‘s hdfnwgdcg hs hdc{g`shda kx ylg i`x$ @bg{hc`d hdyg{gsy `dibhnhy`{x p{gsgdcg hs effhch`nnx aehda ye kg p{gsgdy ednx `s neda `s ylg{g hs ` ceddgcyhed ye ylg Q`{ed Yg{{e{$ Xgy hdc{g`shdanx. ylg sy`khnhz`yhed ef @fal`dhsy`d hs {`hshda ylg wgsyhed qlgylg{

@bg{hc`d y{eeps qhnn sy`x hd ylg nedag{ yg{b fe{ sy{`ygahc {g`seds$;8 Hdiggi. ylgsg `{g fe{q`{ipeshyhedgi y{eeps qhyl ylg `khnhyx ye bedhye{ keyl [wssh` `di Clhd` cnesgnx f{eb Mx{axzsy`d$

Ylg i{`qk`cm fe{ Mx{axzsy`d hs yl`y dedg ef ylg b`je{ sy`ygs l`s ` p{hb`{x hdyg{gsy hdMx{axzsy`d `di ylgh{ hdyg{gsy hs igpgdigdy ed igvgnepbgdys hd `{g`s ef a{g`yg{ hdyg{gsy ye g`cl{gahed`n peqg{$ Evg{ ylg neda yg{b. Clhd` hs nhmgnx ye gbg{ag `s ylg besy hbpe{y`dy `cye{gspgch`nnx hd `d gcedebhc sgdsg. `s hy l`s e{ig{gi hys p{evhdcgs ye hdc{g`sg ylgh{ y{ìg qhyl Cgdy{`n

@sh`$ Ylhs hs nhmgnx ye hdc{g`sg y{ìg fe{ Clhd`‘s qgsyg{d p{evhdcgs. kwy `nse ye hdc{g`sg ylgigpgdigdcx ef ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs ye Clhd` penhyhc`nnx `di fhd`dch`nnx evg{ ylg neda yg{b$

;$0$3 Aevg{d`dcg `di {gfe{b

Mx{axzsy`d l`s efygd kggd cl`{`cyg{hzgi `s `d “hsn`di ef igbec{`cx‘. `di shdcg hdigpgdigdcg ylgpenhyhc`n cnhb`yg l`s kggd be{g nhkg{`nhzgi$ Ylhs {gswnygi hd ` a{g`yg{ yeng{`dcg ef penhyhc`n

eppeshyhed yl`d hd dghalke{hda sy`ygs$ Shdcg 0881. ylhs shyw`yhed kga`d ye cl`dag. `di shdcg 0881.ylg Mx{axz {gce{i l`s qe{sgdgi kx ylg xg`{ hd {`yhdas ef f{ggieb. fe{ g|`bpng F{ggieb Lewsg‘sfhaw{gs$ Ylg p{gshigdyh`n peshyhed l`s kggd a{ìw`nnx sy{gdaylgdgi. `di `wyle{hy`{h`d {wng q`s hdp{`cyhcg cedsenhi`ygi$ Ylhs q`s ylg ngìhda f`cye{ yl`y ngi ye ylg {gvenwyhed hd B`{cl ;??7. qlg{geppeshyhed a{ewps qhyl e{hahds b`hdnx hd ylg sewyl yeem peqg{$ Ylg fe{b ef `wyle{hy`{h`d `dice{{wpy aevg{dbgdy ef ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs sl`{gs dwbg{ews shbhn`{hyhgs `c{ess ylg {gahed.kwy ql`y ihsyhdawhslgs Mx{axzsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d f{eb ylg eylg{ cewdy{hgs hs ylgh{ cebp`{`yhvgn`cm ef {gp{gsshvg peqg{s$ Ylhs hs edg ef ylg shads ef sy`yg qg`mdgss hd Mx{axzsy`d$ Keyl hd ylg

;8 Sv`dyg Ce{dgnn. ‒Ylg Wdhygi Sy`ygs `di Cgdy{`n @sh`: Hd ylg Sygppgs ye Sy`x5‒. C`bk{hiag [gvhgq ef Hdyg{d`yhed`n @ff`h{s . ven$ 01 de$;. Swbbg{ ;??9$




c`sg ef ylg mhnnhda ef igbedsy{`ye{s hd ylg @msx {gahed hd ;??; `di iw{hda ylg {gvenwyhed hd ;??7.igbedsy{`ye{s qg{g bgy qhyl {gy{g`y `di cebp{ebhsg$

Ylg{g hs dgvg{ylgngss ` be{g y{ewkngsebg igvgnepbgdy hd Mx{axzsy`d. `di yl`y hs ylg“p{hv`yhz`yhed‘ ef sy`yg peqg{. kx ylg f`cy ylg {wnhda gnhygs `{g wshda ylg sy`yg fe{ ylgh{ eqdgcedebhc kgdgfhy. kx `kwshda hdvgsybgdys `di ylg sy`yg `pp`{`yws ye cedy{en ylg gcedebx$Hdc{g`shdanx hbpe{y`dy hs `nse ylg c{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef ylg gcedebx `di penhyhc`n peqg{$ Ylg ;??7{gvenwyhed k{ewaly ` dgq ngìg{slhp ye peqg{. kwy ylg {gvenwyhed s`q `d hbpe{y`dy {eng. dey ng`syhd fhd`dch`n yg{bs. kx K`x`b`d G{mhdk`xgv. bgbkg{ ef ylg _gepng‘s `ssgbknx `di `nngaginx ylgngìhda d`{ce"k`{ed hd Mx{axzsy`d `di edg ef ylg {hclgsy pgepng hd ylg cewdy{x$ Hf ylhs hs ylg c`sg.`di ylg penhyhc`n peqg{ hd Mx{axzsy`d hs ce"epygi kx d`{ceyhcs dgyqe{ms. hy cewni kg g|pgcygi yey`mg ` be{g n`| `yyhywig à`hdsy ylg i{wa p{ekngb$ Besy hdyg{vhgqs hd Khslmgm kwy `nse ewyshig ylgc`phy`n cedfh{b ylhs phcyw{g `di hy sggbs `s e{a`dhzgi c{hbg hs hdc{g`shdanx cedy{ennhda ylg penhyhc`nshyw`yhed hd Mx{axzsy`d$ Ylhs hs ` plgdebgd` yl`y hs dey ednx nhbhygi ye ylg penhyhc`n peqg{ e{ ye `shdang penhyhc`n p`{yx$ @nn ngvgns ef sechgyx l`vg kggd `ffgcygi kx e{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di ye `d g|ygdyyl`y Mx{axzsy`d {hsms kghda yg{bgi ` d`{ce"sy`yg hf ylg cw{{gdy shyw`yhed hs dey {gvg{sgi$

[ga`{ingss ef ylg ih{gcyheds hd ylg cw{{gdy cl`dags. hy hs `pp`{gdy yl`y Mx{axzsy`d hs ngss epgd `diigbec{`yhc yl`d hy lì kggd kgfe{g 0881$ Be{gevg{. hy sggbs `s hf eylg{ peqg{ sy{wcyw{gs yl`dpenhyhc`n p`{yhgs l`vg hdc{g`sgi ylgh{ penhyhc`n peqg{$ Hy slewni leqgvg{ kg deygi yl`y Mx{axzsy`d{gb`hds ylg besy nhkg{`n penhyhc`n gdyhyx hd ylg {gahed `di ylg cewdy{x g`shgsy fe{ hdyg{d`yhed`ne{a`dhz`yheds `di iede{s ye `ffgcy$ Iebgsyhc`nnx. ylhs hs deygi keyl kx ylg f`cy yl`y ylg mhnnhda ef fhvg igbedsy{`ye{s hd ylg @msx ihsy{hcy hd ;??; ngi ye ylg fh{hda ef ylg gdyh{g Aevg{dbgdy= `difenneqhda ylg {haagi gngcyhed ef ;??7. _{gshigdy @m`gv fngi ylg cewdy{x lhbsgnf$ @p`{y f{eb ylhs.ylg hdfnwgdcg ef pwknhc ephdhed `di ylg p`{nh`bgdy ed ylg g|gcwyhvg q`s `pp`{gdy qlgd ylgsgf`cye{s fe{cgi ylg Mx{axz {gahbg ye cl`dag hys penhchgs yeq`{i Clhd` `fyg{ ylg {gahbg cedcgigi `

n`{ag p`{y ef hys yg{{hye{x ye Kghjhda hd ;??;$DAEs pn`x ` shadhfhc`dy {eng hd ylg Mx{axz penhyhc`n igvgnepbgdy. gspgch`nnx `s ylg penhyhc`np`{yhgs `{g sggd `s ghylg{ ce{{wpy `di%e{ qg`m$ Ylg qg`mdgss ef evg{ fe{yx penhyhc`n p`{yhgs hsefygd sggd `s sy{gdayl fe{ DAEs `s hdyg{d`yhed`n iede{s fecws ed DAEs hd ylg `ksgdcg ef ded"ce{{wpy penhyhc`n p`{yhgs$3? Ylhs hs hd p`{yhcwn`{ hdyg{gsyhda qlgd ig`nhda qhyl qebgd‘se{a`dhz`yheds$

Agdig{ gw`nhyx `di ylg peshyhed ef ylg qebgd l`vg kggd shadhfhc`dynx qe{sgdgi shdcghdigpgdigdcg `di ylhs hs gspgch`nnx ylg c`sg hd ylg sewylg{d p`{ys ef Mx{axzsy`d `di hd ylg {w{`n`{g`s$ Y{ìhyhed`n v`nwgs l`vg hdc{g`sgi qhyl shadhfhc`dy sy{gdayl. `di qebgd‘s `ccgss ye penhyhc`npeqg{ l`s igc{g`sgi shadhfhc`dynx$ Hd ylg yep peshyheds hd ylg sy`yg ìbhdhsy{`yhed. ylg{g qlg{g c`$;? pg{cgdy ef qebgd. qlhng `y ylg besy jwdhe{ ngvgn ylg{g q`s. hd cedy{`sy. 93.8 pg{cgdy qebgd$30 Ewy ef 93 {gahsyg{gi penhyhc`n p`{yhgs ednx fhvg lì qebgd `s ylgh{ ngìg{s hd ;??3. igsphyg ylg f`cyyl`y qebgd cedshsy ef 73 pg{cgdy ef ylg veyg{s$ Yl`y s`hi. hy slewni kg deygi yl`y Mx{axzsy`d‘s

qebgd. hd ylg w{k`d `{g`s. sggb ye l`vg kgyyg{ `ccgss ye peqg{ `di c`{gg{ eppe{ywdhyhgs yl`d hd Y`jhmhsy`d e{ Wzkgmhsy`d$

_enhyhc`n Hsn`b hs p{elhkhygi hd Mx{axzsy`d. `di ylg gbg{agdcg ef {ìhc`n Hsn`bhc a{ewps l`s kggdgffgcyhvgnx p{gvgdygi$ Cw{{gdynx. ylg{g hs de evg{qlgnbhda yl{g`y ef `dx Hsn`bhc e{a`dhz`yhed.

3? [gye Qgxg{b`dd. @ Shnm [eì ye Igbec{`cx. F@SY Cewdy{x [hsm _{efhng Mx{axzsy`d. Sqhss _g`cg. ;??7:0;$

30 Cewdchn ef DAE‘s. @nyg{d`yhvg [gpe{y ye ylg Sgcedi _g{heihc [gpe{y kx ylg Mx{axz [gpwknhc ye ylg CGI@Q Cebbhyygg . Igcgbkg{ ;??3: 1$



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$;?

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fwdi`bgdy`nhsy e{ bhnhy`dy. kwy Lhzk"wy"Y`l{h{ hs a`hdhda hdfnwgdcg hd Mx{axzsy`d `di effg{s `d`ppg`nhda `nyg{d`yhvg fe{ sebg ye ` sy`yg yl`y l`s dey kggd `kng ye ignhvg{ ql`y hs dggigi$

;$0$9 Lwb`d {halys igvgnepbgdy `di sech`n f`cye{s

Igsphyg ylg f`cy yl`y ylg Mx{axz sy`yg `nneqs fe{ ` n`{ag `bewdy ,be{g yl`d 1 ylews`di( ef f{gg

DAE‘s ye epg{`yg hd ylg sy`yg. ylhs iegs dey hbpnx yl`y Mx{axzsy`d hs `d epgd sy`yg hd `nn q`xs$Besy `cyhvg DAEs `{g lhalnx igpgdigdy ed g|yg{d`n fwdihda `di cebpgyg qhyl g`cl eylg{ fe{a{`dys Giwc`yhed l`s kggd ` p{ekngb shdcg hdigpgdigdcg. qlg{g f{eb `nbesy 0?? pg{cgdy nhyg{`cx ngvgns. a`ps hd ylg giwc`yhed`n sxsygb l`vg igvgnepgi$ Ylgsg `{g a`ps yl`y l`vg {gahed`n.gcedebhc `di agdig{ pg{spgcyhvgs$ Ylg `ccgss ye giwc`yhed `di gcedebhc pesshkhnhyhgs ye `yygdiscleen `{g nhbhygi hd pee{g{ `{g`s$ Ylhs hs p`{ynx iwg ye ylg f`cy yl`y ylg sy`yg ednx p{evhigs WS)06pg{ c`phy` hd giwc`yhed. qlhcl l`s fe{cgi p`{gdys ye swksyhywyg yg`clg{s= ylhs hd cebkhd`yhed qhylylg dggi fe{ clhni{gd ye p{evhig fe{ ylg lewsgleni {`ylg{ yl`d ye kgcebg ` cesy b`mgs pee{g{{gaheds `di f`bhnhgs ngss p{edg ye ae ye scleen$ Be{gevg{. ylg w`nhyx ef giwc`yhed hs sl`{pnx igc{g`shda hd pee{g{ `{g`s$ Dey ednx iegs ylhs c{g`yg hdgw`nhyhgs kgyqggd {gaheds `di cn`ssgs. hy

`nse c{g`ygs ` k{ggihda a{ewdi fe{ Hsn`bhc {ìhc`nhsb `di peygdyh`nnx ylg bì{`s` sxsygb ef giwc`yhed hd ylg neda {wd$ @ dwbkg{ ef sywigdys `yygdi bì{`s`s hd _`mhsy`d$ Ylg{g hs agdig{hdgw`nhyx hd ylg sxsygb. `di ah{ns `{g efygd y`mgd ewy ef scleen g`{nhg{. gspgch`nnx hd ylg be{gcedsg{v`yhvg `di {w{`n `{g`s$

Lg`nyl c`{g l`s kggd igyg{he{`yhda gvgd be{g yl`d giwc`yhed shdcg hdigpgdigdcg. `di cw{{gdynx ylg Mx{axz aevg{dbgdy hdvgsys ` bg{g WS)< pg{ c`phy` hd lg`nyl c`{g$ Ihsg`sgs swcl `sywkg{cwneshs `di sb`nnpe| `{g hdc{g`shdanx y`mhda nhvgs hd Mx{axzsy`d$ Iwg ye ylg neq aevg{dbgdyhdvgsybgdy hd lg`nyl c`{g. lg`nyl l`s kgcebg ` cn`ss wgsyhed$ Cesys `{g p`hi kx ylg p`yhgdys. `di

qhyl ` cewdy{x qhyl l`nf ef ylg pepwn`yhed hd pevg{yx. n`{ag p`{ys ef ylg pepwn`yhed `{g wd`kng ye`ffe{i gvgd ylg besy beigsy bgihchdgs `di y{g`ybgdys$ Ylg kwiagy g|pgdihyw{g ed ylg sech`n`di lg`nyl sg{vhcgs pnwbbgygi: kgyqggd 088? `di ;??; ` pg{cgdyàg ef ylg kwiagy spgdy edlg`nylc`{g `di giwc`yhed fgnn f{eb 3$1 ye ; `di 1$6 ye 9$7. qlg{g`s ` p{epe{yhed fe{ igfgdsg.pwknhc e{ig{ `di sgcw{hyx hdc{g`sgi 8$7 yhbgs$3;

Ylg hdgw`nhyx hd ylg sech`n sgcye{ l`vg hdc{g`sgi ygdshed kgyqggd {gaheds `di “l`vgs `di l`vg"deys‘$ Ylhs hs edg ef ylg besy p{ebhdgdy {hsms fe{ cedyhdwgi cedfnhcy hd ylg cewdy{x evg{ yhbg.gspgch`nnx `s ylg cng`vàgs hd sechgyx sggb ye hdc{g`sg {`ylg{ yl`d igc{g`sg$ Hd Mx{axzsy`d. sebgcebbwdhyhgs `di f`bhnhgs `ccgpy k{hig mhid`pphda `s ` yeng{`kng p{`cyhcg fe{ gcedebhc {g`seds$

@cce{ihda ye ` sw{vgx hd Mx{axzsy`d 08' ef mhid`ppgi qebgd ie dey mdeq ylgh{ mhid`ppg{s$ @pp{e|hb`ygnx 01' ef mhid`pphda iegs dey {gswny hd b`{{hàg$33 Qebgd. bgd. `di clhni{gdy{`ffhcmgi ye M`z`mlsy`d `di [wssh` fe{ ylg pw{pesg ef fe{cgi n`ke{. `di ye ylg Wdhygi @{`kGbh{`ygs. Sewyl Me{g`. Yw{mgx. `di Clhd` fe{ sg|w`n g|pnehy`yhed$ Qebgd‘s DAEs gffgcyhvgnx ìvec`yg p{ebeyhed ef ylg qebgd‘s {halys$

;$0$7 E{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di ce{{wpyhed

Mx{axzsy`d l`s gbg{agi `s edg ef ylg be{g hbpe{y`dy `cye{s hd ylg y{`dshy y{ìg ef lg{ehd `diephwb= ylhs hs sggd keyl hd ylg hdc{g`sg ef sghzw{gs kwy be{g hbpe{y`dynx hd ylg {`phi hdc{g`sg ef

3; Ylg WD sxsygb hd ylg Mx{axz {gpwknhc$ Cebbed cewdy{x `ssgssbgdy$ ;??3 Khslmgm. ;??3. p$9<$

33 Ylg {gswny ef {gsg`{cl q`s k`sgi ed ;;7 c`sgs$ Mnghdk`cl [wssgnn$ F{gwgdcx ed Ded"Cedsgdsw`n K{hig Mhid`pphda hd ylgMx{axz [gpwknhc$ @wawsy 1. ;??;. p`pg{. p$ 3$



@ Sy{`ygahc Cedfnhcy @d`nxshs ef Cgdy{`n @sh` ;0

i{wa wsg{s `di LHV%@HIS c`sgs$ Ylg pgdgy{`yhed ef e{a`dhzgi c{hbg hs dey `s lhal `s hd Y`jhmhsy`d. kwy ylg{g `{g a{`vg swsphcheds yl`y ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg l`s ce{{wpygi `di ye ` cg{y`hdiga{gg ce"epygi ylg penhyhc`n p{ecgss hd Mx{axzsy`d$ Iw{hda ylg p`{nh`bgdy`{x gngcyheds hd ;???. hy

q`s swspgcygi yl`y `y ng`sy sh| p`{nh`bgdy`{h`ds. gspgch`nnx f{eb ylg sewyl ef Mx{axzsy`d. wsgid`{ce"bedgx ye agy gngcygi. `di hy hs de sgc{gy yl`y b`dx ef ylg p`{nh`bgdy`{h`ds l`vg c{hbhd`n e{

iwkhews ceddgcyheds qhyl ylg c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms$ Hd ylg gngcyhed ef ;??7. ylhs q`s edcg à`hd ylgswsphched `di K`x`b`d G{mhdk`xgv hs swspgcygi ye kg `d hbpe{y`dy `cye{ kglhdi penhyhc`n ce"epyhed `di `nse kglhdi ylg swksgwgdy {gvenwyhed$ Hf ylhs hs ylg c`sg hy qewni hdihc`yg yl`y ylgcw{{gdy {gahbg l`s ye yl`dm edg ef ylg a{g`ygsy i{wa ne{is hd ylg {gahed fe{ bwcl ef hys peqg{s$_{gshigdy @m`xgv sy`ygi. `di q`s swppe{ygi kx Dhmen`h Kew{iwzl`. sgc{gy`{x agdg{`n ef ylgCenngcyhvg Sgcw{hyx Y{g`yx E{a`dhz`yhed. yl`y {ìhc`n Hsn`b q`s dey ` yl{g`y kwy yl`y ylg d`{ceyhcsy{ìg q`s `di yl`y „c{hbhd`n gngbgdys ceddgcygi ye ylg i{wa b`fh` `{g hd cebpngyg cedy{en ef Esl `di J`n`n`k`y. `di `{g sy{waanhda ye a`hd peqg{‒$39 Hy hs gvhigdy yl`y @m`xgv hs dey hbp`{yh`n hdylg b`yyg{. kwy hy hs `nse gw`nnx gvhigdy yl`y ylg hdc{g`sgi y{`dshy ef lg{ehd `di penhyhc`n ce"epyhedhs hdc{g`shdanx ` p{ekngb$ Yep"ngvgn ce{{wpyhed q`s edg ef ylg c`wsgs ef ylg B`{cl {gvenwyhed hd

ylg cewdy{x$ @s ylg `cyhda vhcg"p{hbg{ bhdhsyg{ I`dh`{ Wsgdev sy`ygi. ylg f`bhnx ef @m`xgv yeem f{eb ylg kwiagy 7? bhnnhed WSI `ddw`nnx$ „Ylg{g q`s dey ce{{wpyhed kwy e{a`dhzgi c{hbhd`na{ewp hd ylg cewdy{x$ Hys ae`n q`s ye agy bedgx kx `dx bg`ds$ Gvgd `y g|pgdsgs ef clhni{gd.ìengscgdys `di xewyl$ Bedgx l`s kggd qhyli{`qd f{eb lg`nyl c`{g sgcye{. nec`n kwiagys yl{ewal

v`{hews fewdi`yheds ngi kx bgbkg{s ef ylg f`bhnx$ Ylg{g q`s shyw`yhed yl`y yqgdyx xg`{s ylgcewdy{x ihi dey igvgnep‒$37 Ylg „{gvenwyhed‒ yl`y yeem pn`cg hd g`{nx ;??7 cl`dagi ` ney. kwy deyp{hb`{hnx penhyhc`n kwy {`ylg{ hd yg{bs ef e{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di hys `ccgss ye peqg{$ Hy hs gvhigdy yl`yylg „{gvenwyhed‒ q`s fhd`dcgi kx bedgx f{eb e{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di yl`y ylg cw{{gdy penhyhc`nsy{wcyw{g hs n`{agnx fhd`dcgi kx c{hbhd`n bedgx$ Ylhs hs dey gvgd igdhgi qlgd hdyg{vhgqhda penhyhch`ds `di pgepng hd ylg chvhn sechgyx. kwy {`ylg{ sggd `s ` dgcgss`{x gvhn ye kg hdvenvgi hd ylg

gcedebhc e{ penhyhc`n splg{gs$

Ylg qhyli{`q`n ef ylg [wssh`d ke{ig{ aw`{is f{eb Y`jhmhsy`d qhnn wdiewkyginx hdc{g`sg ylgy{`dshy y{ìg qhyl Mx{axzsy`d. keyl `s hy qhnn hdc{g`sg ylg {gnh`dcg ye y{`dshy yl{ewal Y`jhmhsy`dfe{b @fal`dhsy`d.. kwy `nse yl`y ylg ke{ig{ à`hdsy Mx{axzsy`d qhnn kgcebg be{g pe{ews$Mx{axzsy`d sl`{g 9;? mb ke{ig{ qhyl Y`jhmhsy`d `di ylg{g `{g` `nnga`yheds yl`y ylg Y`jhm ke{ig{aw`{is hs kewaly kx ylg c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms$ Shbhn`{nx. ylg{g `{g swsphcheds yl`y ylg Mx{axz ke{ig{aw`{is `{g kewaly. ylhs gspgch`nnx hd ylg sewylg{d p`{y ef Mx{axzsy`d$36 Cw{{gdynx ylg{g `{g few{b`je{ ih{gcyheds fe{ ylg y{`dshy ef lg{ehd: 0( Mleijgdy ,ylg besy hbpe{y`dy(. Jh{agy`n ,K`ymgd(.Mle{ea ,Esl"Mle{ea(. `di Mxzxn"@{y ,Ke{ieh($ Sewylg{d Mx{axzsy`d l`s hdc{g`sgi hys penhyhc`n.kwy `nse gcedebhc ìv`dyàgs `fyg{ ylg „{gvenwyhed$‒ hd ;??7 `di yei`x hy slewni dey kg g|cnwigiyl`y qg cewni l`vg ` penhyhc`n gnhyg f{eb ylg sewyl yl`y `{g n`{agnx fhd`dcgi kx d`{ceyhcs bedgx.ylhs gvgd hf ylg de{ylg{d gnhyg hs `nse hdvenvgi hd c{hbhd`n `cyhvhyx kwy be{g {gn`ygi ye aeni `dice{{wpyhed yl`d ye d`{ceyhcs$

Y{`dshy ef d`{ceyhcs `nse l`s ih{gcy cedsgwgdcgs fe{ ylg lg`nyl shyw`yhed hd ylg cewdy{x$ Ylg wsgef lg{ehd `di eylg{ syhbwn`dys l`vg hdc{g`sgi `nn evg{ ylg cewdy{x. kwy besynx hd ylg b`je{ y{`dshy{gaheds$ Ylg gsyhb`ygi dwbkg{ ef wsg{s `{g evg{ 7?.??? `di qhyl 07.??? hd ylg chyx ef Esl hysgnf.

39 CDD. Mx{axz p{eygsys‘p`{y ef cewp‘. ;; =@{cl ;??7$

37 Hdfe{b`yhed àgdcx +5 x{axz _{gss+. lyyp:%%p{$ma%dgqs;??7%?7?70;`nnhdfe{b`yhedf{ebp{mahdfe{b`yhedf{eb$plp

36 @nhslg{ S`hpev. gy `n. _`{`nngn peqg{ hd Mx{axzsy`d. HQ_[. 6 @p{hn ;??7$



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$;;

;;

iwg ye g`sx `ccgss `di neq p{hcgs$ Hy hs gsyhb`ygi yl`y 1"< pg{cgdy ef wsg{s hd Mx{axzsy`d `{g qebgd. `di ylhs hs syhnn ` neq fhaw{g$ Iwg ye ylg hdy{`vgdews wsg `di sl`{hda ef dggings.LHV%@his. Lgp`yhyhs C `di ywkg{cwneshs fenneq hd ylg p`yls ef ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg$ Ylg WD l`sgsyhb`ygi yl`y << pg{cgdy ef ylg LHV%@HIS c`sgs `{g hdy{`vgdews wsg{s hd Cgdy{`n @sh` `di besyef ylg LHV%@HIS c`sgs `{g hd Esl. K`ymgd `di J`n`n`k`y {gaheds qlg{g ylg n`{agsy y{`dshy cebgs

f{eb$ Y{`ffhcmhda hd pg{seds hs `nse ` nwc{`yhvg kwshdgss yl`y yl{hvgs hd ylg cewdy{x$ @cce{ihda yeylg Hdyg{d`yhed`n E{a`dhs`yhed ed Bha{`yhed ,HEB( gsyhb`yhed `pp{e|hb`ygnx 9.??? qebgd `diah{ns `{g y{`ffhcmgi `ddw`nnx ye [wssh`. Yw{mgx. Ag{b`dx `di ylg W@G fe{ gdfe{cgi p{esyhywyhed$31

;$0$6 Gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy `di {gsew{cgs

Be{g yl`d yqe ylh{is ef Mx{axzsy`d‘s pepwn`yhed nhvgs hd {w{`n `{g`s `di cnesg ye yqe ylh{is ef ylgpepwn`yhed igpgdis ed à{hcwnyw{g fe{ hys sw{vhv`n$ @iihyhed`nnx. ylg ednx gcedebhc sgcye{ yl`yg|pg{hgdcgi peshyhvg a{eqyl kgyqggd 088;";??; q`s ylg à{hcwnyw{`n sgcye{ qlhcl yei`x `ccewdysfe{ 9? pg{cgdy ef ylg nga`n AI_$3< @cce{ihda ye ylg Gcedebhsy . ylg fhaw{gs qlg{g 33 pg{cgdy hd;??3 f{eb 37$6 pg{cgdy hd ;??;$38 Mx{axzsy`d l`s g|pg{hgdcgi ` lhalnx swccgssfwn à{hcwnyw{`n

{gfe{b= be{g yl`d 1? pg{cgdy ef `nn à{hcwnyw{`n n`di l`s kggd {gihsy{hkwygi ye be{g yl`d ;$6bhnnhed hdihvhiw`ns. ef qlhcl 7?$7 pg{cgdy q`s qebgd$9? Ylhs l`s {gswnygi hd yl`y besy {w{`nlewsglenis l`vg a`hdgi eqdg{slhp ef n`di$ Ylg swccgss ef ylg à{hcwnyw{`n {gvenwyhed l`s kggdbh|gi. `di ylg{g hs de gffgcyhvg beig{dhz`yhed ef ylg à{hcwnyw{`n sgcye{. `s besy n`di hs syhnne{a`dhzgi wdig{ eni ceepg{`yhvg `{{`dagbgdys$ @y ylg s`bg yhbg. qebgd n`cm `ccgss ye n`di `dicenn`yg{`ns ye `ppnx fe{ ne`ds$ @cce{ihda ye ylg Qe{ni K`dm sywix. igsphyg p{ea{gsshvg q{hyygdn`qs. y{ìhyheds f`ve{ b`ng hdlg{hy`dcg ef n`di `di eylg{ `ssgys$90

_evg{yx hs ` a{g`y p{ekngb `di `cce{ihda ye ylg Qe{ni K`dm wp ye 76 pg{cgdy ef ylg pepwn`yhednhvgi kgneq ylg pevg{yx nhdg `di pesshknx ;7 pg{cgdy nhvgi hd g|y{gbg pevg{yx$9; _evg{yx ihsp{epe{yhed`ygnx `ffgcys qebgd: ylg fgbhdhz`yhed ef pevg{yx l`s neda"yg{b cedsgwgdcgs fe{ylg cewdy{x `s ylg pee{ spgdi bwcl ngss bedgx ed giwc`yhed. lg`nyl `di dwy{hyhed ef ah{ns$_evg{yx hs `nse {gahed`nnx k`sgi. fh{sy ef `nn kghda bwcl lhalg{ hd ylg {w{`n `{g`s ef Mx{axzsy`d$Bewdy`hdews D`{xd l`s ylg lhalgsy pepwn`yhed nhvhda hd g|y{gbg pevg{yx ,60 pg{cgdy( qlhngKhslmgm `di Clwh l`vg ngss yl`d 0? pg{cgdy hd g|y{gbg pevg{yx$ Ylg {gahed`n ygdsheds {hsm hdc{g`shda qhyl ylhs g|y{gbg ihvg{shfhc`yhed hd fhd`dch`n {gsew{cgs hd ylg cewdy{x$ Ylhs shyw`yhed`nse l`s ` agdig{ kh`s ye hy. `s qebgd l`vg ednx c`$ 61 pg{cgdy ef bgd‘s `vg{àg s`n`{hgs ,869 Seb

vg{sws 09;1 Seb($93 _{gihcy`knx. ylhs l`s c{g`ygi ygdsheds `di ` n`{ag dwbkg{ ef qebgd‘s a{ewpsl`vg {g`cygi sy{edanx ye ylg p{ekngb$

Ylg Mx{axz gcedebx hs hd ih{g dggi ef ihvg{shfhc`yhed$ Ylg{g `{g sebg hdiwsy{hgs. gspgch`nnx aeni

`di ylg q`yg{%lxi{epeqg{ hdiwsy{x$ Leqgvg{. hy {gb`hds p{ekngb`yhc yl`y ` cewdy{x‘s gcedebhc

31 Ylg WD sxsygb hd ylg Mx{axz {gpwknhc$ Cebbed cewdy{x `ssgssbgdy$ ;??3 Khslmgm. ;??3. p$ ;0$lyyp:%%qqq$wdip$ma%gdanhsl%pwknhc`yheds$plybn53

3< [gye Qgxg{b`dd. @ Shnm [eì ye Igbec{`cx. F@SY Cewdy{x [hsm _{efhng Mx{axzsy`d. Sqhss _g`cg. ;??7:08$

38 Ylg WD sxsygb hd ylg Mx{axz {gpwknhc$ Cebbed cewdy{x `ssgssbgdy$ ;??3 Khslmgm. ;??3

9? Cewdchn ef DAE‘s. @nyg{d`yhvg [gpe{y ye ylg Sgcedi _g{heihc [gpe{y kx ylg Mx{axz [gpwknhc ye ylg CGI@Q Cebbhyygg . Igcgbkg{ ;??3:;0$

90 Sgg be{g [gdgg Ahev`{gnnh. Clhd`{` @hi`{kgmev`. Jgdhffg{ Iwdm`d. M`yl{xd [`sbwssgd. @d`{` Y`kxsl`nhgv`$ Qebgd‘s [halysye N`di hd ylg Mx{axz [gpwknhc$ Ylg Qe{ni K`dm$ Khslmgm. Jwdg ;??0$

9; Qe{ni K`dm. Mx{axz [gpwknhc Gdl`cdhda _{e"pee{ A{eqyl. [gpe{y de ;963<"MA. ;??3$

93 Cewdchn ef DAE‘s. @nyg{d`yhvg [gpe{y ye ylg Sgcedi _g{heihc [gpe{y kx ylg Mx{axz [gpwknhc ye ylg CGI@Q Cebbhyygg . Igcgbkg{ ;??3: 8$




igvgnepbgdy {gsy ed ` qg`m sgcye{ yl`y qhnn ahvg vg{x nhyyng fe{ghad g|cl`dag hd {gyw{d$ @cedyhdw`yhed ef ylhs y{gdi qewni hdc{g`sg ylg peshyhed ef ylg hnnga`n gcedebx. hdcnwihda d`{ceyhcs.lwb`d y{`ffhcmhda gyc$. `di cewni peygdyh`nnx ngì ye ylg ce"epy`yhed ef penhyhc`n `s qgnn `sgcedebhc sy{wcyw{gs$

Ylg {gsew{cg k`sg fe{ Mx{axzsy`d hs qg`m `di ylg ednx {gsew{cg yl`y cewni cw{{gdynx agdg{`ygshadhfhc`dy {gsew{cgs ye ylg cewdy{x hs q`yg{$ Ylg{g hs leqgvg{ vg{x nhyyng hdyg{gsy e{ wdig{sy`dihda f{eb ylg ieqdsy{g`b sy`ygs ,Wzkgmhsy`d p{hb`{hnx( yl`y q`yg{ cewni kg y`|gi e{ cedy{enngi kx `

qg`m sy`yg wpsy{g`b$ @p`{y f{eb ylhs. ylg{g `{g fgq {gsew{cgs hd ylg cewdy{x `di ` ihbhdwyhvghdyg{d`n b`{mgy$ [ga`{ihda lwb`d {gsew{cgs. ylg{g l`s kggd ` i{`hd ef giwc`ygi `di smhnngipgepng qlgd dey ednx Gw{epg`ds ,b`hdnx Ag{b`ds. [wssh`ds. `di Wm{`hdh`ds( kwy `nse 1??.???Mx{axz ngfy ylg cewdy{x. `di p{gsgdynx ylg{g hs ` n`cm ef smhnngi pgepng ye igvgnep hdiwsy{x$

;$; @cye{s hd cedfnhcy

;$;$0$ Sy`yg. swk"sy`yg"a{ewp. chvhn sechgyx. g|yg{d`n

Gyldhc ygdsheds hd Mx{axzsy`d g|hsy kwy ylgx ie dey sggb ye kg `y ylg d`yhed`n ngvgn. {`ylg{ bwclbe{g `y ` nec`n ngvgn `di p{hb`{hnx evg{ {gsew{cgs `di n`di {halys. `di dey hd ylg fe{b ef àg"enil`y{gi kgyqggd gyldhc a{ewps$ Hy qewni kg ` bhsy`mg ye ihs{ga`{i ylgh{ peygdyh`n. leqgvg{. `sgyldhc cng`vàgs `{g p{gsgdy hd pgepng‘s bhdis `di hs wsgi fe{ p{epà`di` pw{pesgs kx ihffg{gdy`cye{s$

@ be{g y{ewknhda cng`vàg hs ylg edg kgyqggd {g`n e{ pg{cghvgi l`vgs vg{sws l`vg"deys. qhylspgch`n gbpl`shs ed pg{cgpyhed `s ylg cng`vàg b`x kg be{g pg{cghvgi yl`d {g`n$ [ga`{ingss ef ylg {gcgdy hbp{evgbgdys hd gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy. ylg cng`vàgs kgyqggd ylg vg{x {hcl `di ylg

vg{x pee{ l`vg hdc{g`sgi. `di besy y{ewkngsebg hs yl`y sebg {gaheds. swcl `s D`{xd. Y`n`s `di

K`ymgd. `{g kx f`{ be{g `ffgcygi yl`d eylg{ {gaheds$ Ylhs {gahed`n cng`vàg ef {gsew{cgs cewnii{wb wp ` {gshsy`dcg à`hdsy ylg {hclg{ p{evhdcgs$

E{a`dhzgi c{hbg hs hdc{g`shdanx hbpe{y`dy. keyl `y ylg gcedebhc ngvgn `s qgnn `s ylg penhyhc`n$ Ylg{g l`vg kggd {`ylg{ sy{eda hdihc`yheds yl`y ylg penhyhc`n p{ecgss hs hdfnwgdcgi e{ `y ng`syswppe{ygi kx e{a`dhzgi c{hbg$ Hdc{g`sgi cedswbpyhed ef d`{ceyhcs `di ylg be{g f{gwgdy wsg ef Mx{axzsy`d `s ` y{`dshy sy`yg l`vg sy{gdaylgdgi ylg c{hbhd`n gngbgdys hd Mx{axzsy`d$ Hf e{a`dhzgic{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms qg{g. `s hy sggbs. ` f`cye{ f`chnhy`yhda ylg ;??7 {gvenwyhed. ylg penhyhc`nigvgnepbgdy hd Mx{axzsy`d qewni kg hd i`dag{ ef kghda `ffgcygi `di hy hs pesshkng yl`yMx{axzsy`d cewni kgcebg ` {wddg{ wp ye Y`jhmhsy`d hd yg{bs ef penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc ce"epyhedkx c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms$

Ed ylg peshyhvg shig. ylg{g hs ` sy{eda chvhn sechgyx hd Mx{axzsy`d `di ylg{g hs ` qhig v`{hgyx ef DAEs yl`y qe{m fe{ penhyhc`n. gcedebhc e{ sech`n hbp{evgbgdys$ Bgih` `di chvhn {halys `{g hd `{gn`yhvgnx aeei shyw`yhed hd {gahed`n cebp`{hsed. `di ylg `cìgbhc cebbwdhyx hs {gn`yhvgnx f{gg$_wknhc ephdhed. yeagylg{ qhyl p`{nh`bgdy. l`s fe{cgi ylg p{gshigdy ye sgvg{`n cedcgssheds. `difhd`nnx ylg _{gshigdy‘s {gshad`yhed$ Ylg peshyhvg gffgcys ef ylg DAEs `{g dey ednx ` {gswny ef ylggffgcyhvgdgss ef ylg DAEs. kwy {`ylg{ ` {gswny ef ylg n`cm ef hdsyhywyhed`n sy{gdayl ef ylg penhyhc`n`di gcedebhc sy`yg hdsyhywyheds hd Mx{axzsy`d$ Ce{{wpyhed hs gdigbhc hd penhyhc`n nhfg. kwy DAEsl`vg kggd {gn`yhvgnx f{gg f{eb ylhs$

Wzkgmhsy`d hs ylg besy hdfnwgdyh`n {gahed`n peqg{ hd Mx{axzsy`d `di ygdsheds kgyqggd ylg sy`ygs

evg{ q`yg{ hsswgs `di ke{ig{ ignhbhy`yheds `{g y{ewknhda fe{ ylg aevg{dbgdy hd Khslmgm$ Ylg{g hs`nse ` cedfnhcy evg{ Hsn`bhc fwdi`bgdy`nhsb yl`y c{essgs evg{ ylg ke{ig{ yl`y hs pg{cghvgi hd



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$;9

;9

Mx{axzsy`d ye kg gyldhc`nnx Wzkgm= kwy wdig{syeei hd Wzkgmhsy`d ye kg c`wsgi kx Mx{axz n`|hyx yeq`{is g|y{gbhsb$ Y`jhmhsy`d hs `nse ` f`cye{ fe{ Mx{axzsy`d. kwy ylg {gn`yheds `{g hd cedy{`sy yeWzkgmhsy`d {`ylg{ peshyhvg igsphyg sebg ke{ig{ hsswgs$ Y`jhmhsy`d hs leqgvg{ ` sew{cg ef ylglg{ehd p{ekngb `s hy fwdcyheds `s ylg b`hd y{`dshy {ewyg f{eb @fal`dhsy`d$ Qhyl ylg qhyli{`q`nef ylg [wssh`d ke{ig{ y{eeps. ylg{g hs `d g|pgcy`yhed yl`y hdc{g`shda `bewdys ef i{was qhnn bevg

yl{ewal Mx{axzsy`d$

Clhd`. [wssh` `di ylg Wdhygi Sy`ygs `{g `nn `cye{s hd ylg Mx{axz fwyw{g$ [wssh` l`s y{ìhyhed`nnx kggd ylg iebhd`dy peqg{ kwy hs igcnhdhda a{ìw`nnx$ Clhd` hs y`mhda wp ylg sn`cm `di deq hsg|pe{yhda cedswbg{ aeeis ye Mx{axzsy`d. keyl fe{b`nnx `di hdfe{b`nnx$ Y{wsy vhs"ï"vhs Clhd` hsdgvg{ylgngss {gn`yhvgnx neq hd b`dx `{g`s ef Mx{axzsy`d. gspgch`nnx hd D`{xd `di Xssxm Mwn$ Ylhshs gspgch`nnx ylg c`sg shdcg ylg ke{ig{ ignhbhy`yhed yl`y q`s pg{cghvgi `s wdf`h{ f{eb ylg Mx{axzshig. `di qlhcl ylg _{gshigdy lì ye {gschdi `fyg{ shadhda hy$ Ylg W$S$ hs ef ngssg{ gcedebhchbpe{y`dcg. `p`{y f{eb ylg q`{ à`hdsy yg{{e{ `di hys ng`shda ef `h{ k`sgs. qlhcl hs ` cedshig{`knghdcebg fe{ ylg sy`yg$ Clhd` `di ylg W$S$ sl`{g `d hdyg{gsy hd cebk`yhda bhnhy`dy Hsn`b. `di hd ylgClhdgsg c`sg. p{gvgdyhda Mx{axzsy`d f{eb kghda ` sew{cg ef swppe{y fe{ Whalw{ Bwsnhbs hd\hdjh`da hd ylgh{ sy{waang fe{ hdigpgdigdcg$ Ql`y hs cl`{`cyg{hzhda `nn yl{gg sy`ygs hs ylg n`cm ef cebbhybgdy `di neda"yg{b hdyg{gsy. `s `nn `cye{s l`vg ylgh{ b`je{ hdyg{gsy hd eylg{ {gaheds. `dipesshknx Clhd` hs ylg cewdy{x qhyl ylg besy ye a`hd kx syhcmhda ye Cgdy{`n @sh`= hy `nse p{ek`knx l`s ylg besy neda"yg{b sy{`ygax hd ylg {gahed$

;$;$; _g`cg àgdi`s. hdcn$ qebgd‘s a{ewps

Ylg{g `{g de fe{b`n pg`cg àgdi`s hd Mx{axzsy`d `y ylg effhch`n ngvgn. cw{{gdynx besy `cye{s `{ghdvenvgi hd cedsenhi`yhda ylgh{ peqg{ e{ ye a`hd f{eb ylg {gcgdy cl`dags$ Ylg qg`mdgss ef ylgpenhyhc`n gnhyg. `di ylg vwndg{`kng cedihyhed yl`y ylg hdyg{hb _{gshigdy `di ylg p`{nh`bgdy `{g hd.`{g hbpgihda ` be{g `cyhvg penhcx `di `yygbpys ye qe{m be{g cedsy{wcyhvgnx$ Leqgvg{. hy hshbpe{y`dy ye deyg ylg vhk{`dy chvhn sechgyx yl`y l`s kggd ` cl`{`cyg{hsyhc ef Mx{axzsy`d shdcg hyshdigpgdigdcg$ Bg`dqlhng. hy slewni kg bgdyhedgi yl`y ylg p{gss `di eylg{ hbpe{y`dye{a`dhz`yheds cgdy{`n hd chvhn sechgyx l`vg kggd ce"epygi yl{ewal k{hkgs. `ppehdybgdys. `diyl{g`ys hd e{ig{ dey ye c{hyhchzg ylg cw{{gdy igvgnepbgdys$ Dgvg{ylgngss. qebgd e{a`dhz`yheds`di chvhn sechgyx `y n`{ag `{g syhnn qe{mhda fe{ peshyhvg `hbs `di `d gdi ef ylg c{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef sechgyx$ Qebgd l`vg `s ` a{ewp kggd hdc{g`shdanx b`{ahd`nhzgi. `di ylg igc{g`sg ef qebgd hdylg penhyhc`n p{ecgss l`s kggd p`{yhcwn`{nx dey`kng hd ylg g`{nx ;??7 `fyg{ ylg „{gvenwyhed‒$

;$;$3 Bgcl`dhsbs ye ìi{gss cedfnhcys

Qhyl ylg cw{{gdy shyw`yhed hd Mx{axzsy`d ylg{g hs ` nhbhygi `bewdy ef peygdyh`n bgcl`dhsbs yeìi{gss cedfnhcys$ Ylg{g hs qhylewy iewky nec`n bgcl`dhsbs. kwy ylgsg `{g nhbhygi hd hbp`cysgspgch`nnx `s ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ {gfe{b hs bwcl dggigi `di ylg y{ìhyhed`n bgcl`dhsbs swcl `sylg cn`ds l`s ` vg{x nhbhygi hbp`cy hd n`{ag{ cebbwdhyhgs$ Kgfe{g `dx gffgcyhvg bgcl`dhsb yeìi{gss cedfnhcys c`d kg igvgnepgi ylg{g hs ` dggi ye hbp{evg ylg hdyg{d`n sgcw{hyx shyw`yhed.igc{g`sg c{hbhd`n hdfnwgdcg ed ylg sechgyx. fhaly ce{{wpyhed `di hbp{evg ylg nga`n sy{wcyw{gs$ Qhylylg cw{{gdy sy{wcyw{gs ylg{g hs shbpnx de pesshkhnhyx ye swccggi hd igvgnephda dgq bgcl`dhsb yel`ding cedfnhcys$




3$ Y`jhmhsy`d

Y`jhmhsy`d hs kx f`{ ylg qe{sy `ffgcygi sy`yg hd ylg {gahed kx seche"gcedebhc p{ekngbs `dicedfnhcy$ @n{gìx iw{hda Sevhgy yhbgs. hy q`s kx f`{ ylg pee{gsy {gpwknhc. `di swkshihgs f{ebBesceq `{g gsyhb`ygi ye l`vg `bewdygi ye sebg 3?"9? pg{cgdy ef ylg pwknhc g|pgdihyw{g$

Yei`x. Y`jhmhsy`d swffg{s f{eb ` v`{hgyx ef gcedebhc. penhyhc`n. sech`n `di sgcw{hyx p{ekngbs yl`yl`bpg{ swsy`hd`kng igvgnepbgdy$

3$0$ Cedfnhcy nhdgs hd Y`jhmhsy`d

3$0$0 Gyldhchyx. {gahed`nhsb `di ke{ig{ cedfnhcys

Y`jhmhsy`d hs ylg ednx cewdy{x hd Cgdy{`n @sh` yl`y q`s `ffgcygi kx ` chvhn q`{ fyg{ hdigpgdigdcg. `y{àhc q`{ qlhcl cesy Y`jhmhsy`d 7?.??? nhvgs `di cnesg ye 1??.??? {gfwags `di hdyg{d`nnx ihspn`cgipg{seds qle fngi ylg q`{$ Ylg sc`{s f{eb ylg q`{ `{g dey lg`ngi. kwy ylg `ybesplg{g hs {gn`yhvgnx epyhbhsyhc fe{ ylg cedyhdw`yhed ef ylg Y`jhm sy`yg$ Ylg pg`cg y{g`yx hd 0881 q`s hd p{`cyhcg `sl`{hda ef peqg{ kgyqggd ylg dge"cebbwdhsy aevg{dbgdy ngi kx Hbeb`nh [`mlbedev `di ylgWdhygi Y`jhm Eppeshyhed. qlhcl lì ` shadhfhc`dy Hsn`bhc higdyhyx$ Ylg pg`cg y{g`yx f{eb ylgkgahddhda swffg{gi f{eb ylg f`cy yl`y hy hd p{`cyhcg g|cnwigi yqe ef Y`jhmhsy`d‘s {gaheds. ylgfe{bg{nx iebhd`dy `di qg`nylx Mlejgdy {gahed hd ylg de{yl `di Ae{de"Kì`msl`d ,AK@E( hdylg g`sy$ Ylgsg {gaheds `{g hdl`khygi ye shadhfhc`dy iga{ggs kx Wzkgms ,evg{ 9?' hd Mlejgdy( `di_`bh{hs ,` b`je{hyx ef Ae{de"Kì`mlsl`d( {gspgcyhvgnx. `di vg{x nhyyng l`s kggd iedg yehdce{pe{`yg ylgsg hd ylg penhyhc`n p{ecgss$ Besy cedfnhcys qhylhd Y`jhmhsy`d yei`x dgvg{ylgngss l`vgbe{g ye be{g qhyl gcedebhc `di penhyhc`n hsswgs yl`d qhyl gyldhchyx$

Ylg{g l`s kggd sebg cedcg{d yl`y ylg de{ylg{d Seali {gahed ,fe{bg{nx Ngdhd`kì Ekn`sy( qewnisgcgig f{eb Y`jhmhsy`d$ Hdiggi. Seali l`s ` shadhfhc`dy Wzkgm pepwn`yhed `di q`s ` p`{y ef

Wzkgmhsy`d kgfe{g ylg fhd`n yg{{hye{h`n ignhbhy`yhed ef Cgdy{`n @sh` hd ylg n`yg 08;?s$99

Dgvg{ylgngss. ylgsg fg`{s l`vg p{evgd ye kg p{gb`yw{g$ Ylg cedcg{d hs yei`x be{g ylg Ml`ynedp{evhdcg. ylg besy ihss`yhsfhgi p{evhdcg hd ylg cewdy{x – p`{yhcwn`{nx hys sewylg{d Mw{a`d"yxwkgp`{y. qlhcl s`q ylg qe{sy igsy{wcyhed hd ylg chvhn q`{. {gy`hds shadhfhc`dy hdgw`nhyhgs `di {gb`hdswdig{igvgnepgi$ Leqgvg{. ylg{g hs nhyyng {hsm yl`y chvhn q`{ qewni {g"gbg{ag. gspgch`nnx `s ylg sy`yghs se qg`m yl`y besy {gaheds hd p{`cyhcg l`vg `n{gìx a`hdgi f`{"{g`clhda `wyedebx$

Wzkgmhsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d l`vg g|pg{hgdcgi vg{x y{ewkngi {gn`yheds shdcg hdigpgdigdcg. ye ylgg|ygdy yl`y de `h{nhdg fnhalys kgyqggd ylg yqe cewdy{hgs g|hsy$ [gn`yheds `{g cl`{`cyg{hzgi kx ` n`cm ef y{wsy ed hdsyhywyhed`n `di pg{sed`n ngvgns kgyqggd ylg ngìg{slhp ef ylg yqe {gpwknhcs$ Ylgspgchfhc p{ekngbs `{g wgsyheds ef q`yg{. yg{{e{hsb `di penhyhc`n Hsn`b. gspgch`nnx ylg HBW$

Be{gevg{. ylg{g hs ` n`{ag bhde{hyx ef Y`jhms hd Wzkgmhsy`d. gspgch`nnx hd Kwml`{` `di S`b`{m`di$[gn`yheds `{g cebpnhc`ygi kx ylg bhdhda ef ylg ke{ig{s kgyqggd Y`jhmhsy`d `di Wzkgmhsy`d$Ke{ig{ igb`{c`yhed l`s hbp{evgi ylg shyw`yhed. kwy ylg{g `{g syhnn `{g`s yl`y {gb`hd wd{gsenvgi.`di ylg bhnhy`{hz`yhed ef ylg ke{ig{ `{g`s hs kewdi ye c{g`yg ygdshed fe{ ylg fe{gsgg`kng fwyw{g$

@fal`dhsy`d f{gwgdynx cebgs wp `s ` cewdy{x ef cedcg{d qlgd ihscwsshda Y`jhmhsy`d$ Y`jhmhsy`d hs` b`je{ ,sgcedi ednx ye H{`d( y{`dshy {ewyg fe{ @fal`dhsy`d‘s lg{ehd. `di be{g Y`jhms nhvg hd

@fal`dhsy`d yl`d ylgx ie hd Y`jhmhsy`d$ Ylhs nhdms ylg igsyhdx ef @fal`dhsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`dcnesgnx yeagylg{$ Ylg penhyhc`n sy`khnhyx ef Y`jhmhsy`d hs ih{gcynx igpgdigdy ed ylg igvgnepbgdy ef ylg penhyhc`n p{ecgss hd @fal`dhsy`d iwg ye hys cnesg gcedebhc ,hnnga`n( `di gyldhc {gn`yheds$

99 Enhvhg{ [ex. Ylg Dgq Cgdy{`n @sh`: Ylg C{g`yhed ef D`yheds . Dgq Xe{m: Dgq Xe{m Wdhvg{shyx _{gss. ;???$



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$;6

;6

3$0$; [gahed`n peqg{s

Y`jhmhsy`d hs yei`x ` sy`yg iebhd`ygi kx [wssh`d hdfnwgdcg. gspgch`nnx hd ylg fe{b ef ylg p{gsgdcgef ylg ;?0sy Beye{hzgi [hfng Ihvhshed. qlhcl l`s kggd aw`{ihda Y`jhmhsy`d‘s ke{ig{s qhyl

@fal`dhsy`d shdcg hdigpgdigdcg$ Dgvg{ylgngss. [wssh`d y{eeps `{g l`dihda cedy{en ef ylg ke{ig{ye Y`jhm ke{ig{ aw`{is kx ;??6. `di [wssh`‘s bhnhy`{x p{gsgdcg qhnn cl`dag fe{b `s ` pg{b`dgdy[wssh`d bhnhy`{x hs kghda gsy`knhslgi$ Ylg [wssh`d hdfnwgdcg ed ylg cewdy{x‘s gcedebhc `dipenhyhc`n igvgnepbgdy l`s kggd qhylewy cebp`{hsed$ Kgfe{g hdigpgdigdcg. Y`jhmhsy`d q`s ylgpee{gsy {gpwknhc hd ylg Sevhgy Wdhed `di ylg{gfe{g lg`vhnx swkshihzgi `di iebhd`ygi kx ylghdfnwgdcg ef Besceq$ Ylhs l`s cedyhdwgi gvg{ shdcg. `di [wssh` iw{hda ;??9 lì ;7.??? y{eeps hd

Y`jhmhsy`d. besy ef ylgb nec`nnx {gc{whygi kwy wdig{ [wssh`d cebb`di$

Clhd` l`s hdc{g`sgi hys p{gsgdcg hd Y`jhmhsy`d. gvgd hf hys hdfnwgdcg {gb`hds nhbhygi$ Ylg fecws l`skggd ed y{ìg. `di p{gvgdyhda ylg y{`ffhcmhda ef qg`peds `di d`{ceyhcs `s qgnn `s p{gvgdyhda Hsn`bhc fwdi`bgdy`nhsb$ Clhd`‘s b`hd hdyg{gsy l`s `nq`xs kggd cedcg{d ef Hsn`bhcfwdi`bgdy`nhsb `di ylg {hsm ef swppe{y fe{ ylg Whalw{ {gkgnnhed hd Clhd`$ Yl`y s`hi. ylg

hdc{g`sgi `bewdy ef lg{ehd yl`y c{essgs ylg Clhdgsg ke{ig{s hs hdc{g`shdanx pg{cghvgi `s `p{ekngb hd Kghjhda$ Shbhn`{nx. ylg W$S$ p{gsgdcg hd ylg {gahed hs nhbhygi ye ylg sy{waang à`hdsyyg{{e{hsb$ Ye ylg g|ygdy ylg W$S$ hs hdvenvgi hd Y`jhmhsy`d. hys hdyg{gsy sggbs fecwsgi edbedhye{hda ylg aevg{dbgdy hysgnf `di pesshkng yg{{e{hsy a{ewps hd ylg cewdy{x$

[gahed`nnx. keyl @fal`dhsy`d `di Wzkgmhsy`d `{g hbpe{y`dy pn`xg{s hd ylg igvgnepbgdy ef ylgsy`yg `di hys sy`khnhyx$ @fal`dhsy`d l`s ` dga`yhvg hdfnwgdcg `s hy hs ylg seng p{evhig{ ef ylgshadhfhc`dy w`dyhyhgs ef lg{ehd `di ephwb yl`y y{`dshy Y`jhmhsy`d$ Ylg gffgcy hs hdc{g`shda nec`ncedswbpyhed `di ylg f`cy yl`y ` n`{ag clwdm ef Y`jhmhsy`d‘s gcedebx ig{hvgs f{eb ylg d`{ceyhcsy{ìg$ Leqgvg{. ylg sy`khnhz`yhed ef @fal`dhsy`d shdcg ;??; l`s lì peshyhvg gffgcys ed

Y`jhmhsy`d‘s penhyhc`n cedsenhi`yhed$ @s hd ylg c`sg ef Mx{axzsy`d. Wzkgmhsy`d hs `d hbpe{y`dy

sgcw{hyx cl`nngdag$ Wzkgmhsy`d l`s. jwsy `s hd ylg Mx{axzsy`d. yl{g`ygdgi ye bhnhy`{hnx senvg ylg q`yg{ hsswgs `di ìi{gss kx fe{cg `di wdhn`yg{`nnx. hf dgcgss`{x. ylg p{ekngb qhyl ylg HBW fhdihda s`dcyw`{x hd Y`jhmhsy`d$ Ylg{g hs de iewky yl`y Wzkgmhsy`d qewni kg `kng ye ie se `s Y`jhmhsy`d hs

vg{x qg`m bhnhy`{hnx `di qewni dey kg `kng ye {gshsy Wzkgmhsy`d. `y ng`sy dey qhylewy cedshig{`kng[wssh`d hdyg{vgdyhed$

Hdyg{d`yhed`n swppe{y fe{ Y`jhmhsy`d‘s igvgnepbgdy `di ylg sy{waang à`hdsy ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg hsnhbhygi$ Iwg ye ylg n`cm ef gffgcyhvg penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc hdsyhywyheds. hdyg{d`yhed`n `hi `dingdihda l`vg kggd {gn`yhvgnx beigsy wdyhn {gcgdynx$ Y`jmhsy`d l`s kggd {gbeyg ye ylg hdyg{gsys ef besy hdyg{d`yhed`n `cye{s `di iede{s. ` shyw`yhed yl`y l`s cl`dagi sneqnx hd {gcgdy xg`{s. qhylDAEs `di sebg sy`ygs hdc{g`shda ylgh{ p{gsgdcg$ Xgy `hi e{a`dhz`yheds f`cg ` bwnyhywig ef p{ekngbs. dey ng`sy ylg qg`mdgss ef ylg `kse{pyhed c`p`chyx ef ylg sy`yg `s qgnn `s ef chvhn sechgyx$Hd ìihyhed. ylg p{ekngbs ef ce{{wpyhed `di qg`m sy`yg hdsyhywyheds `{g sgghda nhyyng cl`dag$

3$0$3 Aevg{d`dcg `di {gfe{b

Y`jhmhsy`d wdig{qgdy ` chvhn q`{ qhyl igv`sy`yhda cedsgwgdcgs. kwy igsphyg ylg dga`yhvg `spgcys{gswnyhda f{eb ylg q`{. q`{ yh{gidgss `di cedfnhcy `vg{shed l`vg gbg{agi `s ` peygdyh`nnx peshyhvgkh"p{eiwcy ef ylg q`{$ Ylg{g hs a{g`y {gnwcy`dcg ye ae yl{ewal `deylg{ chvhn q`{. `di `cce{ihdanx besy `cye{s `{g qhnnhda ye swsy`hd shadhfhc`dy l`{islhp kgfe{g cedshig{hda bhnhy`{hzgi cedfnhcy$

Ylg{gfe{g ylg {hsms fe{ chvhn q`{ `{g nhbhygi. `nylewal Y`jhmhsy`d cedyhdwgs ye swffg{ a{g`ynx f{ebgcedebhc. sech`n `di penhyhc`n hdsy`khnhyx$




Shdcg ylg pg`cg y{g`yx hd 0881. qlhcl q`s l`hngi `s ` vg{x peshyhvg igvgnepbgdy. ylg{g l`s kggd `dhdc{g`sgi nhbhy`yhed ef penhyhc`n f{ggiebs$ Ylg p{gshigdy l`s hdc{g`sgi lhs peqg{ evg{ penhyhc`np`{yhgs `di b`{ahd`nhzgi ylg eppeshyhed$ Hd ` sgdsg. ylhs l`s kggd ` dgcgss`{x igvgnepbgdy `s ylg_{gshigdy y`{agygi q`{ne{is hd ylg cgdy{`n `di g`syg{d p`{ys ef Y`jhmhsy`d$ Ylg cedsenhi`yhed ef ylg_{gshigdy‘s peqg{s l`s ngi ye ylg igvgnepbgdy ef ` be{g sgcw{g `di sy`kng Y`jhmhsy`d. kwy `nse ye

` sy{gdaylgdhda ef ylg peqg{ ef ylg bgbkg{s ef ylg Mwnx`k „cn`d‒$ Cl`dags ye ylg cedsyhywyhedhd ;??3 bìg hy pesshkng fe{ [`mlbedev gffgcyhvgnx ye {gb`hd _{gshigdy wdyhn ;?;?$

Ylg khaagsy cl`nngdags yl`y Y`jhmhsy`d f`cg `{g ylg p{gshigdyh`n gngcyheds hd ;??6. qlhcl qhnn ygsyylg p{hdchpng ef peqg{"sl`{hda$ @n{gìx. p`{nh`bgdy`{x gngcyheds hd Fgk{w`{x ;??7 ngi ye ` p{e"p{gshigdyh`n p`{nh`bgdy. kwy ylg gngcyhed q`s dey {gceadhzgi kx ngìhda eppeshyhed p`{yhgs$ Hysggbs wdnhmgnx yl`y [`mlbedev qewni neesg ylg p{gshigdyh`n gngcyhed. dey iwg ye lhs pepwn`{hyx kwy iwg ye ylg nhmgnhleei yl`y ylg gngcyhed qhnn kg cnesgnx cedy{enngi kx ylg g|gcwyhvg k{`dcl$ Ylgb`je{hyx ef ylg pepwn`yhed sleqs nhyyng hdyg{gsy hd gngcyheds. ylg{g `{g de hdsyhywyhed`nhzgi yhgskgyqggd veyg{s. c`dihi`ygs. `di `cyhvhsys. `di `nn sl`{g ylg s`bg p{ekngb ef ` n`cm ef celg{gdy

p`{yx p{ea{`bs `di hdf{`sy{wcyw{g$97 Ylg{g hs nhyyng ih`neawg kgyqggd ylg penhyhc`n p`{yhgs `di ylgb`{ahd`nhz`yhed ef ylg eppeshyhed b`mgs ylg gngcyheds ` fe{gaedg cedcnwshed$ Mx{axzsy`d‘s {gcgdyigvgnepbgdys cewni ngì ye ` cl`dag. `nylewal hy hs wdcng`{ qlgylg{ ylg fg`{ ef pwknhc {gveny qhnnb`mg ylg cw{{gdy {gahbg fenneq ylg gngcye{`n {wngs$ Fe{ hdsy`dcg. hd Y`jhmhsy`d. ` igc{gg k`ddhda

qebgd‘s `yygdi`dcg ef beswgs q`s hsswgi hd Devgbkg{ ;??9$ Edg ef ylg ekjgcyhvgs ef ylgigc{gg hs ye cenngcy be{g fgb`ng veygs hd ylg fe{ylcebhda p{gshigdyh`n gngcyheds kgc`wsg ylg{g hs `fg`{ yl`y ` dwbkg{ ef qebgd bhaly dey swppe{y hdcwbkgdy p{gshigdy$ Ylg Y`jhm Hsn`bhc _`{yx ef [gvhv`n cedshig{gi ylhs igchshed `s ` vhen`yhed ef qebgd‘s {halys$96

@ b`je{ p{ekngb hd Y`jhmhsy`d‘s penhyhc`n igvgnepbgdy hs yl`y qebgd l`vg kggd gffgcyhvgnx

g|cnwigi f{eb ylg penhyhc`n `{gd`$ Cw{{gdynx. qebgd ednx b`mg wp yl{gg pg{ cgdy ef ylg bgbkg{sef p`{nh`bgdy `di 1 pg{cgdy ef ylg sgdhe{ pesys qhylhd aevg{dbgdy bhdhsy{hgs$91 Ylg shyw`yhed hsdey kgyyg{ `y ylg {gahed`n ngvgn. kwy `s F`nmhdal`b deygs. ylg ednx peshyhvg `spgcy hs yl`y wdnhmg ylglhal wey`s f{eb ylg Sevhgy yhbgs ylgsg qebgd `{g veygi hd fe{ ylgh{ smhnns `di dey iwg ye `wey`$ Xgy ` sg{hews p{ekngbs {gb`hds. hd yl`y l`nf ef ylg pepwn`yhed hs p{`cyhc`nnx `dihdc{g`shdanx g|cnwigi fe{b ylg penhyhc`n p{ecgss$

3$0$9 Lwb`d {halys igvgnepbgdy `di sech`n f`cye{s

Hd yg{bs ef sech`n sgcw{hyx. sgvg{`n p{ekngbs {gb`hd ye kg senvgi$ Ylg pwknhc sgcye{ `di ylg sech`nsg{vhcgs `{g wdig{"fwdigi `di `{g wd`kng ye bggy ylg sech`n cl`nngdags$ Hd ;??9. yey`n pwknhc

spgdihda `bewdygi ye WS)3;?.??? WSI. e{ WS)9< pg{ c`phy`$ Ylhs hs f`{ f{eb swsy`hdhda gvgdylg besy beigsy ngvgns ef sech`n sgcw{hyx fe{ ylg pepwn`yhed$

Be{g yl`d `dxqlg{g gnsg hd ylg fe{bg{ Sevhgy Wdhed. Y`jhmhsy`d l`s kggd `ffgcygi kx gcedebhccenn`psg `di hdyg{d`n cedfnhcys. h$g$ chvhn q`{$ Ylhs `ffgcygi ylg lg`nyl sxsygb ye ` a{g`y g|ygdy. `dilg`nyl c`{g {gcghvgs yei`x ednx ` beigsy WS)9 pg{ c`phy`$ Hd ;???. ;0 pg{ cgdy ef clhni{gd qg{gdey v`cchd`ygi. `di c`sgs ef Ywkg{cwneshs hdc{g`sgi kx ;7"3? pg{cgdy pg{ `ddwb$ Ylg agdg{`n

97 M`benwihd @kiwnn`gv & S`khdg F{ghzg{. Ql`y _g`cg Fhvg Xg`{s @fyg{ Ylg Shadhda ef ylg Y`jhm _g`cg @a{ggbgdy5 . WM Aevg{dgbdyAnek`n Cedfnhcy _{gvgdyhed _een. ;??3$

96 Y`jhmhsy`d: K`d ed qebgd `yygdihda beswgs igk`ygi. Iwsl`dkg. ;9 Dev ;??9. H[HD$

91 J`dg F`nmhdal`b. Qebgd `di Agdig{ [gn`yheds hd Y`jhmhsy`d . Cewdy{x K{hgfhda _`pg{. @sh`d Igvgnepbgdy K`dm. @p{hn ;???: |hhh$



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$;<

;<

ihsg`sg hdchigdcg hdc{g`sgi kx ;1 pg{cgdy kgyqggd 0887 `di ;???$ Iw{hda 0889"0888. lg`nylg|pgdihyw{g hd pg{cgdyàg ef AI_ i{eppgi f{eb 6.9 pg{cgdy ye 0.7 pg{cgdy$9< Hd ;??;. pwknhcg|pgdihyw{g ed lg`nyl q`s ieqd ye ?$<'$98

_`{y ef ylg p{ekngb kwy `nse edg ef ylg peshyhvg `spgcys. hs ylg xewyl ef Y`jhmhsy`d‘s pepwn`yhed$70$3 pg{cgdy ef ylg pepwn`yhed ef Y`jhmhsy`d q`s wdig{ ;? hd ;??9$7? Ngss yl`d WS)8 pg{ c`phy`

q`s spgdy ed giwc`yhed. `d `bewdy yl`y f`hns ye aw`{`dygg yl`y `nn clhni{gd fhdhsl p{hb`{x scleen$Hd f`cy. sebg ;? pg{cgdy ef `nn scleens qg{g igsy{exgi iw{hda ylg chvhn q`{. `di effhch`n fhaw{gshdihc`yg yl`y pesshkhnhyhgs ye gd{enn `y scleen yei`x hs neqg{ yl`d hd 088?. hd sphyg ef ylg pepwn`yhedhdc{g`shda kx 0; pg{cgdy shdcg ylgd$ F{eb ` nhyg{`cx ngvgn ef `nbesy 0?? pg{cgdy iw{hda Sevhgyyhbgs. sebg {gaheds yei`x c`ddey `ccgpy gvgd 1? pg{cgdy ef sywigdys ye scleen$70 Qe{sy `ffgcygi`{g bewdy`hd `{g`s hd agea{`plhc`n yg{bs= `di hd agdg{`n. ah{ns `{g ihsp{epe{yhed`nnx `ffgcygi kx ylg n`cm ef `ccgss ye giwc`yhed$ @ {gcgdy sw{vgx fewdi yl`y <8 pg{cgdy ef kexs àgi 0;"06 hdw{k`d `{g`s qg{g gd{enngi hd scleen. cebp`{gi ye 17 pg{cgdy ef ylg ah{ns$ Hd {w{`n `{g`s. 8?pg{cgdy ef kexs `di <? pg{cgdy ef ah{ns qg{g gd{enngi$7; Hd ;??0. 36$1' ef ah{ns `di 63$3' ef kexscebpngygi 00 xg`{s ef sgcedi`{x scleen$73 @cce{ihda ye ylg @IK sywix. qebgd hd ylgh{ ;?s `{gngss giwc`ygi yl`d ylesg hd ylgh{ 3?s$79

Ylg igcnhdg hd giwc`yhed hs hd sy`{m cedy{`sy ye ylg pepwn`yhed g|pneshed yl`y Y`jhmhsy`d hsg|pg{hgdchda$ Ylg peshyhvg `spgcy ef ylg pepwn`yhed a{eqyl hs ylg `kwdi`dcg ef ` peygdyh`nnx `cyhvg n`ke{ fe{cg. kwy ed ylg eylg{ l`di. hf ylg sy`yg f`hns ye agdg{`yg `d gdvh{edbgdy qlg{g jeks`{g agdg{`ygi. ylhs igbea{`plhc y{gdi cewni hdc{g`sg sech`n wd{gsy `di penhyhc`n ihssgdy hd ylgcewdy{x$ Ylg fg{yhnhyx {`yg ef Y`jhmhsy`d q`s 3$8 hd ;??9. hdihc`yhda yl`y pepwn`yhed a{eqyl qhnncedyhdwg hd ylg cebhda xg`{s$77 Ylg pepwn`yhed g|pneshed hs g|`cg{k`ygi kx ylg igcnhdg hd nga`ngcedebhc `cyhvhyx `di wdgbpnexgi pgepng `{g `kse{kgi kx ylg hnnga`n gcedebx. gspgch`nnx `sd`{ceyhcs sbwaanhda dgyqe{ms `{g hdc{g`shdanx sy{eda hd Y`jhmhsy`d$

Ylg q`{ a{g`ynx igyg{he{`ygi ylg pnhaly ef qebgd `di clhni{gd hd ylg sechgyx$ Ylg hdchigdcg ef {`pg `di sg|w`n l`{`ssbgdy iw{hda ylg q`{ hs wdmdeqd$ Ylg q`{ ngfy `kewy 77.??? e{pl`ds `di;6.??? qhieqs besy ef qleb f`cg {gsw{agdcg ef p`y{h`{cl`n y{ìhyheds `di b`yg{h`n l`{islhp$ @s` {gswny ef q`{ `di fenneqgi ewy"bha{`yhed ef bgd ye [wssh`. ` dwbkg{ ef qebgd à{gg ye ` ce"

qhfg sy`yws ye p{eygcy ylgbsgnvgs `di ylgh{ clhni{gd hd agdig{"ihsc{hbhd`yhvg gdvh{edbgdy$Igsphyg ` c{hbhd`n k`d ef penxa`bx hys {gvhv`n hs sggd `s p`{y ef {g"Hsn`bhz`yhed `di qebgd‘s ig"gb`dchp`yhed p{ecgssgs$ @ sp{gì ef penxa`bx `di hys hbp`cy ed ylg Y`jhm sechgyx {gb`hd wdig{"{gsg`{clgi$ Ylg pesy"Sevhgy n`q f`hngi ye {gsenvg dwbg{ews p{ekngbs ed p{epg{yx {halys ef ce"

qhvgs `di ylgh{ clhni{gd c`wsgi kx ` {gsye{`yhed ef pnw{`n b`{{hàgs$ @ a{ewp ef Y`jhm qebgd. ylg

9< QLE [gahed`n Effhcg fe{ Gw{epg. Lg`nyl fe{ nn I`y`k`sg ,lyyp:%%i`y`$gw{e$qle$hdy%lfìk%($

98 Ylg Y{`dsBEDGG I`y`k`sg ;??9. lyyp:%%qqq$wdhcgf"hcic$e{a%{gsew{cgs%ieqdneì$lybn

7? Y`jhmhsy`d hd Fhaw{gs ;??9. Iwsl`dkg. Sy`yg Cebbhyygg ed Sy`yhsyhcs. ;??9:;0";3$

70 Hdyg{vhgq qhyl V$K$ Ywn`shil`{. Igpwyx [gshigdy [gp{gsgdy`yhvg. @sh`d Igvgnepbgdy K`dm. Khslmgm. 0; Jwnx ;??9$

7; J`dg F`nmhdal`b. Qebgd `di Agdig{ [gn`yheds hd Y`jhmhsy`d . Cewdy{x K{hgfhda _`pg{. @sh`d Igvgnepbgdy K`dm. @p{hn ;???: 7<"63$

73 WDI_$ _{ea{gss yeq`{i ylg Bhnngddhwb Igvgnepbgdy Ae`ns$ Y`jhmhsy`d$ Iwsl`dkg$ ;??3. p$ ;?$

79 @IK$ [gpe{y `di {gcebbgdi`yhed ef ylg _{gshigdy ye ylg Ke`{i ef ih{gcye{s ed ` p{epesgi ne`d `di ygcldhc`n `sshsy`dcg

a{`dy ye ylg [gpwknhc ef Y`jhmhsy`d fe{ ylg Giwc`yhed sgcye{ {gfe{b p{ejgcy$ Devgbkg{ ;??3$ [[_: Y@J 31017. p$ 01$ 77 Y`jhmhsy`d hd Fhaw{gs ;??9. Iwsl`dkg. Sy`yg Cebbhyygg ed Sy`yhsyhcs. ;??9:;0";3$




ce"qhvgs `ppnhgi ye ylg d`yhed`n p`{nh`bgdy ye ngahyhbhzgi ylgh{ sy`yws$ 76Iebgsyhc vhengdcg hs edgef ylg besy sgdshyhvg `di lhiigd p{ekngbs hd ylg Y`jhm sechgyx$71

Hd ylg n`sy igcìg cebbg{ch`n sg| y{ìg. hdcnwihda clhni p{esyhywyhed {`phinx hdc{g`sgi hd ylgcewdy{x$ Qebgd. bgd `di clhni{gd `{g y{`ffhcmgi ye [wssh`. M`z`mlsy`d `di ylg Awnf Sy`ygs fe{

sg|w`n g|pnehy`yhed `di fe{cgi n`ke{$7< @cce{ihda ye ylg HEB `kewy 0.??? qebgd f{eb Y`jhmhsy`dl`vg kggd y{`ffhcmgi hd ;??? `nedg$78 Chvhn sechgyx a{ewps hdhyh`ygi pwknhc ihscwsshed ed iebgsyhc

vhengdcg hd ylg cewdy{x$ Hd Y`jhm sechgyx ` p`{y ef qebgd {gspedis ye agdig{ vhengdcg kx sgnf"hbben`yhed: `pp{e|hb`ygnx ylh{yx qebgd ` bedyl `{g lesphy`nhzgi qhyl sgvg{g kw{ds nhdmgi yesgnf"hbben`yhed p{`cyhcg$6?

3$0$7 E{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di ce{{wpyhed

Y`jhmhsy`d l`s kgcebg edg ef ylg b`je{ y{`dshy sy`ygs fe{ lg{ehd `di ephwb f{eb @fal`dhsy`d.sgcedi ednx ye H{`d$ @s ephwb `di lg{ehd p{eiwcyhed l`s hdc{g`sgi shadhfhc`dynx. hdcnwihda hd

@fal`dhsy`d‘s de{ylg{d {gahed ke{ig{hda Y`jhmhsy`d. ylg cewdy{x l`s hdc{g`sgi hd hbpe{y`dcg fe{

sbwaanhda. gspgch`nnx `s hy hs ` qg`m sy`ygs qhyl sgvg{g gcedebhc p{ekngbs$ E{a`dhzgi c{hbg l`s`ffgcygi `nn sgcye{s ef ylg Y`jhm sy`yg. `di ce{{wpyhed hs gdigbhc$ Ylg qg`mdgss ef ylg Y`jhm sy`ygl`s c{g`ygi pesshkhnhyhgs fe{ bhnhy`dy e{a`dhz`yheds ye wsg hys yg{{hye{x fe{ bhnhy`{x epg{`yheds. `shnnwsy{`ygi kx ylg HBW‘s `khnhyx ye bevg hd `di ewy ef ylg cewdy{x `y qhnn$ Ylhs bhaly leqgvg{ deykg ylg besy ih{gcy p{ekngb fe{ Y`jhmhsy`d= ylg shdang besy hbpe{y`dy p{ekngb sggbs ye kg sy`yghdfhny{`yhed `di penhyhc`n ce"epyhed kx c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms$ Dwbg{ews sew{cgs pehdy ye ylghdvenvgbgdy ef lhal ngvgn igchshed"b`mg{s hd ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg. ed ` ngvgn `di igpyl yl`y b`mgs

Y`jhmhsy`d ` c`dihi`yg fe{ ylg yg{b “d`{ce"sy`yg‘$

Hy sggbs `pp`{gdy yl`y Y`jhmhsy`d hs edg ef ylg cewdy{hgs hd ylg qe{ni qlg{g e{a`dhzgi c{hbg l`s

{g`clgi ylg lhalgsy ngvgn ef penhyhc`n ceepyhed `di gcedebhc hbp`cy ed ylg gcedebx$ Hy hs qhignx `sswbgi yl`y ylg hnnga`n p`{y ef ylg gcedebx hs evg{ 7? pg{cgdy$ Yl{ewal hys penhyhc`n qg`mdgss`di f{àbgdygi ke{ig{ cedy{en. Y`jhmhsy`d l`s igvgnepgi hdye ` b`je{ y{`dshy {ewyg fe{ lg{ehdf{eb @fal`dhsy`d$ Ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg l`s c{g`ygi ` f{gg l`vgd hd Y`jhmhsy`d$ Ylg penhyhc`n `dihdsyhywyhed`n qg`mdgss ef Y`jhmhsy`d l`s bìg hy vg{x g`sx ye pgdgy{`yg `di wsg ylg cewdy{x keyl `s` y{`dshy sy`yg `di pesshknx `s {gahed`n lgìw`{yg{ fe{ c{hbhd`n a`das$

76 Z`bh{` Gsl`dev`$ Cgdy{`n @sh`: Hdc{g`sg Hd _enxa`bx @yy{hkwygi Ye Gcedebhc L`{islhp. [gyw{d Ye Y{ìhyhed$ 0?%;?%?;.

lyyp:%%qqq$gw{`sh`dgy$e{a%igp`{ybgdys%cwnyw{g%`{yhcngs%g`v0?;??;$slybn

71 Hd 0888. ylg Qe{ni Lg`nyl E{a`dhz`yhed cediwcygi ` sywix ed vhengdcg à`hdsy qebgd hd Y`jhmhsy`d. sw{vgxhda 8?? qebgd

`kevg ylg àg ef few{yggd hd yl{gg ihsy{hcys ef ylg cewdy{x ,Qe{ni Lg`nyl E{a`dhz`yhed. 0888 _hney Sw{vgx hd Y`jhmhsy`d: Vhengdcg

@a`hdsy Qebgd.+ ihsy{hkwygi `y Qe{mslep ed Vhengdcg à hdsy Qebgd hd Y`jhmhsy d. Iwsl`dkg. ;8"3? B`{cl ;???($ @beda ylg

{gspedigdys. ygd pg{cgdy lì gdyg{gi hdye `d wdeffhch`n penxa`bews b`{{hàg e{ dhmel$ B`{yhd` V`digdkg{a. Qebgd. Vhengdcg.

`di Y`jhmhsy`d. lyyp:%%qqq$gw{`sh`dgy$e{a%penhcxUfe{wb%v`di?;;??0$slybn

7< Y{`ffhcmhda hd _g{seds [gpe{y. Effhcg ye Bedhye{ `di Cebk`y Y{`ffhcmhda hd _g{seds. Jwdg 09. ;??9

lyyp:%%qqq$sy`yg$aev%a%yhp%{ns%yhp{py%;??9%

78 Igcghvgi Bha{`dys F{eb Y`jhmhsy`d$ @ Sywix ef Y{`ffhcmhda hd Qebgd `di Clhni{gd$ C`p`chyx Kwhnihda hd Bha{`yhed

B`dàgbgdy _{ea{`bbg$ HEB$ Iwsl`dkg. ;??0.

lyyp:%%qqq$heb$hdy%iecwbgdys%pwknhc`yhed%gd%y`jhmhsy`dUsywixU`wawsy;??0$pif$

6? Bevhda Bewdy`hds$ @ Wdhygi D`yheds @ssgssbgdy ef Igvgnepbgdy Cl`nngdags hd Y`jhmhsy`d. WDI_. p$ 8$



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$3?

3?

Ylg sech`n hbpnhc`yheds ef ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg `{g a{hb$ Hy hs `sswbgi yl`y sebg 0??.??? i{wa wsg{s g|hsy hd Y`jhmhsy`d `di yl`y 1? pg{cgdy wsg eph`ygs. hdc{g`shdanx lg{ehd$ @s deygi g`{nhg{. evg{<? pg{cgdy ef LHV"peshyhvg c`sgs `{g hdy{`vgdews i{wa wsg{s hd Cgdy{`n @sh` yei`x$ Hf ylg hdc{g`sgef i{wa y{`dshy cedyhdwgs. `d wdcedy{enngi shyw`yhed cewni igvgnep {ga`{ihda ihsg`sg gphigbhcs{gn`ygi ye d`{ceyhcs wsg$ Hd {gn`yhed ye igcnhdhda lg`nylc`{g. ylhs hs g|`cg{k`ygi kx ylg f`cy yl`y

besy hdy{`vgdews wsg{s `{g f{eb pee{ f`bhnhgs `di `{g`s$ Ylg g|cgss ef dgq LHV%@HIS c`sgsl`s hdc{g`sgi ylg {hsm ef sp{gìhda ylg gphigbhc ye eylg{ a{ewps yl`d hdy{`vgdews i{wa wsg{s$Besy wsg{s `{g hd ` sg|w`nnx `cyhvg àg `di lg{ehd wsg{s `{g sg|w`nnx `cyhvg ewyshig ylgh{ eqda{ewps. gspgch`nnx hd ylg g`{nx syàgs ef ylgh{ `kwsg$ G|pg{ys kgnhgvg yl`y hd y{`ffhcmhda hd pg{seds.

qebgd sg{vg ye y{`dspe{y i{was „`s ylgx ylgbsgnvgs `{g kghda y{`ffhcmgi hdye sg| qe{m. ghylg{ ewyef ylg cewdy{x e{ kghda fe{cgi ye sg{vhcg bgd bevhda `neda ylg y{`ffhcmhda {ewygs$ B`dx ef ylgbkgcebg wsg{s ylgbsgnvgs. hdc{g`shda ylgh{ {hsm ef LHV gphigbhcs$‒60

3$0$6 Gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy `di {gsew{cgs

Ylg ce{g p{ekngb hd Y`jhmhsy`d hs ylg qg`m gcedebx `di ylg f`hnw{g ef ylg sy`yg ye sgg ye hys

chyhzgds‘ dggis. hd sphyg ef ylg f`cy yl`y kgyqggd 0888 `di ;??9. Y`jhmhsy`d‘s gcedebhc a{eqyl`vg{àgi <$9 pg{cgdy. qlhcl l`s hdc{g`sgi ylg pg{ c`phy` AI_ f{eb WS)07? hd 0888 ye WS);99hd ;??9$6; Ylhs syhnn pwys Y`jhmhsy`d `beda ylg pee{gsy sy`ygs hd ylg qe{ni. `di 69 pg{cgdy ef ylgpepwn`yhed {gb`hds kgneq ylg pevg{yx nhdg$ 0< pg{cgdy swffg{ f{eb g|y{gbg pevg{yx. `nylewal ylgpeshyhvg y{gdi hd ylg gcedebx slewni kg deygi$ @cce{ihda ye ylg Qe{ni K`dm Nhvhda Sy`di`{iSw{vgx hd ;??3 ylg evg{`nn pevg{yx {`yg hs ylg lhalgsy hd AK@E ,<9'( `di Ml`yned ,1<'($63 Ednx 3$0' ef ylg cewdy{x‘s pepwn`yhed nhvg hd AK@E. leqgvg{. hy cedshsys ef 6$8' ef ylg pee{$69

Y`jhmhsy`d syhnn swffg{s f{eb `d g|y{gbgnx pee{ gcedebx. `di cw{{gdynx ylg pwknhc igky ef Y`jhmhsy`d hs `pp{e|hb`ygnx 6? pg{cgdy ef AI_. e{ WS)0 khnnhed$67 @nylewal dey `s n`{ag `sMx{axzsy`d‘s igky. ylhs ngvgn ef igky hs wdswsy`hd`kng qhyl ylg cw{{gdy ngvgn ef ylg Y`jhm gcedebx$[wssh` l`s q{hyygd ef igkys. kwy ylg p{ekngb syhnn {gb`hds$ _`{y ef ylg p{ekngb hs yl`y ylg{g hs nhyyngfe{ghad g|cl`dag yl`y cebgs hdye Y`jhmhsy`d. g|cgpy fe{ d`{ceyhcs bedgx$ @ sy{edag{ gcedebx

qewni {gswny hd be{g fe{ghad g|cl`dag. kwy cw{{gdynx ylg hnnga`n `di hdfe{b`n b`{mgy iebhd`ygsgcedebhc nhfg$

Ylg n`cm ef gcedebhc `nyg{d`yhvgs hd Y`jhmhsy`d l`s hdc{g`sgi wdgbpnexbgdy `di l`nf ` bhnnhed ye` bhnnhed ef Y`jhmhsy`d‘s sh| bhnnhed hdl`khy`dys `{g ylewaly ye nhvg ewyshig ylg cewdy{x hd sg`{clfe{ qe{m$ Hd ylg sle{y yg{b. ylhs hs ` kngsshda fe{ Y`jhmhsy`d `s hy {gcghvgs bwcl"dggigi fe{ghadg|cl`dag `s qgnn `s neshda ` n`{ag pe{yhed ef wdgbpnexgi. xewda. `di peygdyh`nnx f{wsy{`ygi bgd$Evg{ ` nedag{ yhbg sp`d. ylhs bhaly dgvg{ylgngss agdg{`yg cedfnhcy hf ylgsg bha{`dys. p{hb`{hnx hd

[wssh`. `{g fe{cgi ye {gyw{d lebg$ Ylg{g hs ygdshed evg{ ylg Y`jhms hd [wssh` `di `d hdc{g`shda dwbkg{ `{g fe{cgi ye {gyw{d ye Y`jhmhsy`d$ @s Y`jhmhsy`d cw{{gdynx f`hns ye p{eiwcg gdewal c{epsye swsy`hd hys eqd gcedebx. `d ìihyhed`n bhnnhed pgepng `di ylg ness ef {gbhyy`dcgs qewni b`mgylg cewdy{x‘s shyw`yhed wdygd`kng$ Dgvg{ylgngss. hy slewni kg deygi yl`y besy c{eps `{g l`{vgsygi

60 Jwnhg Sy`cleqh m. `di Cl{hs Kgx{g{$ LHV fenneqs lg{ehd y{`ffhcmhda {ewygs.

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6; Hdyg{d`yhed`n Bedgy`{x Fwdi. [gpwknhc ef Y`jhmhsy`d – Ylh{i [gvhgq Wdig{ ylg Yl{gg Xg`{ @a{ggbgdy Wdig{ ylg _[AF . ;??9$

63 Bevhda Bewdy`hds$ Ylg WD @ppg`n fe{ Y`jhmhsy d . ;??7. p$8$ qqq$Bevhda Bewdy`hds%WD@@ppg`n;??7Gda$pif$

69 WDI_. _{ea{gss yeq`{i ylg Bhnngddhwb Igvgnepbgdy Ae`ns$ Y`jhmhsy`d$ Iwsl`dkg$ ;??3. p$03$

67 Qe{ni K`dm. Ylg [gpwknhc ef Y`jhmhsy`d. _wknhc G|pgdihyw{g `di Hdsyhywyhed`n [gvhgq. Iwsl`dkg. Devgbkg{. ;??9:;1




kgneq c`p`chyx `di hy qewni peygdyh`nnx kg pesshkng ye hbp{evg ylg shzg ef ylg c{eps$ Ylhs hshbpg{`yhvg `s Y`jhmhsy`d‘s pepwn`yhed a{eqyl hs {`phi. `di be{g c{eps. {gshigdyh`n n`di `digcedebhc eppe{ywdhyhgs `{g dggigi$ Ylg aevg{dbgdy l`s `{awgi yl`y ylg n`ke{"hdygdshvgà{hcwnyw{`n sgcye{ cewni p{evhig n`{ag sgabgdys ef ylg pepwn`yhed qhyl qe{m. qlhng `y ylg s`bgyhbg ihbhdhslhda ylg cedsgwgdcgs ef pepwn`yhed a{eqyl$ Leqgvg{. n`{ag sgabgdys ef n`ke{g{s

ae wdgbpnexgi `di. hd fe{ g|`bpng ylg M`ylned p{evhdcg. l`nf ef ylg pepwn`yhed hs wdgbpnexgi`di `pp{e|hb`ygnx edg ylh{i bha{`yg sg`sed`nnx ye [wssh`$ Ylg f`hnw{g ye k{hda ylhs pepwn`yhedhdye ylg nec`n gcedebx hs edg {g`sed fe{ ylg f`hnw{g ye p{eiwcg c{eps `di ` p`{yh`n {g`sed fe{ ylg

qg`m gcedebhc shyw`yhed hd ylgsg `{g`s$

_`{y ef ylg p{ekngb ef hdc{g`shda wdgbpnexbgdy `di ihss`yhsf`cyhed hs ylg f`hnw{g ye hbpngbgdy `n`di {gfe{b$ Cw{{gdynx. 67 pg{cgdy ef ylg pepwn`yhed cebpgygs fe{ 9 pg{cgdy ef `{`kng n`di. `diylg{g hs ygdshed kgyqggd ylg pee{g{ f`{bg{s `di n`{ag{ cenngcyhvgs$ @s ylg n`di. kx n`q. kgnedas yeylg Sy`yg. hy hs dey ` p{hv`yhz`yhed ef ylg n`di hd hysgnf kwy {`ylg{ ylg {haly ye wsg hy yl`y slewni kgihsy{hkwygi$66 Cng`{nx. b`dx ef ylg hbpevg{hslgi pgepng qewni kgdgfhy a{g`ynx fe{b ylhs {gfe{b`di hy qewni evg{ ylg sle{y `di neda yg{b igc{g`sg ygdshed kgyqggd ylg pee{gsy `di ylg sy`yg `diy`mg `q`x edg yeen yl`y {ìhc`n Hsn`bhc fe{cgs `{g wshda à`hdsy ylg aevg{dbgdy – hdc{g`sgigcedebhc hdgw`nhyhgs$ _{ekngbs qhyl ylhs `pp{e`cl hdcnwig ylg igky hdlg{hy`dcg f{eb ylg enicenngcyhvg f`{bs ,menmlezgs($ Qlgd ` shdang f`{bg{ p{hv`yhzgs lhs kwshdgss. lg hdlg{hys lhs sl`{g ef ylg cenngcyhvg‘s igky. qlhcl hd p{`cyhcg b`mgs hy hbpesshkng fe{ ylgsg f`{bg{s ye cepg shdcg ylgigky ygdis ye kg bwcl lhalg{ yl`d ylg peygdyh`n hdcebg$ Ylhs cgbgdys eni sy{wcyw{gs wdngss igky{gnhgf hs hbpngbgdys$ Hd Mx{axzsy`d. sebg ef ylg igky q`s q{hyygd eff. kwy hy hs syhnn ` p{ekngb keylhd Mx{axzsy`d `di Y`jhmhsy`d$

Ceyyed igkys `{g nhmgqhsg hdc{g`shdanx ` p{ekngb `di ` sxbpyeb ef ylg p{ekngbs yl`y ylgà{hcwnyw{`n sgcye{ hs f`chda$ @cce{ihda ye WDI_. ylg ceyyed {gvgdwgs hd Y`jhmhsy`d qg{g `kewy

WS)000 bhnnhed hd ;??0. `di 3? pg{cgdy ef ylg cewdy{x‘s g|pe{ys$ @cce{ihda ye hdfe{b`n sew{cgs`y ylg @sh`d Igvgnepbgdy K`dm. yey`n igkys `bewdys ye WS)076 bhnnhed$61 Ylg shyw`yhed hs besy`cwyg hd Ml`yned. qlhcl hs ylg b`je{ ceyyed p{eiwcg{ hd Y`jhmhsy`d$ Ylg dga`yhvg igvgnepbgdy hdylg ceyyed hdiwsy{x l`s bìg ylg b`hd ceyyed p{eiwchda {gaheds ylg besy ce{{wpy `dihbpevg{hslgi {gaheds hd Y`jhmhsy`d. ylg kgsy g|`bpng kghda Ml`yned$ Ceyyed hs `nse ` f`ve{gi c{epevg{ eylg{s `di ylg y`| fe{ g`cl lgcy`{g ef ceyyed hs efygd neqg{ yl`d fe{ b`dx eylg{ c{eps.

qlhcl hdihc`ygs yl`y ylg ceyyed hdiwsy{x `di hys sy{wcyw{gs `{g ylg{g ye sy`x$

Gnhyg cedy{en ef {gsew{cgs hs ` p{ekngb `s ylg{g `{g vg{x fgq hdcgdyhvgs ye {giwcg ylgh{ cedy{enwdngss gnhygs‘ peqg{ `{g `y sy`mg$ Ylgsg gnhygs cedy{en nga`n hdsyhywyheds. fhd`dch`n hdsyhywyheds. `diylg penhyhc`n f{`bgqe{m$ Ylg ngvgn ef ce{{wpyhed hs gdigbhc `di ylg{g sggbs ye kg ` bhde{hyx yl`y

swpp{gssgs ` b`je{hyx qhyl fhd`dch`n yeens$ Hy hs hbpe{y`dy fe{ ylg gnhyg ye cedy{en ylg {gsew{cgsylgx pessgss swcl `s à{hcwnyw{g `di ceyyed. `s hy hs ylg ednx yqe swksy`dyh`n {gsew{cgs hd ylgcewdy{x g|cgpy fe{ q`yg{$ Hy slewni kg deygi yl`y besy hdihc`yheds pehdy ye `d `nbesy cebpngygce"epyhed ef ylg gcedebhc peqg{. kwy ylg{g `{g fgq aevg{dbgdy`n sew{cgs yl`y swppe{y ylhs vhgq$

@s hd Mx{axzsy`d. kwy be{g {`phinx. ylg{g hs ` qhigdhda agdig{ a`p hd Y`jhmhsy`d. qhyl ngss `di ngss{gsew{cgs a{`dygi ye qebgd$ Bgd cedy{en `nn gcedebhc `cyhvhyx hd Y`jhmhsy`d. gvgd hf qebgd l`vg

66 Yhb A{ggdleq & _edyws Fö{kg{a. N`di [gfe{b hd Y`jhmhsy`d: @ssgssbgdy `di [gcebbgdi`yheds ed ylg Q`x Fe{q`{i. Sqgihsl Hdsyhywyg ef _wknhc @ibhdhsy{`yhed . Ecyekg{ ;??3: 6"1$

61 Yhb A{ggdleq & _edyws Fö{kg{a. N`di [gfe{b hd Y`jhmhsy`d: @ssgssbgdy `di [gcebbgdi`yheds ed ylg Q`x Fe{q`{i. Sqgihsl Hdsyhywyg ef _wknhc @ibhdhsy{`yhed . Ecyekg{ ;??3: 0?$



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$3;

3;

hdc{g`shdanx cebg ye iebhd`yg c{ess"ke{ig{ y{ìg `di sb`nn"sc`ng gcedebhc `cyhvhyhgs$ Hd {ga`{iye n`di {gfe{b. qebgd `{g f`chda ` p{ekngb `s ylg nec`n n`di cebbhyyggs `{g `kng ye {gfwsgpg{seds n`di hf ylgx iggb yl`y pg{sed wd`kng ye b`dàg ` f`{b$6< Ylhs hs ` cedihyhed yl`y `ffgcys

qebgd f`{ be{g yl`d bgd. gspgch`nnx hf qebgd `{g ylg ig f`cye lewsgleni lgìs. `nylewal qebgd"lgìgi lewsglenis efygd l`vg ` sy{edag{ gcedebx$

3$; @cye{s hd Cedfnhcy

3$;$0$ Ylg Sy`yg. Swk"Sy`yg A{ewps. Chvhn Sechgyx. G|yg{d`n Fe{cgs

Y`jhmhsy`d swffg{s f{eb dwbg{ews qg`mdgssgs. kwy ylg n`cm ef hdsyhywyhed`n sy{gdayl hs edg ef ylgbe{g hbpe{y`dy$ Ylhs l`s ngi ye ihvg{shfhgi a{ewps ef peygdyh`n `cye{s hd ` cedfnhcy$ _enhyhc`nnx.peqg{ hs ihvhigi kgyqggd ylg cw{{gdy aevg{dbgdy `di ylg eppeshyhed ,WYE(. kwy hd p{`cyhcg ylgp{gshigdy l`s cgdy{`nhzgi peqg{ `{ewdi lhbsgnf iw{hda ylg p`sy fgq xg`{s `y ylg g|pgdsg ef eylg{penhyhc`n `cye{s$ Ylg cgdy{`nhz`yhed ef peqg{ l`s igc{g`sgi ygdshed hd ylg cewdy{x. kwy `y ylg s`bgyhbg igc{g`sgi ylg penhyhc`n {halys fe{ ylg pepwn`yhed$ Be{g peqg{ l`s kggd cgigi ye

cn`d%{gahed`n sy{wcyw{gs. gspgch`nnx f{eb ylg _{gshigdy‘s d`yhvg Mwnx`k {gahed$ Ygdsheds g|hsy ed `d gyldhc k`shs kgyqggd Y`jhms. _`bh{hs `di Wzkgms. kwy `s pehdygi ewy `kevg.besy ef ylgsg cedfnhcys `{g nec`n {`ylg{ yl`d d`yhed`n$ Hd ylg nedag{ yg{b. ylg ygdsheds ie leqgvg{l`vg ` peygdyh`n ye hdc{g`sg nec`nnx. peshda ` {hsm ef hdc{g`sgi gyldhc ygdsheds$ Ylg eylg{ gyldhcbhde{hyhgs hd Y`jhmhsy`d `{g dey hdvenvgi hd hdyg{"gyldhc ygdsheds ye ` shadhfhc`dy iga{gg. kwy `{gefygd g|cnwigi hd ylg penhyhc`n peqg{ sy{waang iwg ye ylgh{ bhde{ hbpe{y`dcg$ @cce{ihda ye ylgpepwn`yhed cgdsws ef ;???. ylg{g qg{g 9.8 bhnnhed Y`jhms. ,<?'(. 831.??? Wzkgms ,07.3'(. 6<.???[wssh`ds ,0.0'(. `di 67.??? ,0.0'( hd ylg cewdy{x$

Shbhn`{nx ye Mx{axzsy`d. ylg be{g y{ewknhda cng`vàg hs ylg pg{cghvgi cng`vàg kgyqggd l`vgs

vg{sws l`vg"deys$ [ga`{ingss ef ylg {gcgdy hbp{evgbgdys hd gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy. ylg cng`vàgkgyqggd ylg vg{x {hcl `di ylg vg{x pee{ l`s hdc{g`sgi `di besy y{ewkngsebg hs yl`y sebg{gaheds. swcl `s Ml`yned. hs kx f`{ be{g `ffgcygi yl`d ylg {gaheds hd ylg de{yl$ Ylhs {gahed`ncng`vàg ef {gsew{cgs cewni i{wb wp {gshsy`dcg à`hdsy ylg {hclg{ p{evhdcgs$ Ylg pee{gsy {gaheds`{g `nse {gaheds qhyl bhde{hyx pepwn`yhed. qlhcl c`d hdc{g`sg ylg pg{cgpyhed ef `d gyldhc `di{gnhahews cng`vàgs$ Ylg pee{gsy p{evhdcgs `{g AK@E `di Ml`yned$ Ylg AK@E pepwn`yhed hsagea{`plhc`nnx hsen`ygi `di cwnyw{`nnx ihffg{gdy f{eb besy Y`jhm pgepng. qle `{g b`hdnx SwddhBwsnhbs ef ylg L`d`fh scleen$ Ylg Kì`ml`sl`dh pgepng `{g Slh` Bwsnhbs ef ylg Hsb`hnh k{`dcl.68 fenneqg{s ef ylg @a` Ml`d. qle swppe{ys igvgnepbgdy hd AK@E spgchfhc`nnx `di Y`jhmhsy`d hdagdg{`n$ @fyg{ ylg k{g`m"wp ef ylg Sevhgy Wdhed. ylg penhyhc`n ngìg{s ef AK@E c`nngi fe{

Kì`mlsl`d‘s hdigpgdigdcg$ Cw{{gdynx. Kì`mlsl`d. qhyl c`$ 7' ef Y`jhmhsy`d‘s pepwn`yhed. iegsdey g|pg{hgdcg sy{eda ygdsheds qhyl ylg aevg{dbgdy. hd a{g`y p`{y ahvgd ylg aevg{dbgdy‘s qg`mdgss hd ylg {gahed$

Chvhn sechgyx `di DAEs `{g vg{x qg`m hd Y`jhmhsy`d `di ylgx pn`x ` vg{x beigsy {eng. leqgvg{hdyg{d`yhed`n DAEs `di `hi e{a`dhz`yheds l`vg hdc{g`shdanx lì `d hbp`cy ed giwc`yhed.

qebgd‘s {halys. gyc$ Qhyl g|yg{d`n `hi ylg dwbkg{ ef qebgd‘s DAEs {`phinx hdc{g`sgi f{eb 3 ye

6< Yhb A{ggdleq & _edyws Fö{kg{a. N`di [gfe{b hd Y`jhmhsy`d @ssgssbgdy `di [gcebbgdi`yheds ed ylg Q`x Fe{q`{i.Sqgihsl Hdsyhywyg ef _wknhc @ibhdhsy{`yhed. Ecyekg{ ;??3: 00

68 Ylg Hsb`hnhs cedsyhywyg ylg sgcedi n`{agsy Slh` cebbwdhyx `fyg{ ylg Yqgnvg{s hd ylg Bwsnhb qe{ni$lyyp:%%qqq$hhs$`c$wm%hsb`hnhs%hsb`hnhsUn;$lyb




0;? kgyqggd 088; `di ;??0$1? Leqgvg{. ylg cesy ke{dg kx qebgd hd ylg y{`dshyhed {gb`hds lhal$ Qhigsp{gì wd{gahsyg{gi ]{gnhahewsR b`{{hàgs `di ihve{cgs. penxa`bews f`bhnhgs. wdig{àgb`{{hàgs. b`ng hdlg{hy`dcg y{ìhyheds `di b`dx eylg{ agdig{"sgdshyhvg hdihc`ye{s `{g kgxedieffhch`n sy`yhsyhcs `di pwknhc ihscwsshed$ C{hbhd`n e{a`dhz`yheds `di eylg{ wdig{a{ewdi `cyhvhyx.swcl `s Hsn`bhc {ìhc`nhsb. hdc{g`sg ylgh{ hdfnwgdcg kx ylg xg`{ `di c{hbhd`n e{a`dhz`yheds hd sebg

p{evhdcgs l`vg be{g hdfnwgdcg yl`d ylg sy`yg$ Ylg a{eqhda hdfnwgdcg ef c{hbhd`n e{a`dhz`yhedsevg{ ylg penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc p{ecgssgs pwys ylgb hd ` p{hbg peshyhed ye cedy{en ylg penhyhc`n`di gcedebhc fwyw{g ef Y`jhmhsy`d$

@fal`dhsy`d hs edg ef ylg be{g hbpe{y`dy g|yg{d`n `cye{s. fe{ sgvg{`n {g`seds$ Y`jhmhsy`d l`s kggd`cyhvg hd ylg swppe{y ef ylg De{ylg{d @nnh`dcg ,p{hb`{hnx cedshsyhda ef gyldhc Y`jhms `di Wzkgms(.ylg sy`khnhz`yhed ef ylg shyw`yhed hd @fal`dhsy`d. `di ylg hdcnwshed ef ylg De{ylg{d @nnh`dcg hd ylg

@fal`d aevg{dbgdy l`s kggd peshyhvg fe{ ylg Y`jhmhsy`d‘s penhyhc`n sy`khnhyx$ Be{g p{ekngb`yhc hsylg De{ylg{d @nnh`dcg‘s hdvenvgbgdy hd ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg$ Ylg De{ylg{d @nnh`dcg hs hbpnhc`ygihd n`{ag p`{ys ef ylg lg{ehd y{ìg ye Y`jhmhsy`d `di hs hd ylhs sgdsg {gspedshkng fe{ ylgc{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef ylg Y`jhm sy`yg$

@s deygi `kevg. ylg{g `{g vg{x fgq sy`ygs yl`y `{g ih{gcynx hdyg{gsygi hd Y`jhmhsy`d$ Wzkgmhsy`d `diMx{axzsy`d l`vg `d hdyg{gsy hd Y`jhmhsy`d‘s sy`khnhyx `di gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy. kwy ylgh{hdfnwgdcg slewni dey kg g|àag{`ygi$ Y`jhmhsy`d‘s {gn`yheds qhyl Mx{axzsy`d `{g peshyhvg. kwy ylg{gn`yheds qhyl Wzkgmhsy`d `{g ygdsg$ Clhd` `di [wssh` syhnn l`vg `d hdyg{gsy hd ylg igvgnepbgdy ef ylg Y`jhm sy`yg. fe{ ylgh{ eqd pw{pesgs$ [wssh` hs leqgvg{ ` igcnhdhda peqg{ hd ylg {gahed `di hyscebbhybgdy ye Y`jhmhsy`d hs igc{g`shda$ Clhd` hs be{g cedcg{dgi. b`hdnx fe{ hys eqd iebgsyhc{g`seds$ Fh{synx. hy qewni hdc{g`sg y{ìg fe{ fhd`dch`n pw{pesgs. kwy be{g hbpe{y`dy fe{ Kghjhda hsylg cebk`y à`hdsy yg{{e{hsb `di sgp`{`yhsb$ Clhd` vhgqs hys {gn`yheds qhyl Y`jhmhsy`d p{hb`{hnx hdyg{bs ef cedy{ennhda hys eqd Bwsnhb bhde{hyx `di ye p{gvgdy bhnhy`dy Hsn`b f{eb a`hdhda `

feeyleni hd Clhd`$ Ylg cebbhybgdys f{eb keyl [wssh` `di Clhd` `{g dgvg{ylgngss sle{y"yg{b`di `{g dey k`sgi ed Y`jhmhsy`d‘s dggis$

3$;$; _g`cg @agdi`s. hdcnwihda Qebgd‘s A{ewps

Hd nhdg qhyl ylg Mx{axz c`sg. ylg{g `{g dey b`dx fe{b`n pg`cg àgdi`s hd Y`jhmhsy`d$ Leqgvg{. ylgchvhn q`{ l`s bìg ylg Y`jhms ngss p{edg ye cedfnhcy `di igsphyg sgvg{`n ygdsg shyw`yheds. ylg{g hs{gn`yhvgnx nhyyng {hsm fe{ ` dgq chvhn q`{$ Ylg aevg{dbgdy l`s pwy vg{x nhyyng gffe{y hd ylg c{g`yhed ef ` pg`cg penhcx hd ylg cewdy{x `di ye igc{g`sg seche"gcedebhc `di penhyhc`n ihffg{gdcgs$ Qebgd `s` a{ewp l`vg kggd hdc{g`shdanx b`{ahd`nhzgi `di igsphyg ylg f`cy yl`y ylgx efygd `{g ylg besyy{`ds"cwnyw{`n `cye{s ylgx sggb ye pn`x ` be{g beigsy {eng hd ylg pg`cg kwhnihda$ Hd Y`jhmhsy`d `s

hd @zg{k`hj`d. @kml`zh` `di Clgcldx`. qebgd l`vg dey kggd hdcnwigi hdye ylg pg`cg y`nms `diyep"ngvgn ihscwssheds ed pg`cg"kwhnihda igvgnepbgdys$ Cw{{gdynx qhyl g|yg{d`n `hi. ` dwbkg{ ef

qebgd‘s a{ewps `{g y{`hdgi `di hdvenvgi hd ylg p{ea{`bs ye gbpeqg{ qebgd yl{ewal hdc{g`sgigiwc`yhed`n `di gcedebhc eppe{ywdhyhgs$ @cce{ihda ye nec`n DAE `cyhvhsys. qebgd l`vg kggdswccgssfwn hd ylg chvhn sechgyx sgcye{. lgìhda evg{ 37' ef Y`jhm DAEs$ Qebgd‘s c`p`chyx fe{cedfnhcy p{gvgdyhed `di ` pg`cg àgdi` slewni dey kg dgangcygi$10 Qebgd‘s a{ewps bekhnhzgpepwn`yheds ye {gspedi ye cedfnhcy peygdyh`n ed f`bhnx. cebbwdhyx `di d`yhed`n ngvgns$

1? WDI_. _{ea{gss yeq`{i ylg Bhnngddhwb Igvgnepbgdy Ae`ns . Y`jhmhsy`d. Iwsl`dkg$ ;??3. p$ ;6$

10 _g`cgQebgd$ Qebgd!s Hdyg{d`yhed`n Ngàwg fe{ _g`cg di F{ggieb.lyyp:%%qqq$pg`cgqebgd$e{a%Q_S%Y`jhmhsy`d$lybn




39

3$;$3 Bgcl`dhsb ye ìi{gss cedfnhcys

Hd gssgdcg ylg{g `{g vg{x fgq bgcl`dhsbs yl`y cewni ig`n qhyl hdyg{d`n e{ g|yg{d`n cedfnhcys. qlesg peygdyh`n g|hsys `s f`{ `s Y`jhmhsy`d hs cedcg{dgi$ Q`{ qg`{hdgss sggbs ye kg edg ef ylgb`je{ f`cye{s yl`y spg`ms fe{ ` cedyhdw`yhed ef sy`yws we$ Ylg{g `{g de bgcl`dhsbs ye ig`n qhyl{gahed`n. seche"gcedebhc ihffg{gdcgs. e{a`dhzgi c{hbg e{ ylg c{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef ylg sy`yg$ Ylg

qg`mdgss hd ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ hs ylg besy `pp`{gdy p{ekngb hd Y`jhmhsy`d `s qgnn `s hdMx{axzsy`d$

9$ Scgd`{he `d`nxshs

Igsphyg ylg ihffg{gdcgs kgyqggd Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d ylg{g `{g sgvg{`n shbhn`{hyhgs yl`y dggiye kg ig`ny qhyl kgfe{g `dx gffgcyhvg p{ea{`bs c`d kg hdhyh`ygi hd ghylg{ sy`ygs$ @nn yl{gg scgd`{hesy`mg ylgh{ igp`{yw{g pehdy hd sgcw{hyx sgcye{ {gfe{b `s ylhs l`s kggd iggbgi gssgdyh`n ye hbp{evgylg cw{{gdy shyw`yhed `di ` f`hnw{g ye hbp{evg ylhs sgcye{ qewni kg igv`sy`yhda fe{ keyl Y`jhmhsy`d`di Mx{axzsy`d. kwy gvgd fe{ ylg {gahed `y n`{ag$ Ylgsg scgd`{hes `{g dey e{a`dhzgi `cce{ihda ye

nhmgnhleei kwy {`ylg{ `s ` {ewal {eìb`p ef pesshkng igvgnepbgdys$ Hy slewni kg deygi yl`y ylg{g`nhyx qhnn qhyl a{g`y nhmgnhleei kg ` cebkhd`yhed ef `nn e{ yqe ef ylg scgd`{hes$

9$0 Scgd`{he Edg: Sgcw{hyx [gfe{b di Gcedebhc Sy`khnhyx

Ylg besy peshyhvg scgd`{he fe{ keyl Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d hs hf ylg penhyhc`n shyw`yhed cebgswdig{ cedy{en qhyl ylg `sshsy`dcg ef ylg hdyg{d`yhed`n cebbwdhyx$ Ylhs hs bìg pesshkng kx sy{gdaylgdgi {gfe{bs hd ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ qhyl gffgcyhvg bg`sw{gs à`hdsy ce{{wpyhed `dic{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef ylg sy`yg sy{wcyw{gs$ Qlgd sgcw{hyx {gfe{b hs hbpngbgdygi. seche"gcedebhc `diagdig{ cng`vàgs c`d kg b`dàgi. `s qgnn `s hdcnwihda hdc{g`sgi gffe{ys ye {giwcg ylg cng`vàgkgyqggd ylg Sewyl `di ylg De{yl$ Ylhs qewni kg hbpngbgdygi shbwny`dgewsnx qhyl hbp{evgi

penhyhc`n {gp{gsgdy`yhed fe{ bhde{hyhgs `di pgepng hd ylg {gaheds qle l`vg nhbhygi {gp{gsgdy`yhedyei`x$ E{a`dhzgi c{hbg {giwcgs hys ngvg{àg evg{ ylg d`yhed`n gcedebx qlgd nga`n `{g`s e{ y{ìg`di p{eiwcyhed `{g bìg pesshkng qhylewy lhal ngvgns ef ce{{wpyhed `di ylg d`{ceyhcs y{ìg hs{giwcgi hd keyl sy`ygs `s ylg nga`n gcedebx hdc{g`sgs hd sy{gdayl$ Wzkgmhsy`d. Yw{mbgdhsy`d `diM`z`mlsy`d à{gg ye p`x fe{ ylgh{ wsàg ef ylg q`yg{ f{eb ylg yqe hbpevg{hslgi wpsy{g`b sy`ygs`di ylg ke{ig{ hsswgs kgyqggd ylg Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs `{g {gsenvgi$ Y{`ds"ke{ig{ y{ìg hs{gepgdgi$ Ylg gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy p{evhigs qebgd qhyl ` a{g`yg{ {eng hd ylg gcedebhcsplg{g `di gvgdyw`nnx hd ylg penhyhc`n. `di gw`nnx hbpe{y`dy. ylg xewdag{ agdg{`yhed hs ahvgd dgq pesshkhnhyhgs ye gcedebhc sgnf"swffhchgdcx qhylewy l`vhda ye ng`vg ylg cewdy{hgs e{ gdaàhda hdc{hbhd`n `cyhvhyhgs$ Ylhs hs `nn bìg pesshkng kx hdc{g`sgi hdyg{d`yhed`n `yygdyhed `di hdc{g`sgi

fhd`dch`n `hi. fh{sy p{hb`{hnx hd ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ `di n`yg{ hd ylg seche"gcedebhc sgcye{s ye{giwcg hdgw`nhyhgs `di pevg{yx$

9$; Scgd`{he Yqe: Sy`yws Pwe

Ylg cedyhdwgi c{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef ylg penhyhc`n peqg{ hs p{gvgdygi. kwy hbpe{y`dy sgabgdys ef ylgpenhyhc`n peqg{ hs wdig{ ylg cedy{en ef ylg c{hbhd`n hdyg{gsys `di ` fgq igchshed"b`mg{s `{gih{gcynx hdvenvgi hd c{hbhd`n `cyhvhyx$ Ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ {gfe{b hs hdhyh`ygi. kwy iwg ye ylg n`cm ef hdyg{gsy `di fhd`dch`n {gsew{cgs f{eb ylg hdyg{d`yhed`n cebbwdhyx ylg p{ea{gss hs nhbhygi$ N`{agsgabgdys ef ylg gcedebhgs `{g wdig{ c{hbhd`n hdfnwgdcg `di cedy{en= ce{{wpyhed hs ` a{`vgp{ekngb fe{ gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy `s hdvgsybgdys `{g igc{g`shda$ _enhyhc`n peqg{ hs nhbhygi ye `

fgq hdihvhiw`ns `di ylg{g `{g syhnn shadhfhc`dy {gahed`n ihffg{gdcgs `di sgvg{g ygdsheds evg{ penhyhc`ncedy{en kgyqggd ylg ihffg{gdy {gaheds$ Dey ednx `{g {gahed`n cng`vàgs hdc{g`shda. agdig{




hbk`n`dcgs `di hdc{g`sgi ygdshed kgyqggd àg a{ewps `{g bewdyhda iwg ye ylg n`cm ef qe{m fe{ylg xewdag{ agdg{`yhed `di qebgd$ Keyl Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d igvgnep hdye hbpe{y`dyy{`dshy {ewygs fe{ e{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di l`{ke{s sgvg{`n hbpe{y`dy c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms$ Ylgc{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef pee{g{ {gaheds cedyhdwgs `di igvgneps ` sy{eda ihvhshed kgyqggd `{g`s wdig{ylg cedy{en ef e{a`dhzgi c{hbg. qlg{g e{a`dhzgi c{hbg a{ewps aw`{`dygg sgcw{hyx `di sech`n

kgdgfhys. `di ylg ngss c{hbhd`nhzgi `{g`s qlg{g ylg sy`yg l`s sebg hbp`cy evg{ ylg seche"penhyhc`nigvgnepbgdy$ Wd{gsy hd Wzkgmhsy`d hdyg{bhyygdynx ffgcys ylg yqe cewdy{hgs$

9$3 Scgd`{he Yl{gg: Sy`yg F`hnw{g di C{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef ylg [gahed

Ylg qe{sy pesshkng scgd`{he hs yl`y ylg c{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef ylg penhyhc`n peqg{ cedyhdwgs `di ylgpenhyhc`n gnhyg `y `nn ngvgns ef sechgyx hs ih{gcynx hdvenvgi hd e{a`dhzgi c{hbg. `di ylg slìeq gcedebx hs b`hdnx igpgdigdy ed d`{ceyhcs y{`ffhcmhda$ Besy penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc cyhvhyx hscedy{enngi kx hnnga`n hdyg{gsys= gvgd debhd`nnx nga`n b`{mgys `{g k{ewaly wdig{ ylg cedy{en ef c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms. b`mhda keyl sy`ygs qe{ylx ef ylg yg{b d`{ce"sy`yg$ Sgcw{hyx hs de nedag{aw`{`dyggi kx ylg sy`yg. kwy {`ylg{ kx c{hbhd`n a{ewps e{ {gahed`n q`{ne{is$ Ylhs qewni dey ednx

{gswny hd gcedebhc igp{hv`yhed `di `nhgd`yhed f{eb ylg hdyg{d`yhed`n cebbwdhyx. {gahed`nhz`yhed`di pesshkng `ddg|`yhed e{ sgp`{`yhsb hd sebg `{g`s qewni kg lhalnx nhmgnx `s ylg sy`ygihshdyga{`ygs$ Nga`n gcedebhc `nyg{d`yhvgs `{g dey nwc{`yhvg gdewal ye cebpgyg `di ce{{wpyhedb`mgs `dx hdyg{d`yhed`n `yygbpy ye gdaàg hd ylg cewdy{hgs iggbgi ye f`hn$ Ylhs qewni kg ` {gswnyef ylg hdc{g`shda {gahed`n cng`vàgs `di seche"gcedebhc ihffg{gdcgs `s qgnn `s hdc{g`sgi vhengdcgkeyl iwg ye seche"gcedebhc {g`seds `s qgnn `s “q`{s‘ kgyqggd c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms$ Hdsy`khnhyx hd ylg{gahed hs bìg qe{sg kx sg{hews hdyg{d`n wd{gsy hd Wzkgmhsy`d. sp{gìhda `c{ess ke{ig{s hdye ylgMx{axz `di Y`jhm sgcye{s ef ylg Fg{al`d` v`nngx$ @y ylhs syàg ylg wgsyhed ef ` f`hngi sy`yg `{hsgs.hd qlhcl dwbg{ews gcedebhc `di penhyhc`n hdyg{gsy a{ewps `{g cebk`yhda g`cl eylg{$ Ylhs qewniaw`{`dygg ` {gn`yhvgnx sgcw{g k`sg ef epg{`yheds fe{ peygdyh`n sgp`{`yhsy `di yg{{e{hsy e{a`dhz`yheds

à`hdsy qgsyg{d `di @sh`d hdyg{gsys$

9$9 @ssgssbgdy

Ef ylgsg yl{gg scgd`{hes. ylg fh{sy hs ylg besy wdnhmgnx cw{{gdynx iwg ye ylg n`cm ef hdyg{d`yhed`ngdaàgbgdy `di fhd`dch`n {gsew{cgs ye cebbhy ye swcl yle{ewal {gfe{bs hd Y`jhmhsy`d `diMx{axzsy`d$ Ylg ylh{i scgd`{he hs `nse ngss nhmgnx `s hy qewni hbpnx ` yey`n ihs{ga`{i f{eb ylghdyg{d`yhed`n cebbwdhyx hd yg{bs ef keyl p{gssw{g `di `hi$ Ylg sgcedi scgd`{he sggbs be{gnhmgnx. gvgd hf ` cebkhd`yhed ef ylg sgcedi `di ylh{i cewni kg iggbgi ylg besy nhmgnx `se{a`dhzgi c{hbg l`s bìg shadhfhc`dy hd{eìs `di ylg hdyg{d`yhed`n cebbwdhyx l`s kggd sneq ye{g`cy ye ylhs$

Be{gevg{. ylg [wssh`d y{eeps yl`y l`vg kggd sy`yhedgi hd Y`jhmhsy`d l`vg kggd hdvenvgi hd ylgy{ìg e{ d`{ceyhcs. kwy qlgd ylgsg y{eeps ng`vg ylg {gahed. ylg{g hs a{ewdi ye `sswbg yl`y ylgd`{ceyhcs y{ìg qhnn hdc{g`sg `s ylg nhyyng p{eygcyhed yl`y q`s p{gsgdy qhnn ylgd ihs`ppg`{$ [gahed`ncng`vàgs sggb ye hdc{g`sg hd keyl sy`ygs. `di wdngss hdf{`sy{wcyw{g hbp{evgs `di y{`ds"{gahed`np{ejgcys `{g hdhyh`ygi yl`y igc{g`sg gcedebhc. sech`n `di eylg{ {gahed`n ihffg{gdcgs. ylhs hs nhmgnx yecedyhdwg$

7$ Sy{`ygahgs `di epyheds

Ylg shyw`yhed hd Cgdy{`n @sh` `di spgchfhc`nnx hd Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d hs cl`{`cyg{hzgi kx

penhyhc`n hdsy`khnhyx `di qg`m sy`ygs hd cebkhd`yhed qhyl {`phinx hdc{g`shda ngvgns ef c{hbhd`nhz`yhedef ylg sy`yg$ Ylg qg`mdgss ef ylg sy`yg `di igc{g`shda ngvgns ef ngahyhb`cx ef ylg sy`ygs `{g ih{gcy




36

{g`seds kglhdi keyl igc{g`sgi gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy `s qgnn `s b`dx ef ylg cedfnhcy nhdgs `diylgh{ `khnhyx ye ig`n qhyl hdyg{d`n cedfnhcys$ Ig`nhda qhyl sy`yg ngahyhb`cx `di sy`khnhyx hs `nse ql`ybesy iede{s l`vg `vehigi hd ylgh{ p{ea{`bs hd ylg {gahed$ Iwg ye ylg sy`yg qg`mdgss. ylg fecwsl`s kggd ed chvhn sechgyx `di p{ejgcys ihsgdaàgi f{eb ylg {wnhda gnhygs$ Ylhs hs ` sg{hews p{ekngb`s ylg sy`yg l`s kggd ngfy hd ihs`{{`x `di ylg c{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef ylg penhyhc`n `di swksgwgdynx ylg

gcedebhc gnhygs l`s kggd shadhfhc`dy$ Ylhs l`s hd yw{d ngi ye ylg f`cy yl`y ylg p{ejgcys ed ylg chvhnsechgyx ngvgn l`vg kggd bìg hbpesshkng iwg ye gdigbhc ngvgns ef ce{{wpyhed `di ceepyhed ,e{nhbhy`yhed( ef chvhn sechgyx a{ewps$ Qhyl igc{g`sgi sy`yg ngahyhb`cx. ylg sy`yg l`s kggd wd`kng yeig`n gffgcyhvgnx qhyl pg{cghvgi {gahed`n ihffg{gdcgs `di {gahed`n cng`vàgs l`vg hdc{g`sgi keylf`cyw`nnx `di hd ylg pg{cgpyhed ef pgepng$

Ylg ESCG `di ` sb`nn dwbkg{ ef iede{s l`vg gdaàgi hd nhbhygi `yygbpys ye hbp{evg penhcgpg{fe{b`dcg. kwy ylhs l`s kggd `y ` ngvgn yl`y hs f`{ f{eb ylg nec`n dggis$ Hdiggi. hd Y`jhmhsy`d `diMx{axzsy`d sgcw{hyx `di jwsyhcg ie dey sggb `nq`xs ye kg hd ylg l`dis ef ylg aevg{dbgdy `dx nedag{$ Hdihvhiw`ns hd ngìhda peshyheds. `s qgnn `s qleng {gaheds. `{g yei`x wdig{ ylg hdfnwgdcg ef c{hbhd`n e{a`dhz`yheds. `di jwsyhcg l`s kgcebg ` bg`dhdangss qe{i fe{ b`dx pgepng$ Ylhsshyw`yhed `nse eksy{wcys hdvgsybgdys `di fe{ghad gdaàgbgdy hd ylg {gahed. qlhcl l`s fw{ylg{hdc{g`sgi ylg sgvg{hyx ef ylg shyw`yhed$ Hd gssgdcg. penhyhc`n `di sech`n hdsgcw{hyx hdc{g`sgsgcedebhc ven`yhnhyx `di hd ylg qe{sy c`sg. gcedebhc igcnhdg qlhcl `{g hbpe{y`dy f`cye{s kglhdihdc{g`sgi cedfnhcy igvgnepbgdy$

7$0 Sgcw{hyx sgcye{ {gfe{b hd Y`jhmhsy`d di Mx{axzsy`d

Ylg besy `pp`{gdy dggi hd Cgdy{`n @sh` agdg{`nnx `di spgchfhc`nnx hd Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d hssgcw{hyx sgcye{ {gfe{b – ylg hbp{evgbgdy ef ylg fwdcyhed `di pg{fe{b`dcg ef ylg bhnhy`{x. penhcg.hdyg{he{ bhdhsy{x. cwsyebs `di ylg jwihch`{x sxsygb$ Ylhs hs ylg k`shc fewdi`yhed ef aeei

aevg{d`dcg `di swsy`hd`kng gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy$ Keyl Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d `{g lg`vhnx c{hbhd`nhzgi sechgyhgs qlg{g ylg penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc peqg{ l`s kggd ce"epygi ye ` n`{agiga{gg$ Y`jhmhsy`d l`s kggd ` qgnn"mdeqd p{ekngb `di ylg „{gvenwyhed‒ hd ;??7 hd Mx{axzsy`d l`shdc{g`sgi ylg c{hbhd`n ce"epy`yhed `y `nn ngvgns ef sechgyx$ D`yhed`n `s qgnn `s {gahed`n penhyhcs l`vg{g`clgi `n`{bhda ngvgns ef c{hbhd`nhz`yhed `di ylhs hs `pp`{gdy hd `nn sgcye{s ef keyl sechgyhgs$ Ylhsshyw`yhed hbpgigs `dx penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc {gfe{b yl`y hs `yygbpygi. keyl `y ylg d`yhed`n `s

qgnn `s ylg {gahed`n ngvgn$ Ylg ixsfwdcyhed`n cl`{`cyg{ ef ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ cedsyhywygs ` {hsm hdsgvg{`n q`xs$ Fh{synx. hy hbpgigs ylg {gsenwyhed ef cedfnhcys `s ylg s`nhgdcg ef p{hv`yg hdyg{gsys hdylg sgcw{hyx fe{cgs c{g`ygs d`{{eq sgnf"hdyg{gsy hd swsy`hdhda ylg sy`yws we$ Ylg n`cm ef sy{hcycedy{en evg{ bhnhy`{x fe{cgs. `di qg`m lhg{`{clx `di ihschpnhdg. hdc{g`sgs ylg {hsm ef bhnhy`{x

bwyhdhgs `di wd{gsy$ Ylg cebkhd`yhed ef ce{{wpyhed `di ixsfwdcyhed`n hdsyhywyheds hs p`{yhcwn`{nx igìnx$ Hd ìihyhed. ylg qg`mdgss ef ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ hbpgigs ylg kwhnihda ef igbec{`yhc `di`ccewdy`kng sy`ygs `c{ess ylg {gahed$ Hdiggi. ylgh{ p{hbhyhvg p{`cyhcgs l`vg `nhgd`ygi b`dx nex`nchyhzgds. g|`cg{k`yhda g|hsyhda seche"gcedebhc f{wsy{`yhed$

Sgghda ylhs. qgsyg{d `hi p{ea{`bs `di fewdi`yheds neda mgpy ylgh{ ihsy`dcg. fecwshda ylgh{`sshsy`dcg hdsygì ed swcl sxbp`ylgyhc gdyhyhgs `s wd{gahsyg{gi penhyhc`n p`{yhgs `di DAEs. `diy{g`yhda nec`n effhch`nieb `di ylg penhcg `s wd{giggb`kng p`{h`ls$ Dey sw{p{hshdanx. penhcgkgl`vhe{ {gb`hdgi `s kì `s gvg{$ @c{ess ylg fe{bg{ Sevhgy Wdhed. ylg penhcg `di ylg Bhdhsy{hgsef Hdyg{d`n @ff`h{s yl`y cedy{en ylgb `{g ylg besy wd{gfe{bgi p`{y ef ylg aevg{dbgdys. `neda

qhyl ylg bhnhy`{x$ Hd `nn Cgdy{`n @sh`d sy`ygs. ylgx {gp{gsgdy ` peqg{fwn `di k`cmq`{i"neemhda

f`cyhed. necmgi hd sy{waang qhyl {gfe{bhsy gngbgdys cedcgdy{`ygi hd eylg{ p`{ys ef ylg aevg{dbgdy$ Ylg sy{gdayl ef ylgsg fe{cgs hbpnhgs yl`y ylg _{gshigdys c`ddey hade{g e{ evg{{hig ylgsg f`cyheds$




Ql`y slewni kg deygi hs yl`y yee sy{eda ` chvhn sechgyx hd {gn`yhed ye ylg sy`yg cewni `nse kgp{ekngb`yhc hd hysgnf: ylg sy`yg‘s fwdcyheds igc{g`sg `di `{g y`mgd evg{ kx chvhn sechgyx$ Ylhs cewningì ye ` cedfnà{`yhed gspgch`nnx hd Mx{axzsy`d. qlg{g ylg chvhn sechgyx syhnn l`s `d hbpe{y`dy {eng.kwy hy hs ngss nhmgnx hd Y`jhmhsy`d qlg{g ylg{g hs de sy{eda `di vhk{`dy chvhn sechgyx$

Qgsyg{d ihsgdaàgbgdy f{eb ylg sy`ygs hd agdg{`n `di hd spgchfhc ylg Bhdhsy{hgs ef Hdyg{d`n @ff`h{s `di penhcg lgnpgi pg{pgyw`yg ylg vg{x p{`cyhcgs yl`y igvgnepbgdy ceepg{`yhed l`s kggdhdygdy ed cewdyg{`cyhda `di {eeyhda ewy$ @a`hdsy ylhs k`cma{ewdi. hy hs cng`{ yl`y sy`kng sechgyhgsc`ddey kg kwhny hd ihs{ga`{i fe{ ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ `di nga`n sxsygb. hdiggi hd ihssed`dcg qhylsy`yg hdsyhywyheds$ Qlg{g ` n`{ag sgcyhed ef ylg penhcg fe{cg hs ce{{wpy. sy{gdaylgdhda chvhn sechgyx

qhnn kg fwyhng$ Hdsygì. swccgssfwn igvgnepbgdy ceepg{`yhed sy{`ygahgs qhnn dggi ye fecws be{gcnesgnx ed ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{. k`n`dchda swppe{y fe{ chvhn sechgyx qhyl gffe{ys ye kwhni ylg sy`yghdsyhywyheds yl`y nhg `y ylg k`shs fe{. `di `{g p{g{gwhshygs fe{ ` fwdcyhedhda `di hdfnwgdyh`n chvhnsechgyx hd ylg fh{sy pn`cg$ Ylhs hs de g`sx y`sm$ Hdiggi. ylg{g q`s ` {g`sed fe{ qgsyg{d iede{s yesy`x `q`x f{eb ylhs sgcye{$ Kwy ylg qe{m ef ylg ESCG `di WS@HI hd dwbg{ews pesy"Sevhgy `dieylg{ sy`ygs hdihc`yg yl`y hy hs pesshkng ye qem qhyl {gfe{b ef ylgsg hdsyhywyheds `di hdiggi b`mg `n`syhda ihffg{gdcg$

Hdc{g`sgi epgddgss ef ylg penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc sxsygb qhyl f`h{ {wngs `di {gawn`yhed qhnnhdc{g`sg dey ednx ylg peygdyh`n fe{ cedfnhcy {gsenwyhed `di p{gvgdyhed. kwy `nse ylg y`|`yhed k`sg`di ylg pesshkhnhyhgs ye cenngcy y`|gs$ Hdc{g`sgi peygdyh`n fe{ y`|`yhed qhnn dey ednx sy{gdaylgd ylgsy`yg hd hysgnf. kwy `nse ylg seche"gcedebhc shyw`yhed `s hy qhnn hdc{g`sg fwdihda fe{ giwc`yhed.lg`nyl gyc$

Igsphyg ylg f`cy yl`y b`dx cedfnhcys `{g nec`nnx k`sgi. ylg{g hs ` dggi fe{ ylg sy`yg ye `cy `dip{gvgdy ylgsg cedfnhcys yl{ewal keyl ih{gcy `di sy{wcyw{`n bg`ds – kx igc{g`shda {g`n `dipg{cghvgi gcedebhc hdgw`nhyx yl{ewal igc{g`shda gcedebhc cng`vàgs di hdc{g`shda hdfe{b`yhed

`di ceepg{`yhed evg{ {gahed`n ke{ig{s$ Nec`n sy{wcyw{gs swcl `s cn`ds `di {gnhahews e{a`dhz`yhedsc`d `cy hd sebg c`sgs. kwy gspgch`nnx hd y{`ds"{gahed`n cedfnhcys. ` fwdcyhedhda sy`yg hs dggigik`{{hda qlhcl {gahed`n cng`vàgs `{g nhmgnx ye hdc{g`sg$

7$0$0 Ce{{wpyhed `di e{a`dhzgi c{hbg

Keyl hd Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d ylg besy `pp`{gdy yl{g`y ye ylg sy`yg `di hys fwdcyheds yei`x `{g ylg {`bp`dy ce{{wpyhed `di ylg {eng e{a`dhzgi c{hbg pn`xs hd ylg sy`ygs$ Hdc{g`sgi fecws dggisye kg pwy ed cebk`yhda ce{{wpyhed `di e{a`dhzgi c{hbg ye p{gvgdy fw{ylg{ ig"ngahyhbhz`yhed ef ylg sy`yg$ Hbp{evgbgdys ef ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ hs c{wch`n hd ylhs. kwy be{g hbpe{y`dynx. ylg{g dggisye kg ` neda"yg{b sy{`ygax ye giwc`yg pgepng hd jwsy `di f`h{ p{ecgiw{gs `di hdc{g`shda ylg

wdig{sy`dihda yl`y ce{{wpyhed hs dey ednx ` yl{g`y ye ylg sy`yg kwy `nse ye ylg hdihvhiw`nsylgbsgnvgs$ Ylg sech`n `ccgpy`dcg ef ce{{wpyhed `s ` p`{y ef i`hnx nhfg hs vg{x p{ekngb`yhc `didggis ye kg ìi{gssgi$ Ylg{g `{g sgvg{`n c`sgs qlg{g {gahed`nnx k`sgi c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms l`vgy`mgd evg{ p`{ys ef sy`yg fwdcyheds `di `{g ig f`cye {wddhda penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc `ff`h{s hdsebg {gaheds. gspgch`nnx `pp`{gdy hd ylg sewyl ef Mx{axzsy`d `di hd p`{ys ef Y`jhmhsy`d$ _enhyhc`nce"epy`yhed `di hdfhny{`yhed ef ylg nga`n gcedebhgs l`s ye ` a{g`y g|ygdy ngi ye ` kgahddhda ef hdfhny{`yhed ef ylg sy`yg `y ` d`yhed`n ngvgn iwg ye hys qg`mdgss$

Cnesgnx {gn`ygi ye ylhs hs ylg `kwdi`dcg ef sb`nn `{bs yl`y `{g y{ìgi kx c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms `dieqdgi kx vh{yw`nnx g`cl `di gvg{x f`bhnx hd p`{ys ef ylgsg cewdy{hgs$ Hdc{g`sgi gffe{ys dggi ye kgbìg ye igc{g`sg ylg `v`hn`khnhyx ef sb`nn `{bs. ` sygp yl`y qewni hdc{g`sg nec`n `di d`yhed`n



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$3<

3<

sgcw{hyx$ Igbhnhy`{hz`yhed ef nec`n sechgyhgs dggis ye kgcebg ` p{he{hyx fe{ ylg hdyg{d`yhed`niede{s$

7$0$; _enhyhc`n ngahyhb`cx `di peqg{

Ylg dggi ye hdc{g`sg penhyhc`n ngahyhb`cx `di peqg{ fe{ ylg sy`ygs hs fwdi`bgdy`n fe{ ylg

cedyhdw`yhed ef ` pg`cgfwn igvgnepbgdy hd keyl Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d$ [gahed`n sga{ga`yhedhdc{g`sgs `s ylg ngahyhb`cx `di peqg{ ef d`yhed`n aevg{dbgdys igc{g`sgs {gahed`nnx ye ylg kgdgfhyye e{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di {gahed`n hdyg{gsys ,qlhcl ie dey dgcgss`{hnx l`vg ye kg ylg s`bg. kwy efygd`{g($ @ cedyhdwgi shyw`yhed ef sy`yg qg`mdgss `di hnngahyhb`yg {wng qewni dey ednx hdc{g`sg{gahed`nnx k`sgi cedfnhcys `di c{hbhd`n cedy{en ef ylg sy`yg= hy qewni be{gevg{ hdc{g`sg seche"gcedebhc hdsy`khnhyx fe{ chyhzgds ef keyl sy`ygs$ Ylg{g hs ylg{gfe{g ` dggi ye kwhni ylg penhyhc`nngahyhb`cx. gcedebhc swsy`hd`khnhyx `di ewy{g`cl ef ylg sy`yg hdye hys gdyh{g yg{{hye{x$ Ye`ccebpnhsl ylhs. {gfe{b ef ylg Bhdhsy{hgs ef Hdyg{d`n @ff`h{s qewni kg c{wch`n ye hdc{g`sg penhyhc`nngahyhb`cx `di sgcw{hyx$ Ylhs qewni c{g`yg ylg ngahyhb`cx ye {gfe{b ylg y`|`yhed sxsygb `dihdc{g`sg y`|`yhed yl`y cewni kg wsgi ye hdc{g`sg seche"gcedebhc sy`khnhyx `di gcedebhc

swsy`hd`khnhyx ef ylg sy`yg$

7$; Igc{g`shda [gahed`n Ihffg{gdcgs

Ylg{g `{g sgvg{g {gahed`n ihffg{gdcgs keyl qlgd ig`nhda qhyl c{hbhd`nhz`yhed. penhyhc`np`{yhchp`yhed `di gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy. `di ye ` n`{ag iga{gg ylhs hs be{g hbpe{y`dy yl`d ylgp{epesgi gyldhc ihvhsheds$ @s `d g|`bpng. hd ylg sewyl ef Mx{axzsy`d. ylg gyldhc Wzkgm `s qgnn `sgyldhc Mx{axz pepwn`yheds `{g gw`nnx pee{ hd cebp`{hsed ye ylg be{g qg`nylx Mx{axz De{yl$ Hyhs leqgvg{ gvhigdy yl`y ylg c{hbhd`nhz`yhed ef sechgyx l`s ihffg{gdy e{hahds. hd ylg sewyl ylg lg{ehdkwshdgss hs p{gv`ngdy. `di hd ylg de{yl ylg besy hbpe{y`dy f`cye{ hs ce{{wpyhed. efygd hd {gn`yhedye aeni e{ e{ihd`{x kwshdgss$ Ylhs hs `nse qlx ylg{g `{g peygdyh`n {gahed`n cng`vàgs kgyqggd

ihffg{gdy sgcye{s ef e{a`dhzgi c{hbg. gvgd hf ylg hdc{g`sgi ceepg{`yhed kgyqggd ihffg{gdy c{hbhd`ndgyqe{ms qewni shadhfhc`dynx hdc{g`sg ylgh{ sy{gdayl$ Shbhn`{ cng`vàgs `{g p{gv`ngdy hd Y`jhmhsy`d

qlg{g hnnga`n `cyhvhyx hs sy{eda d`yhed`nnx. kwy spgchfhc`nnx s`nhgdy hd ylg {gaheds ke{ig{hda @fal`dhsy`d `di ylg y{`dshy {ewygs ye dghalke{hda sy`ygs$

_enhyhc`n p`{yhchp`yhed hd Mx{axzsy`d l`s kggd shadhfhc`dynx nhbhygi fe{ ylg sewylg{dg{s hdcebp`{hsed ye ylg de{ylg{dg{s fe{ ` neda yhbg. gvgd hf ylg „{gvenwyhed‒ l`s bg`dy ` sygp yeq`{icl`dahda yl`y$ Ylg peygdyh`n cedfnhcy kgyqggd penhyhc`n hdyg{gsys c`d leqgvg{ hdc{g`sg cedfnhcys{gn`ygi ye ylg ewycebg ef p{gshigdyh`n e{ p`{nh`bgdy`{x gngcyheds$ Shbhn`{ ygdigdchgs l`vg kggdsggd hd Y`jhmhsy`d qlg{g ylg Wzkgms `di ylg _`bh{hs l`s kggd g|cnwigi penhyhc`nnx. `s qgnn `s eylg{

Y`jhm a{ewps. ahvgd ylg hdc{g`shda cedcgdy{`yhed ef peqg{ hd ylg Mwnx`k „cn`d‒$ Hd keyl sy`ygs.ylg{g `{g hdc{g`shda {gahed`n ygdsheds. yl`y `{g k`sgi hd {gahed`n `di dey dgcgss`{hnx gyldhcihffg{gdcgs. qlhcl pesg ` {hsm ye agdg{`yg vhengdcg$

Seche"gcedebhc p{ekngbs `{g igv`sy`yhdanx lhal hd keyl sy`ygs. ylg {gahed`n ihffg{gdcgs kgyqggd{hcl `di pee{ {gaheds `{g hdc{g`shda$ @ccgss ye lg`nyl. giwc`yhed `di gcedebhc p{espg{hyx hsshadhfhc`dynx {giwcgi hd pee{g{ {gaheds$ Dgq gcedebhc `nyg{d`yhvgs dggi ye kg igvgnepgi yl`y `{gswsy`hd`kng= ylhs gspgch`nnx `s keyl sy`ygs l`vg nhbhygi gcedebhc {gsew{cgs g|cnwihda q`yg{$ Q`yg{b`dàgbgdy sggbs ye kg edg ef ylg be{g hbpe{y`dy gcedebhc `nyg{d`yhvgs yl`y cewni kgigvgnepgi hd ylg sgcye{ ef d`yhed`n {gsew{cgs= leqgvg{. ylg i{`qk`cm hs yl`y dghylg{ ef ylg sy`ygsieqdsy{g`b hdygdis ye p`x fe{ ylg q`yg{$ Hd gssgdcg. ylg{g hs dey ednx ` p{ekngb hd yg{bs ef

ihsy{hkwyhda ylg {gsew{cgs ef ylg yqe sy`ygs. kwy `nse ye c{g`yg ` {gsew{cg k`sg yl`y hs pesshkng yeihsy{hkwyg ye `vehi {gahed`n cng`vàgs$




E{a`dhzgi c{hbg hs ylg shdang besy hbpe{y`dy p{ekngb yl`y dggis ye kg {gsenvgi `di ylhs c`d ednx kg iedg yl{ewal sgcw{hyx sgcye{ {gfe{b$ Leqgvg{. e{a`dhzgi c{hbg c`d `nse kg ìi{gssgi `y `{gahed`n ngvgn$ Besy ef ylg d`{ceyhcs gdyg{hda Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d `{g ih{gcygi f{eb

@fal`dhsy`d `di yl{ewal Esl$ Ye `nngvh`yg ylg p{ekngbs hd ylg {gaheds ef y{`dshy. ylg{g hs ` dggife{ hbp{evgi lg`nyl sy{wcyw{gs. giwc`yhed `di penhcg yl`y cewni p{gvgdy ylg hdfneq ef d`{ceyhcs `s

qgnn `s ylgh{ wsàg$ [gahed`n gffe{ys ye {giwcg ylgsg p{ekngbs `{g p{ek`knx be{g gffgcyhvg yl`d `cgdy{`nhzgi penhcx `s ylg p{ekngbs `{g ye ` lhal iga{gg {gahed`n$

Hy hs leqgvg{ wdnhmgnx yl`y ylg seche"gcedebhc cng`vàgs qhnn kg {giwcgi kgfe{g ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{{gfe{bs `{g hdhyh`ygi `s ce{{wpyhed `di c{hbhd`n kgl`vhe{ qhnn hbpgig gcedebhc `di sech`nigvgnepbgdy hd keyl Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d$ Hd ylg sle{y yg{b. hdc{g`sgi ih`neawg kgyqggdylg ihffg{gdy `cye{s hs {gcebbgdigi `s qgnn `s y{`ds"{gahed`n hdfe{b`yhed g|cl`dags$ Ylghdyg{d`yhed`n iede{ sechgyx c`d `sshsy hd keyl sy{gdaylgdhda hdfe{b`yhed g|cl`dags. keyl yl{ewalygngvhshed. {ìhe `s qgnn `s dgqsp`pg{s kwy `nse yl{ewal ylg c{g`yhed ef pn`yfe{bs ef ih`neawgkgyqggd ylg ihffg{gdy penhyhc`n `cye{s$ Ylhs c`d dey ednx hdc{g`sg wdig{sy`dihda kgyqggd ylgihffg{gdy `cye{s hd ylg {gahed kwy `nse `sshsy hd c{g`yhda `nyg{d`yhvg penhyhc`n gnhygs `di c{ess"cwyyhda higdyhyhgs$

7$3 Hdf{`sy{wcyw{`n hbp{evgbgdys

Hdf{`sy{wcyw{`n hbp{evgbgdys hd ylg {gahed `{g dgcgss`{x hf ylg {gahed`n cng`vàgs `di {gahed`nygdsheds `{g ye kg ig`ny qhyl$ Sy{hmhdanx. hd keyl Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d ylg{g `{g hdf{`sy{wcyw{`nk`{{hg{s kgyqggd ylg c`phy`n chyhgs `di ylg {gaheds qhyl ylg lhalgsy p{epe{yhed ef ihss`yhsf`cyhed$Hdf{`sy{wcyw{`n p{ejgcys dggi ye fecws ed ylg hbp{evgi ceddgcyhvgdgss kgyqggd {gaheds yl`yyei`x `{g g|cnwigi f{eb ylg sy`yg hd hysgnf. `s hd p{`cyhcg hy hs g`shg{ ye y{`vgn ye Khslmgm f{eb ylgSewyl ef Mx{axzsy`d yl{ewal Wzkgmhsy`d yl`d ye y{`vgn yl{ewal Mx{axzsy`d$ Shbhn`{ p{ekngbs `{g

p{gv`ngdy hd Y`jhmhsy`d$ [eìs. y{`hds kwy `nse `h{ ceddgcyheds `{g pee{ `di ylg{g hs p{ekngbs{g`clhda ihffg{gdy p`{ys ef ylg cewdy{x xew `{g nhvhda hd$ Hdyg{gsyhda ye deyg hs yl`y ylg y{`dspe{ysf{eb sewylg{d Mx{axzsy`d ye Khslmgm iw{hda ylg „{gvenwyhed‒ hs `nngagi ye kg e{a`dhzgi kx c{hbhd`n hdyg{gsys `s ylgx qewni kg ylg ednx sy{wcyw{g yl`y cewni e{a`dhzg swcl ` n`{ag y{`dspe{ye{a`dhz`yhed$ Dggingss ye s`x. ylgsg p{ejgcys dggi ye kg hdhyh`ygi hd ceepg{`yhed qhyl ylg sy`yg `di`hbhda `y mggphda ylg sy`yg hdy`cy$

Qe{mhda yeagylg{ ed p{ejgcys yl`y yhg fh{synx ylg sy`yg yeagylg{ `di sgcedinx yhgs ylg {gahedyeagylg{ swcl `s Y[@CGC@ `{g lhalnx v`nw`kng fe{ {gahed`n hdyga{`yhed `di gcedebhcigvgnepbgdy `s qgnn `s pg`cgfwn igvgnepbgdy qhylhd ylg sy`ygs hd wgsyhed$ Ylg {g`nhyx hs yl`y

Y[@CGC@ l`s dey `ccebpnhslgi ql`y q`s g|pgcygi `di ylhs b`hdnx iwg ye ylg n`cm ef penhyhc`n

cebbhybgdy `di gcedebhc {gsew{cgs ed ylg p`{y ef Gw{epg$ Hd agdg{`n ylg{g hs ` n`cm ef cee{ihd`yhed `di {gsew{cgs hd ylg hdf{`sy{wcyw{`n p{ejgcys yl`y cewni yhg ylgb yeagylg{ `di b`mg `

v`nw`kng gcedebhc `di hdyga{`yhvg cedy{hkwyhed$ Hd n`{ag"sc`ng p{ejgcys swcl `s hd hdf{`sy{wcyw{g.ylg{g hs ` dggi fe{ hdyg{d`yhed`n ceepg{`yhed `di ih{gcy jehdy vgdyw{gs ye b`mg `dx {g`n hbp`cy$

Ylgsg shbpnx yee n`{ag p{ejgcys fhd`dch`nnx fe{ edg shdang sy`yg ye l`ding ylgsg cebbhybgdys$

7$9 Bwnyhn`xg{gi `pp{e`cl ye cl`dag ylg cw{{gdy shyw`yhed

Ylg{g hs de g`sx q`x ewy ef ghylg{ pf ylg peshyheds yl`y keyl sy`ygs l`s pwy ylgbsgnvgs hdye$[gfe{bs hd ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ `{g dgcgss`{x. kwy ylhs l`s ye kg iedg shbwny`dgewsnx `shbp{evgbgdys hd ylg gcedebhc `di penhyhc`n sgcye{s$ Qhylewy ` fwdcyhed`n nga`n `di jwihch`{x

sxsygb ylg{g hs de pesshkhnhyx yl`y ylg{g qhnn kg `dx hbp{evgbgdys. kwy `y ylg s`bg yhbg qhylewy



Dhmn`s Sq`dsy{öb gy$ `n$9?

shbwny`dgews hbp{evgbgdy ef ylg seche"gcedebhc shyw`yhed ylg{g hs de hdchygbgdys ye à{gg yeylg sgcw{hyx {gfe{bs$

B`dx ef ylg cedfnhcys yl`y qg l`vg sggd `{g nec`n `di cedfnhcy p{gvgdyhed `di {gsenwyhed dggis yel`vg nec`n senwyheds$ Ylg{gfe{g gffe{ys dggi ye kg y`mgd ye higdyhfx nec`n `cye{s yl`y cewni kgig`nhda qhyl cedfnhcys ef ylhs mhdi$ Qebgd e{a`dhz`yheds sggbs ye kg edg ef ylg kgyyg{ sy{wcyw{gsye ig`n qhyl ylgsg wgsyheds yl{ewal. kwy `s qebgd‘s penhyhc`n peqg{s hs sgvg{gnx nhbhygi hd keylsy`ygs ylgsg a{ewps l`vg ye kg ceddgcygi ye ylg penhyhc`n gnhyg hd ylg {gahed `di ylg c`phy`n$

7$9$0 Hdyg{d`yhed`n ceepg{`yhed

Gdaàgbgdy ef ylg hdyg{d`yhed`n cebbwdhyx hs ` p{g{gwhshyg fe{ ylg {gahed hd agdg{`n `di hdp`{yhcwn`{ Y`jhmhsy`d `di Mx{axzsy`d. ylg penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc qg`mdgss b`mgs hy vh{yw`nnx hbpesshkng fe{ ylgb ye ig`n qhyl ylgsg hsswgs kx ylgbsgnvgs$ Ylg f`hnw{g ef ylg hdyg{d`yhed`ncebbwdhyx ye gdaàg ylg sy`yg `di ylg {wnhda gnhyg l`s bìg ` p{ekngb`yhc shyw`yhed qe{sg `dibwcl gffe{y hs yei`x dggigi ye {gvg{sg ylg shyw`yhed$

@ sy{eda {gcebbgdi`yhed fe{ ylg hdyg{d`yhed`n iede{s. `di gspgch`nnx sb`nng{ edgs. hs ye fecwsylgh{ {gsew{cgs ed n`{ag{ p{ejgcys qhyl lhal hbp`cy ed ylg sy`yg `di ylg sgcw{hyx sgcye{ {gfe{b$

Ylhs hs kgsy iedg kx qe{mhda yeagylg{ hd n`{ag{ p{ejgcys qhyl ylg sy`yg hd wgsyhed `di hbp{evhda ylg k`shc cedihyheds fe{ gcedebhc igvgnepbgdy. penhyhc`n p`{yhchp`yhed `di ` ded"ce{{wpy sechgyx$

Ylhs c`d kg iedg yl{ewal se c`nngi „shngdy p`{ydg{slhps‒ e{ ih{gcy jehdy vgdyw{gs. kwy ylg cw{{gdyfecws ed sb`nng{ p{ejgcys l`vg dey lì `d hbp`cy ye b`mg swksy`dyh`n cl`dag pesshkng$

7$7$ Qhdieq ef Eppe{ywdhyx `di ylg N`cm ef _enhyhc`n Qhnn

Ylg cw{{gdy shyw`yhed hd Mx{axzsy`d bhaly pesg ` qhdieq ef eppe{ywdhyx fe{ penhyhc`ncebbhybgdy ye ` igvgnepbgdy hd f`ve{ ef cl`dag `di igbec{`yhc v`nwgs$ Ylg aevg{dbgdy yl`y

y`mgs evg{ `fyg{ ylg p{gshigdyh`n gngcyhed qhnn l`vg ye sggm hdyg{d`yhed`n swppe{y `di hs vg{x nhmgnx ye a`hd hy. igsphyg ylgh{ `pp`{gdy nhdmàgs ye e{a`dhzgi c{hbg$ Leqgvg{. ylg cl`dcgs yl`y ylg{g qhnnkg penhyhc`n e{ gcedebhc cl`dags hd f`ve{ ef ` peshyhvg cl`dag `{g nhbhygi$ Hy sggbs nhmgnx yl`y ylgwpcebhda p{gshigdyh`n gngcyhed qhnn kg iebhd`ygi kx c`dihi`ygs yl`y b`x dey. edcg hd peqg{.b`dàg ye fgdi eff e{a`dhzgi c{hbhd`n dgyqe{ms$ Hf ylhs hs ylg c`sg. Mx{axzsy`d {hsms kgcebhda `d`{ce"sy`yg yl`y cewni kgcebg ` b`je{ lwk ef e{a`dhzgi c{hbg$

Y`jhmhsy`d l`s n`cmgi penhyhc`n qhnn fe{ ` neda yhbg `di hd cedy{`sy ye Mx{axzsy`d qlg{g ylgshyw`yhed l`s qe{sgdgi evg{ ylg p`sy fgq bedyls. Y`jhmhsy`d l`s kggd `d hbpe{y`dy lwk fe{e{a`dhzgi c{hbg fe{ xg`{s$ Ylg ngvgn ef penhyhc`n `di gcedebhc ce"epy`yhed hs vg{x lhal. `die{a`dhzgi c{hbg l`s kggd penhyhchzgi ye ` vg{x lhal iga{gg$ Hy sggbs wdnhmgnx yl`y `dx peshyhvg

cl`dags qhnn y`mg pn`cg hd ylg sle{y {wd qhyl pg`cgfwn bg`ds. sle{y ef ` {gvenwyhed ylg{g sggb yekg fgq cl`dags `lgì$ Hd keyl sy`ygs. ylg ngvgn ef ce{{wpyhed `di c{hbhd`nhz`yhed l`s ce"epygi ylgpenhyhc`n p{ecgss `di ylg{g `{g vg{x fgq hdcgdyhvgs fe{ ylg penhyhc`n gnhyg. s`vg ` fgq k{`vgpenhyhch`ds. ye cebk`y e{a`dhzgi c{hbg `di sy{gdaylgdhda ylg sy`yg `y ylg g|pgdsg ef e{a`dhzgic{hbg$

SIDA a Strategic Conflict Analysis of Cenntral Asia

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Transcript of SIDA a Strategic Conflict Analysis of Cenntral Asia