Server 101s Final

8/14/2019 Server 101s Final

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Objective

Server Definition

What makes up a Server

Server Types

High Availability Features


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A servercan be defined as an individual computer on aLAN (Local Area Network), acting as a service or resource

provider to client computers, by sharing the resources

within the network infrastructure.

What is Server?What is Server?

provides service

shares resources

shares devices

opens gateway to other system provides processing power stores item


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DNSServers

Web Servers

ApplicationServers

Security &Directory Servers

File/PrintServers

DatabaseServers

manage a workgroups data filesand print jobs

providesauthentication andsecurity servicesincluding loggedinformationmanagement

controls andmanages assignnames on thenetwork andresolves host nameto an IP Address

most typical use oftechnology in client-server. Acceptsrequests for data,retrieves the datafrom its database (orrequests data fromanother node) andpasses the resultsback

shares its resources but may also beused to run applications for users

A Web Server may host websites or

provide access to content and itresponds to requests received fromWeb

Server Types ExamplesServer Types Examples


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Types and Features of Computer

Notebook / Mobile Computer

Desktop Computer

Server

-- Ultraportable-- Full Function-- Desktop Alternative

- Non-Mobile- Full Function

-- High Security

-- Process and File Data-- Tower-- Rack-- Blades


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Differentiating Computer Features

Notebook Desktop Server


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SystemChipset

PCI/MemoryController

I/O devices

CPU/Processor

MemoryFront Side Bus

PCI Bus

System Board

Data Storage

What makes up a Server?What makes up a Server?


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ProcessorProcessor

The part of theThe part of the

computer thatcomputer that

controls thecontrols the

execution ofexecution of

programprogram

instructionsinstructionsSystemChipset


I/O devices

CPU

Memory

I/O Bus


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Manufacturers

Brands


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Processor TypesProcessor Types

Intel primary target for DesktopIntel primary target for Desktop

For entry level single CPU serverFor entry level single CPU server

512K L2 cache with 533MHz512K L2 cache with 533MHz

Front Side BusFront Side Bus Hyper-Threading TechnologyHyper-Threading Technology

Intel Pentium 4 ProcessorIntel Pentium 4 Processor

Intel XEON Processor DPIntel XEON Processor DP

Also called XEON Processor DP (DualAlso called XEON Processor DP (DualProcessor)Processor)

1MB L2 cache with 800MHz Front Side Bus1MB L2 cache with 800MHz Front Side Bus

Hyper-Threading TechnologyHyper-Threading Technology

Extended Memory 64 Technology (EM64T)Extended Memory 64 Technology (EM64T)


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Intel XEON Processor MPIntel XEON Processor MP

For demanding enterpriseFor demanding enterprise

workload (4 or more CPU)workload (4 or more CPU)

Up to 512KB L2 cache and 2MB L3Up to 512KB L2 cache and 2MB L3

cache with 800MHz Front Side Buscache with 800MHz Front Side Bus

Hyper-Threading TechnologyHyper-Threading Technology

Intel Dual Core ProcessorIntel Dual Core Processor

EM64TEM64T


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Intel Xeon Processors

400 MHz

03 04 05 06

Gallatin2M/130nm

2.0GHz

Potomac8M/90nm

3.6GHz

4 Way

8+ Way

DP Prestonia512K/130nm

2.8GHz

Nocona1M/90nm

3.6GHz

533 MHz

Gallatin

4M4M/130nm

3GHz

800 MHz

CSI based

16M/90nm

Common Platform

667 MHz

Tulsa

Dual core8M/90nm

3.4GHz

Prestonia2ML3

130nm

3.2 GHz

Tcase 71 CTDP 85W

Tcase 69 CTDP 175W

Tcase 65 CTDP 115W

Tcase 71C

TDP 94W

Tcase 71 CTDP 103W

4.4GHz

Tcase 73 CTDP 120W

1M/90nm

1067 MHz

Tcase 73 CTDP130W

Tcase ? C

TDP150W

XXXX

65nm

TDP 70W

(mobile dual)

TDP 100-130W

XXXX

XXXX

XXXXXXXX


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MemoryMemory

Memory is the storageMemory is the storage

area of the computerarea of the computer

Physical memory refersPhysical memory refers

to the chips capable ofto the chips capable of

holding dataholding data Memory does not retainMemory does not retain

data when the computerdata when the computer

is powered offis powered off

SystemChipset


I/O devices

CPU

Memory

PCI Bus


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DDR1 and DDR2 Comparison


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DDR3

Advantages compared to DDR2Higher bandwidth performance, effectively up to 1600 MHzImproved latencies as measured in nanoseconds.Higher performance at low power (longer battery life in laptops)

Enhanced low power featuresImproved thermal design (cooler)

Disadvantages compared to DDR2Incompatible with DDR2 motherboardsAs of November 2008, costs somewhat more than equivalent

DDR2 memory


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DDR RAM Road MapDDR RAM Road Map


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StorageStorage

Unit that holds dataUnit that holds data

for storagefor storage

SystemChipset


I/O devices

CPU

Memory

PCI Bus


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Common types of Disk InterfaceCommon types of Disk Interface

PATA5.4K 15K

RPM133mbps

transfer rate

SATA7.2K 15K

RPM150mbps

transfer rate

SCSI10K 15K

RPM

320mbps

transfer rate


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History of Parallel ATAAdvanced Technology Attachment

Intelligent Drive Electronics


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History of Serial ATA (SATA)


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Serial ATASerial ATA

Serial ATA (SATA) is the next evolution and replacement of the Parallel ATASerial ATA (SATA) is the next evolution and replacement of the Parallel ATA

interfaceinterface

SATA is a 1.5 Gb/s serial point to point architecture with a primary focus onSATA is a 1.5 Gb/s serial point to point architecture with a primary focus on

low costlow cost

SATA is driven by cost and ideal for desktop, notebook, entry level servers,SATA is driven by cost and ideal for desktop, notebook, entry level servers,and new near-line bulk storage solutionsand new near-line bulk storage solutions

What is Serial ATA?

Lowest acquisition costLowest acquisition cost

Ease of serviceability (hot plug)Ease of serviceability (hot plug) Higher bandwidth per port (~150MB/s)Higher bandwidth per port (~150MB/s)

Capability for larger number of drivesCapability for larger number of drives

Thinner cablesThinner cables

Smaller connectors allow for small form factor hard disk drivesSmaller connectors allow for small form factor hard disk drives

Advantages


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SATA / SAS Controller

STORAGE CONTROLLERS

RAID Controller

SCSI ControllerSCSI Controller

Differences?


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SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

Is an ultra-fast, high-power communications bus that

connects up to 15 devices to your computer

SCUZZY

Commonly Used for:

Hard Disks

Tape Storage

Scanners

Optical Drives


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SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

There are several benefits of SCSI:

It's fast -- up to 320 megabytes per second (MBps)

It's reliable

It allows you to put multiple devices on one bus

It works on most computer systems

Ease of Serviceability

There are also some potential problems whenusing SCSI:

It must be configured for a specific computer.It has limited system BIOS support.

Its variations (speeds, connectors) can be bewildering.

There is no common software interface.
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios.htm


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Types of SCSI

Parallel SCSI

Serial SCSI / Serial Attached SCSI


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SCSI Drive EvolutionSCSI Drive Evolution

5

10

20

40

80

160

320

640

SCSI-1

FastSCSI-2

WideSCSI-2

UltraFastSCS

I-3

FastWideSCS

I-2

Ultra2-FastS

CSI-3

WideUltraSC

SI-3

WideUltra2SCSI3

Ult

ra3SCSI

Ultra320

Ultra64

0

1984 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 01 03

TRANSF

ER

RATE(Megabyt

es/SecMBps)

Ser

ialAt

tac

he

dS

C

SI(SAS)


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Moving from Parallel SCSI to Serial SCSI (SAS)

A new generation serial communication protocolfor direct attached devices designed to allow formuch higher speed data transfers and iscompatible with SATA.

SAS uses serial communication instead of theparallel method found in traditional SCSI devices

but still uses SCSI commands for interacting withSAS devices.

SAS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA


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SAS and SATA Compatibility

Note: SATA backplane connectors

Will NOT accept SAS drives


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SAS ROADMAP


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FIBER CHANNEL HARD DISKS

Enterprise Class Hard drives

Storage Area Networks (SAN)


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Common SCSI Connector TypesCommon SCSI Connector Types

- Industry Standard 68-Pin (HD68)

Internal HD 68 (female)

Internal HD 68 (male)

External HD 68 (male)

External HD 68 (male)


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B VHDCI LVD/SE SCSI

External 0.8mm (female)

VDHDCI LVD/SE

External 0.8mm (male)

VDHDCI LVD/SE

SCSI Connector TypesSCSI Connector Types


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PCI BusPCI Bus

SystemChipset


I/O devices

CPU

Memory

PCI Bus

Is a functional wayto connect sound,

video and network

cards to a

motherboard.


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I / O Bus

133mbps133mbps

33MHz and33MHz and

66MHz66MHz

32 bits32 bits

1Gb/s1Gb/sTransfer rateTransfer rate

133MHz133MHzClock speedClock speed

64 bits64 bits

No of bitsNo of bits


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PCI Cards

PCI DevicesGraphics Card

Sound Card

LAN Card

Example of a PCI Card


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Common Server PCI-X Devices


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CompatibilityCompatibility


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Evolution of Bus Technologies


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An I/O Interconnect bus standard that expands on and

doubles the data transfer rates of the original PCI

PCI Express?Also known as 3GIO(for third-generation Input/Output)

Initial bit rates for PCI Express reach 2.5Gb/s per lane

direction, which equate to data transfer rates ofapproximately 200Mb/s

PCI Express was developed so that high-speed

interconnects such as Firewire, USB 2.0, InfiniBand, and

Gigabit Ethernet would have an I/O architecture suitable

for their transfer high speeds.


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PCIe Connector Types


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Terms to Ponder

Front Side Bus (FSB)

BUS

This bus carries all information that passes from the CPU toother devices within the system such as RAM, PCI

expansion cards, hard disks, etc.

A communication highway between various components ofthe Computer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memory


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HIGH AVAILABILITY / FAULT-TOLERANT FEATURES

Redundant Features

Hot Swap / Hot-Pluggable

Hot-Spare / On-Line Spare

RAID


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The RAID TechnologyThe RAID Technology

Redundant Array of Inexpensive DisksRedundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

Provides real-time data recovery when a hard drive fails,

increasing system uptime and network availability, while

protecting against loss of data.

RAID Controller


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RAID LevelsRAID Levels

RAID 0+1 (or RAID 10)RAID 0+1 (or RAID 10)

Advantages: Fastest

Tolerance multipledisks failure

Disadvantage: 50% Disk

Available

1 2 3 45 6 7

1 2 3 45 6 7

RAID-0

Stripping

Mirrored(RAID 1)

RAID-0

Stripping


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RAID LevelsRAID Levels

(RAID 5)(RAID 5)

RAID-5

Stripping

w/ Parity

Advantage : Only 1 Disk Space

Used for Parity

Protect 1 Disk

failure

Good Performance

1 2 3 Parity4 5Parity 67 8 Parity 9


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On Line Spare DisksOn Line Spare Disks

On Line

Spare Disks

RAID-5

1 2 3 Parity4 5Parity 67 8 Parity 9

35

Parity


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Memory Protection

ECC M P t tiECC M P t ti


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ECC Memory ProtectionECC Memory Protection

ECCECC

1 DRAM Chip

4-bit Length0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1

CORRECTED

ECCECC

1 DRAM Chip

4-bit Length

0 0 0 1

CRASHED

BLUE

SCREEN

1


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Advanced ECC MemoryAdvanced ECC Memory

1 DRAM Chip

1 0 1 1 1 0 11 0 1 1 1 0 1

Reconstruct

CRASHED

BLUE

SCREEN


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Main Memory4x1GB RAM

Spare Memory

2x1GB RAM

Transfer data to

spare memory

Operati

onal

Online Spare MemoryOnline Spare Memory


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hot replace

replace a failedDIMM while theserver is running

OS / application

transparent

hot add - upgrade

add a new bank of

DIMMs while theserver is running

OS / applicationenabled

Hot Plug MemoryHot Plug Memory

Hot Plug Mirrored MemoryHot Plug Mirrored Memory


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QUESTIONS ?


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THANK YOU!

Server 101s Final

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