Ship Emission Inventories

Chris Whall&

Andriana Stavrakaki

2

Introduction

Introduction

Entec's Approach

Data Sources

Uncertainties

Enhancements

3

IntroductionThe Scale of the Issue

SO2

NOX

PM VOCs

CO2

4

IntroductionShip Emissions - Entec's Involvement

IMO

European Commission

DEFRA

Norwegian Ministry

CONCAWE

5

Introduction Entec's Involvement - Objectives

Quantification

Geographical Distribution

Assignment / Allocation

Policy Scenarios

Link to Impact Assessment

6

Overall Approach

Activity Based– Bottom-Up Approach

Top-Down Approach– Smaller Vessels– Fishing Vessels

7

Overall Approach

EMEP Domain – 50 x 50 km– 10 x 10 km enhancement– 5 x 5 km enhancement

8

Overall Approach

RoutesIn 50x50 grid

cells

MovesProvided by

LMIU database

Distance (km) Travelled by

Vessels at Sea

Speed (km/h)of vessel per

Vessel Type or Time in Port

VesselsPower of ME and AE engines (kW)

Energy (kWh) Output by Vessels

Emission factors (g/kWh)

by Vessel Type

Emissions (g) By grid cells

Load FactorsME & AE engines Load factor and Operational time

Effective kWPower of ME and

AE engines

9

Overall Approach Route Network

GIS Based Methodology

Routes a Combination of– Shortest Straight Line Route

(Avoiding Land)– BP Marine Distance Tables

& Routes

10

Data Sources

LMIU Movements Database

Port Data

Characteristics Database

Emission Factors

11

Data Sources Movements Database

Provided by Lloyd's Marine Intelligence Unit (LMIU)– Port-based Lloyd's Agency Network

– "aims to cover all merchant vessels over 100gt engaged in international trade"

– 46,000 Merchant Vessels, Over 6000 Ports

IMO Number

Vessel Type

Flag

Port/Place details including: – Port Name, Country, Latitude/Longitude, Arrival/Departure Port,

Arrival/Departure Dates or Estimates and where available, Arrival/Departure Times or Estimates

12

Data Sources Characteristics Database

Provided by LMIU / Lloyds Register Fairplay (LRF)Vessel Characteristics

– IMO Number– Vessel Type– Service Speed– GT / DwT– Fuel Types– Fuel Consumption

Engine Characteristics– Main Engine (ME) / Auxiliary Engine (AE)– Engine Speed (RPM)– kW for Each Engine

13

Data Sources Managing Incomplete Data

LMIU Movements Data– Timetables – Time in port– Time of Arrival & Departure– Automatic Identification

(AIS) Network (Passenger)

Characteristics Data– Need as a Minimum kW ME

and AE– Assumptions and Vessel

Profiling to Account for Missing Data

– Fuel Type – Auxiliary Engine Details

Lacking

y = 47.115x0.504

R2 = 0.6755

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000

Gross Tonnage

Tota

l ME

Powe

r (kW

)

Vessels with data

Calculated values

14

Data Sources Emission Factors

Originally Developed by IVL– Based on Monitoring Data and Literature Survey– Presented as 15 Engine Type / Fuel Type Combinations– At Sea / Manoeuvring / At Berth

– NOX / SO2 / CO2 / HC / PM

– Load factors for ME and AE operation– Updated for Policy Scenarios and Future Years

15

Areas of Uncertainty

Uncertainty at all Stages– Movements

Resolution of Database Accuracy of Route Network

– Characteristics Fuel Type, Sulphur Content & Use Engine Type (RPM) Installed Power Service Speed

– Emission Factors– Load Factors– Future Growth in Movements

16

Possible Refinements

Movements– Improve Port Time Estimates – LMIU Database– Use of AIS Data– Enhance Accuracy of the Shipping Routes

Vessel characteristics– Improvements in Data Capture for Characteristics

Assumptions– Reduce the Number of Assumptions– Refine assumptions / Sensitivity analysis

Emission Factors

17

Conclusions

Emissions from ships are significant

Emission inventories inform policy

Entec's approach – Bottom up– Emissions calculated by Engine Type / Engine Speed / Fuel Type

and Movements data

Need to recognise the inherent uncertainties of emission inventories – New Developments Lead to Reduced Uncertainty

18

References

European Commission Directorate General Environment - Quantification of emissions from ships associated with ship movements between ports in the European Community. Report in three parts: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/background.htm#transport

European Commission Directorate General Environment - Service Contract on Ship Emissions: Assignment, Abatement and Market-based Instruments Task 1 - Preliminary Assignment of Ship Emissions to European Countries http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/task1_asign_report.pdf

European Commission Directorate General Environment - Service Contract on Ship Emissions: Assignment, Abatement and Market-based Instruments Task 2 - General report on abatement techniques http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/task2_general.pdf

IIASA - Analysis of Policy Measures to Reduce Ship Emissions in the Context of the Revision of the National Emissions Ceilings Directivehttp://www.iiasa.ac.at/rains/reports/IR06-107_Ships.pdfhttp://www.iiasa.ac.at/rains/reports/IR06-107-Ships_Appendices.pdf

CONCAWE – Ship Emissions Inventory – Mediterranean Seahttp://www.entecuk.com/downloads/Concawe_Final_Report_170407_v1_WEB_LOWRES.pdf

Ship Emission Inventories

Thank you