Section 1C.1 & C.2 Reading Solubility Curves

What is Solubility?

Solubility:Solubility: the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a certain amount of solvent at a given temperature

SoluteSolute = substance dissolved SolventSolvent = does the dissolving Example: __ grams of salt (NaCl) in 100 g

of water at __ ˚C.

Temperature and Solubility

TemperatureTemperature affects how much of the solute can be dissolved by the solvent. Note: Increasing the temperature does not alwaysdoes not always

increase the solubility…think about what happens to dissolved gas in your soda when its heated

Solubility curvesSolubility curves: used to show how the solubility of a substance changes with temperature.

To read the graph: 1. Find the line for the substance. 2. The amount that dissolves at a given temp. is on the y-axis.

How much KNO3 dissolves in 100g H2O at 50oC?

1. Find the line (red)2. Find the temperature

and follow up to the line. (green)

3. Read across to the y-axis and this is the answer. (blue)

4. Since it is above the ½-way between 80 and 90, 87g KNO3 will dissolve.

Types of Solutions: Saturated solution: point on the line

Contains maximum amount of solute at given temp Contains what it should hold

Supersaturated: above the line Contains more solute than a saturated solution Contains more than it should hold

Unsaturated: below the line is Contains less solute than saturated solution Contains less solute than it could hold

.

SOLUBILITY GRAPHSC

once

ntra

tion

(g/1

00 g

wat

er)

temperature

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

NaNO3

KBr

NH4Cl

KNO3

Na2SO3NaCl

SOLUBILITY FORMULAS

amount of soluteamount of solvent

amount of soluteamount of solvent=

Given solubility unknown

1.The solubility of a solid is 15g / 100g of water. How many grams of the solid must be dissolved in 1 kg of water to make a saturated solution?

SOLUBILITY PROBLEMS

SOLUBILITY PROBLEMS

amount of soluteamount of solvent

amount of soluteamount of solvent

=

15 g-------100g

= X-------1000g

X=150g

SOLUBILITY EXAMPLES

2. If you have 50g in 500g of water, using solubility from problem #1, is the solution saturated? 15g------100g

= X------500g

X=75g is saturated

No, 50 g is not saturated!

SOLUBILITY EXAMPLES

3. The solubility of a solute is 5g/100g water at 20 C and 7.5g/100g water at 50 C. How much of the solute must be dissolved in 250g of water at 20 C to prepare a saturated solution?

5g-----100g

= X-----250g

X=12.5g to prepare a saturated solution

SOLUBILITY EXAMPLES

4. The solubility of a solute is 5g/100g water at 20 C and 7.5g/100g water at 50 C. If a saturated solution is prepared using 200g water at 50 C, then allowed to cool to 20 C:

a. Will it still be saturated?

b. How much solute will precipitate out?

SOLUBILITY EXAMPLES

Will it still be saturated? @ 50 C:

7.5g-----100g

= X-----200g

X=15g to prepare a saturated solution @ 50 C

SOLUBILITY EXAMPLES

Will it still be saturated? Now cool it to 20 C:

5g-----100g

= X-----200g

X=10g to prepare a saturated solution @ 20 C

SOLUBILITY EXAMPLES

Will it still be saturated? Now cool it to 20 C:

15g > 10g @ 20 C so its supersaturated!!

SOLUBILITY EXAMPLES

How much will precipitate out? 5g

-----100g

= X-----200g

X=10g to prepare a saturated solution @ 20 C

7.5g-----100g

X-----200g

=X=15g to prepare a saturated solution @ 50 C

SOLUBILITY EXAMPLES

How much will precipitate out?

15g - 10g = 5g will precipitate out!

To do Calculations: To calculate how much extra has been dissolved:

Extra = Dissolved amt - saturated

in soln (given value) line value @ that temp.

To calculate how much more can be dissolved:

? Much more = saturated - given value

line value @ that temp

Example 1: How much less KCl is dissolved at 20oC

than at 60oC in 100g H2O? Read the line value:

32g at 20oC Subtract it from the

given value: 45g – 32g = 13 g

Example 2: How much more KCl is required to saturate

the solution if 25g are dissolved at 40oC? Read the line value:

40g Subtract the given

value: 40g – 25g = 15 g

Your turn! Use your graph

1. How much NaCl will dissolve in 100g H2O at 35oC?

2. How much NH4Cl will dissolve at 50oC?

3. What is the solubility of SO2 at 25oC?

4. What is the solubility of potassium chlorate in 100 grams of water at 35oC?

5. What is the solubility of potassium iodide in 100 grams of water at 10oC?

6. What minimum temperature needed to dissolve 80 grams of sodium nitrate in 100 grams of water?

7. What minimum temperature needed to dissolve 42 grams of potassium chloride in 100 grams of water?

8. What minimum temperature needed to dissolve 20 grams of KClO3 in 100 grams of water?

9. If 95 grams of potassium nitrate are mixed with 100 grams of water at 45ºC, how much will not dissolve?

10. If 85 grams of potassium iodide are mixed with 100 grams of water at 0ºC, how much more must be added to saturate the solution?

11. If 55 grams of potassium chlorate are mixed with 100 grams of water at 55ºC, how much will not dissolve?

12. If 125 grams of potassium iodide are mixed with 100 grams of water at 10ºC, how much more must be added to saturate the solution?

13. What is the solubility of potassium chlorate in 50 grams of water at 35ºC?

14. What is the solubility of potassium chlorate in 100 grams of water at 35 oC?

15. What is the solubility of potassium iodide in 100 grams of water at 10 oC?

16. What is the minimum temperature needed to dissolve 80 grams of sodium nitrate in 100 grams of water?

17. What is the minimum temperature needed to dissolve 42 grams of potassium chloride in 100 grams of water?

18. What is the minimum temperature needed to dissolve 20 grams of KClO3 in 100 grams of water?

19. If 95 grams of potassium nitrate are mixed with 100 grams of water at 45 oC, how much will not dissolve?

20. If 55 grams of potassium chlorate are mixed with 100 grams of water at 55 oC, how much will not dissolve?

21. If 125 grams of potassium iodide are mixed with 100 grams of water at 10 oC, how much more must be added to saturate the solution?

22. If 85 grams of potassium iodide are mixed with 100 grams of water at 0 oC, how much more must be added to saturate the solution?

23. What is the solubility of potassium chlorate in 50 grams of water at 35 oC?

Turn in your work

Practice Molar Mass again!

Examples:

Gas SolubilityGas Solubility

1C.12 & 1C.13

What About Gases?What About Gases? We’ve seen that for most solids, the We’ve seen that for most solids, the

solubility usually solubility usually increasesincreases as temperature as temperature ____________________

Does the same hold true for gases??Does the same hold true for gases?? What does this graph tell us?What does this graph tell us?

What type of relationship isWhat type of relationship is shown between solubility shown between solubility

and water temperature? and water temperature?

increasesincreases

Temp Temp ↑↑ Solubility Solubility ↓↓

InverseInverse

Gas SolubilityGas Solubility As seen from the graph, as the water As seen from the graph, as the water

temperature __________ the gas solubility temperature __________ the gas solubility __________________

Looking at the graph very closely…Looking at the graph very closely… Even at low temperatures, Even at low temperatures,

would you say that gases would you say that gases are VERY soluble?are VERY soluble?

decreasesdecreasesincreasesincreases

Most gases are far Most gases are far less soluble than less soluble than many ionic solidsmany ionic solids

The Pressure’s ON!!The Pressure’s ON!! Because most gases do not dissolve very Because most gases do not dissolve very

well, solutions are put under high pressures well, solutions are put under high pressures to increase the gas solubility. to increase the gas solubility.

For example…COFor example…CO22 from a high-pressure tank from a high-pressure tank must be forced into the soda must be forced into the soda container just before it is sealedcontainer just before it is sealed

This high pressure is quickly This high pressure is quickly decreased when the container is decreased when the container is openedopened

The longer the beverage is open The longer the beverage is open to the air, the more COto the air, the more CO22 escapes escapes (“flat”)(“flat”)

Factors Affecting Gas SolubilityFactors Affecting Gas Solubility What relationship is shown in the graph?What relationship is shown in the graph?

What type of relationship What type of relationship is this?is this?

Based on what we’ve discussed, what Based on what we’ve discussed, what factors would you say affect gas solubility?factors would you say affect gas solubility?TemperatureTemperatureNature of SolventNature of SolventPressurePressure

Pressure Pressure ↑↑ Solubility Solubility ↑↑

DirectDirectA linear graph with a positive A linear graph with a positive slope = direct relationshipslope = direct relationship

Affects on the EnvironmentAffects on the Environment Oxygen dissolved in water is necessary for Oxygen dissolved in water is necessary for

aquatic wildlife to survive.aquatic wildlife to survive. What if the temperature of What if the temperature of

the water increases?the water increases? The amount of dissolved The amount of dissolved oxygen oxygen

______________ Also, as temperature increases, cold-blooded Also, as temperature increases, cold-blooded

animals’ (fish) metabolism increases – they animals’ (fish) metabolism increases – they require more oxygenrequire more oxygen

What causes water temperatures to increase?What causes water temperatures to increase? summer heat, power plant cooling water, etc.summer heat, power plant cooling water, etc.

Can There Be Too Much OCan There Be Too Much O22?? YES!!!YES!!! When OWhen O22 dissolves, so does N dissolves, so does N22 (both in the (both in the

air)air) Gas Bubble Trauma: bubbles form in the Gas Bubble Trauma: bubbles form in the

blood and tissues of fishblood and tissues of fish OO2 2 can be used during metabolism can be used during metabolism

NN22 bubbles block capillaries resulting in the bubbles block capillaries resulting in the

death of the fishdeath of the fish

How Does it Happen?How Does it Happen? Supersaturation (110% to 124%) of OSupersaturation (110% to 124%) of O22 and N and N22

happens at the base of damshappens at the base of dams Released water forms “froth,” trapping large Released water forms “froth,” trapping large

quantities of airquantities of air