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GreeceChapter 3
Mechikoff & Estes, A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fourth Edition © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Greek Influence Greeks developed much of the Western world’s
belief about the body and physical education Likely with Judaic and Phoenician influences
Two metaphysical systems in Greece Naturalistic: man’s nature is both spiritual and
corporeal (physical) Achieving balance is desired Emphasized physical and intellectual
education
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Greek Metaphysics
Opposing views (cont.)Anti-naturalistic: man’s nature created by mind
Mind held in higher esteem than body Physical education not necessary
View of physical education: result of a specific metaphysical position
Both views held the mind in high esteem Differed on importance of the body Naturalistic view far more popular
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Philosophical Positions: The Body
Dualism Explanation of human existence based upon
both metaphysical and theological beliefsSocrates and PlatoHas profound implications for physical
education Separates human existence into two parts,
mind and body.
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Philosophical Positions: The Body
Dualism (cont.) Elevates mind over body—regulates the corporeal to
an inferior status Reality and truth revealed through the mind, not the
body Mind and ideas are eternal, the body decays Most dualists believe it is essential to develop
the intellectual ability over the physical Philosophy was the highest pursuit in Ancient Greece
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Philosophical Positions: The Body
Dualism (cont.) Body is enemy of the mind Deceives as to what is real
Only in death is the mind truly free of the body Potentially damaging for view of physical
education
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Plato: View of Physical Education
Initially seems that he doesn’t support it (Phaedo)
Later supports ideal education as harmony of mind (music) and body (gymnastics)
Does harmonious imply equality?
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Classical Humanism
Emphasized existence as humans—welfare of the individual is most important Body was important
One’s purpose in the universe was to work out his destiny
Plato was not a humanist Emphasized mind more than the body
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Classical Humanism
Greek gods thought of as ideal humansAnthropomorphicDepicted as having magnificent bodies (Zeus,
Apollo, Athena, etc.) Greeks wanted to resemble their gods
Sought to train and develop the body
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Greek Ideals: Arete and Agon
Ideals that resonated with every Greek Greeks were most like the gods when
striving and competing for excellence The Greek ideal was the excellent
scholar-athlete-soldier
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Greek Ideals: Arete and Agon
Herakles, wearing a cloak made from the skin of the Nemean lion
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Greek Ideals: Arete and Agon
Arete is possible only while individual is striving Those who think they have attained it have lost it Have passed into hubris (excessive pride)
Arete includes virtue, skill, prowess, pride, excellence, valor, and nobility (Stephen Miller)
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Greek Ideals: Arete and Agon
Arete was not limited to athletes Bestowed on public servants, poets,
philosophers, and soldiers
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Greek Ideals: Arete and Agon
Agon: Homer referenced as a meeting place where athletic events were held
Expanded from athletic competitions Included competitions in music, poetry, public
speaking and other events
Evolved into the term agonistic (competitive) Became associated with the process (agony)
of preparing for competition of any kind
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Greek Sport
Historical foundations Birth of Olympic Games (776 B.C.)Funeral Games honored the deceased and
pleased the GodsClimate in Greece allowed for physical activity
year round
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Greek Sport: Historical Perspectives Romantic view: Rise and fall approach
Glory years in fifth and sixth centuriesDeclined with Roman conquest and
Christianity Traditional View
Sport evolved from games described by Homer
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Greek Sport: Historical Perspectives
Modern sport historiansMany are “nontraditionalists”Sport grew out of Greek contact with
surrounding civilizations
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Athens and Sparta: A Tale of Two City-States Greece composed of city-states
Not politically unified Athens and Sparta most famous Had highly contrasting cultures Athens: center of culture and learning Sparta: military power with warrior-citizens
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Athens and Sparta: Views on Physical Education
SpartaObsessed with the militaryEducation was domain of the stateState’s purpose was to produce soldiersPhysical education was taken very seriouslyEducated Spartans were physically fit, good
soldiers
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Athens and Sparta: Views on Physical Education
Physical education had prominent place Education of mind and body was essential Athenians were educated by their families Beliefs were similar to our health clubs
and personal trainers today
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Athletic Participation of Greek Women Spartan women
Participated in gymnastics and rigorous physical fitness and sports programs
Common belief was that physical fitness and training were for both sexes
Spartan women competed in foot races and other sports
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Athletic Participation of Greek Women Athenian women did not participate to
extent of Spartan women Euripides (426 B.C.): “A Spartan girl
could not be chaste if she wanted…They share the same race track and palaestra—a situation I find insufferable”
Married women were forbidden under pain of death from attending Olympic Games
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Athletic Participation of Greek Women Held own athletic contests to honor wife of
Zeus (Hera) Included foot races Used same stadium at Olympia Took place after the Olympic GamesSame judges (Hellanodikai) as the Olympic
Games
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Ancient Olympic Games
First recorded evidence of the Olympic Games: 776 B.C.
Olympic Games occurred every fourth year (Olympiad)
Games may have originated in the hundreds of festivals, mostly religious, held over the years
Athletic contests were a major activity in festivals across Greece; a number of stadiums survive
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Panhellenic GamesLocation Name Honored
godVictory wreath
Olympia Olympic Games
Zeus Olive
Delphi Pythian Games
Apollo Laurel
Corinth Isthmian Games
Poseidon Pine
Nemea Nemean Games
Zeus Celery
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Stadium at Olympia
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Stadium at Delphi
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Ancient Nemean Games
Race in Armor
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Ancient Olympic Games
Elaborate statues and other art forms erected Celebrated military triumphs as well as athletic
success Greeks believed victory (athletics, military,
etc.) was ordained by the gods Olympia was a sacred location where victory
was rewarded Cheating occurred at Olympic Games as well
as other athletic festivals in Greek world Financial and material gain by victory in the Games
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Ancient Olympic Games
Only males were permitted to compete and watch Married women were not allowed to attend, on pain of
death; virgins could attend Women who represented the priestess Demeter could
view the Games Showed the relationship between the ancient Games and
theology Women who owned a horse and chariot could enter the
competition—but not watch it Daughter of Spartan king was victorious in fourth century
B.C.
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Ancient Olympic Games
By 472 B.C. games were five days long Half competitive events, half religious events
Also had non-athletic competition Competitions in arts, philosophy, poetry, music
Spirit of the games: originally religious Gave way to attitude of celebrity City states lured Olympians to their city by wealth
and material possessions
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Ancient Olympic Games
Olympic champions became heroicClosest thing to a god as mortal can become.Given special privileges and could make vast
sums of money by continuing to win.Received a lifetime pension
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Gift from aChampion Charioteer
Bronze statue, gift of the winner of theChariot race at the Pythian Games
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Ancient Olympic Games Greeks believed in developing the mind and
body Olympics were pinnacle of this achievement
Plato, Aristotle and other famous philosophers gathered at Olympia
Theodosius I and II: first Christian emperors of Rome
Outlawed pagan cults in A.D. 393 Ordered destruction of pagan temples (including
temple at Olympia) in A.D. 435 Games tied to pagan religious buildings may then
have ceased at most locations; the Games may have continued at some locations for a time