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Transcript of Section III The Historical and Philosophical Development of Sport and Physical Education in America...
Section III
The Historical and Philosophical Development of Sport and Physical Education in America
Mechikoff, R.A., A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Sixth Edition © 2014, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-2
Sport in the Colonial PeriodChapter 9
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-3
Colonial America: Attitudes• Attitudes toward sport representative of settlers European
background
• New England: Puritan– Against play generally
• Mid-Atlantic (New York): Dutch, Quaker– Moderate play acceptable
• South: Catholic, Baptist, and Methodist– Most friendly toward play
• Attitudes were strongly influenced by religion
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-4
New England Puritans and Sport: 17th Century• Generally cold toward playful activities
• All human beings were born “flawed” in the eyes of God– Goal was to restrain the “evil” impulses of
sinners– Play was considered “evil”– “idle hands are the devils workshop”
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-5
Puritans and Sport• The good religious life determined how one
should behave– Government was formed to insure religious
behavior
– Control of emotions and behaviors was critical
– Much debate over what was proper behavior
• Protestant work ethic– Hard work: a sign that one was destined for
heaven
– To be seen playing was a sign of moral depravity
– Overcoming desire to play was a sign of morality
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-6
Puritans and Sport • Ban on play was recognized to be impossible– Differed from European Puritans
• What play is acceptable?– Play that helped maintain civic
order– Moderate recreation keeps one
refreshed– Abstention from recreation
created disorder in life
• Fishing, hunting, and walking acceptable– Improved health, renewed spirit
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-7
Sabbath and Sport• Maintain the Sabbath
– Examples of people (John Baker) whipped for hunting
– Hunting not bad, but failed to keep Sabbath
– Sabbath laws (“blue laws”) in effect into the 20th century
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-8
Amusements in New England
• Taverns: American version of English pubs, German beer halls, and European inns – Frontier taverns provided amusements, lodging
• Darts and cards were popular games• Marksmanship, boxing, cockfighting, and
horseracing were popular• Social amusements became more
acceptable as Puritan influence eroded
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-9
Sport and Founding Fathers • Fathers generally approved of
sport and physical activity– Benjamin Franklin and
others were enthusiastic supporters of horse racing
– Franklin (1749) also opened education academies
• sport and physical activity was part of curriculum
• physical activity within a healthful setting ensured a proper educational environment
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-10
Card games were a popular Colonial pastime(18th century hand-engraved cards)
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-11
Sport in the Mid-Atlantic• Quakers of Pennsylvania and Dutch
Calvinists in New York:– More friendly toward playful activities – Horse racing popular from the beginning
• Improvement of the breed by importing • Gamble on outcome
– Bowling, golf, early croquet, tennis, cricket, shooting matches, sleigh rides
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-12
Sport in the South
• Growth of sports in the south – No Puritans settled here– Catholicism was dominant
religion– Southern gentlemen
extremely competitive• Rugged individualism
and competitiveness manifest in wagering on horses
• Founding Fathers enjoyed horse racing
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-13
Horse Racing
• First horse races were a quarter mile long– Led to Virginia quarter horse
• Race tracks in Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina
• Wagering often heavy, women placed bets
• Big races followed by social festivities
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-14
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-15
Sport in the South
• Social class often dictated appropriate sporting behavior
• Upper class: requisite social and athletic skills– Riding, dancing, fencing, and conversation
• Slaves participated as jockeys and boxers• Some slaves gained freedom by fighting
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-16
The History of Black Jockeys Assignment
• Due Sept. 17th:• A one page typed
report of the history of the black jockey.
• Include the names of jockeys that became known for their skills.
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-17
History of Black Boxers in U.S
• Due Sept. 17:
• A one page typed -report
• on the history of black• boxers in this country.
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-18
Sport in South: Boxing• Many boxers were slaves, provided
entertainment & betting for whites• Tom Molineaux: First well-known American
pugilist– won his freedom from slavery
• Traveled to England to fight British champion Tom Cribb in 1810– Molineaux was winning after 29th round – Partisan British fans stopped the fight briefly– Molineaux caught a chill, beaten in 40th round
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-19
Other Influences on Colonial Sport• Native Americans originated the game
of Lacrosse in the Northeast – Expert riders: horseracing and tribal
dances
• Had many forms of ball games that non-Indians learned and participated in throughout the country
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-20
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-21
Alternative Class Assignment Review
• Students:
• Due on Sept. 17th are:
• 1. One page typed paper on the history of African-American and Boxing
• 2. One page typed paper on the history of Black Jockeys in America.
• 3. Complete the quiz at the end of ppt.
© 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-22
• QUESTIONS:• 1. Describe the attitudes toward play for
• A. Puritans_______________________________________________
• B. Dutch and Quaker_______________________________________
• C. Catholic, Baptist, and Methodist ___________________________
• 2. Finish the Puritans saying “Idle hands___________.
• 3. What type of play were acceptable to the Puritans?________________
• 4. Benjamin Franklin supported what event?_________________
• 5. Slaves competed as:
• A.________________ B. ___________________
• 6. Who was Tom Molineax? What made him unique?_________________
• ___________________________________________________________
• 7. Native Americans are credited with developing ___________________