Services

Chapter 12

Types and Origins of Services Types of services

Consumer services (retail and personal services) Business services (producer and transportation) Public services (government employees) Changes in number of employees

Growth in services and declines in primary/secondary

Origin of services- no one know precise origination

Services in rural settlements Clustered rural settlements (Houses, schools,

churches) Dispersed rural settlements (Spread out cities)

Rural Settlement Patterns

Fig. 12-4: Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear “long lot” patterns are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.

Distribution of Consumer Services Central place theory- market place

Market area of a service Nodal regions Hexagon best fits an area

Size of market area Range is the distance people are willing to

travel for a service Modified to minutes instead of miles

Threshold Number of customers needed to make a

profit Census helps determine this data

Distribution of Consumer Services

Market area analysis Profitability of a location

Range + Threshold= profitability Optimal location within a market

Best location is one that minimizes distance to the largest number of consumers

Hierarchy of services and settlements Nesting of services and settlements

Market, hamlet, township center, county seat, district city, small state capital, and regional capital city

Rank-size distribution of settlements Rank of cities based on a city’s population

Supermarket and Convenience Store Market Areas

Fig. 12-8: Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas and ranges than convenience stores.

Business Services and Settlements World cities

Ancient world cities- Ur, Athens, Rome Medieval world cities- Feudalism, large walled

cities Modern world cities- Center of services world

wide

Hierarchy of business services World cities-London, New York and Tokyo

Centers of financial, law and advertising Command and control centers- Atlanta, Boston,

Seattle Headquarters, medical centers

Specialized producer-service centers- Detroit, Albany Highly skilled services

Dependent centers- Resort, Manufacturing, Industrial, Mining Unskilled jobs; depends on world cities for economic

decisions

Paris

Fig. 12-13: Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include new neighborhoods as the city grew.

Clustering of Services

Central business district (CBD) Retail services in the CBD

Recent years has transitioned to offices instead of retail High land costs in the CBD

Tokyo 1,000,000,000 per acre of land Activities excluded from the CBD

Manufacturing, residential neighborhoods

Suburbanization of businesses Suburbanization of retailing

Planned suburban shopping malls Suburbanization of factories and offices

Cheap land and labor, close to residential neighborhoods