Scientific Revolution

René Descartes 1596 - 1650

"Common sense is the best distributed commodity in the world, for every man

is convinced that he is well supplied with it."

"Cogito, ergo sum." (I think, therefore I am.)

The Scientific Revolution

VS

Objectives

►Describe the new ideas of the Scientific Revolution

►Copernicus►Brahe►Kepler►Galileo

►Explain how these new ideas threatened the beliefs and power of the Church

Before 1500►Where did ppl get their info about the

world? Ancient Greek or Roman philosophers/authors

The Bible

►What helped disseminate that info? The printing press Church Schools/Universities Ren/Ref/Exploration

Medieval Views

• The Geocentric Theory (Earth-centered)• Aristotle’s theory• planets revolved around immovable earth• God placed Earth in center of universe

• Few people questioned these ideas Why?

PtolemyUntil mid-1500s

Ptolemy’s theoryEvidence to support Aristotle’s

ideasEarth was the center of universe

This theory matched the teachings of the Church.

Causes of the Sci Rev

►A few scholars published works That challenged the church & old ideas These ideas launched a change in thought

►What helped “cause” this change?

Causes of the Scientific Revolution► Medieval Universities

► The Italian Renaissance Renewed emphasis on mathematics Renaissance – patronage

► Navigational problems of long sea voyages

► Better scientific instruments

Questions

►Who first suggested that the earth was the center of the universe?

►Who provided evidence to support this idea?

►List and explain 2 of the causes of the Scientific Revolution.

Changing Views of the Universe

►Period of time when people began to define sci. method & apply it to search for truth

►Caused: Scientific Awakening

Scientific Awakening

►Merged sci & techn Use of mathematics Experimentation

►Sci. separated from church philosophy Basic ancient truths were questioned Focus on physics, not ethics

New Views• The Heliocentric Theory (Sun-

centered)• Copernicus’ theory

• Planets revolved around the sun• 1st new scientific theory in nearly 2,000

years• Others built on this idea

• This angered church leaders. • Why?

Copernicus (1543)

Nicolaus Copernicus

Heliocentricsun-centered, model of

the universe.

Aim to glorify God

Tycho Brahe (Late 1500s)

Tycho Brahe used observation Provided mountains of

evidence to support Copernicus’ theory. Could not mathematically

support it

Bridge b/w geo & helio

Tycho Brahe’s Model

Sun at center of circles

Johannes Kepler (Early 1600s)

Johannes KeplerUsed Mathematics to

support Brahe’s observations

each planet moved around the sun in an elliptical orbit

Galileo Galilei (Early 1600s)

Galileo Galilei Early user of the experimental

methodbuilt a telescope and studied the heavens

His discoveries using the telescope Moon had rough, uneven surface Sun has dark spots

Galileo Galilei vs The Church

Confirmed the heliocentric model caused an uproar

Galileo’s findings scared the church. Why? Pope summoned him to Rome for trial

Under threat of torture Read a confession Admitted ideas of Copernicus were

false.

Sentenced to house arrest & silence

1992 –Catholic Church accepted his beliefs

Questions

►Explain Copernicus’ theory.►How do Brahe and Kepler support

Copernicus’ ideas?►How did Galileo extend the findings of

the earlier scientists?►Why doesn’t the church support

Galileo’s ideas?

To Do

►Read pages 625 (bottom) -628 give a one sentence summary of the

following scientists►Vesalius►Torricelli►Bacon►Descartes►Boyle►Janssen/Leeuwenhoek►Fahrenheit/Celsius

Bell Work

►How does this quote describe the Scientific Revolution?

“If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”

--Newton

Objectives

►Describe scientific achievements of the Scientific Revolution Bacon, Descartes, & Newton

Isaac Newton (Late 1600s)

► Argues for a universe governed by natural laws Law of Inertia

► Something in motion tends to stay in motion

Law of Gravity► Things tend to fall downward

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Scientific Advances

Janssen invented the microscope

Leeuwenhoek used microscope to see cells & microorganisms.

Fahrenheit/Celsius used thermometers to measure temperature

Torricelli used the barometer to measure atmospheric pressure to predict the weather

Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy.

Descartes is the father of analytical geometry . Believed everything had to be proved by math. “I think, therefore I am.”

Bacon is the father of the Scientific Method

The 1500s & 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science.

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Scientist Contributions

Copernicus Challenged a basic theory

Galileo Linked experiments & math

Bacon Scientific Method

Descartes Theoretical Science

Newton Applied laws to the universe

Scientific Awakening (Overview)

Consequences of the Sci. Rev.

►Rise of the “Scientific Community”

►The modern scientific method

►A universe ordered according to natural laws