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KITTUR RANI CHANNAMMA COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, ARABHAVI

Seed Quality Enhancement Technology of Seed Quality Enhancement Technology of Vegetable CropsVegetable Crops

TOPIC DIVISION

Global Seed Market Split

Cotton 3%

Canola 5%

Vegetables 18%

Corn 32%

Rice 10%

Other 6%

Potato 4% Sunflower 2%

Barley 2%

Sugar Beet 2%

Wheat 4%

Soybean 12%Tomato fresh indet. 11%

Cabbage 7%

Sweet pepper 7%

Lettuce 7%

Watermelon 5 %

Onion 5%

Seed Vegetable seed

Melon 5 %Chinese cabbage 5 %

Hot pepper 5%Carrot 4%

Tomato fresh set. 3%

INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY• Total Seed Industry is worth about 7500-8000 crore• Vegetable seed industry is worth 1500 crore

(Seed quest, 2009)

Seed Quality Enhancement

Definition

Post harvest treatment that improve germination or seedling growth or facilitate the delivery of seeds and other materials required at the time of sowing

(Taylor et al., 1998)

Seed Quality Concept

Seed Quality

Genetic

Physical

Physiologi cal

Health

Pre-harvest Factors

Harvest & Post-harvest Factors

Environmental

Factors

Harvest

Sowing

Sowing

Seed qualityEnhancement

Seed ready for sowing

Aagarwal, 1992

Role of improved seed

• It serves as a carrier of new technologies• It serves a basic tools for secured food

supply crop yields• It serves as mean of security in less

favorable production area• It act as medium for rehabitation of

agriculture in case of natural disaster

( Feistritzer, 1975 )

Where & when it is needed?

• Problematic seed

• High value of seed

• Specific planting technique

• Biotic stresses

• Direct seeding

• Adverse climatic conditions

History

• Recorded references in Vedas and Bible

• Coated and pelleted seeds traced in Egyptian pyramids

• China farmers use to coat paddy seeds with mud balls while sowing in flooded fields

• Our ancestors use to practice it– Application of ash, mud or cow dung slurry on

seeds

Ex. Beejamruta,

History

Seed Quality Enhancement Techniques

1. Seed hydration technology (pre hydration, priming)

2. Seed coating (pelleting, film coating)

3. Integrated seed enhancement

Seed hydration technology / Seed hardening

It is process of soaking the seeds in water or dilute solution of growth regulating compounds to induce early germination, better root growth and seedling growth and also enhances the yield potential of the crop variety.

1.Pre-hydration [ a). Seed fortification b). seed infusion ]

2.Priming [a). Osmo conditioning b). Halo priming c). Bio priming

c). Hydro priming d). Solid Matrix Priming or matriconditioning

]

TYPES OF HYDRATIONS

PHYSIOILOGY INVOLVED IN HYDRATION

GERMINATION POST-GERMINATION

UP

TA

KE

OF

WA

TE

R

TIME(Bewley, 1997)

Seed fortificationIt is pre hydration technique were seeds are soaked either in water or dilute solution of bioactive chemicals such as micro nutrients, growth regulators, vitamins and seed protectants.

Seed infusion

It is a method of impregnation of seeds with bioactive chemicals through organic solvents instead of water this technique of infusion which helps to avoid the damage caused to the seed due to soaking in water. hence this method is highly suitable to the seeds that suffer from soaking or seed coat injury (pulses).

(Halmer, 2006)

Advantages of Pre hydration Faster water Imbibition Imbibition causes swelling of seeds Pre hydration promotes early germination and good

crop stand.

Toxicity of chemicals

Limited O2 supply to seed

Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed

Disadvantages of Pre-hydration

Treatment Germination %

Dry matter production( Mg seedligs-10 ) Vigour index

Control 58.05 11.28 807 Water 58.69 11.41 833 Cowpea extract 2% 61.34 11.83 890 Horse gram extract 3% 60.00 11.70 872 Bone meal extract 2% 60.66 11.82 899 Gelatin 1000ppm 66.42 12.51 1051 KH2PO4 1% 64.89 12.40 1017 KNO3 2% 67.21 12.67 1078 ZnSO4 0.1% 60.00 11.77 883 FeSO4 0.2% 60.66 11.90 899 NaSO4 0.1% 60.00 11.62 866 MnSO4 0.2% 62.72 11.88 939 IBA 100ppm 60.00 11.79 878 SA 200ppm 65.65 12.45 1033 Mean 62.02 11.93 925 S.Ed 1.439 0.053 17.72 C.D (P=0.5) 3.087** 0.114** 38**

Table 1: Effect of seed fortification on seed quality enhancement in Brinjal.

(Ponnuswamy and Vijayalakshmi, 2011, Coimbatore)

Table-2: Effect of seed fortification on seed quality enhancement in Tomato

Treatment Germination %Dry matter production

(Mg seedligs-10 )Vigour index

Control 61.34 11.59 887Water 63.43 12.32 980 Cowpea extract 2% 65.65 12.54 1034 Horse gram extract 3% 64.15 12.39 1004Bone meal extract 2% 65.65 12.53 1034Gelatin 1000ppm 68.02 12.86 1106 KH2PO4 1% 67.21 12.75 1084 KNO3 2% 68.86 12.96 1128 ZnSO4 0.1% 64.15 12.43 1001 FeSO4 0.2% 64.89 12.47 1017 NaSO4 0.1% 64.15 12.54 1010 MnSO4 0.2% 65.65 12.68 1046IBA 100ppm 64.15 12.51 1007SA 200ppm 67.21 12.87 1094Mean 65.65 12.53 1031S.Ed 1.017 0.0511 15.49C.D (P=0.5) 2.18** 0.1095** 33.23**

(Ponnuswamy and Vijayalakshmi, 2011, Coimbatore)

Table-3: Effect of seed fortification on seed quality enhancement in Chilli

Treatment Germination % Dry matter production( Mg seedligs-10 )

Vigour index

Control 54.33 11.11 734

Water 56.16 11.55 797

Cowpea extract 2% 58.05 11.74 846

Horse gram extract 3% 56.79 11.70 819

Bone meal extract 2% 58.05 11.79 843

Gelatin 1000ppm 60.00 12.55 946

KH2PO4 1% 60.00 12.52 939

KNO3 2% 61.34 12.64 967

FeSO4 0.2% 56.79 11.79 826

NaSO4 0.1% 54.16 11.93 823

IBA 100ppm 54.16 11.90 815

SA 200ppm 60.66 12.57 955

Mean 58.05 11.98 859

S.Ed 1.457 0.059 16.81

C.D (P=0.5) 3.17** 0.12** 36.64**

(Ponnuswamy and Vijayalakshmi, 2011, Coimbatore)

It is a presowing treatment in which seeds are soaked in osmotic solution that allows the seeds to imbibe water and go through the first stages of germination but does not permit radicle protrusion through the seed coat

It is based on the principle of controlled Imbibition, to a level that a permits pre germination metabolism to proceed, but prevents actual emergence of radicle

Seed Priming

( Bradford, 1986 )

Hydro priming (drum priming)

It is achieved by continuous or successive addition of limited amount of water to the seeds is the cheap and useful technique that is practiced by incubating seeds for a limited time in warm water.

Halo priming-

Halo priming involves the use of salts of chlorides, sulphates, nitrates etc.

Osmopriming (Osmoconditioning)

It is the standard priming technique. Seeds are incubated in well aerated solutions with a low water potential, and later washed and dried.

(Halmer, 2006)

Matric priming (Solid matrix conditioning)It is the incubation of seeds in a solid, insoluble matrix with a limited amount of water. This method confers a slow imbibition. (McDonald, 2000)

matric carriers are- (Calcinated clay, Vermiculite ,Peat Moss ,Sand, Micro-Cel )

Bio-priming (Seed conditioning) It is a process of biological seed treatment that refers to combination of seed hydration (physiological aspect of disease control) and inoculation (biological aspect of disease control) of seed with beneficial organism to protect seed with the help of beneficial fungi and bacteria.

(Halmer, 2006)

Fig :2 Physiological basis of seed priming.(Agarwal, 2002)

• Osmotic potential of solution.• Priming temperature and light• Duration of priming

• O2 availability

• Drying method

(Halmer, 2006)

Advantages of Priming

Controlled water ImbibitionImbibition injury preventedSalt priming supply seeds with nitrogen and

other nutrients for protein synthesis

Toxicity of chemicals

Limited O2 supply to seed

Disadvantage in handling large quantity of seed

Disadvantages of Priming

2hr-Soaking ‘Guangxi 5’

2hr-Soaking ‘Gold Prince’

Ger

min

atio

n pe

rcen

tage

(%)

Fig-3: Germination of ‘Guangxi 5’ and ‘Gold Prince’ Triploid water melon after Hydropriming treatments at different aeration times

(Rukui et al., 2002,Thailand)

Table-4 : Germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT) of triploid watermelon seeds after soaking in water for 2 hrs following 24 or 48 hours incubation.

(Rukui et al., 2002, Thailand)NS- non significant, MGT- Mean germination time.

Fig-3: Change in seed moisture content under different drying conditions (Rukui et al., 2002, Thailand)

Table-5 : Germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT) of hydroprimed triploid watermelon seeds after redrying.

(Rukui et al., 2002, Thailand)

Table-6 : Means of pinto bean seed quality parameters affected by hydro- priming duration and cultivar

Treatments Electrical

conductivity (µS/ cm/g)

Mean germination time (day)

Germination percentage

Seedling dry weight (mg)

Hydro-priming

P1 10.51a 3.03a 95.33b 84.92b

P2 9.65b 2.51b 99.00a 94.42a

P3 9.60b 2.65b 97.00ab 91.75a

P4 9.50b 3.07a 94.67b 83.67b

Cultivar

‘Talash’ 9.84a 2.77b 96.25a 88.62a

‘COS16’ 9.75a 2.73b 96.75a 88.87a

‘Khomain’ 9.83a 2.95a 96.50a 88.56a

Different letters at each column for each treatment indicating significant difference at p≤0.05. P1, P2, P3 and P4 : non – primed and hydro-primed seeds for 7.14 and 21 h. respectively.

(Kazem et al., 2010, Iran)

Treatments Seedling

emergence percentage

Mean emergence time (day)

Grains per plant

Grains/m2

1000 Grain weight (g)

Grain yield per plant (g)

Grain yield/m2

(gm2)

Hydro-priming

P1 55.11b 29.68a 33.52a 896.2b 326.8a 7.553a 209.1b

P2 68.22a 25.75b 34.94a 1106.0a 324.7a 7.630a 251.7a

P3 64.22a 26.80b 34.06a 1040.0a 324.7a 7.612a 236.8b

P4 54.00b 30.57a 33.48a 884.4b 327.0a 7.581a 205b

Cultivar

‘Talash’ 60.16a 27.92a 38.63a 1115.0a 317.0b 8.385a 248.1a

‘COS16’ 60.83a 27.87a 39.52a 1128.0a 305.4b 8.400a 252.5a

‘Khomain’ 60.16a 28.80a 23.86b 701.7b 355.1a 5.997b 176.9b

Different letters at each column for each treatment indicating a significant difference @ ≤0.05 P1, P2, P3 and P4 : non-primed and hydro-primed seeds for 7.14 and 21 h. respectively

Table-7 : Means of pinto bean field traits influenced by hydro-priming duration and cultivar

( Kazem et al., 2010, Iran)

Treatments T50(days)

MGT(days)

FGP (%) GI GE(%)

Riogrande improved

Control 5.50a 6.30 a 45.33 c 16.50 c 16.65 d

Osmopriming (PEG) 3.07 c 5.17 b 65.67 b 24.50 b 24.57 c

Osmopriming (NaCl) 3.77 b 5.13 b 74.00 a 25.50 a 37.45 b

Osmopriming (KNO3) 2.17 d 4.10 c 83.33 a 32.00a 46.28 a

LSD at 0.05 0.221 0.148 12.36 2.43 8.03

Roma

Control 5.15 a 6.70 a 48.33 c 16.50 c 15.25 c

Osmopriming (PEG) 3.57 c 5.01 c 64.67 b 23.50 c 25.57 b

Osmopriming (NaCl) 3.87 b 5.23 b 72.00a 27.50 b 37.45 a

Osmopriming (KNO3) 2.87 d 4.60 d 78.33 a 33.00 a 44.08 a

LSD at 0.05 0.254 0.188 11.36 2.33 9.13

Table-8: Effect of osmopriming on the germination ability of tomato cv. Riogrande improved and Roma.

(Farooq et al., 2005, Faisalabad)

FGP = final germination % ; MGT = mean germination time; T50 = time taken to 50% germination; GI=germination index; GE=Energy of germination

Treatments MET (days)

FEP (%)

Root length(cm)

Shoot length(cm)

Seedling fresh

weight(mg)

Seeding dry

weight (mg)

Riogrande improved

Control 7.51 a 31.41 d 45.05 d 30.88 d 1.12b 20.29 d

Osmopriming (PEG) 7.33 a 54.00 c 54.45 c 49.77 c 1.15 b 27.77 c

Osmopriming (NaCl) 5.15 b 62.19 b 64.52 b 69.29 b 1.17 b 30.00 b

Osmopriming(KNO3) 4.55 c 74.97 a 77.87 a 76.75 a 1.42 a 35.05 a

LSD at 0.05 0.593 4.342 6.112 5.126 0.221 0.712

Roma

Control 7.91 a 43.41 d 43.05 c 34.88 d 1.12 b 21.29 dOsmopriming (PEG) 7.13 a 54.00 c 54.45 c 49.77 c 1.13 b 27.77 cOsmopriming (NaCl) 5.45 b 62.19 d 62.52 b 64.29 b 1.02 b 30.00 bOsmopriming(KNO3) 4.75 c 74.97 a 76.87 a 73.75 a 1.49 b 37.05 aLSD at 0.05 0.575 4.232 6.112 5.126 0.213 0.714

Table-9 : Effect of seedling vigour of tomato cvs. Riogrande improved and Roma.

FEP = final emergence % ; MET = mean emergence time.

(Farooq et al., 2005, Faisalabad)

cultivar priming FGPMGT (days)

T50 (days)Root

length(cm)Shoot

length(cm)

   

Nagina     

Control 61.33c 7.31a 6.13b 5.30c 4.93b

Hydropriming 69.33b 7.18abc 6.52a 5.30c 5.58a

Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl 70.66b 7.00bc 6.28ab 5.50bc 5.24ab

Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl 69.33b 7.25ab 6.22b 4.20d 5.13ab

Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl 72.00b 7.24ab 6.38ab 5.56bc 5.27abc

Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3 74.66b 6.93cd 6.13b 6.06a 5.18ab

Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3 81.33a 6.58e 5.19d 5.76ab 5.20ab

Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3 71.36b 6.68de 5.80c 5.33c 5.34ab

LSD at 0.05 5.6531 0.2637 0.2322 0.4255 0.5271

    

Pakit    

Control 52.00f 7.43a 6.52a 5.06c 4.93bc

Hydropriming 57.33e 7.20ab 6.16b 5.33bc 5.60a

Halo Priming in 10mM NaCl 62.66cd 6.93bc 6.22b 5.40b 5.23abc

Halo Priming in 25mM NaCl 66.66bd 6.96bc 6.28ab 5.23bc 4.76c

Halo Priming in 50mM NaCl 58.66de 7.43a 6.38ab 5.23bc 4.76c

Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3 68.00b 6.86c 6.23b 5.30bc 5.20abc

Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3 78.66a 6.33d 5.17d 6.00a 5.20abc

Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3 70.66b 6.90c 5.90c 5.16bc 5.33ab

LSD at 0.05 4.4129 0.2998 0.2522 0.3277 0.5631

Table-10: Effect of Halopriming on the germination of tomato cv Nagina & Pakit.

FGP = final germination % ; MGT = mean germination time; T50 = time taken to 50% germination.

(Nawaz et al., 2011, Faisalabad)

cultivar Priming Fresh weight(mg) Dry weight (mg)

Nagina

control 23.10cd 6.33eHydropriming 24.30bc 7.36cdHalo Priming in 10mM NaCl 25.20b 7.80bcHalo Priming in 25mM NaCl 24.80b 8.00bHalo Priming in 50mM NaCl 22.53d 6.70e

Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3 25.00b 7.00de Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3 28.96a 8.53a Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3 24.06bc 7.26d

LSD at 0.05 1.3328 0.4908

Pakit

control 22.30cd 6.33eHydropriming 23.30bc 7.25bcdHalo Priming in 10mM NaCl 24.20b 7.75bcHalo Priming in 25mM NaCl 25.80b 8.10abHalo Priming in 50mM NaCl 23.53d 6.50de

Halo Priming in 10mM KNO3 26.00b 7.02de Halo Priming in 25mM KNO3 27.56a 8.66a Halo Priming in 50mM KNO3 23.04bc 7.21cd

LSD at 0.05 1.2315 0.5013

Table-11: Effect of Halopriming on the fresh wt & dry wt of tomato cv Nagina &Pakit.

(Nawaz et al., 2011, Faisalabad)

Red

uci

ng

suga

rs (

mg/

g of

see

d)

Non

-red

uci

ng

suga

rs (

mg/

g of

see

d)

Tot

al s

uga

rs (

mg/

g of

see

d)

Fig-4: Effect of Halopriming on the Reducing, Non-reducing and Total sugar content of tomato seeds cv Nagina & Pakit.

A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H

A B C D E F G H

A- Control B- HydroprimingC- NaCl 10mMD- NaCl 25mME- NaCl 50mMF- KNO3 10mMG- KNO3 25mMH- KNO3 50mM

Nawaz et al., 2011, Faisalabad

Application of coating substance to the seed to enhance seed placement and performance with out altering shape or placing chemicals on the seed coat which regulate and improve germination.

( Copeland and Mc Donald 2001)

 

SEED COATINGSIt is the coating applied to the seed that does not

obscure its shape. It may be fungicide, microbiological treatments and micronutrientsIts major benefit is that the seed enhancement material is directly placed on the seed as compared to the broad casting.

FILM COATINGSIt’s a sophisticated process of applying precise

amount of active ingredients in form of thin film along with the liquid material directly on to the seed surface without obscuring its shape.

(Copeland and Mc Donald, 2001)

Advantages of seed coating

Enables accurate and even dose of chemicals and reduces chemical wastage

Improve the appearance and dust free handling To apply fungicides, insecticides, micronutrients directly to

seed. Allow easy flow of seed in automatic seeding Act as a temperature switch and water intake regulator

Coated seeds fetch high cost, than the bare seedsImproper coating and improper dilution of coating material may deteriote the whole seed lot

Disadvantages of coating

Treatment

Parameters

Green pod yield pot-1

(g)

100-seed weight (g)

Green seed yield pot-1

(g)

Shoot length (cm)

Total chlorophyll

SFW(g)

SDW(g)

Control 58.9b 18.4b 40.1c 221.7b 1.65b 7.98c 4.18c

CW 92.3a 20.6a 45.3b 24.1a 1.70b 8.67b 5.79b

CWH 98.4a 21.4a 49.9a 28.1a 1.97a 9.32a 7.70a

NaCl (150mM) 14.8e 10.7d 5.6f 12.3d 0.83d 4.16f 2.57e

NaCl + CW 39.9d 13.8c 14.0e 18.4c 1.46c 6.59e 3.54d

NaCl + CWH 46.8c 17.7b 19.9d 21.8b 1.78b 7.27d 4.20c

Table-12 : Effect of seed application with calcium paste on the plant growth , yield and Chlorophyll content in pea plants grown under salinity stress (n = 10).

(Saad et al., 2012, Egypt)

CW=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran at the ratio 1:5 (w/w). CWH=Calcium paste consists of CaSO4 + wheat bran + humic acid at the ratio 2:10:1 (w/w/w). SFW= Shoot fresh weight, SDW= Shoot dry weight

Film coating treatments (T)

days after accelerated ageing (D)

0 2 4 6 8 Mean

Control 2737 2571 2014 1323 863 1650Dry coating (3g/kg) 2900 2804 2244 1605 1318 1959Slurry coating 3g/kg + 5ml of water) 3036 2932 2391 1713 1274 2048

Slurry coating + Halogen mixture(3g/kg) 3117 2958 2577 1848 1479 2179

Slurry coating + Bavistin (2g/kg) 3187 3024 2763 2059 1619 2310Mean 2995 2858 2398 1710 1310 2029 T D T X D      S.Ed 116 128 244      CD (P=0.05) 238 261 NS      

Table-13 : Influence of Polykote film coating and accelerated ageing on vigour index of cluster bean.

(Renugadevi et al., 2008, Coimbatore)

Film coating treatments (T)

Days after accelerated ageing (D)Mean

0 2 4 6 8

Control 89(70.63) 87(68.87) 75(60.00) 60(50.77) 49(44.43) 65(53.73)

Dry coating (3g/kg) 92(73.57) 92(73.57) 80(63.43) 65(53.73) 57(49.02) 73(58.69)

Slurry coating 3g/kg + 5ml of water

95(77.08) 93(74.66) 83(65.65) 66(53.33) 61(51.35) 75(60.00)

Slurry coating + Halogen mixture(3g/kg)

97(80.03) 94(75.82) 85(67.21) 67(54.94) 61(51.35) 77(61.34)

Slurry coating + Bavistin (2g/kg)

94(75.82) 95(77.08) 90(71.57) 73(58.69) 65(53.73) 80(63.43)

Mean 94(75.82) 92(73.57) 83(65.65) 69(56.17) 59(50.18) 74(59.34)

T D T X D    S.Ed 0.758 0.830 1.856    

CD (P=0.05) 1.547 1.695 NS    

Table-14 : Influence of Polykote film coating and accelerated ageing on germination of cluster bean

(Renugadevi et al., 2008, Coimbatore)

(Figures in parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values)

Seed treatments Contamination

(%)Germination

(%)

Relative speed of germination

(%)

Index of vigor (%)

Untreated 50a 69c 57b 5c

Clove oil 0.06 % 6b 80a 69a 31b

Clove oil 0.1 % 4b 66c 50b 8c

Matric + clove oil 0.06 %

4b 76b 71a 47a

Matric + clove oil 0.1 %

3b 80a 74a 49a

Note : Means in the same rows suffixed with different letters are different at 5% levels of significance according to DMRT.

Table-15 : level of contamination, percent of germination, relative speed of germination and index of vigour as influenced by matriconditioning plus clove oil seed treatments applied on hot pepper seed lots infected by Colletotrichum capsici.

(Untary, 2003, Coimbatore)

Seed PelletingIt is the process of enclosing a seed with a small

quantity of inert material just large enough to facilitate precision planting

OrIt is the mechanism of applying needed materials is

such a way that they affect the seed or soil at the seed soil interference.

(Halmer, 2006)

Why inert material?

It creates natural water holding media and provide small amount of nutrients to younger seedlings.

(Halmer, 2006)

Seed Pelleting Process

seedadhesive

Coating of seed with adhesive

Filler material

Filler material sprinkled on coated seeds

Pelleted seeds

Shade drying

sowingsowing (Halmer, 2006)

Pelleting materialClaylimestoneCalcium carbonate VermiculateTamarind leaf powder

Gum Arabic

Gelatin

Methyl cellulose

polyvinyl alcohol

Maida / starch gruel

Along with Inoculants, Growth regulators & Fungicides etc.

ADHESIVE

FILLER MATERIALS

(Halmer, 2006)

Types of Seed PelletingType Material Used

Innoculant Pelleting

BiofertilizerViz., Rhizobia, PSB, Azospirillum, Azatobactor, VAM

Protective Coating

Biocontrol agent like Rhizobacteria bataticola, Bacillus sp. Streptomycis sp., pesticides, fungicides.

Herbicide Coating

Filler antidote or absorbent coating, Herbicide antidote like 1.8 napthalic anhydride (NA)

Nutrient Coating

Coating with micro and macronutrients eg.ZnSo4, FeSo4, Borax

Hydrophillic Coating

Starch graft polymers, magnesium carbonate

Oxygen Supplier Coating

Peroxides of zinc and calcium

(Halmer, 2006)

Advantages of pelleting Increase in size and shape Singling of seeds to prevent clogging Precision placement Moisture absorption Supply of nutrients Protection from birds/animals

Pelleted seeds fetch high cost & weights more, than the bare seeds.

Empty pellet/ multi seed pellet if proper machine are not used.

Disadvantages of pelleting

TREATMENT (S)

Days to 50% flowering

Plant HeightHarvest (cm)

No. of pods / plant

No. Of seeds/pod

Seed yield/plant

(g)

Seed yield/ ha (Kg)

S1 22.04 43.62 27.92 12.33 30.91 1478.6

S2 22.90 43.76 29.10 12.49 31.80 1536.30

S3 23.70 44.67 29.80 12.37 31.68 1529.30

S4 24.05 45.29 22.30 12.25 25.04 1370.00

S5 24.10 45.40 24.01 11.84 26.84 1347.70

S6 23.45 45.29 22.80 11.80 26.29 1258.70

S7 24.05 45.43 22.65 11.73 26.79 1240.30

S0 26.16 41.15 18.57 10.94 18.51 1119.00

Mean 23.56 44.51 24.67 11.97 27.26 1360.00

S.Em± 0.62 0.35 0.70 0.23 0.72 0.86

CD @ 5% 1.95 1.34 2.15 0.69 2.16 3.40

Table-16: Effect of seed pelleting with micronutrients and leaf powder on growth & yield component of cowpea

S1 : ZnSO4 @ 250 mg / kg of seed S4 = S1 + S2, S7 = S1 + S2 + S3S2 : Borax @ 100 mg / kg of seeds S5 = S1 + S3 S0 = Control(without pelleting)S3 : Arappu leaf powder @ 250 g/kg of seeds, S6 = S2 + S3

(Masuthi et al., 2009, Dharwad)

TREATMENT (S)

Germination (%)Seedling vigour

indexEC (dSm-1)

Seedling dry wt (g)

S1 98.47 (82.91)* 4277.00 1.01 0.595S2 98.57 (83.14) 4269.00 1.09 0.572S3 98.30 (82.52) 4208.00 1.10 0.573S4 98.26 (82.44) 4004.00 1.16 0.536S5 97.73 (81.34) 4103.00 1.20 0.536S6 97.86 (81.60) 4069.00 1.07 0.520S7 97.43 (80.86) 4088.00 1.09 0.539S0 97.40 (81.71) 3735.00 1.37 0.493

Mean 97.99 (81.94) 4058.00 1.14 0.547S.Em± 0.93 113.00 0.02 0.011

CD @ 5% NS 339.00 0.05 0.033

Table-17: Effect of seed pelleting with micronutrients and leaf powder on Seed quality of cowpea

S1 : ZnSO4 @ 250 mg / kg of seed S4 = S1 + S2 S7 = S1 + S2 + S3S2 : Borax @ 100 mg / kg of seeds S5 = S1 + S3 S0 = Control(without pelleting)S3 : Arappu leaf powder @ 250 g/kg of seeds S6 = S2 + S3

(Masuthi et al., 2009, Dharwad)

Treatmentcontainer

period of storage (months)T x C Mean T Mean P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

T0 C1 4.1 4.5 5.0 6.2 9.6 9.7 12.6 7.4

7.3 C2 4.1 4.1 4.7 5.8 9.4 9.5 12.1 7.1

T x P Mean 4.1 4.3 4.9 6.0 9.5 9.6 12.3

T1 C1 5.6 7.5 8.2 11.2 13.4 13.5 15.4 10.7

9.9 C2 4.3 4.9 6.3 7.7 12.2 12.8 14.6 9.0

T x P Mean 4.9 6.2 7.3 9.5 12.8 13.2 15.0

T2 C1 3.6 4.1 4.3 4.9 8.0 8.3 10.5 6.3

5.7 C2 3.6 4.0 4.2 4.2 6.1 7.0 7.2 5.2

T x P Mean 3.6 4.1 4.3 4.6 7.1 7.7 8.9

T3 C1 3.6 4.4 4.7 5.4 9.6 10.4 11.6 7.1

6.9 C2 3.6 4.0 4.4 5.2 8.2 9.6 10.8 6.6

T x P Mean 3.7 4.3 4.6 5.3 8.9 10.0 11.2

T4 C1 4.1 4.9 6.2 8.4 12.4 12.8 14.9 9.1

8.9 C2 4.1 4.6 4.7 7.5 11.6 12.5 14.2 8.6

T x P Mean 4.1 4.8 6.0 8.0 12.0 12.7 14.6

T5 C1 4.1 4.7 5.4 6.4 10.7 10.8 12.9 7.9 7.8C2 4.1 4.6 5.0 6.3 10.2 10.2 12.7 7.6

T x P Mean 4.2 4.7 5.3 6.4 10.5 10.5 12.8 P x C Mean C1 4.2 5.1 5.7 7.1 10.7 10.9 12.9 8.1

C2 4.0 4.4 5.1 6.2 9.7 10.3 11.9 7.4P Mean

4.1 4.7 5.4 6.6 10.2 10.6 12.5

S.EdP C T P x C T x C P x T

PxCxT0.12 0.08 0.14 NS 0.19 0.36 0.50

CD (P=0.05) 0.14 0.15 0.26 NS 0.37 0.70 1.00

Table-18: Effect of seed pelleting treatments, storage containers and periods of storage on speed of germination of bitter gourd cv. CO 1 seeds

(Thiruseduraselvi et al., 2007, Coimbatore)

Treatmentcontainer

period of storage (months)T x C Mean

PxCxT Mean

P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

T0 -ContolC1 1393 1719 2038 2685 3840 4613 4494 2970 2728

C2 1393 1544 1675 2018 2838 3860 4082 2487T x P Mean 1393 1632 1856 2351 3339 4236 4288

T1 -A. amaraC1 1549 2469 2864 4139 5399 6030 6313 4109

3823C2 1549 2145 2401 3287 4320 5376 5688 3538

T x P Mean 750 2307 2632 3713 4859 5703 6000 T2

A.Indica

C1 750 1154 1372 2106 3223 3866 3905 23392061

C2 750 982 1125 1354 2012 3213 3044 1783T x P Mean 1197 1068 1248 1730 2618 3540 3475

T3 -V. negunda

C1 1197 1517 1751 2710 2819 4144 3432 2510 2368

C2 1197 1216 1483 2128 2601 3521 3432 2225T x P Mean 1784 1366 1617 2419 2710 3833 3432

T4 P. Pinnata

C1 1784 2086 2314 3781 4936 5448 5824 3739 3477

C2 1784 1857 2247 2800 3933 4624 5263 3215T x P Mean 1087 1972 2281 3291 4434 3036 5544

T5 A. calamus

C1 1087 1886 2179 3040 4286 4836 5124 3205 3016C2 1087 1656 2045 2290 3419 4467 4815 2826

T x P Mean 1293 1771 2112 2665 3853 4652 4969P x C Mean C1 1293 1805 2086 3077 4084 4823 4849 3145

C2 1293 1567 1829 2313 3187 4177 4387 2679P Mean

1293 1686 1958 2695 3635 4500 4618

S.EdP C T P x C T x C P x T PxCxT

56.4 30.15 52.22 79.76 73.85 138.15 195.35CD (P=0.05) 112.16 59.95 103.84 158.61 146.85 274.73 388.53

Table-19: Effect of seed pelleting treatments, storage containers and periods of storage on Vigour index of bitter gourd cv. CO 1 seeds

(Thiruseduraselvi et al., 2007, Coimbatore)conc of leaf powder @(200g/kg of seed)

Integrated Seed EnhancementTechniques Effects Reference

Priming + Pregermination

Early emergence, increased shoot weight

Pill, 1986

Seed coating + Pelleting

Improve plantability of flat seeds, addition of bioactive chemicals, nutrients & microbes

Halmer, 1988

Priming + Pelleting Complements individual effects

Valdes et al. 1985; Bennett, 1988

Osmoticum/solid matrix carrier + GR/nutrients/ pesticides

Additive effect Khan 1992; Osborn & Schroth 1989; Salvage & Cox 1992

PEG + GA3Improved germination & prevented induction of secondary dormancy

Khan 1992

Treatment Rate of imbibition

Speed of germination

Germination %

Root length (cm)

Shoot length (cm)

Seedling dry wt

(mg 10-1)

Vigour index

Pathogen infection

%

Field emergence % (30 DAS)

Plant height 30 DAS (cm)

T0- Control 41.9 2.52 66 5.80 5.58 0.031 843 7 48 5.05T1- Polykote 46.5 2.68 73 6.30 5.99 0.037 950 4 50 5.34

T2- [T1+ Carbendazim] 48.7 2.42 80 6.54 6.02 0.037 1029 1 55 5.23

T3-[T1+ DAP] 42.5 2.71 72 6.58 6.11 0.041 913 4 53 4.54T4-

[T1+Halogen] 52.8 2.82 76 6.21 6.06 0.039 938 3 57 6.14T5

[T2+ DAP] 52.9 2.64 79 5.93 6.83 0.039 926 2 59 5.28T6

[T2+ Halogen] 56.2 2.80 82 6.93 6.34 0.041 1044 1 62 7.89T7-[T4+DAP] 54.0 2.48 73 5.81 5.83 0.039 872 4 57 6.00

T8-[T5+Halogen] 52.6 2.24 72 5.86 5.71 0.037 804 2 60 6.36S.Em± 0.14 0.05 4.57 0.32 0.30 - 78 0.23 0.13 0.64

Table-20: Effect of seed treatments in combination with polykoting on seed quality parameters of chilli cv. K2

(Geetharani et al., 2006, Coimbatore)

Polykote @ 3g/kg of seeds, Halogen mix @ 3g/kg of seeds.Carbendazim @ 2g/kg of seeds, DAP @ 2g/kg of seeds.

Bio control agents Germination (%) Index of vigor (%)

Priming Matriconditioning Priming Matriconditioning

Untreated 71 bA 65 aB 56 dA 54 abB

Bacillus sp. 79 aA 60 abB 72 bcA 58 aB

P. fluorescence 72 bA 57 bB 67 cA 49 bcB

T. harzianum 78 aA 60 abB 81 aA 56 aB

T. psudokonongii 78 aA 61 abB 75 abA 54 abB

Gliocladium sp 67 bA 51 cB 70 bcA 43 cB

Note : Means in the same rows suffixed with different letters or in the same column with different lowercase are different at 5% levels of significance according to DMRT.

Table-21: Percent germination and index of vigor as affected by priming or matriconditioning plus biological agents as seed treatments applied on hot pepper seed lots infected by Colletotrichum capsici

(Kumalasari et al., 2005, Andhra Pradesh)

Advantages of Seed Quality Enhancement Technology

Reduced seed rate Early emergence and reduced time of emergence under

stress conditions Supply of growth regulators/nutrients/beneficial microbes Better nursery management Helps seedling to dominate weeds in competition for

nutrition Field stand and uniformity Minimum exposure to toxicant Direct seeding of conventionally transplanted vegetable

seeds. High turnover

Seed Quality Enhancement is Seed Quality Enhancement is a MUST to benefit botha MUST to benefit both

It doesn’t END END here

ConclusionConclusion

High germination and vigour are not the only determinants

There is lot more to do, a long way to go..

• Advances in polymer technology• Seed testing research (Products in

pipeline)– X ray, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Q2 technology,

Ethanol assay– Molecular technology: Flow cytometry, Luminex®

MAPS, Genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics– Electrification

• Of course good seeds are produced in field (breeding), enhancement is by seed technologists

ConclusionConclusion