Warm Up

• What were the three environmental problems we learned about in Europe?

• What were the three environmental problems we learned about in Latin America?

Social Studies Post-Test Review

Europe & Latin America

By:Kim Jones, Ocie McMillian, Emily Pruit, Brant

Glover, Patrick Pitts, and Eddie Nemec

Prince Henry of Portugal

• Prince Henry “The Navigator”:– From Portugal

– Founded the School of Navigation which taught the basic information and new discoveries to sailors

Exploration & Trade• Some explorers believed that the quickest way

to Asia was to sail west of the Atlantic Ocean.• Spain and England understood that the

countries that controlled trade with Asia would experience great wealth and power.

Spanish Exploration & Trade

• Christopher Columbus:– He was Italian but was

hired by Queen Isabella of Spain to sail across the Atlantic.

– In 1492, Columbus landed in the West Indies falling short of Asia.

Aztec Empire

• Aztec Empire was located in modern day Mexico.

• Capital was Tenochtitlan• Ruler was Montezuma II

when Spanish arrived

Fall of Aztec Empire• Conquistador: men sent to

explore the New World and conquer people.

• Hernan Cortes was the conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire.

• 3 Main Reasons for success:– Better Weapons– Teamed up with tribes who

didn’t like Montezuma– Diseases (smallpox) wiped

out Aztecs

Incan Empire

• Located in the Andes Mountains in western South America

• Ruled by Atahualpa when Spanish arrived.

Fall of the Incan Empire

• Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas.

• Was able to conquer them for many of the same reasons that Cortes was able to conquer the Aztecs – Weapons– Enemies– Diseases

Who Fought Who?????HernanCortes1519

Atahualpa

Montezuma II

FranciscoPizarro1532

Columbian Exchange

• Exchange of goods and ideas between European countries and their colonies in North and South America.

Columbian Exchange

• Items introduced to Europe:– beans– potatoes – squash – maize (corn) – peppers – tomatoes

Columbian Exchange

• Items introduced to Latin America:– Animals/Food: Horses, pigs,

peaches– Clothes made from Spain– Disease: Smallpox killed many

of the indigenous (native) population

– Christianity: Many Natives Americans were forced to become Christians

Simon Bolivar

• Latin American Freedom fighter

• Know as “El Libertador”• Helped with revolutions

in:– Ecuador– Venezuela– Columbia– Peru

Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Former Slave• Helped lead slave revolt

in Haiti that eventually lead to the independence of Haiti.

Miguel Hidalgo

• Was a priest in Mexico (New Spain) who fought for Mexican independence.

• He was killed for committing treason against Spain, however, Mexico achieved independence 10 years later in 1821.

Cultural Exchange

• Spanish forced Natives to convert to their religion and their language.

• For this reason Spanish is spoken in most Latin American Countries today

• Roman Catholic is the most popular religion in Latin America today.

Russian Revolution

• The end of the Russian Empire– In 1914 World War I began, but

Nicholas II, the Russian czar did not want to get involved.

– Yet Russia found itself fighting against Germany and its partner

– In 1917 the Russian czar was forced to give up power, this overturning of the Russian monarchy is known as the Russian Revolution.

– In 1918 Czar Nicholas II and the royal family were all shot to death. This execution ended nearly 400 years of czarist rule.

Treaty of Versailles• The Treaty of Versailles

ended WWI. • The treaty demanded that

Germany be punished.• This treaty made Germans

very mad and helped to create economic (money) problems for Germany

Worldwide Depression

• Germany was faced with a bad economy.• Hitler told the people he could fix Germany’s economic problems by

ridding them of the Jews. • Germans elected Adolf Hitler, who became the leader of the Nazi

Party.• Germany killed 6 millions Jews, including men, women and

children, under Hitler. This is known as the Holocaust.

A Divided Germany Berlin Wall

• After WWII Germany was divided into East and West

• The Soviet Union had communistic control over East Germany.

• The United States, France and England had control over the West

• Berlin was divided by a wall.

Berlin Wall

WEST EAST

Emiliano Zapata

• Famous motto: “Land and Liberty”

• Fought for the rights of Mexican farmers

• Inspired Zapatista movement in Southern Mexico

Zapatistas

• Still active group who support improved rights and living conditions for Mexicans– Fight for the rights of Native

peoples

• In 1994, when NAFTA went into effect Zapatistas were called in to fight for small farmers rights

Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster• Many cities in the world

are powered by nuclear power plants.

• A major accident at nuclear plant near a city in Ukraine called Chernobyl. (1986)

• This was caused by a human mistake

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster

• The spread of radiation caused:

• Hundreds of deaths • High rates of birth defects

and cancer• Contamination to the

environment– Drinking water was unsafe

to drink for months– Fishing was unsafe for years

Acid Rain in Germany’s Black Forest

• Germany has an important natural resource called the Black Forest

• Yet acid rain is destroying the forest.

Acid Rain in Germany’s Black Forest

• Over half of the Black Forest in Germany has been destroyed by acid rain in the past 30 years

• Acid rain is caused by the smoke (sulfur) from coal burning factories

• Germany has tried to decrease the acid rain by promoting the use of clean energy

Air Pollution In the United Kingdom

• United Kingdom faces the problem of air pollution.

• Air pollution creates environmental & health problems.

• Air pollution goes back to the Industrial Revolution.

Air Pollution In the United Kingdom

• Great Smog Of 1952– In1952, London experienced four days were people couldn’t see in front of

them due to smog: when water mixes with smoke from coal factories

• Government Solution to the Great Smog– The United Kingdom created London smokeless zones that restricted the use

of burning dirty fossil fuels

European Languages

Most European languages fit into one of three categories

1. Germanic Language Group1. English and German

2. Romance Language Group1. French, Italian and Spanish

3. Slavic Language Group1. Russian

European Religion

• Christianity– Name of founder: Jesus– Sacred Text: Bible– Name of followers:

Christians• Islam

– Name of founder: Muhammad

– Sacred Text: Koran– Name of followers:

Muslims• Judaism

– Name of founder: Abraham

– Sacred Text: Torah– Name of followers: Jews

Mexico City Environmental Problem• Mexico City– Environmental problem: Air Pollution– Causes: Factories, Cars, Overcrowding, Mountains– Effects: Lung problems, Damage to atmosphere and

vegetation, and acid rain damaging monuments

Amazon Rainforest Environmental Problem• Amazon Rainforest

– Environmental problem: Deforestation– Causes: Logging, mining, farming, growing cities, cattle ranching– Effects: Global Warming, natives and animals are forced to move

Venezuela Environmental Problem

• Venezuela– Environmental problem: Oil Pollution– Causes: Oil tanker spills, Digging for oil by Lake Maracaibo – Effects: Lung problems, unemployed fisherman and floods

The effects of European Colonization and the Slave Trade

• Why is Spanish the most dominant spoken language and the Roman Catholic faith the most common religion in Latin America?

The effects of European Colonization and the Slave Trade

–Spain conquered much of Latin America and they spoke Spanish and are Christians of the Roman Catholic faith.

European Geography ReviewPhysical Features

Scandinavian Peninsula

Ural Mountains European Plain Rhine River Danube River Alps Mountains English Channel Pyrenees Mountains Iberian Peninsula Mediterranean Sea

European Geography ReviewPhysical Features Quiz

1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. ______________5. ______________6. ______________7. ______________8. ______________9. ______________10.______________11.______________

Iberian Peninsula

European Plain

Scandinavian Peninsula

Mediterranean Sea

English Channel

Not GPS (Aegean Sea)

Ural Mountains

Pyrenees Mountains

Rhine River

Danube River

Alps Mountains

European Geography ReviewPolitical Features

• Russia• Poland• Ukraine• Germany• Belgium• United Kingdom• France• Spain• Italy

European Geography ReviewPolitical Features Quiz

1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. ______________5. ______________6. ______________7. ______________8. ______________9. ______________

United Kingdom

France

Spain

Italy

Germany

Poland

Ukraine

Russia

Belgium

Latin America Geography ReviewPhysical Features

Sierra Madre Mountains

Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Atacama Desert Amazon River Panama Canal Andes

Mountains

Latin America Geography ReviewPhysical Features Quiz

1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. ______________5. ______________6. ______________7. ______________8. ______________9. ______________

Sierra Madre Mountains

Gulf of Mexico

Caribbean Sea

Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Atacama Desert

Amazon River

Panama Canal

Andes Mountains

Latin America Geography ReviewPolitical Features

• Mexico• Cuba• Haiti• Panama• Venezuela• Columbia• Brazil• Bolivia

Latin America Geography ReviewPolitical Features Quiz

1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. ______________5. ______________6. ______________7. ______________8. ______________

Mexico

Columbia

Brazil

Bolivia

Cuba

Haiti

Panama

Venezuela

In any government system, the best way a citizen can participate is by...

VOTING!

Under a PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM• There is a SEPARATION of

powers.

• The President is elected INDEPENDENTLY of the legislature.

• The head of the government is known as the President.

• Legislature is the law making body.

Under a PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM• Parliament IS the

lawmaking body.

• The executive power called the -

PRIME MINISTER– is a member of the majority party in Parliament, and stays in power ONLY as long as his/her party IS the majority party.

How do governments distribute powers?

• Unitary –One central government controls

everything. – Power is not shared between

states, counties, or provinces. – Examples : United Kingdom, France,

the Netherlands, and Spain

Confederation

• Individual states make their own laws and decisions.• Loosely aligned to a weak central

government.

Federal

–Power is shared by a powerful central government.

–States or provinces are given considerable self rule, usually through their own legislatures.

Federal RepublicBrazil & Mexico

A state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the

component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government;

ultimate power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives.

DictatorshipsCuba

A form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield absolute

power (not restricted by a constitution or laws).

What is economics?

•The study of how people manage their resources by producing, exchanging, and using goods and services.

•The study of how people, businesses, and societies choose to use scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants.

•Economics is about choice!!!

• How many basic types of economic systems are there?

• 3

• Name the economic systems. • Traditional, Command, and Market

• Which economic system is the most common throughout the world?

• Mixed.

• ???????? How is that true?????????

The 3 Types of Economies

Traditional Economy

*What will be produced?

*How will it be produced?

*For whom will it be produced?

Command Economy

*What will be produced?

*How will it be produced?

*For whom will it be produced?

Market Economy

*What will be produced?

*How will it be produced?

*For whom will it be produced?

Main Ideas of Economics

• Production- the act or process of being produced either by human or mechanical efforts; act of creating something of value by producing goods and services

• Consumption- the using up of goods and services by consumer purchasing or in the production of other goods

• Distribution- the process of marketing and supplying goods especially to retailers

Factors of Production

• Natural Resources• Capital Resources• Labor Resources• Entrepreneurs

Four Factors of Production-the resources needed to produce

goods and services• Natural resources- raw materials needed to make goods

(examples- land, water, forests, minerals, soil)• Labor resources- workers are needed with the right

amount of knowledge, skills, and experience to make goods or provide services

• Capital resources- machines, factories, supplies, and technology that are needed to make goods

• Entrepreneurs- the small business owners who take the risk of bringing land, labor and capital resources together to produce goods and services

Economic Systems

PureMarket

PureCommand

Mixed Economy

Economic

Systems

PureMarket

Russia51%

Germany

71%

United Kingdom79%

PureCommand Mixed Economy

1000

Economic

Systems

PureMarket

Cuba28%

Brazil57%

Canada81%

PureCommand Mixed Economy

1000