建議答案或提示 - Infolink Publishing Ltd. · 1 建議答案或提示 第一篇::::意義分析意義分析 ( i ) 1. 不是述句,只是句簡單的恭賀說話而已。
Sentence 句子分析
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Sentence ................................................................................................................................................................. 1
A General Structure of (Long) Sentence............................................................................................. 2
1. LNP & Parallelism................................................................................................... 3
2. NP-CP................................................................................................................................................ 4
3. NP-CP1-Cp2............................................................................................................. 4
4. SVO, SVO ................................................................................................................ 6
Examples....................................................................................................................................... 8
................................................................................................................................ 8
......................................................................................................................................................... 9
....................................................................................................................................................... 13
SVO ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Frequently Asked Sentences .............................................................................................................. 28
GRE2012
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Sentence /S/V/O
NP(noun phrase), VP(verb phrase, VNP
V), CPclause phrase, APadjective phrase, , PPpreposition phrase
f=function
Sentence = SVO = f (NP, VP, CP, AP, PP)
AP PPNP, VP, CP
A General Structure of (Long) Sentence
GRE
GRE/GMAT
SVOS/OCPCP1-Cp2
SVO, SVOSVO+SVO
when, if, becauseSVO: SVO
SVO vs. SVO whereas, however
although, though
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8>>NP
NP
CP CPNp
NP-CP1-Cp2
CPNPNP that Np v Np
v Np= NP
GRE
SVO = NP V NPNP V AP--
1. LNP & Parallelism
Long Noun Phrase=LNP
S = np1 of np2 in np3 V O=np1 of np2 in np3 over np4. => SVO = np1-3 V np1-4.
3-4 3 1 3-4
8 np1 np1
the view of, the discovery of, the fact of development, lack, scarcity
the number of, the amount of np2 np1
np2 3-4
np1 V np1
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1.
parallelism 1
2. NP-CP
CP, that/which/whoVP, v-ing/v-ed
NP+CP, np that,
S = np1-3 V O=np1-4
SO 1 2 8
6-9 1+2 = 3
6-9 25 GRE
np1-4 V np1-4
np1 np1 V np1
that, whether, why, how
That np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 that V that np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 which.
3. NP-CP1-Cp2recursionnesting
CP=clause phrase
Steven Pinker Words and Rules(p.9)
that/which/who
v-ing/v-ed
, (with) np that,
that/which/who
v-ing/v-ed
, (with) np that,
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S=sentence/CPNP=noun phraseVP= verb phrase/, VP=V + NP,
NP/S VP=V+NP+S S=NP + VPVP = V+NP+S
Source: Steven Pinker, Words and Rules, p. 9
GRE 88
4 5
2-33-5 GRE
2 3 6CP
SVO = np1-3 CP1-Cp2 V np1-3 CP1-Cp2-cp3
SVO = np1-3 that, which, V np1-3, whichand which, v-ed, np1 of np2 that
np1-3, that which
Vnp1-3 which v-ed
np1 of np2 that
1 2 3 6 6-9
50 >
np1 V np1
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4. SVO, SVO that/which/who
if/because/when/although/while/whereas
SVO if / because / when SVO
1-3
np1-3 thatV np1-3, which, v-ed, np that if/because/when np1-3 which, V np1-3, which, v-ed, np
that
2 1+3=4 10 8 80
if, because, when
np1 V np1 2-3
SVO: SVO, SVO
Although/ While / Whereas SVO, SVO
While, whereas
1-3
Although/While / Whereas np1-3 thatV np1-3 which, v-ed, np that, np1-3 thatV np1-3, which,
v-ing.
np1 V np1 vs. np1 V np1
np1 V np1 vs. np1
V np1
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SVO; SVO; SVO 3
SVO: SVO; SVO; SVO
Although SVO, SVO while SVO 2
SVO if SVO; however, SVO because SVO, though SVO. 1 SVO however
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Examples1.
when, if, although, whereas
2.
3. GRE-RC-36 Exercise 13,15, 23, 24, 25,26
30-50
1. But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the
skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups
undermines the attempt to explain away superficial
resemblance as due to convergent evolutionthe
independent development of similarities between
unrelated groups in response to similar environmental
pressures.
But the recent discovery of detailed similaritiesin the
skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups
underminesthe attemptto explain away superficial
resemblance as due to convergent evolutionthe
independent development of similarities between
unrelated groups in responseto similar environmental
pressures.
np1 np1-5np1 discovery np2
similarities in np3 of np4 in np5
undermine, =weaken, ruin, attempt
explain away as due to convergent evolution
response evolutionsimilarities undermine
convergent evolutionflipper; superficial: convergent:
2. They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the
intellectual world to the new science and to liberate
intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and
envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not
of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and
physics.
They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the
intellectual world to the new scienceand to liberate
intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and
envisioned their work as contributingto the growth, not
of philosophy, but ofresearch in mathematics and
physics.
they: were fighting, envisioned as,
v1 to v2to open to liberate
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ecclesiastical philosophyalbeit= although,
contributing to the growth
of mathematics and physics mathematics and physics = new science open to the new
scienceenvisioned, contributing to
discreet = prudent, modest, not obtrusive; ecclesiastical:
Ecclesiastes:
3. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women
would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic
subordination" of the family by technological
developments that made possible the recruitment of "the
whole female sex into public industry."
Friedrich Engels, however, predicted thatwomenwould
be liberatedfrom the "social, legal, and economic
subordination" of the family by technological
developments thatmade possible the recruitment of "the
whole female sex into public industry."
E that
women, liberated byby
technological developmentsdevelopment technological that
(predicted) thatEwomen
be liberated by technologicalsubordination-ord- sub-
recruitment
4. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily
stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any
interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger),
but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements
of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in
an all-encompassing interpretation.
This isnotbecause such an interpretation necessarily
sti ff ens into a thesis(although rigidity in any
interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger),
but becauseWuthering Heightshasrecalcitrant
elementsof undeniable power that, ultimately, resist
inclusionin anall-encompassing interpretation.
this is not because, but becausebut because
because WH
has np1 of np2 np1recalcitrant elements that
resist inclusion = recalcitrant
WH not, but
not stiffen, but resist inclusion
although
rigid = stiffen
stiff = rigid, stubborn; recalcitrant = obstinately defiant, unruly, resistant,
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5. Metaphysics, philosophys traditional core
considered as the most general description of how the
heavens and the earth are put togetherhad been
rendered almost completely meaningless by the
spectacular progress of physics.
Metaphysics, philosophys traditional coreconsidered
as the most general description of how the heavens and
the earth are put togetherhad been renderedalmost
completely meaninglessbythe spectacular progress of
physics.
metaphysicsm traditional,
recent considered
howbeen rendered meaninglessphysics
Mphysicsmetaphysics,
, ; render = make, do; spectacular:
6. Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the
problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics
with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of
philosophy as queen of sciences into the new notion
of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline:
philosophy became primary no longer in the sense of
highest but in the sense of underlying.
Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem
of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with
epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of
philosophy as queen of sciences into the newnotion
of philosophy as a separate, foundationaldiscipline:
philosophy became primary no longer in the sense of
highest but in the sense of underlying.
K v1 to v2 replace
m vs. eby focusing on
focus on = replace with, knowledge = epistemology
K e knowledge m thus
transform/, new p(hilosophy)
new p
underlying = foundationalK e mp foundational
underlying: basic, fundamental; epistemology:
7. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we
lack a useful description of participants that might
characterize it in the light of what social history has
taught us about the process of revolutionary
mobilization.
Only inthe case of the February Revolution do we lack
a useful descriptionof participants thatmight
characterize it in the light of whatsocial history has
taught us about the process of revolutionary
mobilization.
onlywe lack useful description 2
descrpition thatwhat
2 thatcharacterizein
the light of = according to, in the view ofmobilization
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8. It was not the change in office technology, but rather
the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an
apprenticeship for beginning managers, from
administrative work that in the 1880's created a new
class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered
"women's work."
It was not the change in off ice technology,butrather
the separation of secretarial work, previouslyseenas
an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from
administrative work that in the 1880's createda new
class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered
"women's work."
It was thatnot but ratherbut
np1 of np2, v-ed, from np3 seen as
np1separation np2secretarial work created dead-end jobs
considered notbut technology
vs. separation
dead-end jobsapprenticeshipthenceforth:
9. When nitrogen levels are low, however, specialized
cells called heterocysts are produced which lack
chlorophyll (necessary for photosynthesis) but which
can fix nitrogen by converting nitrogen gas into a usable
form.
Whennitrogen levels are low, however, specialized
cellscalled heterocysts are producedwhichlack
chlorophyll (necessary for photosynthesis) but which
can fix nitrogen by convertingnitrogen gas into a
usable form.
when specialized cells called
h which, but which cells
h
= whenn(itrogen)n h
c(hlorophyll)photosynthesis cpp n(itrogen)n
n: c:p n: p
n: p
10. According to the model, that signal is generated as a
negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative,
sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at
25 to 85 kilometers per day.
According to the model, that signalis generatedas a
negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative,
sea level, thatmoves westward parallel to the equator at
25 to 85 kilometers per day.
that signal generated R. wave that
depressed = negativeR.
wavedepressed, parallel,
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*11. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun's
large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the
Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained
against decay.
The alternative explanationsupposes thatthe Sun's
large-scale magnetic fieldis a remnantof the field the
Sun acquiredwhen it formed, and is not sustained
againstdecay.
alternative explanation suppose that magnetic
field/ is remnant remain that
the Sun acquired that/which when
remnant = not against
decay = decay alternative
explanation explanationkwx y z
12. They conclude that such dramatic technological
innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine,
the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted
in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic
position or in the prevailing evaluation of women's
work.
They conclude thatsuch dramatic technological
innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine,
the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not
resulted inequally dramatic social changesin
women's economic position or in the prevailing
evaluation of women's work.
They conclude that dramatic technological
innovationsnot result in
np1 in np2 or in np3 np1dramatic social changes
conclude
1-2ts=kwcsdramtic:
striking, fundamental, revolutionary, transforming,
13. Since 1953, many experimental attempts to
synthesize the chemical constituents of life under
"primitive Earth conditions" have demonstrated that a
variety of the complex molecules currently making up
living organisms could have been present in the early
ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such
molecules are synthesized far less readily when
oxygen-containing compounds dominate the
atmosphere.
Since 1953, many experimental attemptsto synthesize
the chemical constituentsof life under "primitive Earth
conditions" have demonstratedthata variety of thecomplexmoleculescurrently making upliving
organisms could have been presentin the earlyocean
and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such
moleculesare synthesized far less readilywhen
oxygen-containing compounds dominate the
atmosphere.
attempts to synthesize chemical constituents
demonstrate that
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complex molecules v-ingbeen present early
only
less, dominatewheno
m
onlyo:m()
o: m
14. The common belief of some linguists that each
language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the
nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart
of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics
that supply and demand will regulate everything for the
best.
The common beliefof some linguiststhateach
languageis aperfectvehicle for the thoughts of the
nationspeaking itisin some ways the exact
counterpartof the conviction of the Manchester school
of economics thatsupply and demandwill regulate
everything for the best.
belief conviction that
that
the fact that, the theory that, the hypothesis that
beliefperfect the nation
speaking it is itbelief counterpart
countercounterpart = similarity
M. school that-best
perfect = the best common belief
l=e. l1=e1. l2=e2 (l=linguists, e=economist)
15. Many critics of Emily Bronts novel Wuthering
Heightssee its second part as a counterpoint that
comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where
a romantic reading receives more confirmation.
Many criticsof Emily Bronts novel Wuthering
Heightsseeits second part as a counterpointthat
commentson, ifit does not reverse, the first part,
wherea romantic reading receives more confirmation.
np1 of np2s np3 critics see as = view as = consider as
second part, counterpoint that
if that comments on that first part where
WHWuthering Heights
counterpoint counterpoint = comment on
counterpoint counterpart counter/
NP1-3 V NP CP1(that), Cp1(if), Cp2(where)
many critics
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16. The demarcation of philosophy from science was
facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth
century of a new notion, that philosophys core interest
should be epistemology, the general explanation of what
it means to know something.
The demarcation of philosophy from science was
facilitated by the developmentin the early nineteenth
century of a new notion, thatphilosophys core interest
should be epistemology, the general explanation of what
it means to knowsomething.
np1 of np2 from np3np1
demarcation = separation np2p(hilosophy)
facilitate = precipitateby np1 in np2 of np3np1 development
new notion that
thatps interest epistemology
e np1 of np2 np2 what
know = epistemologyp 19p e development
pp
17. Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain'sA
Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, is a
nineteenth-century master mechanic who, mysteriously
awakening in sixth-century Britain, launches what he
hopes will be a peaceful revolution to transform
Arthurian Britain into an industrialized modern
democracy.
Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain'sA Connecticut
Yankee in King Arthur's Court, isa nineteenth-century
master mechanicwho, mysteriously awakeningin
sixth-century Britain, launches whathe hopes will be a
peaceful revolution to transform Arthurian Britain into
an industrialized modern democracy.
Mtopic
TACY is mechanic
whowho awakening
what to transformM
master mechanic who whatM
Mark Twain ACY Hank Morgan 19 6
18. None of these translations to screen and stage,
however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A
Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent
overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order
and his return to the nineteenth century, where he
apparently commits suicide after being labeled as lunatic
for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and
battlements.
Noneof these translationsto screen and stage, however,
dramatize the anarchyat the conclusion ofA
Connecticut Yankee, whichends with the violent
overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order
and his return to the nineteenth century, wherehe
apparently commits suicide after being labeledas
lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges
and battlements.
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np1 of np2 to np3 np1 of np2none translations dramatize
np1 at np2 of np3 np1anarchy ACY 2-3which
nineteenth century where after
conclusion:
end, lunatic, lunarincoherent, babble, v.
ACY
Morgan 19
*19. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism
by driving the warmer surface water into a "pile" that
blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the
east and further warms the eastern water, thus
strengthening the wind still more.
These windstend to create a feedback mechanism by
drivingthe warmer surface water into a "pile" that
blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the
east and further warms the eastern water, thus
strengtheningthe windstill more.
winds v1 to v2 v2=create feedback mechanismby driving
driving = createpile that
block, warm eastern water strengthening
winds create feedback
windsstrengthen the winds
feedback: output inputupwelling:
20. For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract
complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the
female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is
important to the production of airflow patterns that
spiral over the cone's surfaces, thereby passing airborne
pollen from one scale to the next.
For example, the spiral arrangementof scale-bract
complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, wherethe
female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is
important tothe production of airflow patternsthat
spiral over the cone's surfaces, therebypassingairborne
pollenfrom one scale to the next.
np1 of np2 on np3 np1= spiral arragementnp2 of np3
where
is important to = is important for = is responsible for = cause = determine airflow
pattern thatpassing>
spiral arrangement is important to airflow patterns
pollenpassing pollen
in order to
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21. As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic
characteristics encountered generally change abruptly,
which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to
the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.
As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic
characteristicsencounteredgenerally changeabruptly,
whichcauses part of the energy to be reflected back to
the surface, whereit is recordedby seismic instruments.
As e. characteristics encountered
change which surface where as
which where
e[lastic]. characteristics changecrossed,
recordede
crossed, energy recorded
SVO
22. Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been
connected to other land masses, the great variety of
plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance
dispersal of seeds, a process that requires both a method
of transport and an equivalence between the ecology of
the source area and that of the recipient area.
Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected
to other land masses, the great varietyof plants in
Hawaii must be a result ofthe long-distance dispersal
of seeds, a process thatrequires both a method of
transport and an equivalence between the ecology of the
source area and that of the recipient area.
SinceSince
variety = diversitybe a result of = be caused by = be determined by = result from
dispersal of seedsprocess = dispersal that
equivalence = similarity
recipient, adj., receive, n., =receiver,
23. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by
different populations makes this task more difficult:
some populations remain roughly constant from year to
year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and
scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and
crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the
weather, and in other cases not.
The great varietyof dynamic behaviors exhibited by
different populations makesthis task more difficult:
somepopulations remain roughly constantfrom year to
year; othersexhibit regular cyclesof abundance and
scarcity; still othersvary wildly, with outbreaks and
crashesthatare in some cases plainly correlated with
the weather, and in other cases not.
4 SVO1 SVO
3 SVO SVO 1 variety exhibited by
make difficult 2 3 4some remains constant, others exhibit regularcycles, others vary wildly that
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1
24. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death
and migration rates may be fluctuating around their
long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent
effects, the population would, in the long run, either
increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle
by which gains and losses canceled exactly).
No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death
and migration rates may be fluctuating around their
long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent
effects, the populationwould, in the long run, either
increase or decrease without bound(barringa miracle
by whichgains and losses canceled exactly).
2 1No matter howif
population either or without bound
barringby which
if
severe: fluctuate: bar: block, prevent, barring = excluding, except
25. They correctly note that slavery stripped some
cultural elements from Black people -- their political
and economic systems -- but they underestimate the
significance of music in sustaining other African
cultural values.
They correctlynote that slavery strippedsome
culturalelements from Black people -- their political
and economic systems -- but they underestimatethe
significance of musicin sustainingother African
culturalvalues.
but 2 1 thatslavery
strippedcultural elements 2they underestimate music
np1 of np2 in v-ing
1 correctly 2 underestimate
=+
strip vs. sustain
26. If anatomical similarity in the flippers resulted from
similar environmental pressures, as posited by the
convergent-evolution theory, one would expect walruses
and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have similar
flippers.
If anatomical similarity in the flippers resulted from
similar environmental pressures, as posited bythe
convergent-evolution theory, one would expect
walruses and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have
similar flippers.
anatomical similarity resulted from environmental
posited one would expect
If/convergent-evolution
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f(lippers)
wouldanatomy:
posit: suppose, assume, presumeconvergent: flipper: ,
w s
s s.l,
27. This link between philosophical interests and
scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century,
when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship
and changes in the nature of science provoked the final
separation of philosophy from both.
This linkbetween philosophical interests and scientific
practice persisted until the nineteenthcentury, when
declinein ecclesiastical power over scholarship and
changes in the nature of science provokedthe final
separation of philosophy from both.
2 SVOwhen np1 between np2 and np3 np1=link
persist until 19th
century when decline
provoke np1 of np2 from np3, separation of p(hilosophy)
p 1919p until
link
separation link vs. separation
persist: ecclesiastical:
scholarship: academic study/provoke: pro--vok-
28. Biologists have long maintained that two groups of
pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended from a
terrestrial bearlike animal, whereas the remaining group,
seals, shares an ancestor with weasels.
Biologists have long maintained that two groupsof
pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended from
a terrestrial bearlikeanimal, whereas the remaining
group, seals, shares an ancestor withweasels.
that 22
whereas 2p(innipeds) 1
descended from = share ancestors with bearlike
vs. weasels2pp
long maintainedKWo
AW-KWndescend:descendant = offspringterrestrial:
29. Although these observations are true, Pessen
overestimates their importance by concluding from them
that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late
eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period
and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic
society even before industrialization.
Although these observations are true,Pessen
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overestimates their importanceby concluding from
them thatthe undoubted progress toward inequality in
the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian
period and thatthe United States was a class-ridden,
plutocratic society even before industrialization.
2=+
true vs. overestimate althoughobservations are true,
P overestimates importanceby concluding that and
that 1 thatprogress inequality continued
np1 toward np2 in np3 np1progress np2inequality 2 that
U.S. was a classsociety class- society
plutocratic P
thatand that
overestimateprogress: ridden: harassed, oppressed;
class-ridden: class-dominated, class-governed; plutocratic: pluto-=wealth + -crat-=rule, govern
30. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates
the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the
adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,
whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.
Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates
the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the
adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,
whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.
3 SVOboth whereas
Althougha(drenaline), n(orepinephrine) arousal
stimulates a and n whereas h c
fear vs. aggression
arousal: arise, arouse, ; herbivore:
herb=grass + vore = eat; carnivore: carn-=meat + vore=eat
31. Granted that the presence of these elements need not
argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic
construction comparable to that of Henry James, their
presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels
heterogeneous parts.
Granted that the presence of these elementsneed not
arguefor an authorialawareness ofnovelistic
constructioncomparable tothat of Henry James, their
presencedoes encourageattemptsto unifythe novels
heterogeneous parts.
2 SVO Granted that
these elements not argue
Jbutpresense encourage attempts to unify
attempt unify parts
Granted
not
: not construction vs. unify
J
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magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the
significance of the February insurrection has been
diminished.
2 SVOwhich
while
J: magnified vs. F:
diminished6 2
exert: ; impact: , = influence, significance; insurrection, = rebellion, revolt,
revolution
35. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris
Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of
nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they
also present the social historian with a signal advantage:
these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable
documentation as a by-product of authorities efforts to
search out and punish the rebels.
Although theJune insurrection of 1848 and the Paris
Commune of 1871 would be considered watershedsof
nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they
also presentthe social historian with a signal
advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of
invaluable documentationas a by-product of
authorities efforts to search out and punish the rebels.
2 SVOAlthough J and PC
would be considered watersheds 19
but
advantage invaluable
documentation = advantage as a by-product=+
watershed vs. advantage/invaluable document
watershed: ; signal, adj. =significant; insurrection, = rebellion, revolt, revolution;
invaluable, , = priceless; authority: =governmentrebel, n. , , = insurgent,
insurrectionist, mutineer; rebel, adj.
1848 6 1871 19
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36. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which
women work have changed little since before the
Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by
gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that
require relatively low levels of skill and offer women
little opportunity for advancement all persist, while
women's household labor remains demanding.
Fundamentally, however, the conditionsunder which
women work have changed littlesince before the
Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by
gender, lower payfor women as a group, jobs that
require relatively low levels of skill and offer women
little opportunity for advancement all persist, while
women's household laborremains demanding.
3 SVO+ 1 conditions changed little
conditions under which 2 while changle little
change little = persist, remains 2 SVO
jobs that 2require and offer 3
lower paypersist 3 SVO whilewomens household labor remains demandingwhile
37. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy
does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the
immigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers
and clergy, advanced religious explanations for
departure, but he finds that such explanations usually
assumed primacy only in retrospect.
With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy
does not denythe frequently noted factthat someof the
immigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers
and clergy, advanced religious explanationsfor
departure, buthe finds that such explanations usually
assumed primacy only in retrospect.
2 SVObut 1 C not deny the factthe fact that
some immigrants advanced religious explanationsbut 2 SVO
explanations assumed primacy only in retrospectonly
religious vs. only Conly
religiousreligious = spiritual = metaphysical vs. secular = material =sociopolitical
C 1630
assume: primacy: primaryretrospect: retro-: back + -spect-: see
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38. Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed
as a reproductive process marked by random events in
which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by
the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the
ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the
expense of producing much more pollen than is actually
used.
Traditionally, pollination by windhas been viewedas a
reproductive processmarked byrandomevents in
whichthe vagariesof the wind are compensated for by
the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the
ultimate production of new seeds is assuredat the
expense of producing much more pollenthan is
actually used.
2 SVO so that so that 2
so that in whichwind pollination = w. p. has
been viewed as a process w.p.
process marked by random events random
process
random in which vagaries = random (events), so that new seeds = reproductive assured at the expense
produce more pollen generation of vast
quantities of pollen that is actually used than is the pollen
traditonally, has been
KWoAW-KWn
pollination, ; random: ; vagary, n. = caprice, erratic or unpredictable action,
39. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are
subject to as they are transported over long distances are
enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view
above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen
through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount
of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater
than the amount produced by species pollinated by
insects.
Because the potential hazardspollen grainsare subject
to asthey are transported over long distances are
enormous, wind-pollinated plantshave, in the view
above, compensated forthe ensuing loss of pollen
through happenstance by virtue of producing an
amount of pollenthatis one to three orders of
magnitude greaterthan the amountproduced byspecies
pollinated by insects.
2 SVObecause 1 SVObecausehazardspollen grains
that / whichnp [that] np v npv np
as hazards are
enormous 2 SVO w-p plants compensated for the loss of pollenby virtue of doing
= by doing compensated
producing an amount of pollen amount of pollenthat
amountproduced by speciespollinated by
greater than
w-p plants
producing an amount of pollen
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potential: possible, grain: ; be subject to: ; enormous: huge,
tremendous, ; pollinate: ; ensue: ; ensuing: resulted, followinghappenstance:
accidents, magnitude: ; orders of magnitude:
1-3
40. However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an
adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral
arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated
plant lineages and is regarded as a characteristic of
vascular plants, of which conifers are only one kind, as a
whole.
However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an
adaptationto wind pollination because the spiral
arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated
plant lineages and is regarded as a characteristic of
vascular plants, of whichconifers are only one kind, as a
whole.
2 SVObecause 1these pattern cannot be viewed as an adaptation
2because
v(ascular) plants of whichbecause
vascularconifer
41. In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of
Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but,
contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to
visualize or to interpret the music; rather, she simply
relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing
inner feelings through movement.
In her recitals Duncan danced to the musicof
Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but,
contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to
visualize or to interpretthe music; rather, shesimply
relied on it to provide the inspirationfor expressing
inner feelings through movement.
3 SVObut rather
D
recital: ; inspiration:
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42. In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's
investigation, we may think of the density-dependent
effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists
are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make
the population increase from relatively low values or
decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-
independent effects act to produce "noise" in the
population dynamics.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's
investigation, we may think of the density-dependent
effects on growth parameters as the "signal"ecologists
are trying to isolate and interpret, one thattends to make
the population increase from relatively low values or
decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-
independenteffects act to produce "noise"in the
population dynamics.
2 SVO while in order toPPwe may think of d-d effects as
signal signal ecologiststhat/which
one that signal that
whiled-i effects produce noisePP, S V O-CP1-CP2
vs. S V O. while signal vs. noise
parameter: factor; dynamics:
43. For populations that remain relatively constant, or
that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be
fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even
though the causative biological mechanism may remain
unknown.
For populations thatremain relatively constant, or that
oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be
fairly easily characterizedand its effects described,
even though the causative biological mechanism may
remain unknown.
2 SVO 2
that
* 44. The increase in the numbers of married women
employed outside the home in the twentieth century had
less to do with the mechanization of housework and an
increase in leisure time for these women than it did with
their own economic necessity and with high marriage
rates that shrank the available pool of single women
workers, previously, in many cases, the only women
employers would hire.
The increase inthe numbers of married women
employedoutside the home in the twentieth century hadless to do with the mechanizationof housework and an
increase in leisure time for these women than it did
with their own economic necessity and with high
marriagerates thatshrank the available pool of single
women workers, previously, in many cases, the only
women employerswould hire.
2 1 SVOnp1 in np2 of np3 np1, np2
np3married women employed
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have to do with = relate to = correlate with less
mechanization
1 2 2
that high marriage rates that single
women workersthe only womenemployers would hire that/
which less than
mechanization vs. marriage rates
20mechanization
pool 20
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45. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases
in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants
unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those
instances in which the very nature of a language calls
forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and
in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or
defined in order to present the idea intended by the
speaker: "He took his stick -- no, not John's, but his
own."
Just as economists were blind tothe numerous cases in
whichthe law of supply and demand left actual wants
unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf tothose
instances in whichthe very nature of a language calls
forth misunderstandingsin everyday conversation, and
in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or
defined in order to present the idea intendedby the
speaker: "He took his stick -- no, not John's, but his
own."
2just as economists were blind to cases
cases in which so alsolinguists
are deaf to instances instances 2 in which 2 in which intended by 1
blind = deaf
cases, instances in which unsatisified =
misunderstanding
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Frequently Asked Sentences kw
TS
CSaw-kw1 vs. kw2
however, but, yet, nevertheless, although awTS, CS, kw, aw
2-3/10
2-3/10
5-6/10
1-3/10
GRE
3-5/10GRE GREGRE
GRE
GRE
1. (initial letters)
Hargrave and Geen: H.G.
, say, Brahms or Schumann: B. S.
in order to
, say, a hungry lizard :
adrenaline and norepinephrine: a. n.
Lymnaea peregra: Lp
Anabaena: A.
2.
like, similar(=), as as, comparable to;
-
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unlike(), rather than, more than(>), less than, different from, contrast, opposed to, comparable to;
whereas, whenhowever, while
early, before, prior to, initially, originally; later, recent, now, new; until
only, first, most adj., the least
although, though, while; despite, in spite of + NP; as adj. as it is []
did/does, may be, may seem, might seem, there might be, there is some evidence [But]
of course, certainly; undoubtedly, no doubt, no problem [But]
It is true that, to be sure, Granted; this is not to deny [But]
not but/instead/rather
not to suggest. But
kw. not a. but b/kw.
without, never, absent from, the lack of, far from, away from, not until
150-160 /
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