Final Server

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Server Virtualization

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION1.1ABSTRACT

Server virtualization means creating multiple logical server OS

instances on one physical piece of hardware. Each virtual machine is

completely independent of the others and doesnt realize its virtualized.

Server virtualization consolidates the operations of many dispersed

servers onto fewer physical machines. Virtualization software decouples a

servers operating system from its physical hardware to create a virtual

machine. This single software file encapsulates the entire server its

operating system, applications, and virtual hardware. Many virtual machines

with heterogeneous operating systems can be run at the same time on the same

physical host server, enabling the sharing of hardware resources.

With virtualization, you can dynamically fire up and take down virtual

servers (also known as virtual machines), each of which basically fools an

operating system (and any applications that run on top of it) into thinking thevirtual machine is actual hardware. Running multiple virtual machines can fully

exploit a physical servers compute potential and provide a rapid response to

shifting data center demands.

A virtual server requires an average of one-eighth the power and cooling of a

stand-alone server. The ability to run multiple virtual machines on a single

physical server has significant implications for the energy required to power

campus IT services.

Each new purchase of server drives up power and cooling costs dividing

physical servers into virtual servers is one way to restore sanity and keep IT

expenditures under control.

Department of CS&E 1 STJIT, RNR


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1.2 HISTORY

The concept of virtualization is not new. As far back as the1970s,

mainframe computers have been running multiple instances of an operating

system at the same time, each independent of the others. Its only recently,

however, that software and hardware advances have made virtualization

possible on industry standard, commodity servers.

In fact, todays data centre managers have a dizzying array of

virtualization solutions to choose from. Some are proprietary, others are open

source.

1960

Virtualization was first presented in Time Sharing in Large Fast

Computers in 1959 as an extension of the work being done into time-sharing on

mainframe computers.The term virtualization originated in the IBM M44/44Xproject. M44 referred to the hardware, 44 were the virtual machines.

1970

IBMs research continued through many other projects, and was soon

joined by projects at other institutions, such as MITs Multics. All of these

systems ran V.

1980

Availability of personal computers, main frames phased out.Virtualization

. relegated to labs. Development of purely virtual machines.

2000

Dot-com boom: Massive need for servers to run Internet applications low

Utilization. Development of server virtualization by VMware Desktop

virtualization



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The term virtualizationbroadly describes the separation of a resource orrequest for a service from the underlying physical delivery of that service.

With virtual memory, for example, computer software gains access to

more memory than is physically installed, via the background swapping of data

to disk storage. Similarly, virtualization techniques can be applied to other IT

infrastructure layers - including networks, storage, laptop or server, operating

systems and applications.

This blend of virtualization technologies - or virtual infrastructure -

provides a layer of abstraction between computing, storage and networkinghardware, and the applications running on it. The deployment of virtualinfrastructure is non-disruptive, since the user experiences are largelyunchanged.

However, virtual infrastructure gives administrators the advantage ofmanaging pooled resources across the enterprise,allowing IT managers to bemore responsive to dynamic organizational needs and to better leverageinfrastructureinvestments.



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CHAPTER 2

TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS

2.1 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS

There are three fundamental technologies which one will produce the

best results depends on the specific workloads to be virtualized and their

operational priorities.

These are

1. Full Virtualization

2. Para Virtualization

3. OS Level Virtualization

Full Virtualization

The most popular method of virtualization uses software called a

hypervisor to create a layer of abstraction between virtual servers and the

underlying hardware. VMware and Microsoft Virtual PC are two commercial

examples of this approach, whereas KVM (kernel-based virtual machine) is an

open source offering for Linux.

The hypervisor traps CPU instructions and mediates access to hardware

controllers and peripherals. As a result, full virtualization allows practically any

OS to be installed on a virtual server without modification, and without being

aware that it is running in a virtualized environment.

The main drawback is the processor overhead imposed by the

hypervisor, which is small but significant. In a fully virtualized environment,



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the hypervisor runs on the bare hardware and serves as the host OS. Virtual

servers that are managed by the hypervisor are said to be running guest OSes.

Fig 2.1 Full Virtualization

The hypervisor can run virtual instances of several different operating

systems at the same time, and the virtual servers need not be aware that they arerunning in a virtualized environment.

Para-Virtualization

Full virtualization is processor-intensive because of the demands placed

on the hypervisor to manage the various virtual servers and keep them

independent of one another.

One way to reduce this burden is to modify each guest OS so that it is

aware it is running in a virtualized environment and can cooperate with the

hypervisor. This approach is known as para-virtualization.



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Xen is one example of an open source para-virtualization technology.

Before an OS can run as a virtual server on the Xen hypervisor, it must

incorporate specific changes at the kernel level.

Because of this, Xen works well for BSD, Linux, Solaris, and other

open source operating systems, but is unsuitable for virtualizing proprietary

systems, such as Windows, which cannot be modified.

The advantage of Para-virtualization is performance. Para-virtualized

servers, working in conjunction with the hypervisor, are nearly as responsive as

unvirtualized servers. The gains over full virtualization are attractive enough

that both Microsoft and VMware are working on para-virtualization

technologies to complement their offerings.

Fig 2.2 Para Virtualization

Here, a version of an operating system has been specially modified to

cooperate with the hypervisor, offering considerable performance improvement.



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OS-Level Virtualization

Still another way to achieve virtualization is to build in the capability for

virtual servers at the OS level. Solaris Containers are an example of this, and

Virtuozzo/OpenVZ does something similar for Linux.

With OS-level virtualization, there is no separate hypervisor layer.

Instead, the host OS itself is responsible for dividing hardware resources among

multiple virtual servers and keeping the servers independent of one another.

The obvious distinction is that with OS-level virtualization all the virtual

servers must run the same OS (though each instance has its own applications

and user accounts).

What OS-level virtualization loses in terms of flexibility, it gains in

native speed performance. In addition, an architecture that uses a single,

standard OS across all the virtual servers can be easier to manage than a more

heterogeneous environment.

Unlike mainframes, PC hardware wasnt designed with virtualization in

mind software alone had to shoulder the burden, until recently. With the

latest generation of x86 processors, AMD and Intel have added support for

virtualization at the CPU level for the first time. Unfortunately, the two

companies technologies were developed .



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Fig 2.3 OS Level Virtualization

In this case, virtual servers are still isolated from one another, but they

are all running on top of the same operating system, which has a hypervisor

built in.



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2.2 CURRENT TRENDS

CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES

IMPLEMENTATION

Windows Server 2007 Hypervisor

Hardware assisted virtualization

Intel Virtualization Technology (VT)



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CHAPTER 3

IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 DESIGN

Advantages

More efficient HW utilization

More efficient staff

Quick and nimble server provisioning

Testing & Troubleshooting

HW maintenance w/o app downtime

Simplify system imaging

Disaster Recovery

Key Features Of server Virtualization


Isolationnnnnn

nn

Each virtual machine is isolatedfrom other virtual machines on the

same server

Partitioning

Run multiple virtual machinessimultaneously on a single physical

server

Encapsulation

Entire virtual machine is saved infiles and can be moved and copied

by moving and copying files

Hardware

Independence

Run a virtual machine on anyserver without modification


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Fig 3.1 Key Features

WINDOWS 2003 APPROACH

Windows server 2003 uses host architecture.

In hosted architecture Windows server 2003 is installed on the top of

hardware

Here windows server 2003 directly communicates and controls the

hardware.

Guest OSs are on the top of virtualization layer.

Virtualization layer makes the guest OSs to feel that they have their

own independent hardware

Fig 3.2Windows Server 2003 Implementation

THE INTEL VT APPROACH

Intel VT is a set of hardware enhancements to Intel platforms that can

improve the efficiency and capabilities of software virtualization solutions. The


Windows ServerWindows Server 20032003R2 EER2 EE

HardwareHardware

VirtualizationVirtualization

LayerLayer

WindoWindowsws

WindoWindowsws

WindoWindowsws

WindoWindowsws


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Intel Architecture is based on a ring privilege concept with four levels of

privilege: ring 0 through ring 3.

Ring 0 defines the highest privilege level and is dedicated to the

operating system in a native environment. The way virtualization is handled in a

software-only mode is to run the VMM in ring 0, the most privileged layer,

thereby deprivileging the operating systems to ring 1.

While this approach works, it does present some challenges in terms of

ring aliasing, nontrapping instructions, excessive faulting, CPU state context

switching, and which can lead to performance or reliability issues with the

solution.

Today, virtualization of current x86 CPUs requires complex software

workarounds. Going forward, VT is designed to eliminate these virtualization

holes and the need for workarounds by running the VMM in a root layer, a new

ring layer, thereby keeping the traditional ring structure of ring 0 for theoperating system and ring 3 for the application software (see Figure )



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Fig 3.3 Intel Approach

LIVE MIGRATION OF VIRTUAL MACHINES WITH VMOTION

Migrate running virtual machines between hosts

VMwares virtual machine (VM) approach creates a uniform hardware

image implemented in software on which operating systems and

applications run.

On top of this platform, VMwares VirtualCenter provides management

and provisioning of virtual machines, continuous workload consolidation across

physical servers and VMotion technology for virtual machine mobility.

VirtualCenter is virtual infrastructure management software that

centrally manages an enterprises virtual machines as a single, logical pool of

resources. With VirtualCenter, an administrator can manage thousands of

Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows 2003, Linux and NetWare servers

from a single point of control. Unique to VMware is the VMotion technology,



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whereby live, running virtual machines can be moved from one physical system

to another while maintaining continuous service availability. VMotion thus

allows fast reconfiguration and optimization of resources across the virtual

infrastructure

CUSTOMER IMPACT

Zero downtime

Continuous service availability

Enables seamless transition of live virtual host between physical servers

Dynamic Resource Allocation across servers respond to load changes

HW maintenance

Fig 3.4 -Vmotion



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CHAPTER 4

ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

4.1ARCHITECTURE

A key benefit of virtualization is the ability to run multiple operating

systems on a single physical system and share the underlying hardware

resources known as partitioning.

Today, virtualization can apply to a range of system layers, including

hardware-level virtualization, operating system level virtualization, and high-

level language virtual machines.

Hardware-level virtualization was pioneered on IBM mainframes in the

1970s, and then more recently Unix/RISC system vendors began with



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hardware-based partitioning capabilities before moving on to software-based

partitioning.

Hypervisors can be designed to be tightly coupled with operating

systems or can be agnostic to operating systems. The latter approach provides

customers with the capability to implement an OS-neutral management

paradigm, thereby providing further rationalization of the data center.

The two approaches typically used are

1. Hosted architecture

2. Hypervisor architecture.

Hostedapproach provides partitioning services on top of a standard

operating system and supports the broadest range of hardware configurations.

Hosted Architecture

Installs and runs as an application

Relies on host OS for device support and physical resource management

Hypervisorarchitecture is the first layer of software installed on a cleanx86-based system (hence it is often referred to as a bare metal approach).

Since it has direct access to the hardware resources, a hypervisor is more

efficient than hosted architectures, enabling greater scalability, robustness and

performance.



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Fig 4.1 Host Architecture Bare-Metal (Hypervisor) Architecture

CHAPTER 5

APPLICATION DOMAIN

5.1 APPLICATION AREAS

Areas of Application



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Application Servers

A term often used synonymously with operating system, aplatform is

the underlying hardware orsoftware for a system and is thus the engine that

drives the server.

Audio/Video Servers

Audio/Video servers bring multimedia capabilities to Web sites byenabling them to broadcast streaming multimedia content.

Chat Servers

Chat servers enable a large number of users to exchange information in anenvironment similar to Internet newsgroup that offerreal-time discussion capabilities

http://serverwatch.internet.com/appservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/operating_system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/platform.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/hardware.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/software.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/avservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/streaming.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/chatservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/real_time.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/appservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/operating_system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/platform.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/hardware.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/software.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/avservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/streaming.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/chatservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/real_time.html


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Fax Servers

A fax server is an ideal solution for organizations looking to reduce

incoming and outgoing telephone resources but that need to fax actual

documents

FTP Servers

One of the oldest of the Internet services, File Transfer Protocol makes

it possible to move one or more files securely between computers while

providing file security and organization as well as transfer control.

Groupware Servers

A groupware server is software designed to enable users to collaborate,

regardless of location, via the Internet or a corporate intranet and to work

together in a virtual atmosphere

IRC Servers

An option for those seeking real-time discussion capabilities, Internet RelayChat consists of various separate networks (or "nets") of servers that allow users

to connect to each other via an IRC network.

List Servers

List servers offer a way to better manage mailing lists, whether they be

interactive discussions open to the public or one-way lists that deliver

announcements, newsletters, or advertising

Mail Servers

http://serverwatch.internet.com/faxservers.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/ftpservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/FTP.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/groupservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/intranet.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/ircservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/real_time.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/IRC.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/IRC.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/listservers.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/mailservers.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/faxservers.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/ftpservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/FTP.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/groupservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/intranet.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/ircservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/real_time.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/IRC.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/IRC.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/listservers.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/mailservers.html


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Almost as ubiquitous and crucial as Web servers, mail servers move and

store mail over corporate networks (via LANs and WANs) and across the

Internet.

News Servers

News servers act as a distribution and delivery source for the thousands

of public news groups currently accessible over the USENET news network.

Proxy Servers

Proxy servers sit between a client program (typically a Web browser)

and an external server (typically another server on the Web) to filter requests,

improve performance, and share connections.

Telnet Servers

A Telnet server enables users to log on to a host computer and perform

tasks as if they're working on the remote computer itself

Web Servers

At its core, a Web server serves static content to a Web browser by loading afile from a disk and serving it across the network to a user's Web browser. This entire

exchange is mediated by the browser and server talking to each other using HTTP.

Also read Server Watchs Web Server Basics article.

CHAPTER 6

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/local_area_network_LAN.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/wide_area_network_WAN.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/newsservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/Usenet.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/proxyservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/client.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/browser.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/telservers.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/webservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/HTTP.htmlhttp://webcompare.internet.com/webbasics/index.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/local_area_network_LAN.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/wide_area_network_WAN.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/newsservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/Usenet.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/proxyservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/client.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/browser.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/telservers.htmlhttp://serverwatch.internet.com/webservers.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/HTTP.htmlhttp://webcompare.internet.com/webbasics/index.html


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The first challenge the Intel Company is undertaking is orchestrating

VMM support for Intel VT with the software suppliers: VMware, Microsoft,

and Xen.

The rollout of the VT hardware and supporting monitors is being

accomplished by focusing on the needs of end users. Success in this rollout

would lead to increased credibility for the solution and would assist Intel in

staking out a winning position in the virtualization of x86 systems.

Using virtual machines, development staffs can create and test a wide

variety of scenarios in a safe, self-contained environment that accurately

approximates the operation of physical servers and clients. Windows Server

2008 Hyper-V helps maximize utilization of test hardware, contributing to

reduced costs, improved lifecycle management, and test coverage. With

extensive guest OS support, Windows Server 2008 Hyper-V provides a great

platform for your test and development environments

A number of companies including Microsoft, Intel, IBM, etc are doing research

To reduce the complexity in the design of virtual servers.

To solve the licencing issues.

To produce the cost effective virtual servers

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION



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7.1 CONCLUSION

Virtualization is shaping up to be one of the major trends that impacts

the server market as well as customer datacenters. The technology is already

finding a broad set of usages, ranging from improved hardware utilization intest and development infrastructure, to application life-cycle extension, to high

availability and disaster recovery.

The emergence of virtualization as a horizontal enabling technology is a

major reason customers are so bullish on the solution. However, for

virtualization to reach its full potential and broaden the portfolio of applications

it can run efficiently, tighter integration with hardware is necessary.

Intel is making the investments needed to allow more widespread and

mainstream adoption by working to incorporate VT in the entire range of the

companys platforms.

`This move helps to ensure the availability of efficient, robust, and high-

performance platforms running a wide range of virtualization technologies.

7.2 FUTURE TECNOLOGY

Virtual Server Growth

There will be a tremendous growth in virtual servers



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1Million servers by 2009

Virtualization will be the norm

All workloads will be virtualized in 2-4 years

The outlook for virtualization is incredibly strong. Recent survey workby IDC suggests that one-fifth of the server installed base of companies that

already employ virtualization technologies is virtualized. The expectation is that

these organizations will increase that percentage to nearly 50% by the end of

2006.

There is growing evidence that the technology is moving beyond early

adopters and is gaining acceptance among more mainstream customers as the

market finds additional uses for virtualization and a wide range of benefits, as

detailed in the following sections

Virtualization Market Growth

5 fold growth in virtualization market place

More expensive servers

Virtualization services are predicted to be a $11.7 billion market in 2011

Total virtualization of companies increases efficiency

Virtualization of storage

Application virtualization

REFERENCE

VMWare: www.vmware.com

http://www.vmware.com/http://www.vmware.com/


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Virtual Server: www.microsoft.com/virtualserver/

www.google.com

www.yahoo.com

www.pcworld.com

www.wikipeadia.com
http://www.microsoft.com/virtualserver/http://www.google.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.pcworld.com/http://www.microsoft.com/virtualserver/http://www.google.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.pcworld.com/

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