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SENSORINEURAL

FUNCTION

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

EYES

Layers/ Tunics of the Eye

1. External layer (Fibrous tunic)Sclera - the opaque white tissue that helpsmaintain the shape of the eye

Cornea - the dense transparent layer thatpermits light to enter the eye

2. Middle layer (Vascular tunic)Choroid between the sclera and the retinaCiliary body connects the choroid with the

iris and secretes aqueous humor thathelps give the eye its shape

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EYES

Iris the colored part of the eye, located in

front of the lens, and has a central

circular opening called the pupil.

3. Internal layer

Retina contains blood vessels andphotoreceptors called rods and cones.

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CATARACT

Definition: Opacity of the lens

Causes:

Aging

Congenital

Trauma

Retinopathy

Steroids

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CATARACT

Signs and symptoms:BlurredvisionUsuallyvisual acuity is decreasedLoss of visionAppearanceof a milky eyeGlare in bright lights

NANDA:Sensory perceptual alterationRFI

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CATARACT

Management:PhotocoagulationEye drop before: MYDRIATIC

Cataract extraction

Intracapsular- ExtracapsularEye patch

After surgery: (unaffected side)No coughingNo valsalva maneuver

No lifting heavy objects

No bending from the waist

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CATARACT

No sneezingNever rearrange furnitures predictable

environment

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GLAUCOMA

Usual Cause:IOP

Risk factors:

Familial historyOld ageDMCVDsMyopia

Signs and Symptoms:PainfulTunnel/halo/gun-barrel vision

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GLAUCOMA

Management:IOP Cholinergics

- MitoticsSurgeryTrabeculoplasty

Trabeculectomy

- unaffected side

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RETINAL DETACHMENT

Definition: Curtain or veil along the line of thepatient's vision

Cause:Trauma

Signs and symptoms:Floating spotsFlashes of lightNo pain

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RETINAL DETACHMENT

Management:Scleral bucklingBed rest

Eye patch

After surgery: (affected/dependent side)

6 N'sAvoid reading

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EAR

Functions:HearingMaintenance of balance

Anatomy and Physiology:External earMastoid processMiddle earTympanic membrane

- 3 bony ossicles (malleus, incus,

stapes)Inner earSemicircular canals

- Cochlea- CNVIII

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HEARING

WEBER'S TEST to check for bone conduction(lateralization of sound)

Conductive hearing losshear conduction/soundmore on the affected ear

- affected middle or outer ear

Sensorineural hearing loss hear sound more onthe unaffected ear- inner ear is affected

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RINNE'S TEST to compare bone

conduction with the air conductionif AC > BC normal

- AC twice as long as BCif BC > ACconductive hearing lossif AC > BC and with impaired hearing

sensorineural hearing loss

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MENIERE'S DISEASE

Definition: Increase pressure in the labyrinth in theear

Etiology:Hypertension consumption of sodiumAutoimmune and viral illness

Triad Symptoms:VertigoTinnitusLoss of hearing

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MENIERE'S DISEASE

Management:Avoid driving a carLie supine and open your eyes and stare straight

ahead.Low sodium dietAvoid high altitudes

Drug of choice: Antivert

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MENIERE'S DISEASE

ACOUSTIC NERVE: VestibuloValanceVertigoVomitingViyahiloVonamineValium

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Otosclerosisdisease of the labyrinthine

capsule of the middle ear that results in a bony

overgrowth of the tissue surrounding the

OssiclesFenestrationremoval of the stapes with a

small hole drilled in the footplate, and a

prosthesis is connected between the incus andfootplae.