Semantic Technologies in Learning Environments
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Semantic Technologies in Learning Environments
Dragan GaševićAthabasca University
Email: [email protected]
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The Social Web is here!
What now?
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Topics to discuss – morning
Semantics as a big promise Learning ecosystems Examples of semantics in-use
Authoring and reuse of learning content Learning analytics
Open challenges
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Part ISemantics as a Big Promise
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Semantic Web
To create a universal medium for the exchange of data.
… to smoothly interconnect personal information management, enterprise application integration and the global sharing of commercial, scientific and cultural data.
Semantic Web Activity Statementhttp://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity
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Semantic Web
Key characteristics Anyone can say anything about anything Explicit definition of the meaning
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What is an ontology?
Definition(Swartout and Tate, 1999) the basic structure or armature
around which a knowledge base can be built
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< musician: Musician rdf:ID="urn:rdf:969914d5ca929194ea18787de32c665a-1"> … <musician:name>Eric Clapton</musician:name> <musician:records rdf:resource = "http://www.guitar.org/legendaryrecordings/EC#urn:rdf:958804d5ca918084ea17676de21c887a-0"/> … </musician:Musician>
Musician
Album
Event
plays
plays at
attends
records
Admirer
Instrument
musician:records
rdf:type rdf:type
<album: Album rdf:ID="urn:rdf:958804d5ca918084ea17676de21c887a-0"> … <album:title>Unplugged</album:title> <album:year>1992</album:year> … </album:Album>
RDF
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The Semantic Web
is NOT opposite to
the Social Web!
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Semantic Web
Ontologies: Interconnecting applications Shared domain conceptualizations
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Linked Data
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Linked Data
SPARLQ end pointsThey enable data mash-ups
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Part IIIPromises for
Learning Environments
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Learning Ecosystems
http://www.w3.org/2006/Talks/1023-sb-W3CTechSemWeb/DataServicesWebAppMetro2.jpg
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Learning Ecosystems
Authoring
Reusability
Packaging
Educators
ReusabilityAdaptivityEvolutionCollaboration with educators and students
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Learning Ecosystems
Authoring
Reusability
Packaging
Educators
Feedback
Learning and Collaborating
PersonalizationAdaptivityContext-awarenessSocial interaction…
Learners
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Learning Ecosystems
Authoring
Reusability
Packaging Learning and Collaborating
Community
Peer-Review
Presenting
Administration
Mobile
Educators Learners
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Important considerations
Julita Vassileva (U of Saskatchewan) “Rule: hard/impossible to impose hard rules”
Gord McCalla (U of Saskatchewan) Ecological approach – sharing experience
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Personal Learning Information Management
Connect presently isolated islands - not ecological!
Students/EducatorsContent•LORs•Libraries•Multimedia•Reuse
Pedagogy•User models•Adaptivity•Educational models
Collaboration•Chat•Discussion•Services
Community•Course, University, …
Portfolio•Evidence•Competencies
Peer-review•Courses•Publishing
Platforms•Mobile•Desktop Domain tools
•Mashed up with education tools
Desktop•Email•Firefox…
Authoring•Word•Frontpage•Reload…
Privacy•Policy•Identity
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Part IIIaAuthoring and Reuse
How to reduce the number of clicks, improve precision and shorten the effort time?
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Semantic Documents
Resources composed of data units Uniquely identified by URIs Annotated by concepts from ontologies Linked to other data units via explicit links
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Semantic Document ManagementSemantic Document Authoring
RDFizingAnnotation IndexingLinking
Semantic Document Search & Retrieval
Semantic Document Navigation
Nešić Saša, Mehdi Jazyeri, Dragan Gasevic "Semantic Document Architecture for Desktop Document Integration and Management, “the 22nd International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE), San Francisco, USA, 2010, In Press.
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Semantic Documents Sharing
Social Networks around shared semantic documents
Nešić Saša, Jazayeri Mehdi, Lelli Francesco, and Gasevic Dragan, "Towards Efficient Document Content Sharing in Social Networks,” 2nd International Workshop on Social Software Engineering and Applications, co-located with ESEC/FSE 2009.
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SemanticDoc – MS Office Tools
Nešić Saša, Jazayeri Mehdi, Gašević Dragan, "Extending MS Office for sharing Document Content Units over the Semantic Web," – 8th IEEE International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE), Yorktown Heights, New York, USA, 2008.
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SemanticDoc – MS Office Tools
Nešić Saša, Jazayeri Mehdi, Gašević Dragan, "Extending MS Office for sharing Document Content Units over the Semantic Web," – 8th IEEE International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE), Yorktown Heights, New York, USA, 2008.
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SemanticDoc – MS Office Tools
Nešić Saša, Jazayeri Mehdi, Gašević Dragan, "Extending MS Office for sharing Document Content Units over the Semantic Web," – 8th IEEE International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE), Yorktown Heights, New York, USA, 2008.
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SemanticDoc – MS Office Tools
Nešić Saša, Jazayeri Mehdi, Gašević Dragan, "Extending MS Office for sharing Document Content Units over the Semantic Web," – 8th IEEE International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE), Yorktown Heights, New York, USA, 2008.
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SemanticDoc – MS Office Tools
Nešić Saša, Jazayeri Mehdi, Gašević Dragan, "Extending MS Office for sharing Document Content Units over the Semantic Web," – 8th IEEE International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE), Yorktown Heights, New York, USA, 2008.
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SemanticDoc – MS Office Tools
Nešić Saša, Jazayeri Mehdi, Gašević Dragan, "Extending MS Office for sharing Document Content Units over the Semantic Web," – 8th IEEE International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE), Yorktown Heights, New York, USA, 2008.
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Semantic Search Matters
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Usability Evaluation
User effectiveness and efficiency
Nešić Saša, Gašević Dragan, Jazayeri Mehdi, Monica Landoni, "Using Semantic Documents and Social Networking in Authoring Course Material: An Empirical Study," 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), Tunisia, 2010 (Best paper award).
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Usability Evaluation
User effectiveness and efficiency
Nešić Saša, Gašević Dragan, Jazayeri Mehdi, Monica Landoni, "Using Semantic Documents and Social Networking in Authoring Course Material: An Empirical Study," 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), Tunisia, 2010 (Best paper award).
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Usability Evaluation
User effectiveness and efficiency Number of mouse clicks
Nešić Saša, Gašević Dragan, Jazayeri Mehdi, Monica Landoni, "Using Semantic Documents and Social Networking in Authoring Course Material: An Empirical Study," 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), Tunisia, 2010 (Best paper award).
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Usability Evaluation
User effectiveness and efficiency Number of windows switches
Nešić Saša, Gašević Dragan, Jazayeri Mehdi, Monica Landoni, "Using Semantic Documents and Social Networking in Authoring Course Material: An Empirical Study," 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), Tunisia, 2010 (Best paper award).
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Semantic Documents
Open-source project Project website:
http://www.semanticdoc.org Source code:
http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdarch/
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Part IIIbContent Evolution
Feedback about effectiveness of used content and pedagogies
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Context is Missing!
http://www.w3.org/2006/Talks/1023-sb-W3CTechSemWeb/DataServicesWebAppMetro2.jpg
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“A crazy problem requires a crazy solution!”
(Griff Richards, 2005)
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Learning Object Context Ontology: LOCO
Learning context Learner(s)
Learner characteristics Learning activity
Prerequisites, learning objectives, available time, … Learning object used/produced
Parts of objects and their pedagogical role Domain concepts
Jovanović, J., Knight, C., Gašević, D., Richards, G., "Learning Object Context on the Semantic Web," In Proc. 6th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, Kerkrade, The Netherlands, 2006 pp. 669-673 (Best paper award).
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Learning Object Context Ontology: LOCO
Learning context Learner(s)
Learner characteristics Learning activity
Prerequisites, learning objectives, available time, … Learning object used/produced
Parts of objects and their pedagogical role Domain concepts
Jovanović, J., Knight, C., Gašević, D., Richards, G., "Learning Object Context on the Semantic Web," 6th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, Kerkrade, The Netherlands, 2006 pp. 669-673 (Best paper award).
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LOCO-Analyst
LOCO-Analyst and iHelp Courses
http://www.jelenajovanovic.net/LOCO-Analyst/
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LOCO-Analyst
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LOCO-Analyst
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LOCO-Analyst
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LOCO-Analyst
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OATS: Open Annotation & Tagging System
OATS with Moodle
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Education Social Semantic Web
Combining Social and Semantic Web aspects OAST and LOCO-Analyst
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Student comprehension in LOCO-Analyst
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Evaluation of LOCO-Analyst
Two evaluations In 2006
Instructions provided and asked to try the tool Participants: 18 (14 male, 4 female) Experience: 3.09 (SD=2.2)
In 2009 Video clips demonstrating the tool Participants: 22 (17 male, 5 female) Experience: 6.45 (SD=5.58)
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Evaluation of LOCO-Analyst Insights into the activities
No statistical improvement over the previous version => Better feedback about interactions between students is needed
Enables me to get an insight into the students’ interactions with the learning content †
3.71, 0.47, 17 4.45, 0.67, 22
The information helps me identify what needs to be improved in the learning content †
3.50, 0.70, 18 4.27, 0.70, 22
Relevant information regarding the students’ interactions within the online learning environment †
3.72, 0.46, 18 4.41, 0.80, 22
The information helps me determine how to improve the students’ online interactions. †
3.17, 1.09, 18 3.54, 1.01, 22
Help me identify the domain topics the students were having difficulties with.
NA 4.57, 0.68, 21
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Evaluation of LOCO-Analyst
User interface
Significant preference for the improved tool version (t(38)=2.20, p < 0.05)
No statistically significant increase of intuitiveness and information overload
LOCO-Analyst’s GUI (Graphical User Interface) is intuitive enough
4.22, 0.73,18 4.5, 0.80, 22
LOCO-Analyst’s GUI is overburdened with information ‡ 1.72, 0.58, 18 2.5, 1.34, 22
General opinion about the GUI 4.00, 0.84, 18 4.5, 0.60, 22
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Evaluation of LOCO-Analyst
Predictors of the perceived utility information about interactions of students
social networking students’ comprehension of content
collaborative tagging intuitiveness & ease-to-understand of
the presentation of the above two
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Evaluation of LOCO-Analyst
Predictors of user interface perceived value students’ interaction with individual lessons
Individual learning – granularity level students’ activities in discussion forums and
chat rooms social activities
students’ comprehension of studied topics collaborative tagging
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Part IV Open Challenges
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Challenges
Ontology development Similar to databases –
someone needs to develop Some ontology development lessons learned
Lightweight ontologies:“Little semantics goes a long way”
Linked with other ontologies Friend of a Friend Semantically-interlinked Online Communities
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Challenges
Peer, expert and user retrieval Networks and data are locked List of “friends” is not enough Interaction history also needed
Online presence
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Challenges
Analytics for students Personal planning – social organizational Experience sharing
Analytics for organizational Learn. organizations and organization learn.
Learning ecosystems
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Stay tuned…
http://intelleo.eu
Much more underway
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Personal learning
information management
More Meaningful
personalizedinteractive
socialcollaborativeubiquitous
…Learning ecosystems
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Thank you!