Seung-Hui Cho

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Seung-Hui Cho (in Korean, properly “Cho Seung-Hui”)[2] (/sʌŋ hiː tʃoʊ/; January 18, 1984 – April 16,2007) was a South Korean-born mass murderer whokilled 32 people and wounded 17 others on April 16,2007, at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-versity in Blacksburg, Virginia.[3] An additional six peo-ple were injured jumping from windows to escape.[4] Hewas a senior-level undergraduate student at the university.The shooting rampage came to be known as the VirginiaTech shooting.[5][6] Cho committed suicide after policebreached the doors of the building where the majorityof the shooting had taken place. His body is buried inFairfax, Virginia.Born in South Korea, Cho arrived in the United States atthe age of eight with his family. He became aU.S. perma-nent resident as a South Korean national.[7][8][9] In middleschool, he was diagnosed with a severe anxiety disorderwith selective mutism, as well as major depressive disor-der.[10] After his diagnosis, he began receiving treatmentand continued to receive therapy and special educationsupport until his junior year of high school. During Cho’slast two years at Virginia Tech, several instances of hisabnormal behavior, as well as plays and other writings hesubmitted containing references to violence, caused con-cern among teachers and classmates.In the aftermath of the shootings, Virginian governor TimKaine convened a panel consisting of various officials andexperts to investigate and examine the response and han-dling of issues related to the shootings. The panel re-leased its final report in August 2007, devoting more than30 pages to detailing Cho’s troubled history. In the report,the panel criticized the failure of the educators andmentalhealth professionals who came into contact with Cho dur-ing his college years to notice his deteriorating conditionand help him. The panel also criticized misinterpreta-tions of privacy laws and gaps in Virginia’s mental healthsystem and gun laws. In addition, the panel faulted Vir-ginia Tech administrators in particular for failing to takeimmediate action after the first shootings. Nevertheless,

the report did acknowledge that Cho was still primarilyresponsible for not seeking assistance and for his mur-derous rampage.[11]

1 Early life and education

Cho was born on 18 January 1984 in the city of Asan,in South Korea’s South Chungcheong Province.[12] Choand his family lived in a basement apartment in the SouthKorean capital of Seoul for a couple of years before im-migrating to the United States. Cho’s father was self-employed as a bookstore owner, but made minimumwages from the venture. Seeking better education andopportunities for his children,[13][14] Cho’s father immi-grated to the United States in September 1992 with hiswife and three children. Cho was eight years old at thetime. The family first lived in Detroit, then moved to theWashington metropolitan area after learning that it hadone of the largest South Korean expatriate communitiesin the U.S., particularly in Northern Virginia. Cho’s fam-ily settled in Centreville, an unincorporated community inwestern Fairfax County, Virginia about 25 miles (40 km)west of Washington, D.C.[15] Cho’s father and motheropened a dry-cleaning business in Centreville. After thefamily moved to Centreville, Cho and his family becamepermanent residents of the United States as South Ko-rean nationals.[16][17] His parents became members of alocal Christian church, and Cho himself was raised as amember of the religion,[18] although he “hated his par-ents’ strong Christian faith.”[19] According to one report,Cho had left a note in his dormitory which contained arant referencing Christianity and denigrating “rich kids”.In a video that Cho mailed to the NBC headquarters inNew York he stated, “Thanks to you I die like JesusChrist, to inspire generations of the weak and defense-less people.”[20]

1.1 Family concerns about Cho’s behaviorduring childhood

A few members of Cho’s family, those who remainedin South Korea, had concerns about his behavior dur-ing his early childhood. Cho’s relatives thought that hewas selectively mute or mentally ill. According to Cho’suncle, Cho “didn't say much and did not mix with otherchildren.”[21] Cho’s maternal great-aunt described Cho as“cold” and a cause of family concern from as young aseight years old. According to his great-aunt, who met

1

2 2 DEMEANOR AT VIRGINIA TECH

him twice,[22] Cho was extremely shy and “just would nottalk at all.” He was otherwise considered “well-behaved,”readily obeying verbal commands and cues.[23] The great-aunt said she knew something was wrong after the fam-ily’s departure for the United States because she heardfrequent updates about Cho’s older sister but little newsabout Cho.[24] During an ABC News Nightline interviewon August 30, 2007, Cho’s grandfather reported his con-cerns about Cho’s behavior during childhood. Accord-ing to Cho’s grandfather, Cho never looked up to himto make eye contact, never called him grandfather, andnever moved to embrace him.[25]

1.2 Behavior in school

Cho attended the Poplar Tree Elementary School inChantilly, an unincorporated, small community in Vir-ginia’s Fairfax County. According to Kim Gyeong-won,who met Cho in the fifth grade and took classes withhim,[26] Cho finished the three-year program at PoplarTree Elementary School in one and a half years. Chowas noted for being good at mathematics and English,and teachers pointed to him as an example for otherstudents.[27] At that time, according to Kim, nobody dis-liked Cho and he “was recognized by friends as a boy ofknowledge;... a good dresser who was popular with thegirls.” Kim added that “I only have good memories abouthim.”[26][27] An acquaintance noted that “Every time hecame home from school he would cry and throw tantrumssaying he never wanted to return to school” when Cho firstcame to the U.S. in about the second grade.[28]

In 1999, during the spring of Cho’s eighth grade year,the Columbine High School massacre made internationalnews. Cho was transfixed by it. “I remember sitting inSpanish class with him, right next to him, and there be-ing something written on his binder to the effect of, youknow, ' 'F' you all, I hope you all burn in hell,' whichI would assume meant us, the students,” said Ben Bald-win, a classmate of Cho.[28] Also, Cho wrote in a schoolassignment about wanting to “repeat Columbine”. Theschool contacted Cho’s sister, who reported the incidentto their parents. Cho was sent to a psychiatrist.[29]

Cho attended secondary schools in Fairfax County, in-cluding Ormond Stone Middle School in Centreville[24]and Westfield High School in Chantilly,[15] and by eighthgrade had been diagnosed with selective mutism, a socialanxiety disorder which inhibited him from speaking.[30]Through high school, he was teased for his shyness andunusual speech patterns. According to Chris Davids, ahigh school classmate in Cho’s English class at West-field High School, Cho looked down and refused to speakwhen called upon. Davids added that, after one teacherthreatened to give Cho a failing grade for not participat-ing in class, he began reading in a strange, deep voicethat sounded “like he had something in his mouth. [...]"While several students recalled instances of Cho beingteased and mocked at Westfield, most left him alone and

later said they were not aware of his anger.[31][32] Chograduated from Westfield High School in 2003.[6]

1.3 Selective-mutism diagnosis

Immediately after the incident, reports carried specula-tion by Cho’s family members in South Korea that hewas autistic.[33] However, no known record exists of Choever being diagnosed with autism,[33][34] nor could anautism diagnosis be verified with Cho’s parents. TheVirginia Tech Review Panel report dismissed an autismdiagnosis[35][36] and experts later doubted the autismclaim.[37]

More than four months after the attack, The Wall StreetJournal reported on August 20, 2007 that Cho hadbeen diagnosed with selective mutism. The VirginiaTech Review Panel report, also released in August 2007,placed this diagnosis in the spring of Cho’s eighth-gradeyear, and his parents sought treatment for him throughmedication and therapy.[35] In high school, Cho wasplaced in special education under the 'emotional distur-bance' classification. He was excused from oral presenta-tions and participation in class conversation and received50 minutes a month of speech therapy.[30] He continuedreceiving mental health therapy as well until his junioryear, when Cho rejected further therapy.[35]

To address his problems, Cho’s parents also took him tochurch. According to a pastor at the Centreville KoreanPresbyterian Church, Cho was a smart student who un-derstood the Bible, but he was concerned about Cho’s dif-ficulty in speaking to people. The pastor added that, untilhe saw the video that Cho sent to NBC News, he neverheard him say a complete sentence. The pastor also re-called that he told Cho’s mother that he speculated Chowas autistic and he asked her to take him to a hospital,but she declined.[38]

Forbidden by federal law to disclose (without Cho’s per-mission) any record of disability or treatment, Westfieldofficials disclosed none of Cho’s speech and anxiety-related problems to Virginia Tech.[37]

2 Demeanor at Virginia Tech

In his freshman year at Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University (Virginia Tech), Cho enrolled as anundergraduate major in business information technology,a program that included “a combination of computer sci-ence and management coursework offered by the Pam-plin College of Business.”[39] By his senior year, Cho wasmajoring in English. Virginia Tech declined to divulgedetails about Cho’s academic record and why he changedhis major, citing privacy laws.[39]

At the time of the attacks, Cho lived with five roommatesin Suite 2121, a three-room suite in Harper Hall, a dor-

2.2 Relationship with students 3

mitory that houses 249 co-ed students,[40][41] located justwest of Cochrane Hall on the Virginia Tech campus.[42]

2.1 Relationship with faculty

Professor Nikki Giovanni, who taught Cho in a poetryclass in the fall of 2005, had him removed from her classbecause she found his behavior “menacing.” She recalledthat Cho had a “mean streak” and described his writ-ing as “intimidating.” Cho had intimidated female stu-dents by photographing their legs under their desks and bywriting obscene, violent poetry.[43] Giovanni offered that"[she] was willing to resign before [she] would continuewith him.”[44] About six weeks after the semester began,Giovanni wrote a letter to then-department head LucindaRoy, who removed Cho from the class. Roy alerted thestudent affairs office, the dean’s office, and the campuspolice, but each office responded that there was nothingthey could do if Chomade no overt threats against himselfor others. After Giovanni was informed of the massacre,she remarked that "[I] knew when it happened that that’sprobably who it was,” and “would have been shocked if itwasn't.”[45]

Roy, who had taught Cho in Introduction to Poetry theprevious year, described him as “an intelligent man,” andthat he seemed to be an awkward, lonely and insecure stu-dent who never took off his sunglasses, even indoors. Shedescribed Cho’s behavior as “arrogant” and “obnoxious”at times,[46] and that she tried several different ways tohelp him.[47] Roy declined to comment on Cho’s writings,saying only in general that they “seemed very angry.” Sheadded that Cho, when called on in class, would take 20seconds to answer questions, and whispered his response.He also took cell phone pictures of her in class. After Roybecame concerned with Cho’s behavior and the themes inhis writings, she started meeting with Cho to work withhim one-on-one. However, she soon became concernedfor her safety, and told her assistant that she would use thename of a dead professor as a duress code, in order to alertthe assistant to call security.[48] After Roy notified author-ities of Cho’s behavior, she urged Cho to seek counseling,but to her knowledge, Cho never followed through withthe request, in spite of his insistance to the contrary[6]

When creative writing professor Lisa Norris, who taughtCho in both Advanced Fiction Writing and Contempo-rary Fiction, was asked about him by Mary Ann Lewis,associate dean for Liberal Arts and Human Sciences, shewas not told that he was suffering from mental healthproblems or about prior police reports concerning his ha-rassment of female students. According to Norris, “myguess is that either the information was not accessible toher [Lewis] or it was privileged and could not be releasedtome.”[49] Lewis told Norris to recommend that Cho seekcounseling at the on-campus Cook Counseling Center, asLewis had already done.[49]

2.2 Relationship with students

Fellow students described Cho as a “quiet” person who“would not respond if someone greeted him.” StudentJulie Poole recalled the first day of a literature class theprevious year when the students introduced themselvesone by one. When it was Cho’s turn to introduce him-self, he did not speak. According to Poole, the professorlooked at the sign-in sheet and found that, whereas all theothers had written out their names, Cho had written onlya question mark. Poole added that “we just really knewhim as the question mark kid”.[50]

Karan Grewal, who shared a suite with Cho at HarperHall, reported that Cho “would sit in a wood rocker bythe window [in his room at the dormitory]; and stare atthe lawn below”. According to Grewal, “Cho appeared tonever go to class or read a book during his senior year,”adding that Cho just typed on his laptop, went to the din-ing hall and clipped his hair in the bathroom, cleaningup the hair afterwards. Grewal also reported that he wit-nessed Cho riding his bicycle in circles in the parking lotof the dormitory.[39]

Andy Koch and John Eide, who once shared a roomwith Cho at Cochrane Hall during 2005 and 2006,[51][52]stated that Cho demonstrated other repetitive behaviors,such as listening repeatedly to "Shine" by the alternativerock band Collective Soul.[53] Cho wrote the song’s lyrics“Teach me how to speak; Teach me how to share;Teach me where to go” on the wall of his dormitoryroom.[45][54][55] Koch described two further unusual inci-dents, including one where Cho stood in the doorway ofhis room late at night taking photographs of him (Koch)and a second incident where Cho repeatedly placed ha-rassing cell phone calls to Koch as “Cho’s brother, 'Ques-tionMark',” a nameCho also used when introducing him-self to girls. Koch and Eide searched Cho’s belongingsand found a pocket knife, but they did not find any itemsthat they deemed seriously threatening to them.[52] Kochalso described a telephone call that he received from Choduring the Thanksgiving holiday break from school. Dur-ing that call, Koch said that Cho claimed to be “vaca-tioning with Vladimir Putin,” with Cho adding “Yeah,we're in North Carolina.” In response, Koch told him“I'm pretty sure that’s not possible, Seung.”[56] Becauseof Cho’s behavior, Koch and Eide, who had earlier triedto befriend him, gradually stopped talking to him and toldtheir friends, especially female classmates, not to visittheir room.[57]

Koch and Eide claimed Cho was involved in at least threestalking incidents, two of which resulted in verbal warn-ings by the Virginia Tech campus police.[45][54][57] Thefirst alleged stalking incident occurred on November 27,2005.[58] After the incident, according to Koch, Choclaimed to have sent an instant message online to the fe-male student by AOL Instant Messenger and found outwhere she lived on the campus. Eide stated that Cho thenvisited her room to see if she was “cool”, adding that Cho

4 4 VIRGINIA TECH SHOOTING

remarked that he only found "promiscuity in her eyes”.[59]Eide added that, when Cho visited the female student,Cho said, “Hi, I'm Question Mark” to her, “which re-ally freaked her out.”[57] The female student called thecampus police, complaining that Cho had sent her an-noying messages and made an unannounced visit to herroom.[58] Two uniformed members of the campus policevisited Cho’s room at the dormitory later that evening andwarned him not to contact the female student again. Chomade no further contact with the student.[59]

The final alleged stalking incident came to light on De-cember 13, 2005.[58][59] In the preceding days, Cho hadcontacted a female friend of Koch via AIM and wroteon her door board a line from Shakespeare's Romeo andJuliet, Act 2, scene II, in which Romeo laments to Juliet:"By a name, I know not how to tell who I am. My name,dear saint, is hateful to myself, because it is an enemy tothee. Had I it written, I would tear the word."[60][61]

The young woman was initially unconcerned by Cho’sAIM messages and the Shakespearean message he left onher door board, until she was contacted by Andy Koch viaAIM. Koch told her that Cho was involved in an earlierstalking incident and that, “i think he is schizophrenic"[sic].[62] After Koch’s encouragement, the young womancontacted the campus police, who again warned Choagainst further unwanted contact.[58] After that warning,Cho made no further contact with the second female stu-dent.Later the same day, Cho sent a text message to Koch withthe words, “I might as well kill myself now.”[59] Worriedthat Cho was suicidal, Koch contacted his father for ad-vice, and both of them contacted campus authorities. Thecampus police returned to the dormitory and escortedCho to NewRiver Valley Community Services Board, theVirginia mental health agency serving Blacksburg.[63]

3 Psychiatric evaluation

3.1 Court-ordered psychiatric assessment

On December 13, 2005, Cho was found “mentally ill andin need of hospitalization” by New River Valley Com-munity Services Board.[64] The physician who examinedCho noted that he had a flat affect and depressed mood,even though Cho “denied suicidal thoughts and did notacknowledge symptoms of a thought disorder.”[64] Cho,suspected of being “an imminent danger to himself orothers,” was detained temporarily at Carilion St. AlbansBehavioral Health Center in Radford, Virginia, pendinga commitment hearing before the Montgomery County,Virginia district court.[64]

Virginia Special Justice Paul Barnett certified in an or-der that Cho “presented an imminent danger to himselfas a result of mental illness,” but instead recommendedtreatment for Cho as an outpatient. On December 14,

2005, Cho was released from the mental health facil-ity after Judge Barnett ordered Cho to undergo men-tal health treatment on an outpatient basis,[65] with a di-rective for the “court-ordered [outpatient] to follow allrecommended treatments.” Since Cho underwent only aminimal psychiatric assessment,[64] the true diagnosis forCho’s mental health status remains unknown.Because Cho was not involuntarily committed to a mentalhealth facility as an inpatient, he was still legally eligibleto buy guns under Virginia law.[66] However, accordingto Virginia law, "[a] magistrate has the authority to issuea detention order upon a finding that a person is men-tally ill and in need of hospitalization or treatment.” Themagistrate also must find that the person is an imminentdanger to himself or others.[65][67] Virginia officials andother law experts have argued that, under United Statesfederal law, Barnett’s order meant that Cho had been “ad-judicated as a mental defective” and was thus ineligibleto purchase firearms under federal law; and that the stateof Virginia erred in not enforcing the requirements of thefederal law.[66]

3.2 Family efforts

The Virginia Tech Review Panel report shed light on nu-merous efforts by Cho’s family to secure help for himas early as adolescence.[35] However, when Cho reached18 and left for college, the family lost its legal author-ity over him, and their influence on him waned. Cho’smother, increasingly concerned about his inattention toclasswork, his classroom absences and his asocial behav-ior, sought help for him during summer 2006 from vari-ous churches in Northern Virginia.[39] According to DongCheol Lee, minister of One Mind Presbyterian Churchof Washington (located in Woodbridge)[68] Cho’s mothersought help from the church for Cho’s problems. Leeadded that "[Cho’s] problem needed to be solved by spir-itual power ... that’s why she came to our church – be-cause we were helping several people like him.” Mem-bers of Lee’s church even told Cho’s mother that he wasafflicted by "demonic power" and needed “deliverance.”Before the church could meet with the family, however,Cho returned to school to start his senior year at VirginiaTech.[39]

4 Virginia Tech shooting

Main article: Virginia Tech shooting

Around 7:15 a.m. EDT (11:15 UTC) on April 16, 2007,Cho killed two students, Emily J. Hilscher and Ryan C.“Stack” Clark, on the fourth floor of West Ambler John-ston Hall, a high-rise co-educational dormitory.[47] In-vestigators later determined that Cho’s shoes matcheda blood-stained print found in the hallway outside

4.1 Preparation 5

Hilscher’s room. The shoes and bloody jeans were foundin Cho’s dormitory roomwhere he had stashed them afterthe attack.[69]

Within the next two and a half hours, Cho returnedto his room to rearm himself; he mailed a package toNBC News that contained pictures, digital video files anddocuments.[70] At approximately 9:45 a.m. EDT (13:45UTC), he then crossed the campus to Norris Hall, aclassroom building on the campus where, in a span ofnine minutes, Cho shot dozens of people, killing 30 ofthem.[47][71] As police breached the area of the build-ing where Cho attacked the faculty and students, Chocommitted suicide in Norris 211 with a gunshot to histemple.[72] Cho’s gunshot wound destroyed his face, ob-scuring identification of his body for several hours.[73]The police identified Cho by matching the fingerprintson the guns used in the shootings with immigrationrecords.[6] Before the shootings, Cho’s only known con-nection to Norris Hall was as a student in the sociologyclass, which met in a classroom on the second floor of thebuilding.[39] Although police had not stated positively atthe time of the initial investigation that Cho was the per-petrator of the Norris Hall shootings and the earlier one atWest Ambler Johnston Hall, forensic evidence confirmedthat the same gun was used in both shooting incidents.[43]

4.1 Preparation

4.1.1 Weapons

Glock 19 semi-automatic pistol, one of the models of handgunsused by Cho

During February and March 2007, Cho began purchas-ing the weapons that he later used during the killings.On February 9, 2007, Cho purchased his first hand-gun, a .22 caliber Walther P22 semi-automatic pis-tol, from TGSCOM Inc., a federally licensed firearmsdealer based in Green Bay, Wisconsin and the oper-ator of the website through which Cho ordered thegun.[74][75][76][77] TGSCOM Inc. shipped the WaltherP22 to JND Pawnbrokers in Blacksburg, Virginia, whereCho completed the legally required background check

Walther P22 semi-automatic pistol, another model of handgunused by Cho

for the purchase transaction and took possession of thehandgun.[78] Cho bought a second handgun, a 9mmGlock 19 semi-automatic pistol, on March 13, 2007from Roanoke Firearms, a licensed gun dealer located inRoanoke, Virginia.[74][79]

Cho was able to pass both background checks and suc-cessfully complete both handgun purchases after he pre-sented to the gun dealers his U.S. permanent residencycard, his Virginia driver’s permit to prove legal age andlength of Virginia residence and a checkbook showing hisVirginia address, in addition to waiting the required 30-day period between each gun purchase. He was success-ful at completing both handgun purchases because he didnot disclose on the background questionnaire that a Vir-ginia court had ordered him to undergo outpatient treat-ment at a mental health facility.[80][81][82]

On March 22, 2007, Cho purchased two 10-roundmagazines for the Walther P22 pistol through eBay fromElk Ridge Shooting Supplies in Idaho.[83] Based on apreliminary computer forensics examination of Cho’seBay purchase records, investigators suspected that Chomay have purchased an additional 10-round magazine onMarch 23, 2007 from another eBay seller who sold gunaccessories.[84]

Cho also bought jacketed hollow-point bullets, which re-sult in more tissue damage than full metal jacket bulletsagainst unarmored targets[85] by expanding upon enteringsoft tissue.[86] Along with a manifesto, Cho later sent aphotograph of the hollow point bullets to NBCNews withthe caption “All the [shit] you've given me, right back atyou with hollow points.”[87][88][89]

4.1.2 Motive

During the investigation, the police found a note in Cho’sroom in which he criticized “rich kids”, "debauchery" and“deceitful charlatans". In the note, Cho continued by say-ing that “you causedme to do this.”[6] Early media reports

6 4 VIRGINIA TECH SHOOTING

also speculated that he was obsessed with fellow studentEmily Hilscher and became enraged after she rejectedhis romantic overtures.[90][91][92][93] Law enforcement in-vestigators could not find evidence that Hilscher knewCho.[94] Cho and one of his victims, Ross Alameddine,attended the same English class during Autumn 2006.[95]Also in one video, he mentions “martyrs like Eric andDylan”, almost certainly referring to Eric Harris and Dy-lan Klebold, the perpetrators of Columbine High Schoolmassacre.[96]

4.2 Aftermath

4.2.1 Crime investigation

Through ballistics examination, law enforcement investi-gators determined that Cho used the Glock 19 pistol dur-ing the attacks at the West Ambler Johnston dormitoryand at Norris Hall on the Virginia Tech campus.[97][98][99]Police investigators found that Cho fired more than 170shots during the killing spree, evidence technicians find-ing at least 17 emptymagazines at the scene.[100][101] Dur-ing the investigation, federal law enforcement investiga-tors found that the serial numbers were illegally filed offon both the Walther P22 and the Glock 19 handgunsused by Cho during the rampage.[102] “Investigators alsosay Cho practiced shooting at a firing range in Roanoke,about 40 miles from the campus, in mid-March.”[103] Ac-cording to a former FBI agent and ABC consultant, “Thiswas no spur-of-the-moment crime. He’s been thinkingabout this for several months prior to the shooting.”[74]

4.2.2 Review of Cho’s medical records

During the investigation, the matter of Cho’s court-ordered mental health treatment was also examined to de-termine its outcome. Virginia investigators learned aftera review of Cho’s medical records that he never compliedwith the order for the mandated mental health treatmentas an outpatient.[63] The investigators also found that nei-ther the court nor New River Valley Community Servicesexercised oversight of his case to determine his compli-ance with the order. In response to questions about Cho’scase, New River Valley Community Services maintainedthat its facility was never named in the court order as theprovider for his mental health treatment, and its responsi-bility ended once he was discharged from its care after thecourt order.[63] In addition, Christopher Flynn, directorof the Cook Counseling Center at Virginia Tech, men-tioned that the court did not notify his office that Chowas required to seek outpatient mental health treatment.Flynn added that, “When a court gives a mandatory orderthat someone get outpatient treatment, that order is to theindividual, not an agency ... The one responsible for en-suring that the mentally ill person receives help in thesesort of cases ... is the mentally ill person.”[63]

As a result, Cho escaped compliance with the court or-der for mandatory mental health treatment as an outpa-tient, even though Virginia law required community ser-vices boards to “recommend a specific course of treat-ment and programs” for mental health patients and “mon-itor the person’s compliance.”[63] As for the court, Vir-ginia law also mandated that, if a person fails to complywith a court order to seek mental health treatment as anoutpatient, that person can be brought back before thecourt “and if found still in crisis, can be committed to apsychiatric institution for up to 180 days.” Cho was neversummoned to court to explain why he had not compliedwith the December 14, 2005 order for mandatory mentalhealth treatment as an outpatient.[63]

The investigation panel had sought Cho’s medical recordsfor several weeks, but due to privacy laws, Virginia Techwas prohibited from releasing them without permissionfrom Cho’s family, even after his death.[104] The panelhad considered using subpoenas to obtain his records. OnJune 12, 2007, Cho’s family released his medical recordsto the panel, although the panel said that the recordswere not enough.[105][106] The panel obtained additionalinformation by court order.[107] Like the perpetrators ofboth the Columbine and Jokela school massacres, Chowas prescribed the antidepressant drug Prozac prior tohis rampage, a substance suspected by Peter Breggin andDavid Healy of leading to suicidal behaviors.[108] It is notknown if Cho ever complied in filling or taking this pre-scription; or if he had taken and then discontinued theprescribed medication. The toxicology test from the offi-cial autopsy later showed that neither psychiatric nor anykind of illegal drugs were in his system during the timeof the shooting.[109]

In August 2009, Cho’s family allowed Virginia Tech torelease the records, along with those found in July 2009,to the public.[110] Previously, they were only given to thepanel.

4.2.3 Investigative panel report

In the aftermath of the killing spree, Virginia Gover-nor Timothy Kaine (D) appointed a panel to investi-gate the campus shootings, with plans for the panel tosubmit a report of its findings in approximately two tothree months. Kaine also invited former Homeland Se-curity Secretary Tom Ridge to join the panel to “reviewCho’s mental health history and how police respondedto the tragedy.”[111] To help investigate and analyze theemergency response surrounding the Virginia Tech shoot-ings, Kaine hired the same company that investigated theColumbine High School massacre.[112]

The panel’s final report devoted more than 30 pages todetailing Cho’s mental health history. The report criti-cized Virginia Tech educators, administrators and mentalhealth staff in failing to “connect the dots” from numerousincidents that were warning signs of Cho’s mental insta-

5.1 Release of material 7

bility beginning in his junior year. The report concludedthat the school’s mental health systems “failed for lack ofresources, incorrect interpretation of privacy laws, andpassivity.”[35] The report called Virginia’s mental healthlaws “flawed” and its mental health services “inadequate”.The report also confirmed that Cho was able to purchasetwo guns in violation of federal law because of Virginia’sinadequate background check requirements.[35]

4.2.4 Reaction of Cho’s family

Cho’s older sister prepared a statement on her family’s be-half to apologize publicly for her brother’s actions, in ad-dition to lending prayers to the victims and the families ofthe wounded and killed victims.[113] “This is someone thatI grew up with and loved. Now I feel like I didn't knowthis person,” she said in the statement issued through aNorth Carolinian attorney. “We never could have en-visioned that he was capable of so much violence.”[113]Cho’s grandfather stated, “My grandson Seung-Hui wasvery shy. I can't believe he did such a thing.”[114]

In a 2008 article acknowledging the anniversary of themassacre, the Washington Post did a follow-up on thefamily, reporting that they had gone into hiding formonths following the massacre and, after eventually re-turning home, had “virtually cut themselves off from theworld.” Several windows in their home have been paperedover and drawn blinds cover the rest. The only real out-side contact they have maintained is with an FBI agentassigned to their care and their lawyer, refusing even tocontact their own relatives in South Korea.[115]

5 Media package sent toNBCNews

Screenshot from the MSNBC coverage of several videos Seung-Hui Cho sent to NBC News

During the time period between the two shooting eventson April 16, Cho visited a local post office near theVirginia Tech campus where he mailed a parcel with aDVD inside to the NewYork headquarters of NBCNews,

One of the self-portraits Cho included with manifesto sent to NBCNews

which contained video clips, photographs and a mani-festo explaining the reasons for his actions.[116] The pack-age, addressed from "A. Ishmael" as seen on an image ofthe USPS Express Mail envelope (incorrectly printed as“Ismail” by The New York Times)[117] and apparently in-tended to be received on April 17, was delayed becauseof an incorrect ZIP code and street address. The words“Ismail Ax” were scrawled in red ink on Cho’s arm.[118]

5.1 Release of material

Upon receiving the package on April 18, 2007, NBCcontacted authorities and made the controversial decisionto publicize Cho’s communications by releasing a smallfraction of what it received.[119] After pictures and im-ages from the videos were broadcast in numerous newsreports, students and faculty from Virginia Tech, alongwith relatives of victims of the campus shooting, ex-pressed concerns that glorifying Cho’s rampage couldlead to copycat killings. The airing of the manifesto andits video images and pictures was upsetting to many whowere more closely affected by the shootings: Peter Read,the father of Mary Read, one of the students who waskilled by Cho during the rampage, asked the media tostop airing Cho’s manifesto.[120]

Police officials, who reviewed the video, pictures andmanifesto, concluded that the contents of the mediapackage had marginal value in helping them learn andunderstand why Cho committed the killings.[121][122]Dr. Michael Welner, who also reviewed the mate-rials, believed that Cho’s rantings offer little insightinto the mental illness that may have triggered hisrampage.[123][124][125] Dr. Welner stated that “Thesevideos do not help us understand Cho. They distorthim. He was meek. He was quiet. This is a PR tapeof him trying to turn himself into a Quentin Tarantinocharacter.”[124]

During the April 24, 2007 edition of The Oprah WinfreyShow, NBC News President Steve Capus stated NBC de-cided to show 2 minutes of 25 minutes of video, 7 of 43photographs, and 37 sentences of 23 pages of written ma-terial or 5 of the 23 PDF files that were last modified at7:24 a.m., after the first shooting.[126] He also stated thatthe content not shown included “over the top profanity”

8 6 WRITINGS

and “incredibly violent images”. He expressed hope thatthe unreleased material would never be made public.[127]

5.2 Contents

In his manifesto, Cho mentioned the Columbine killersEric Harris and Dylan Klebold and made frequent ref-erences to hedonism and Christianity while expressinganger about unspecified wrongs that were done to him.In one of the videos, Cho said:

I didn't have to do this. I could have left.I could have fled. But no, I will no longerrun. If not for me, for my children, for mybrothers and sisters that you fucked; I did itfor them... When the time came, I did it. Ihad to...You had a hundred billion chances andways to have avoided today, but you decidedto spill my blood. You forced me into a cornerand gave me only one option. The decision wasyours. Now you have blood on your hands thatwill never wash off.

You sadistic snobs. I may be nothing buta piece of dogshit. You have vandalized myheart, raped my soul, and torched my con-science. You thought it was one pathetic boy’slife you were extinguishing. Thanks to you, Idie like Jesus Christ, to inspire generations ofthe weak and defenseless people.

Do you knowwhat it feels to be spit on yourface and have trash shoved down your throat?Do you know what it feels like to dig your owngrave? Do you know what it feels like to haveyour throat slashed from ear to ear? Do youknow what it feels like to be torched alive? Doyou know what it feels like to be humiliatedand be impaled upon on a cross? And left tobleed to death for your amusement? You havenever felt a single ounce of pain your whole life.Did you want to inject as much misery in ourlives as you can just because you can? Youhad everything you wanted. Your Mercedeswasn't enough, you brats. Your golden neck-laces weren't enough, you snobs. Your trustfund wasn't enough. Your Vodka and Cognacweren't enough. All your debaucheries weren'tenough. Those weren't enough to fulfill yourhedonistic needs. You had everything.

(unclear) crucified me. You loved inducingcancer in my head, terrorizing my heart, andraping my soul all this time.

When the time came, I did it... I had to.[128]

PeteWilliams, aMSNBC justice correspondent, said thatCho lacked logical governance, suggesting that Cho wasunder severe emotional distress.[129] In the video, Choalso railed against deceitful charlatans on campus, rich

kids, materialism, and hedonism while, in another video,he compared himself to Jesus Christ,[130] explaining thathis death will influence generations of “defenseless peo-ple”.

6 Writings

6.1 Plays

6.1.1 Richard McBeef

In 2006, pursuant to a class assignment, Cho wrote ashort one-act play entitled Richard McBeef. The play fo-cused on John, a 13-year-old boy whose father had diedin a boating accident, and John’s stepfather, ex-footballplayer Richard McBeef (whom John constantly refers toas “Dick”). When Richard touches John’s lap during anattempt at a 'father-to-son' talk, the boy abruptly claimsthat his stepfather is molesting him. John then accuses hisstepfather of having murdered his biological father andrepeatedly says that he will kill Richard. John, Richardand Sue (John’s mother) are suddenly embroiled in a ma-jor argument. Richard then retreats to his car to escapethe conflict, but John, despite claiming repeatedly thatRichard was abusing him, joins his stepfather in the carand harasses him. The play ends with John trying to shovea banana-flavored cereal bar into his stepfather’s throat;Richard, hitherto a passive character, reacts “out of sheerdesecrated hurt and anger” by “swinging a deadly blow”at the boy.[131]

6.1.2 Mr. Brownstone

In a second play, Mr. Brownstone, written for anotherclass assignment, Cho depicted three 17-year-olds (John,Jane, and Joe), who sit in a casino while discussing theirdeep hatred for Mr. Brownstone, their 45-year-old math-ematics teacher. The three characters claim—using thephrase “ass-rape”—that Mr. Brownstone mistreats them.John wins a multimillion-dollar jackpot from one of theslot machines, and Mr. Brownstone, amid volleys of pro-fanity from the students, reports to casino officials that thethree characters were underage and had illegally pickedup the winning ticket. Mr. Brownstone tells the casinoofficials that it was he who had really won the jackpot,and that the minors had taken the ticket from him.[132]"Mr. Brownstone" was also the name of a Guns N' Rosessong about heroin,[133][134] and one page from Cho’s playconsisted of lyrics from the song.[132]

6.2 Short fiction paper

Approximately one year before the incident at VirginiaTech, Cho also wrote a paper for an assignment in the “In-tro to Short Fiction” class that he took during the spring

9

2006 semester. In that paper, Cho wrote about a massschool murder that was planned by the protagonist of thestory but, according to the story, the protagonist did notfollow through with the killings. During the proceedingsof the Virginia Tech panel, the panel was unaware of theexistence of the paper written by Cho for his fiction writ-ing class.[135]

When information surfaced about the paper, the VirginiaTech panel learned at that time that only the Virginia StatePolice and Virginia Tech had copies of the unreleasedpaper in their possession. The Virginia State Police re-ported that, although it had a copy of the paper, Virginialaw prevented them from releasing the paper to the panelbecause it was part of the investigative file in an ongoinginvestigation.[135]

Virginia Tech, on the other hand, had known about thepaper, and officials at the school discussed the contentsof the paper among themselves in the aftermath of theshootings. According to Governor Kaine, "[VirginiaTech] was expected to turn over all of Cho’s writings tothe panel” during the proceedings of the Virginia Techpanel.[135]

After some members of the Virginia Tech panel com-plained about the missing paper, Virginia Tech decidedto release a copy of the paper to the panel during the lat-ter part of the week of August 25, 2007.[135] Although theVirginia Tech panel has since received the paper writtenby Cho for the fiction writing class, the precise contentsof that paper have not been released to the public.[135]

6.3 Reactions to writings

Edward Falco, a playwriting professor at Virginia Tech,has acknowledged that Cho wrote both plays in his class.The plays are fewer than 12 pages long and have severalgrammatical and typographical errors. Falco believedthat Cho was drawn to writing because of his speech diffi-culties. Falco said of the plays, “They're not good writing,but at least they are a form of communication.”[136] An-other professor who taught Cho characterized his work as“very adolescent” and “silly”, with attempts at "slapstickcomedy" and “elements of violence”.[137]

Classmates believed “the plays were really morbid andgrotesque.”[138] Ian MacFarlane, Cho’s former classmate,stated that, “when we read Cho’s plays, it was like some-thing out of a nightmare. The plays had really twisted,macabre violence that used weapons I wouldn't have eventhought of.”[139] When Stephen Davis, a senior who wasalso in Cho’s class, read “Richard McBeef,” he turnedto his roommate and said, “This is the kind of guy whois going to walk into a classroom and start shootingpeople.”[140] Anna Brown, another student in the class,sometimes joked with her friends that Cho was “the kindof guy who might go on a rampage killing.”[141]

According to CBS News, “Cho Seung-Hui’s violent writ-

ing [and] loner status fit the Secret Service shooterprofile,”[142] referring to a 2002 U.S. Secret Service studythat was conducted after the Columbine massacre, withviolent writing cited as one of the most typical behavioralattributes of school shooters. The U.S. Secret Serviceconcluded the study by saying that "[t]he largest group of[school shooters] exhibited an interest in violence in theirown writings, such as poems, essays or journal entries,”while school shooters’ interest in other violent media wasgenerally low.[143]

Users of YouTube created filmed adaptations of“Richard McBeef”.[144] Something Awful createda parody "CliffsNotes" entry describing RichardMcBeef.[145]

7 See also

• Charles Whitman

• Elliot Rodger

• Martin Bryant

• Mass shooting

• Port Arthur massacre

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Inogolo.com. Retrieved September 16, 2008.

[2] Some initial media reports referred to Cho’s name as ChoSeung-hui, with the family name "Cho" appearing aheadof the given name in accordance with Korean naming cus-tom. However, subsequent statements by the family indi-cated the preference for the Western ordering of Cho’sname as Seung-hui Cho. Cho himself sometimes used thename Seung Cho.“Editor’s note on Cho’s surname”. TheWashington Post. April 21, 2007. Retrieved January 11,2008.

[3] “Report of the Virginia Tech Review Panel”. Common-wealth of Virginia. Retrieved December 13, 2012.

[4] “The Warning Signs that Could Have Prevented the Vir-ginia Tech Shootings”. School Violence: Weapons, Crime& Bullying. nscc1.org. Retrieved December 13, 2012.

[5] Donna Alvis-Banks; Matt Chittum; Albert Raboteau(May 7, 2007). “Tech shooting victims: Moving for-ward”. Roanoke Times. Retrieved September 24, 2008.

[6] David Schoetz; Ned Potter; Richard Esposito; PierreThomas (April 17, 2007). “Killer’s Note: 'You CausedMe to Do This’". ABC News. Retrieved September 16,2008.

[7] .

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[71] Thomson Reuters Foundation. “Virginia Tech rampagelasted just nine minutes.”. Retrieved September 13, 2014.

[72] Gelineau, K. (April 23, 2007). Cho discharged 100rounds. Canoe Network News (Canada). Retrieved onMay 6, 2007.

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[76] “Shooter had guns more than 1 month before Va. shoot-ings”. Retrieved September 24, 2008.

[77] Turque, Bill; Horwitz, Sari (April 20, 2007). “KaineGives Panel Latitude to Probe Campus Killings”. TheWashington Post. Retrieved September 16, 2008.

[78] Bauer, Scott (April 19, 2007). “Green Bay-based Website sold gun to Virginia Tech shooter.”.

[79] CBS News (April 17, 2007). “Gun Used In RampageTraced To Roanoke Shop”. WJZ-13 Baltimore. Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2007. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2008.

[80] “Firearms purchase eligibility test.”. Retrieved September13, 2014.

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[82] Barakat, M. (April 20, 2007). Rules should have barredweapon purchase. The Washington Post. Retrieved April24, 2007.

12 8 REFERENCES

[83] Geller, A. & Kahn, C. (April 21, 2007). “Tech gunmanbought ammo clips on eBay”.

[84] Geller, A. & Kahn, C. (April 22, 2007). Internet key inprobe in Va. Tech gunman. The Washington Post. Re-trieved April 22, 2007.

[85] Di Maio, V.J.M. (1999). Gunshot wounds: Practical as-pects of firearms, ballistics, and forensic techniques, 2d ed.(p. 380). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-8163-0

[86] Somashekhar, S. & Miroff, N. (April 22, 2007). Injuriesheal, but mental scars may last much longer. The Wash-ington Post. Retrieved on May 10, 2007.

[87] Bauder, D. (April 18, 2007). [NBC gets “manifesto” fromVa. killer.] The Boston Globe. Retrieved on May 9, 2007.

[88] “Video slide show of manifesto photos”. Archived fromthe original on April 23, 2007. MSNBC, Retrieved on Jan-uary 15, 2007.

[89] Williams, P. (April 19, 2007). Cho prepared in advancefor rampage: Killer amassed arsenal, practiced shootingfor at least a month. MSNBC. Retrieved on May 2, 2007.

[90] “Killer’s rampage 'began after row with girlfriend'". IrishExaminer.

[91] David Williams & Stefanie Balogh (April 18, 2007).“Was gunman crazed over Emily?". The Daily Telegraph.Retrieved September 16, 2008.

[92] “Riddle of 'girlfriend' who was first to die'". The Scots-man.

[93] “Massacre gunman’s deadly infatuation with Emily'".Evening Standard.

[94] Hayasaki, Erika, Richard Fausset and Adam Schreck.April 18, 2007 “Events turned on puzzling initial shoot-ings” Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on April 18, 2007.

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[99] Potter, N., Schoetz, D., Esposito, R. & Thomas, P. (April16, 2007). “Police cite person of interest in Va. Techdorm killing”. ABC News. Retrieved September 16,2008.

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[104] “The Shooter Prevails: Protecting Seung-hui Cho’s Pri-vacy”. Retrieved September 13, 2014.

[105] “Cho’s Records Given To Investigating Panel”. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2014.

[106] “Family Releases Seung-hui Cho’s Mental HealthRecords: Panel Chair: Records Have Not Been FullyExamined”. NBC4 Washington. Retrieved September13, 2014.

[107] WDBJ7. “Tech panel obtains records of gunman’s men-tal health hearing”. wdbj7.com. Retrieved September 13,2014.

[108] See Chapter 8 on diagnosis for 'selective mute' disorder

[109] "kvoa.com/Global/story.asp?S=6694716&nav=HMO6HMaW". Archived from the original onSeptember 15, 2008.

[110] http://www2.newsadvance.com/lna/news/state_regional/article/virginia_tech_releases_chos_mental_health_records/18705

[111] Ferguson, B. (April 20, 2007). Killer video haunts cam-pus. Arab News (Saudi Arabia). Retrieved on May 3,2007.

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[115] Somashekhar, Sandhya; Horwitz, Sari (April 12, 2008).“AYear AfterMassacre, Family Lives 'in Darkness’". TheWashington Post. p. A01.

[116] “Gunman mailed package between shootings”.

[117] Hauser, Christine (April 18, 2007). “Gunman Sent Pho-tos, Video and Writings to NBC”. New York Times.

[118] "'Ismail-Ax': Breaking the Riddle”. April 18, 2007.

[119] Perez-Pena, Richard (April 21, 2007). “Media outletsease off video killer, but not because of complaints, theysay”. The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2007.

[120] "'Killer’s images 'a second assault on us" . CNN. April 20,2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007.Retrieved April 20, 2007.

[121] Macklin, W. (April 19, 2007). Police find marginal valuein killer’s manifesto; VA Tech will confer degrees on vic-tims. AHN Media Corp. Retrieved April 19, 2007.

[122] Apuzzo, Matt (April 19, 2007). “Va. Tech awarding de-grees to victims”. ABC. Archived from the original onFebruary 22, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.

13

[123] Kari Huus (April 20, 2007). "'Reading Between Cho’sLines’". MSNBC. Retrieved September 16, 2008.

[124] "'Psychiatrist: Showing Video Is 'Social Catastrophe'".ABC. April 19, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2008.

[125] “Experts Speak Out: Seung-hui Cho’s Videa 'Manifesto'".ABC. April 20, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2008.

[126] "'Cho’s Manifesto'". MSNBC. April 20, 2007. Archivedfrom the original on January 14, 2008. Retrieved Septem-ber 16, 2008.

[127] "'Brian Williams on the Impact of the Virginia TechVideos’". November 20, 2007. Retrieved September 24,2008.

[128] Johnson, A. (April 19, 2007). “Gunman sent package toNBC News.” MSNBC. Retrieved on April 19, 2007.

[129] Borowsky, S. (April 26, 2007). Breeze perspectives: Themystery of a madman. The Breeze (student newspaper ofJames Madison University). Retrieved on May 7, 2007.Archived May 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.

[130] Westcott, K. (April 19, 2007). Cho fits pattern of campuskillers. BBC News (UK). Retrieved on May 7, 2007.

[131] Cho Seung-hui. “Richard McBeef.” The Smoking Gun.Retrieved on April 17, 2007.

[132] Cho Seung-hui. “Mr. Brownstone” AOL News. Re-trieved on April 17, 2007.

[133] Plummer, K. & Carricaburu, J. (April 18, 2007). VirginiaTech killer named play after Guns N' Roses song “Mr.Brownstone.” Retrieved on April 19, 2007.

[134] Clip joint: Mr. Brownstone. (April 18, 2007). The TimesOnline (UK). Retrieved on May 10, 2007.

[135] Horwitz, S. (August 29, 2007). Paper by Cho exhibitsdisturbing parallels to shootings, sources say. The Wash-ington Post. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.

[136] Mandell, Jonathan (April 18, 2007). "'Cho’s Professor toClassmates: Don't Feel Guilty”. CNN. Retrieved April18, 2007.

[137] Pat, Wingert; Lynn Waddell; Arian Campo-Flores (April17, 2007). "'He Was Just Off'". Newsweek. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2008.

[138] T. Rees Shapiro. “Cho’s classroom colleague reacts totragedy” (April 17, 2007 2:06 PM). Collegiate Times.Last accessed April 19, 2007.

[139] Apuzzo, Matt (April 18, 2007). “Dark writing led to a re-ferral for counseling for Va. Tech gunman”. Chron.com.

[140] Before Deadly Rage, a Life Consumed by a Troubling Si-lence, NY Times, 4-22-2007, Corrections Appended

[141] Wingert, P., Waddell, L. & Campo-Flores, A. (2007,April 17). “He was just off.” Newsweek. Retrieved onMay 6, 2007.

[142] “Warning Signs From Student Gunman”. CBS News.April 17, 2007.

[143] Vossekuil, Bryan; et al. (May 2002). “Safe School Ini-tiative Final Report” (PDF). U.S. Secret Service and U.S.Department of Education. p. 26.

[144] Coyle, J. (2007, April 20).“YouTube gets Va. Tech shoot-ing footage.”. Archived from the original on June 30,2007.The Kindred Times. Retrieved on March 26, 2008

[145] “Something Awful: Richard McBeef”. somethingaw-ful.com. Retrieved September 13, 2014.

9 Further reading• Journal of Asian American Studies Vol. 11, No. 1,Feb. 2008.

10 External links• Commonwealth of Virginia search warrant for 2121Harper Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia for dormitory res-idence of Seung-hui Cho (April 16, 2007) PDF (859KB) (Archive) – posted on CNN

• Cho’s mental evaluation form (December 2005)PDF (914 KB) (Archive) – posted on The Wash-ington Post

• “Crime & Punishment: Massacre at Virginia Tech –Cho video clips and excerpts from multimedia man-ifesto”. Archived from the original on January 13,2008. – MSNBC (NBC News)

• ABC video coverage of psychiatrist discussingwhether the media should air the tape

• Virginia Tech Review Panel: Mass shootings at Vir-ginia Tech – Report of the Review Panel (August2007) (Adobe Acrobat Reader required for viewingall sections of the report)

• Seung-hui Cho Profile at America’s Most Wanted

14 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text• Seung-Hui Cho Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho?oldid=723878432 Contributors: Eloquence, Hajhouse, JDG, Xla-tion, Llywrch, Ixfd64, Zanimum, Skysmith, Hermeneus, Kingturtle, Bueller 007, Kragen, Jiang, Lukobe, Feedmecereal, Fuzheado,Greenrd, Sertrel, WhisperToMe, Thunderbunny, Haukurth, Markhurd, Nelnadon, Tpbradbury, Ryuch, Tempshill, Thomasedavis, Raul654,Finlay McWalter, Phil Boswell, Chuunen Baka, Chrism, Kizor, Donreed, Moncrief, Ektar, Ppe42, Lowellian, Premeditated Chaos,DHN, Moink, Walloon, Dina, Davidcannon, Cedars, Matt Gies, Paul Richter, Jyril, Nunh-huh, Meursault2004, Orangemike, Alexdi,Gildong7, Matt Crypto, RadioYeti, Golbez, Ryanaxp, Christopherlin, Chowbok, Slowking Man, Sonjaaa, Antandrus, Jarv, OverlordQ,Kvasir, Brokethebank, Quarl, Kusunose, Zantolak, DragonflySixtyseven, Jokestress, PFHLai, Halo, Jareha, Creidieki, Neutrality, Imjust-matthew, Arosa, Aknorals, JavaTenor, Naus, Oskar Sigvardsson, Sparky the Seventh Chaos, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Mam-mique, CABAL, Jodes534, Kjoonlee, JoeSmack, Konstantin~enwiki, El C, Zenohockey, Bletch, Kwamikagami, Zeality, AreJay, Roy-Boy, EmilJ, Lorem Ipsum~enwiki, Adambro, Diamonddavej, Bobo192, Stesmo, Keron Cyst, Pikawil, Thanos6, Sasquatch, Rajah, Mr-California, Yellowking, Slipperyweasel, Sam Korn, Polylerus, Pharos, Bongoo, Danaan, Alansohn, Gary, Hektor, Gargaj, Sherurcij, Po-larscribe, Jeltz, AdamBradley, Thanol, Titanium Dragon, JePe, Wtmitchell, Bbsrock, BanyanTree, Fourthords, Evil Monkey, Lheaom,Lapinmies, Bnguyen, Wadems, Hoserjoe, Redvers, YixilTesiphon, HenryLi, Kardrak, Galaxiaad, Forteblast, Mahanga, Hijiri88, Zntrip,Pravit726, Soultaco, Sandover, Yangsta, Angr, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Reinoutr, Bellhalla, Mr Tan, Scriberius, LOL, Jersyko,Jpers36, Carcharoth, Tabletop, Hbdragon88, Scootey, Astanhope, Prezboy1, TruckMatt, , Dtaw2001, Jacj, Pingswept, Dysep-sion, Emerson7, RichardWeiss, Sudeepneelakantan, Graham87, Ronnotel, Cuchullain, BD2412, Wachholder0, Kane5187, Mana Excal-ibur, Jdcooper, Rjwilmsi, Tizio, Coemgenus, Nightscream, Philpharted, JHMM13, TexasDawg, MZMcBride, Voretus, HappyCamper,Cybertaur1, ElKevbo, Kaluza81, Tomtheman5, The wub, AceTracer, Nandesuka, Fish and karate, SNIyer12, Packerfan22, SchuminWeb,Hpmons, Ysangkok, Vsion, Stewprime, Gurch, Karrmann, DEIDATVM, Wongm, KFP, Drumguy8800, TeaDrinker, Skiddum, Mmilian,Proserpine, Phoenix2~enwiki, Manufracture, MoRsE, Joetheguy, Chobot, Lord Patrick, Cdman882, Jersey Devil, Rotzo, Volunteer Marek,JohnLam, Bgwhite, Zimbabweed, George Leung, Bartleby, Jason.cinema, Caleiva, Roboto de Ajvol, Mekalika, Tadanisakari, Chanlyn, Dk-kicks, Jachin, StuffOfInterest, Killervogel5, Kalspach, Vitriol~enwiki, Witan, Hede2000, Spencewah, Isocyanide, Netscott, Chaser, Skidoo,CanadianCaesar, RadioFan2 (usurped), Lucien86, Grubber, Gertlex, C777, Ksyrie, Emiellaiendiay, Pseudomonas, Daveswagon, Hyjwei,MosheA, Friday, NawlinWiki, Muntuwandi, 0002, RattleMan, Chick Bowen, Tedsrecords, Harksaw, Janet13, Slarson, Nephron, Johno95,CaliforniaAliBaba, Carl Daniels, Dputig07, Bobak, Evilboy, Mikeblas, Crasshopper, Ragzouken, Hamster128, Tony1, Zirland, Siyavash,Asams10, Nlu, Wknight94, Intershark, Sandstein, Calcwatch, Twelvethirteen, Deville, Zzuuzz, BGC, Ageekgal, Saranghae honey, Closed-mouth, DethFromAbove, Abune, Th1rt3en, CapitalLetterBeginning, De Administrando Imperio, BorgQueen, JuJube, Clocke, Luckystars,Chrishmt0423, Andyluciano~enwiki, Raingrove, Hayden120, Ghetteaux, Smurfy, Ajuk, Che829, Ryoske, Kungfuadam, Arkon, Crunch,Eggnock, Scientz, ThunderPower, Timothyarnold85, Elliskev, Rahul s55, Kschang77, Narkstraws, robot, AndrewWTaylor, SaveThe-Whales, Crystallina, Chrono72, Ninodeluz, SmackBot, Pwt898, YellowMonkey, Monkeyblue, Hux, Reedy, Wrinehart, SaxTeacher, Scifiin-tel, Anastrophe, Jrockley, TednAZ, Yourockmywalrus, Kintetsubuffalo, Nil Einne, Stevegallery, Coolian, Master Deusoma, SmartGuy Old,Yamaguchi , WingedEarth, Maarten1963, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Lonesome road, Moonlight Mile, Daysleeper47, Honbicot,Transkar, Alias777, Chris the speller, Equiprimordial, LinguistAtLarge, MartinPoulter, Ablaster, Jameswchen, WikiFlier, Dangerlarson,Wisight, Ras, Chiasmus, Zehly, Neo-Jay, Uthbrian, G2ace, Schi, DivineLady, Arsonal, Blueshirts, Yanksox, Xbxg32000, Youngidealist, Es-prix, George Ho, Sgt Pinback, Yaf, DavidHay, Decafdyke, Whysanitynet, Writtenright, Sephiroth BCR, MrBananaGrabber, Uncle Bubba,Backfire22, Bentobias, Porkchopmcmoose, Binrapt, Xyzzyplugh, Chi ra, JesseRafe, DR04, Grover cleveland, Anthon.Eff, Huon, Khoikhoi,Warhol13, Sister Morphine, Cybercobra, Mytwocents, Bpiereck, Jared, Kntrabssi, Aelffin, Chrispknight, Batman2005, Cerebus19, Brian-cain, Moebiusstrip, WoodElf, Last Avenue, Lisasmall, Maelnuneb, Flamebroil, Rodeosmurf, Neil9327, BozoTheScary, TenPoundHam-mer, Ohconfucius, Tydus Arandor, Zchenyu, Raggaga, YegerMeister, Wonderflash11, Esrever, Nishkid64, HeavyMetalManiac, Sajman12,JzG, Grizzwald, Kuru, John, EricBarker, Zaphraud, Ian Spackman, Raineybt, AardvarkOfHate, Rockin the burb, Guat6, Shadowlynk,Colemangracie, Tim Q. Wells, Accurizer, Gnevin, Anemos~enwiki, Bluetubist, Kransky, Ocatecir, Shiyang, IronGargoyle, Tymothy,Ourwinter, RMThompson, Zebov, Hvn0413, Grandpafootsoldier, Merewyn, Seinfeld01, PRRfan, Davemon, Johnvanzyl, Meco, There-alhazel, Ace Frahm, D3structo, Ryulong, Big Phoenix, Onetwo1, AEMoreira042281, Etafly, Stanley011, Kripkenstein, Sifaka, Zepheus,Lucid, BranStark, Tsharpfilm, Serenesoulnyc, Nonexistant User, HisSpaceResearch, Yuan.C.Lee, MissingNOOO, Joseph Solis in Australia,Jwalte04, Kenhatesspam, Steve032, Newone, Scientivore, Jarbru, Blackhawk charlie2003, WikiBrown, Fsotrain09, Tony Fox, Stereorock,QueensFinest86, Caffolote, Courcelles, BrOnXbOmBr21, Pablosecca, JayHenry, Pi, Goldwiser, Cashie, Bmecoli, Cryptic C62, Timrem,TheHorseCollector, Bigmak, Switchercat, Jacono, James.capp, Mellery, Lasersharp, TORR, Makker, Sveter, Urutapu, Awwill, PresidentDavid Palmer, Bobtherandomguy, Vanished user sojweiorj34i4f, CBM, BeenAroundAWhile, Gypsyjazzbo, Rpgman456, Ncsu1, WATP,Randalllin, AcePuppy, Mc4932, Ruslik0, Lmcelhiney, THF, Sk5893, Pseudo-Richard, Jeralan, Pyrope, Stoogeyp, MarsRover, S.Bowen,Krygiel, Avillia, Moreschi, Old Guard, QuickTime~enwiki, Ravensfan5252, Penfish, Penbat, Karenjc, Porterhse, Andrewhorning, MrFish,Fordmadoxfraud, Alton, Easternknight, Heatsketch, Elambeth, Michfan2123, CumbiaDude, Malamockq, Viking97, Cydebot, Drjayphd,Wikien2009, Mightydrake, SilvaStorm, Jerse, Kevinp2, Treybien, Steel, HokieRNB, Slushq, Bellerophon5685, Wordbuilder, Counterres-trial, Ohjko, I elliot, Rgrof, Chasingsol, Synergy, Odie5533, Unk1911, B, Dynaflow, M a s, Akaisuisei, DumbBOT, Phydend, DBaba,Markpregen, Chachilongbow, Blindman shady, Ward3001, MrMacMan, Ike-bana, Scarpy, Vanished User jdksfajlasd, Lethalazn, Xbox6,CieloEstrellado, DJBullfish, Epbr123, Boggy b, Thedarxide, Sauternes, Andraz.brecko@gmail.com, Ancatdubh43, LeBofSportif, Janvier-michelle, Leondegrance, N5iln, Lanky, CynicalMe, Gforce1977, Mojo Hand, Kokulan3, Kevin kaior, Mmcknight4, Jklamm, Java13690,Ray harris1989, TechKat, JAB5, Z10x, Wakeboarderx4, SigmaSquared, Simon Kilpin, John Lincoln, CharlotteWebb, Adw2000, The FatMan Who Never Came Back, Tocino, Amjaabc, Big Bird, Heroeswithmetaphors, Jeztah, Natalie Erin, CowardX10, I already forgot, Dan-theman531, Mentifisto, Gossamers, Luna Santin, Chubbles, Bigtimepeace, Just Chilling, Mrsblink182, Uifz, AaronY, The Sartorialist,Jj137, Redindian, Penser, Scepia, Itistoday, College Watch, Hedwig0407, MalcolmSpudbury, Dylan Lake, Boils, Nextday26, Gdo01, El-gringo18, Hoponpop69, Leevclarke, Mlianopr, Wl219, Superkingsrule, Neur0X, Dybdal~enwiki, Topatientlyexplain, MrHat1065, Chery-lyoung, HolyT, Dman727, Radda, Chandan12, Woodstein52, JAnDbot, Arjun3, Thomasmallen, Deflective, Kjmt, StooBroo, Onthow, Re-allybored999, Instinct, W.C., Ngamble, Blood Red Sandman, Crazlunatic, BCube, Hello32020, A1ecks, Lawrencehu~enwiki, GGreeneVa,1066seagull, Promo718, Rothorpe, Kerotan, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Wildhartlivie, ShinraiTS4, Joebengo, Drugonot, Diegovh, Kibiusa, Magi-oladitis, Adrux, Ecoughlin2, Mclean007, Theunicyclegirl, VoABot II, Doodoobutter, MJD86, Kinspin, Rankun, Watermint, CattleGirl,Swpb, WilliamBrown, Seelig, JPG-GR, WODUP, Matt605, Aa35te, Drumma guy triz, GroovySandwich, Mrxpress, Anthony.moore,Shadow12393, Ali'i, Almost Anonymous, KBtoys09, Rival81, Captaincorky, Ikilled007, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Wrad, Allstarecho,Tins128, Jimshlif, Bouncehoper, Heartlander, JaGa, Waninge, Coffeepusher, SuperJ9587, Pan Dan, Hackertool, Hecki~enwiki, Mdsats,Pest456, Pek the Penguin, Katywoo, Skarioffszky, Bensack2, Jjaazz, Hdt83, MartinBot, M3tal H3ad, PCE, Dstallman, CliffC, Phs1234,

11.2 Images 15

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Spadaro, Strangerer, Moradi hassan, AdrianaW, Sebisthlm, Iceman7840,Scheibenzahl, Pastorway, GarryKosmos, Navel80, Tenchi1472007, Istillcandream, Ceranthor, EnviroGranny, Lilkunta, Souphanousin-phone, Qworty, Mr.PPView, Statis80, WikiGlory, Dick Shane, Michelleem, Panfakes, Fish Phillips, Teakkettle, Closenplay, Sfmammamia,All.ya.little.triksters, Scottsingo, Resurgent insurgent, FlyingLeopard2014, PokeYourHeadOff, Michaelwhetten, EmxBot, Deconstructhis,Tigerjock, Truemcrfan, Hmwith, Icsunonove, Scoresheet, Beholdkingjames, Boeye34, Rita Moritan, Ellett62, WikiCarlWiki, Phony Saint,LuckyandLucky, GreaterWikiholic, Moptoplop, Ball&Chain, Blazoops, LeScientist, Iliketaco17, BEAST-BEAST, SoukiDeF, Mets4life,Kslain, SieBot, Barockoiiu, Demong, Linarutouzumaki, Armius, Uconnhoopz123, Nordberg3313, Sarahnelson23, Elbarassi7, Zephyr20,John Stattic, Gupta.karunaka, Byakurai, Stvlen, Suklaa, Jamesowen237, Tiddly Tom, Moonriddengirl, Chinese3126, Dcrcort, Sina22,BotMultichill, Tekjester, Jauerback, Bachcell, Pgdn963, Sennap~enwiki, Kiddster93, Lordajay, Osufan800, Legend, Grlshvekooties7, Ry-poll, Reachstep~enwiki, Secondgen, Wchougle, Ramospb11, Sremedsr, Angelpulse, Gravitan, Prezen1, Bucketeer, Chromaone, GlassCo-bra, D'Ranged 1, Keilana, Bd5567, Tiptoety, Arbor to SJ, Jc-S0CO, Aruton, Oxymoron83, KoshVorlon, Hourick, Ahangar-e-Gaz, Dil-lard421, NastalgicCam, Scottyoak2, Latics, Microspasm, Mygerardromance, Astit2, ~enwiki, Artisol2345, WikiLaurent, MJohn-son16384, Nn123645, TeamVerizon, Escape Orbit, Yungleek, Allmanbrother4, Ossguy, SallyForth123, Bochco69, ClueBot, DingDang-Dang, Phoenix-wiki, Sennen goroshi, Stephoswalk, Espn30, Badger Drink, Fyyer, Famitsudc, All Hallow’s Wraith, Wookhong, Ndenison,TheOldJacobite, CrazyGlu, Jed Bartlet, Pianokeys2u, Auntof6, Apmab1, Mastaskillz245, Whgudwls, Amirreza, Excirial, Jusdafax, Man-tisEars, Alrokrrr, Ontopofthewall, Dlo2012, Commdor, SpikeToronto, Vdlnes, CowboySpartan, Dekisugi, LeatherEngine, The Red, La Pi-anista, Aitias, 19yearoldboyfromNY, Therealdealmcneill41, Cpt.schoener, Beenturns~enwiki, Rippo, Versus22, Egmontaz, Queerbubbles,Duckkillerdaniel, DumZiBoT, Karppinen, Djneufville, Crazy Boris with a red beard, InfoAnon, InternetMeme, Supercoolgenious, Greasy-wheel, Good Olfactory, RyanCross, HexaChord, Ballistic1536, Addbot, Proofreader77, Thetypist, Ave Caesar, Tcncv, Non-dropframe,DougsTech, Ronhjones, Yayaya01, Wælgæst wæfre, Davethewavejew, Download, Ccacsmss, Fruit Punch Powerade, Laws dr, Tassedethe,Lord Gøn, Lightbot, Jarble, Marksdaman, Arab nazis, Marc87, Yobot, Wordunheard, Vague, Bunnyhop11, Topitoxx, T3h 1337 3d170aR,Rushlow, Reenem, Lynch2000s, Marshall Williams2, Matty, AnomieBOT, Tryptofish, Rjanag, IRP, Victor9876, Cyanidethistles, Ma-terialscientist, E2eamon, Wrelwser43, Addihockey10, Belgiumboy108, Millahnna, KeitaMatsuoka, Jimwilcox79, Uleenara, RibotBOT,LittleNard19, Hitch Bartman, Joeshmoe123123123, Captain Cheeks, FrescoBot, Blackguard SF, Oldlaptop321, Alxeedo, HJ Mitchell,Robert Berkshire, PasswordUsername, Jamesooders, Smackbott2, 5kids2feed, Citation bot 1, EarwigBot, Amplitude101, Seung HuiChow, Ohhithere, Jivee Blau, Tinton5, Crawfour, Dront, Asd12435, Jixzad123, ZmacXIV, Phoenix7777, Reconsider the static, Blades95,Hailhitller69, Trappist the monk, Thenicelordbj, Cvsinpa, Allen4names, GabrielGenson, Reach Out to the Truth, Magiclove3, Axxxion,RjwilmsiBot, Dlambe3, 15versts, Becritical, Slon02, DASHBot, Weegee234, Questraight, Solarra, Babiesloverabies, Sentient Planet, JimMichael, Tommy2010, Treach1erous, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, K6ka, Adamtheleveler, Nehankun, Illegitimate Barrister, Josve05a, Psycholo-gist8485, H3llBot, FinalRapture, David J Johnson, Ylight42, Donner60, BulbaThor, PsychoticInq, RIchmondAtty, Moshdix, JohnnyLurg,Rocketrod1960, Cat10001b, Diamond grant, ClueBot NG, Fluttershy~enwiki, Ray18125, Julietan1991, Satellizer, BarrelProof, AbnerMallity, ScottSteiner, Amcebbers, Jaceclaytor, Widr, RafikiSykes, Oddbodz, Simpsonguy1987, AOCJedi, Ieponumos, BG19bot, Nep-tune’s Trident, Lukwil96, OptimisticVegetable, MurkLoar, BendelacBOT, Joeykai, MusikAnimal, Frze, BizarreLoveTriangle, Rm1271,The Almightey Drill, Harizotoh9, ProudIrishAspie, Glacialfox, 220 of Borg, BattyBot, 00132kr23001, Mollskman, Swingman04, CyberbotII, ChrisGualtieri, Follwaut, EditorE, SuperbowserX, Jonny Nixon, 22010515528, GyaroMaguus, Lugia2453, VIAFbot, Me, Myself, andI are Here, Thusz, Thkim2u, Al Khazar, Atc123et, Fuutil, Supersaiyen312, ArizonaSports14, , JDiala, Skr15081997, SnoozeKing,Monkbot, Macadam1, Liam-dino, WikiOriginal-9, Aardwolf Nirvana, Professor JHC, Chandler284252, , StoneProphet11, Liber-tarian12111971, KBH96, ChamithN, Bnng, Mouse Paint, Mattjjang98, Gustavail, Chimpanzeelover, Asianmeng, BlueRedPurpleGreen,Mattster3517, Trentreznorfanboy, KasparBot, GhostyOne, Cara777, MorphyTheMaster, Warner Sun, Wikihil123, Cbswagman, Seanthe-god, Danieljsky, GreenC bot and Anonymous: 848

11.2 Images• File:ChoSh.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a2/ChoSh.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:NBC News / MSNBCOriginal artist: ?

• File:Cho_Seung-hui_NBC.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/82/Cho_Seung-hui_NBC.jpg License: ? Contribu-tors:

NBC News / MSNBCOriginal artist: ?

16 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and colorguidelines (Russian/English) ← This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various

• File:Flag_of_Virginia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg License: Public domainContributors: It is from the xrmap flag collection, specifically “usa_virginia.svg” in flags-2.6-src.tar.bz2. The README file in that collectionsays of the SVG flags “We release them in the public domain”. The blue color has been redone based on vexilla-mundi. Original artist:Commonwealth of Virginia

• File:G19_blk_grip.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/G19_blk_grip.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors:

• Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: JE at English Wikipedia• File:P_vip.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/P_vip.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?• File:Speaker_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public domain Con-

tributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readableauthor provided. Mobius assumed (based on copyright claims).

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