Section 3-New American Diplomacy Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Section 3-New American Diplomacy

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Chapter ObjectivesSection 3: New American Diplomacy

• I can critique Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy as president.

• I can explain the Open Door policy and its effects on relations between the United States and Asia.

(pages 536–537)(pages 536–537)

Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power


• In the 1900 election, President McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan by a wide margin.

• On September 6, 1901, Leon Czolgosz shot President McKinley, who died a few days later.

• Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley’s vice president, became the youngest person to become president.

• Roosevelt believed the United States had a duty to shape the “less civilized” parts of the world.

• He wanted the United States to become a world power.


(pages 536–537)(pages 536–537)

Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power(cont.)

Roosevelt brought energy and enthusiasm to the office of the president

Childhood ailmentsHis fight against these

problems molded his feelings on the world

America needs to show it’s power

Roosevelt felt the US had duty to “civilize” the world

(pages 537–539)(pages 537–539)

American Diplomacy in Asia


• In 1899 the United States was a major power in Asia.

• Between 1895 and 1900, American exports to China quadrupled.

• In 1894 war began between China and Japan over what is now Korea.

• This ended in a Japanese victory. • In the peace treaty, China gave Korea

independence and Japan territory in Manchuria.

• The war showed that China was weaker than people had thought, and that Japan had successfully adopted Western technology.

• Japan’s rising power worried Russia. • Russia forced Japan to give back the part of

Manchuria to China and later made China lease the territory to Russia.

• Leasing a territory meant it would still belong to China but a foreign power would have control.

American Diplomacy in Asia (cont.)


(pages 537–539)(pages 537–539)

• This leasehold became the center of a sphere of influence, an area where a foreign nation controlled economic development such as railroad and mining.

• President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay supported an Open Door policy in China.

• They believed all countries should be allowed to trade with China.



(pages 537–539)(pages 537–539)

• Hay sent notes to countries with leaseholds in China asking to keep ports open to all nations.

• Hay expected all powers would abide by this plan.

• Secret Chinese societies were organized to end foreign control.

• Members of the Boxers started the Boxer Rebellion.



(pages 537–539)(pages 537–539)

• Group members invaded foreign embassies in Beijing and killed more than 200 foreigners and took others prisoner.

• An international force stopped the rebellion in August 1900.

• Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace prize in 1906 for his efforts in ending the war between Japan and Russia.



(pages 537–539)(pages 537–539)

• After the peace treaty between Japan and Russia, relations between the United States and Japan worsened.

• Each nation wanted greater influence in Asia.

• They agreed to respect each other’s territorial possessions, to uphold the Open Door policy, and to support China’s independence.



(pages 537–539)(pages 537–539)

• The Great White Fleet, 16 battleships of the new United States Navy, was sent around the world to show the country’s military strength.

• Visiting Japan did not help the tension that already existed.



(pages 537–539)(pages 537–539)

(pages 540–541)(pages 540–541)

A Growing Presence in the Caribbean


• In 1901 the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed by the U.S. and Great Britain gave the United States exclusive rights to build and control any proposed canal through Central America.

• A French company that had begun to build a canal through Panama offered to sell its rights and property in Panama to the United States.

• In 1903 Panama was still a part of Colombia, which refused John Hay’s offer to purchase the land and gain rights to build the canal.

• Panamanians decided to declare their independence from Colombia and make their own deal with the United States to build the canal.

• The short uprising against Colombia was supported by the United States, which sent ships to Panama to prevent Colombia from interfering.

A Growing Presence in the Caribbean (cont.)


(pages 540–541)(pages 540–541)

• The United States recognized Panama’s independence, and the two nations signed a treaty to have the canal built.

• Construction of the 50-mile canal took ten years.

• It shortened the distance from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean by about 8,000 nautical miles.



(pages 540–541)(pages 540–541)

• The 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere.

• The corollary was first applied to the Dominican Republic when it fell behind in its debt payments to European nations.

• Latin American nations resented the growing American influence.



• The new president of the United States, William Howard Taft, continued Roosevelt’s policies.

• He believed that if American business leaders supported Latin America and Asian development, everyone would benefit.

• His policy came to be called dollar diplomacy.



(pages 540–541)(pages 540–541)

Teddy Roosevelt becomes President after William McKinley is assassinated

Roosevelt’s had “go get’em” attitude never seen before in presidential office

America becomes increasingly concerned with getting into China’s markets. Money, money, money!

Western influence in Asia increases tension in the area and war breaks out b/t Japan and Russia

When Teddy Roosevelt helps calm both sides down, he takes it as a sign that America should have bigger role in world

The Panama Canal is Teddy’s biggest test yet!

Language Arts “Yellow” journalism takes its name from the “Yellow kid” comic strip, which featured a scrappy little bald kid in a flashy yellow nightshirt. Drawn by R.F. Outcault, the comic strip first ran in 1895 in Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World. The bright yellow ink attracted readers. Therefore, yellow journalism came to refer to flashy, unsubstantiated news accounts.

Science Constructing the Panama Canal involved three main engineering projects. First, the workers had to excavate the Gaillard Cut, which was 300 feet (91 meters) wide across the isthmus. Next, they had to build a dam across the Chagres River to create an artificial lake. Finally, they had to construct the canal’s locks. The hardest job was digging the Gaillard Cut, because the hill through which the cut runs consists of soft volcanic material. When workers dug a hole, more rock and earth would slide into the space or push up from below.

In 1826, many years before the Pan-American conference was held in Washington, D.C., Simón Bolívar convened the Congress of Panama with the idea of creating an association of states in the Western Hemisphere. The OAS charter was signed in 1948. At the same conference, participants also signed the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, which was the first international statement expressing human rights principles.

When President McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war, the House of Representatives voted 311 to 6 in support of the declaration. The Senate was more evenly divided, voting 42 to 35. To appease some reluctant members of Congress, the Teller amendment was added to the declaration. The amendment called for the United States to help Cuba become an independent country once the war had ended.

The Tenth Cavalry was one of four African American units to serve in Cuba. Although their courage was highly praised, they were not considered equals. The U.S. Army did not abolish segregated units until 1948.

The Boxers, also known as the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, were members of a secret society opposed to foreign influence in China. As the Boxers laid siege to the foreign legations in Beijing, diplomats, foreign civilians, and Chinese Christians were trapped behind barricades for nearly 60 days before an international rescue team ended the uprising.

John Hay studied law in an office next to Abraham Lincoln. He was Lincoln’s assistant private secretary when Lincoln was president.

Many U.S. legislators opposed Roosevelt’s corollary, claiming that his actions were unconstitutional because it was the Senate’s right to make such decisions. Most Americans approved of the corollary, however, so the Senate agreed in 1907 to a treaty that maintained United States control of Dominican customs.

Strong Ego William Randolph Hearst sent artist Frederic Remington to Cuba to cover events after the explosion of the Maine. When the expected conflict between the United States and Spain did not immediately materialize, the artist asked if he should return home. Hearst called back, “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.”

Literature Rudyard Kipling wrote “The White Man’s Burden” in 1899 to persuade the Americans to make the Philippines a colony.

Anti-Imperialist William Jennings Bryan was nominated for president three times. He lost in 1896, 1900, and 1908. In part his anti-imperialist stand helped defeat him. He did go on to become secretary of state under President Woodrow Wilson. In that post Bryan continued to oppose U.S. expansionist policies.

Regulating the Canal Water flows in an out of the locks by gravity, so no pumps are needed. Locks are used to handle changes in elevation along the course of the canal and in tide level near the seacoast. Cut is an engineering term for an artificially created passageway or channel.

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