SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and...

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SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors Band Structure of Si and Ge Fermi Surface Electron and Hole orbits Experimental Methods: De Haas Van Alphen and ARPES

Transcript of SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and...

Page 1: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS

Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap

Crystal Momentum k

Holes and Effective Mass

Intrinsic Semiconductors

Donnors and Acceptors

Band Structure of Si and Ge

Fermi Surface

Electron and Hole orbits

Experimental Methods: De Haas Van Alphen and ARPES

Page 2: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

BAND STRUCTURE

B. Valencia

B. ConduccionB. Conduccion

B. Valencia

k

GAP DIRECTO GAP INDIRECTO

Eg Eg

k(foton) 0; ħ= Eg

Page 3: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

BAND STRUCTURE OF GERMANIUM

Gap indirecto

Page 4: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

BAND STRUCTURE OF SILICON

Gap indirecto

Page 5: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

BAND STRUCTURE OF GALIUM ARSENIDE

EG Gap directo

Page 6: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

ENERGY GAP

Page 7: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

BAND STRUCTURE: DIRECTIONS IN K-SPACE

FCC BCC

1 Zona de Brillouin

Page 8: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

eEFdt

dpeE

dt

dkdt

eEdk

dkk

dtk

eEdteEvdtvFd

kv

dk

dv

gg

gg

~

1 ;

CRISTAL MOMENTUM

Onda electronica

Efecto del Campo electrico

Ecuacion de fuerza identica a la de particula libre con momentum p = ħk

kppp redeltot

Page 9: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

ELECTRONES Y HUECOS

Huecos = Electrones faltantese

iei

n

kkk

L

nk

0

2

Page 10: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

PROPIEDADES DE LOS HUECOS

hejBvc

Eedt

dk

mmkk

vv

kk

kk

kkeq

j

eheh

eh

eekhhk

eehh

ehh

, ;1

)()(

)()(

; ;

2

2

2

2

“Banda de huecos”

Banda de electrones

Page 11: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

MASA EFECTIVA

1

1

111

2

22

*

*2

2

2

2

22

km

m

FF

kdt

dv

dt

dkF

t

k

ktkdt

dv

kv

g

gg

me

m*

Page 12: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

MASA EFECTIVA

11

2

2

2*

km

m*1

m*2

m*3

m*1 < m*2 < m*3

k

Page 13: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

MASA EFECTIVA

Page 14: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

MEDICION DE LA MASA EFECTIVA

B

e h

*

2

centrifugacentripeta

;

m

eB

m

qB

RBqqvBRm

FaBvqF

c

RESONANT ABSORTION OF RF RADIATION

c

B

e h

f(RF):10-100 GHz

B: 1-10 T

T: 1-100 K

Frecuencia de ciclotron

Page 15: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

Pares electrón - hueco

• Generados térmicamente

• Generados por luz

• Generados por campo eléctrico

ne pn Semiconductor intrínseco

GENERACION DE PORTADORES INTRINSECOS

Page 16: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

Semiconductores Intrínsecos

Aumento de población por energía térmica

Estadística de población

Electrones ne

Huecos phTKEBe

E

ce

eck

FKT

KT

BcF

c

F

F

TKmn

dDfn

Em

D

m

kE

KTf

/)(2/3

2

2/3

22

22

/)(/)(

e

ee

22)(

)()()(

2

2

1)(

2

)( ;~1

1)(

Page 17: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

Semiconductores Intrínsecos

TKEBhh

E

hhh

vh

h

hvk

KTeh

BFv

v

F

TKmTp

dDfp

Em

D

m

kE

ff

/)(2/3

2

2/3

22

22

/)(

e

e

22)(

)()()(

2

2

1)(

2

~)(1)(

Page 18: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

Semiconductores Intrínsecos

ehgehBgF

TKEeh

TKhe

TKEhe

Bii

TKEhe

Bhe

vcg

TKEBee

TKEBhh

mmEmmTKE

mmpn

mmTK

pn

mmTK

pn

EEE

TKmTn

TKmTp

BgBF

Bg

Bg

BcFBFv

for 2

1)/ln(

4

3

2

1

/

22

24

22)( ;

22)(

/2/3/2

2/4/32/3

2

/2/33

2

/)(2/3

2/)(

2/3

2

ee

e

e

ee

Page 19: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

Movilidad

2

heTheT

eeee

e

penepevnevJ

nem

ene

m

ne

m

e

m

eEa

v

E

v

Page 20: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

Lorentz

T BvqEqF Coulomb

EFECTO HALL

B

J

q

vFL

FH

++++++

------

EH

B

J

Fuerza total sobre una particula cargada sometida a Campos Electrico y Magnetico

Ih

BRVJBJRE

BJnq

EBnqJqqvBqE

HHHHH

R

HH

H

Hall cte.

1)/(

h

Vista superior

Page 21: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

TENSOR DE CONDUCIVIDAD

222

1 ;1

;

;

0 ;1

;1

0 ;1

;1

H

H

HH

Hyxxy

yyxx

y

x

yyyx

xyxx

y

x

Hyxxy

yyxx

y

x

yyyx

xyxx

y

x

HH

HH

H

J

J

E

E

E

E

J

J

ReR

nIh

B

ne

ReR

pIh

B

peV

Determinacion del tipo de portadoressigno de RH

Medicion de la densidad de portadores n y p RH

Caracterizacion general del Transporte electrico y Magnetico:

Tensor de conductividad [] y de resistividad []

Existencia de portadores n y p

2221

eh

ehH

np

np

eR

Page 22: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

2233 ps

Si22 44 ps

Ge

Enlace covalente Estructura cristalina: FCC

eVE

eVE

Ge

Si

74.0

17.1

K300

Ge Ge

Ge

Ge

Ge

IMPURITY CONDUCTIVITY: DOPING

Page 23: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

Dopaje

IIIIV VIV

Faltante de un electrón = un hueco

Aceptor → tipo p Donador → tipo n

InGe AsGe

Page 24: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

Dopaje: Donadores y aceptores

DonnorsAcceptors

Page 25: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

Niveles de energía

Valores típicos de dopaje

a

d

p

n 319313 1010 cmcm

vE

cEdE

aEEF

Page 26: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

DONNOR IONIZATION ENERGY

Ionization Energy of Donnor atoms

Ge ;A80

Si ;A30~

4

Ge ;meV11

Si ;meV50~ e

6.13

32

e 6.13)4(2

o

o

*2

2

222

4

2

4

1

roe

d

eed

o

m

ma

emR

Vm

mmeE

Vme

E

Ed close to thermal energy KBT ~ 26 meV at room T

Ionization Energy of hydrogen atom

Page 27: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

STATISTICS OF DOPED CARRIERS

donadores atomos de densidad

)2/(2

)(

2/32*

2/e

d

Beo

TKEdo

N

TKmn

NnTn Bd

Ed close to thermal energy KBT ~ 26 meV at room T

Page 28: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS Band Structure, Direct and Indirect Gap Crystal Momentum k Holes and Effective Mass Intrinsic Semiconductors Donnors and Acceptors.

FERMI SURFACE

Fermi Surface 222222

22 zyxF kkkmm

k

Primera Zona Brillouin

Superficie de Fermi

2D SF Cristal SC SF Cobre (FCC)

Los portadores de carga se desplazan sobre la superficie de Fermi bajo el efecto de campos electrico y magnetico