Session 4.3 Making Cassava Cultivation Sustainable and competitive for ethanol production by Nzola...
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Transcript of Session 4.3 Making Cassava Cultivation Sustainable and competitive for ethanol production by Nzola...
Production is smaller-holder, subsistence, & fragmented System is complex Rudimentary technologies and low use of inputs Lacks economy of scale
large post-harvest losses & unreliable supply uneven product quality & low producer prices costly marketing structure
What do we know?
Landholder development trajectory
Meet subsistence needs
Subsistence
Commercial use
CASSAVA AS A POTENTIAL BIOENERGY CROP
OPPORTUNITIES FOR CASSAVA TO BE COMPETITIVE FOR BIO-FUEL:
HIGH DRY YIELD POTENTIALS,
DROUGHT TOLERANCE,
ADAPTATION TO LOW SOIL FERTILITY BUT HIGHER YIELDS IN GOOD SOILS
FLEXIBILITY IN PLANTATION AND HARVEST PERIODS
HIGHLY COMPETITIVE FOR STARCH PRODUCTION;
CASSAVA AS A POTENTIAL BIOENERGY CROP
CONSTRAINTS OF INDUSTRIAL CASSAVA PRODUCTIONPERISHABILITY OF ROOTS AFTER HARVEST HIGH COST OF PRODUCTION (MAINLY WITH SMALL SCALE FARMERS) GERMPLASM: LOW YIELDING LOCAL VARIETIES, SUSCEPTIBLE TO DIVERSE BIOLOGICAL STRESSES STILL USED BY MANY FARMERS LOW USE OF FERTILIZER AND INPUT INADEQUATE CULTURAL PRACTICES, LOW INVESTMENT IN COMMERCIAL CASSAVA PLANTATIONS. LOW QUALITY PLANTING MATERIALS
YIELD GAPS DUE MAINLY TO THE
USE OF INADEQUATE
CULTURAL PRACTICES IN
AFRICA
CASSAVA AS A POTENTIAL BIOENERGY CROP
How should cassava production be competitive?
CASSAVA AS A POTENTIAL BIOENERGY CROP
Production
Price
Production
AVOIDING the SEESAW
Higher volume Lower Price
Low volume High PriceK
g pe
r pe
rson
19741978 1982 1986 199019941994 1998 2002 2004
Production (Supply)Food (Demand)
The glut challenge
CASSAVA AS A POTENTIAL BIOENERGY CROP
CONSTRAINTS OF INDUSTRIAL CASSAVA PRODUCTION
WEAK LINKS BETWEEN CASSAVA PRODUCERS AND EMERGING PROCESSORS UNRELIABLE SUPPLY HIGH COST OF TRANSPORTATION
NEED TO STRENGTHEN THE COMMODITY CHAIN APPROACH
APPLYING
THE
SCIENCE
HOW TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES?
(1) INTENSIFY THE USE OF HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES WITH HIGH STARCH CONTENT, RESISTANT TO VARIOUS BIOTIC STRESSES
(2) MAKE AVAILABLE TO FARMERS CASSAVA VARIETIES WITH:(1) EARLY BULKING BUT WITH STABLE DRY YIELD
ABOVE 12 MAP FOR EXTENDED HARVESTS(2) HIGH FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY,(3) DELAYED PPD(4) SUITABLE TO VARIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT
(3) ENHANCE CULTURAL PRACTICES FOR IMPROVED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
Reduction of production costs
Mechanization
NO HEAVY MACHINERY IN FRAGILE SOILS
PROMOTION OF LIGHT MACHINERY SUCH THE RUGGED POWER TILLER AND ACCESSORIES
Cost Reduction EffectsCost Reduction Effects
Manual planting: 1ha/day (12 persons)Manual planting: 1ha/day (12 persons)
1 ha/hour /3 persons26
21.2 17.5
25.429.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Traditionalsystem
Improvedvarieties
Mechanizedplanting
Mechanizedplanting andharvesting
Mechanizedplanting
&harvesting&improved
varieties
US
$/t
on
100% 13.6% 11.6% 27.9% 40.5%
Investing in the provision of feedstock production support services
Public & Private Extension services; NGOs, FFS
Production & supplies of Improved planting materials & other inputs …
Contract Farm mechanization services
HOW TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES?3. Enhance cultural practices that can improve
soil fertility through the use of mineral and organic fertilizers
•Green manures can be used to
improve the soil
•Crop rotation, agro forestry and
improved fallows with legumes can
also help to improve soil fertility
HOW TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES?
.USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER: AVERAGE NUTRIENT REMOVAL BY
CASSAVA SIMILAR TO OTHER MAJOR CROPS IF PLANT TOPS ARE RETURNED
TO SOILS EXC. POTASSIUM.
NEEDS TO SUPPLEMENT WITH FERTILIZERS TO SUSTAIN SOIL FERTILITY AND ROOT PRODUCTION PENDING ON SOILS TYPES
HOW TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES?
HEAVY RAINS AND SOIL EROSION IN NEW CASSAVA FIELDS
HOW TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES?
Other practices to consider:
GOOD LAND PREPARATION
ADEQUATE PLANTING DATES
PLANT POPULATION
PROPER WEEDING
PHYTOSANITARY CONTROL
ADEQUATE HARVEST DATES
NPACI support to biofuel
• COLLECTIVE ACTION BY FARMERS AND FARMERS’ ASSOCIATIONS FOR INCOME GENERATION– Support for mechanization (field
operations and post-harvest processing)– Assembly point for produce collection
Environmental protection:
VAST MONOCULTURE PLANTATIONS CAN DEVASTATE THE FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS AND BRING UNTOLD SOCIAL DAMAGE
LARGE IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS DEPLETE UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES, IN TIMES OF INCREASED DROUGHT AND LACK OF RAIN DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
FOOD CROP for subsistence: WOMEN
CASH CROP: MEN
GENDER ISSUEGENDER ISSUE
Capacity building: GENDER CONSIDERATIONS ARE
ESSENTIAL AS WOMEN'S GROUPS CAN PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN PLANTATION AND HARVEST OF CASSAVA
TRAINING OF FARMERS FOR FEEDSTOCK CULTIVATION
BUILD CAPACITY IN TECHNICAL, MANAGERIAL AND FINANCIAL SKILLS
CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE (NATIONAL, REGIONAL, CG,ETC) TO PROMOTE BEST PRACTICES
Upscaling Some R4D applications
Industrialists and entrepreneurs often shy away from using cassava in their applications because of the absence of a local example to follow and the uncertainty of success.
Investment with no value chain analysis
The Future?
• GxE : Invest on the E (AEZ + Mgmt + Policy)
• Bio-fuel (ethanol) efficient varieties development
• Tissue culture facilities in Africa• Efficient investment models for ethanol
production plants