Section 12: Emotion Psychology in Modules by Saul Kassin.

Section 12:Emotion

Psychology in Modules by Saul Kassin

©2006 Prentice Hall

EmotionEmotion

The Physiological ComponentThe Physiological Component

The Expressive ComponentThe Expressive Component

The Cognitive ComponentThe Cognitive Component

Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces TogetherHuman Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together


EmotionEmotionThree Components of EmotionThree Components of Emotion

EmotionA feeling state characterized by physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and a cognitive interpretation.


The Physiological Component The Physiological Component A Historical PerspectiveA Historical PerspectiveJames-Lange Theory of EmotionJames-Lange Theory of Emotion• Emotion arises from Emotion arises from

physiological arousalphysiological arousal• Happiness comes from Happiness comes from

smilingsmiling• Sadness comes from Sadness comes from

cryingcrying


The Physiological Component The Physiological Component A Historical PerspectiveA Historical Perspective Cannon-Bard Theory of EmotionCannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• Emotion originates in Emotion originates in the thalamusthe thalamus

• ““Body” (physiological Body” (physiological systems) and “Mind” systems) and “Mind” (emotional (emotional experience) are experience) are independently independently activated at the same activated at the same timetime


The Physiological Component The Physiological Component Brain Centers of EmotionBrain Centers of Emotion

• Limbic SystemLimbic System• The Amygdala is The Amygdala is

highly involved in highly involved in fear responsesfear responses

• Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex• Left hemisphere Left hemisphere

associated with associated with positive emotions; positive emotions; right with negative right with negative emotionsemotions


The Physiological Component The Physiological Component Generalized Autonomic ArousalGeneralized Autonomic Arousal The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System

“Fight or Flight”

Restore Calm


The Physiological Component The Physiological Component Specific Patterns of ArousalSpecific Patterns of Arousal

Polygraph Polygraph TestsTests

• PolygraphPolygraph• Records multiple Records multiple

channels of channels of autonomic arousal autonomic arousal and is often used as a and is often used as a lie-detector test. lie-detector test.

• Scientific opinion is Scientific opinion is split regarding split regarding whether the polygraph whether the polygraph works.works.


The Expressive Component The Expressive Component Common Email “Emoticons”Common Email “Emoticons”


The Expressive Component The Expressive Component Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal CommunicationHow Well do People Identify Emotions?How Well do People Identify Emotions?


The Expressive Component The Expressive Component Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

The Facial The Facial EMGEMG

• Electrodes placed on the Electrodes placed on the face record activity in face record activity in various muscles.various muscles.

• Positive emotions increase Positive emotions increase activity in cheeks.activity in cheeks.

• Negative emotions Negative emotions increase activity in increase activity in forehead and brow areas.forehead and brow areas.

Electromyograph (EMG)


The Expressive Component The Expressive Component Sensory FeedbackSensory Feedback

• Facial-Feedback HypothesisFacial-Feedback Hypothesis• The hypothesis that changes in facial The hypothesis that changes in facial

expression can produce corresponding changes expression can produce corresponding changes in emotionin emotion

• Zajonc, et al. had subjects repeat vowel sounds.Zajonc, et al. had subjects repeat vowel sounds.• Making some sounds - “ah” and “e” - caused Making some sounds - “ah” and “e” - caused

smiling and elevated mood.smiling and elevated mood.• Making other sounds - “u” and “ü” - caused Making other sounds - “u” and “ü” - caused

frowning and lowered mood. frowning and lowered mood.


The Cognitive Component The Cognitive Component Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of EmotionEmotion

• Physiological arousalPhysiological arousal• Sweaty palmsSweaty palms

• Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate

• Rapid breathingRapid breathing

• Cognitive LabelCognitive Label• Attribute source of arousal Attribute source of arousal

to a cause.to a cause.

• To have an emotion, both To have an emotion, both factors are required.factors are required.


The Cognitive Component The Cognitive Component Dimensions of AppraisalDimensions of Appraisal

• Cognitive dimensions closely linked to Cognitive dimensions closely linked to emotion:emotion:• PleasantnessPleasantness: Is event enjoyable?: Is event enjoyable?• AttentionAttention: Is one focused on event?: Is one focused on event?• AgencyAgency: Does one believe he/she is in control?: Does one believe he/she is in control?• CertaintyCertainty: How clear is situation and is outcome : How clear is situation and is outcome

predictable? predictable?


The Cognitive Component The Cognitive Component Counterfactual ThinkingCounterfactual Thinking

• Imagining alternative scenarios and Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but outcomes that might have happened but did notdid not

• Wondering “What if…?”Wondering “What if…?”

• More likely in response to negative eventsMore likely in response to negative events

• More likely when one is close to the other More likely when one is close to the other outcome (e.g., a lottery ticket with 4/5 outcome (e.g., a lottery ticket with 4/5 winning numbers, a silver medalist, etc.)winning numbers, a silver medalist, etc.)


The Cognitive Component The Cognitive Component Is Cognition Necessary?Is Cognition Necessary?Pathway of Fear Without “Thought”Pathway of Fear Without “Thought”

• Sensation of threat can Sensation of threat can reach the amygdala via reach the amygdala via direct path from thalamusdirect path from thalamus

• The fast “low road”The fast “low road”• Sensation of threat also Sensation of threat also

travels from the thalamus travels from the thalamus to the cortexto the cortex

• The slow “high road”The slow “high road”• Cortical judgment can Cortical judgment can

override direct pathoverride direct path

The Cognitive Component The Cognitive Component Can People Predict Their Emotional Can People Predict Their Emotional

States?States?

•Affective ForecastingAffective Forecasting•The process by which people predict how The process by which people predict how they would feel in the future, after various they would feel in the future, after various positive and negative eventspositive and negative events•People have difficulty predicting their People have difficulty predicting their emotions in response to future events.emotions in response to future events.•People overestimate the duration of their People overestimate the duration of their emotional reactions (emotional reactions (durability biasdurability bias).).


Human Emotion: Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Putting the Pieces Together Russell's Circumplex ModelRussell's Circumplex Model

• Which emotions are Which emotions are universal, felt in all cultures?universal, felt in all cultures?• Fear, anger, joy, disgust, Fear, anger, joy, disgust,

surprise, and sadnesssurprise, and sadness

• Russell identified two main Russell identified two main dimensions of emotiondimensions of emotion

• Emotions can be sorted Emotions can be sorted according to these according to these dimensions in several dimensions in several culturescultures


Human Emotion: Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Putting the Pieces Together Dynamics of EmotionDynamics of EmotionOpponent-Process Theory of EmotionOpponent-Process Theory of Emotion

• Every primary emotional state Every primary emotional state triggers its opposite, opponent triggers its opposite, opponent state.state.

• A positive emotional state is A positive emotional state is followed by a negative state, followed by a negative state, and vice versa. and vice versa.

• Emotional experience is Emotional experience is balanced over time.balanced over time.


Human Emotion: Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Putting the Pieces Together Are There Gender Differences in Are There Gender Differences in Emotion?Emotion?

• Little support exists that the sexes differ in Little support exists that the sexes differ in their actual feelings in response to similar their actual feelings in response to similar events.events.

• However, there are differences in the public However, there are differences in the public display of emotion.display of emotion.• Women are more expressive than men are.Women are more expressive than men are.


Human Emotion: Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Putting the Pieces Together Are There Cultural Differences in Are There Cultural Differences in Emotion?Emotion?

• Some aspects of emotion seem universal.Some aspects of emotion seem universal.• However, cultures affect the categorization However, cultures affect the categorization

of emotions and the display rules that govern of emotions and the display rules that govern when and where emotions can be expressed.when and where emotions can be expressed.


Human Emotion: Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Putting the Pieces Together Pleasure and the Pursuit of HappinessPleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness

• Three predictive indicators of happiness are:Three predictive indicators of happiness are:• Social relationshipsSocial relationships• EmploymentEmployment• Physical healthPhysical health


Human Emotion: Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Putting the Pieces Together Pleasure and the Pursuit of Pleasure and the Pursuit of HappinessHappiness

National Happiness RatingsNational Happiness Ratings

• The happiness scale : very happy (4), quite happy (3), not very happy (2), or not at all happy (1).The happiness scale : very happy (4), quite happy (3), not very happy (2), or not at all happy (1).


Human Emotion: Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Putting the Pieces Together Pleasure and the Pursuit of Pleasure and the Pursuit of HappinessHappiness

National Wealth and HappinessNational Wealth and Happiness

• Over a 40-year period, Americans became over twice as Over a 40-year period, Americans became over twice as wealthy, but no happier.wealthy, but no happier.


Human Emotion: Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Putting the Pieces Together Pleasure and the Pursuit of Pleasure and the Pursuit of HappinessHappiness• Social-Comparison TheorySocial-Comparison Theory

• The theory that people evaluate themselves The theory that people evaluate themselves by making comparisons with othersby making comparisons with others

• Adaptation-Level TheoryAdaptation-Level Theory• The theory that people evaluate experiences The theory that people evaluate experiences

in relation to current levels to which they in relation to current levels to which they have become accustomedhave become accustomed

Section 12: Emotion Psychology in Modules by Saul Kassin.

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Transcript of Section 12: Emotion Psychology in Modules by Saul Kassin.