Science Fact of the Day At max speed a male kangaroo can leap 7 meters (23 feet) in one bound. This means he could cross a basketball court in 3 hops. Science Fact of the Day The protein Titin or connectin is the largest known protein with ~26,000 amino acids forming the polypeptide chain. This protein is responsible for muscle elasticity in the human body. As requested by Anthony Michael Bellwork A geneticist studying fruit flies hypothesizes that short wings are a recessive trait coded for by a single gene. Which observation is most likely to have led her to form this hypothesis? Why? 1. Flies have wing lengths ranging from very long to very short. 2. Flies with long wings are less likely to survive. 3. Flies with long wings can produce offspring with short wings. 4. Flies with short wings prefer to mate with flies with long wings. Bellwork: In a plant, long stems are dominant (L) to short stems (l). If a homozygous dominant flower and a homozygous recessive plant are crossed, what would be the phenotypic ratio of their offspring? Title: Non-Mendelian Genetics REMEMBER: Mendels principles form the basis of the modern science of genetics. The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by specific segments of DNA called genes. Genes are passed from parents to their offspring. Types of Inheritance 1.Mendelian: genetic traits are controlled by a single gene dominant or recessive; flower color 2.Sex-linked: genetic traits are controlled by the X or Y chromosome -----X-linked recessive; colorblindness 3.Co-dominance: both alleles contribute to the phenotype equally (ex. Blood type) 4.Incomplete dominance: when the presence of both alleles leads to a blending of traits (ex. Red flower + white flower = pink flower) 5.Polygenic: when a trait is controlled by multiple alleles Incomplete Dominance When the genotype is heterozygous, then the trait will be a blend of the two alleles Note: Sometimes, we write this by using an abbreviation of the trait in a capital letter (C =color) and the alleles as a superscript (C R = red flower) or subscript (C R ). Sometimes, we just say the heterozygous trait is a blend. 1. Finger length in humans can be long, medium, or short. Complete the Punnett square for a homozygous recessive mom and a heterozygous dad. F f f f FfFfff FfFf FF = Long Ff = Medium ff=short DAD = Ff MOM = ff 50% will have medium fingers. 50% will have short fingers 2. In a plant, long stems are dominant (L) to short stems (l). The heterozygous trait will produce medium stems. If a long stemmed flower and a short stemmed plant are crossed, what would be the phenotypic ratio of their offspring? L L l l Ll LL = Long Ll = Medium ll = Short DAD = LL MOM = ll 0 long: 4 medium: 0 short 3. Straight hair (C) is dominant to curly hair (c) and inherited in an incomplete fashion. What would be the probability that a child would have curly hair if both parents are heterozygous for hair type? Cc C c CCCcCc CcCc cc CC = Straight Cc= wavy cc = Curly DAD = Cc MOM = Cc 25% chance of curly hair Non-Mendelian Inheritance Spongebob loves growing flowers for his gal pal, Sandy. She loves the Poofkin flowersred, purple, and blue! Interestingly enough, the Poofkin flowers display incomplete dominance in their genes for color. 1. Using R for red, what would be the genotypes for the following phenotypes? red: ______ purple: _____blue: _____ 2. Complete a Punnett square for a red Poofkin and a purple Poofkin. For the remainder of class, work on your incomplete dominance worksheet. It is homework due tomorrow, if you dont finish. Bellwork: 12/9/15 1.Have your homework from yesterday out on your desk for me to collect 2.Have a pencil and your journal ready to go. Title your notes: Codominance and Multiple Alleles 3.Answer the question on the right on your bellwork sheet. For Monday write test analysis. For Tuesday write New seating chart A geneticist studying fruit flies hypothesizes that short wings are a recessive trait coded for by a single gene. Which observation is most likely to have led her to form this hypothesis? Why? 1. Flies have wing lengths ranging from very long to very short. 2. Flies with long wings are less likely to survive. 3. Flies with long wings can produce offspring with short wings. 4. Flies with short wings prefer to mate with flies with long wings. 30 click here to start timer Types of Inheritance 1.Mendelian: genetic traits are controlled by a single gene dominant or recessive; flower color 2.Sex-linked: genetic traits are controlled by the X or Y chromosome -----X-linked recessive; colorblindness 3.Co-dominance: both alleles contribute to the phenotype equally (ex. Blood type) 4.Incomplete dominance: when the presence of both alleles leads to a blending of traits (ex. Red flower + white flower = pink flower) 5.Polygenic: when a trait is controlled by multiple alleles Co-dominance When the genotype is heterozygous, then both traits will show up equally Spots, stripes, etc. Note: when writing we show this with two different capital letters 1. A certain type of flower can be purple, white, or spotted. What would the outcome be for spotted flowers that were bred together? P W P W PP PW WW PP = Purple PW= Spotted WW = White DAD = PW MOM = PW 25% purple, 50% spotted, 25% white 2. Cows can be white, brown, or roan. What percent of calves would be brown if a roan bull and brown cow mated? B W B B BB BW BB BW BB = Brown BW= Roan WW = White DAD = BW MOM = BB 50% brown Polygenic Inheritance Multiple genes control the inheritance of traits. Both genes and the environment determine how traits are expressed in a population Blood Typing is an example of codominance and multiple alleles!! A and B are codominant, O is recessive. Can also be written I A I A for Type A blood and ii for Type O blood, etc. Blood Type You can GIVE blood to You can RECEIVE blood from AA or ABA or O BB or ABB or O ABAB only!Anyone OAll typesO only! 3. What would be the possible outcomes if a woman with AO blood and a man with AB blood had children? A B A O AA AB AO BO AA, AO = Type A BB, BO = Type B AB = Type AB OO = Type O DAD = AB MOM = AO 50% Type A, 25% Type B, 25% Type AB Non-Mendelian Inheritance In rabbits, white coat color (C W ) and black coat color (C B ) are codominant, and both of these alleles are dominant over albino (c); heterozygotes (C W C B ) are spotted. 1. Draw a Punnett Square that shows the genotypes of the offspring from a heterozygous black-coated rabbit and a homozygous white-coated rabbit? Bellwork: 12/10/15 1.Have a pencil and your journal ready to go. Title your notes: Sex Linked Traits 2.Answer the question on the right on your bellwork sheet. 3.Have out your worksheet from yesterday. Well finish it in class today. 4.The page you picked up is homework! For the following scenarios tell whether they are describing incomplete or codominance. 1.Two spotted owls mate. 2.Black mice and white mice produce gray mice. 3.A roan bull and brown cow have calves. 4.Calico cats reproduce. 30 click here to start timer Types of Inheritance 1.Mendelian: genetic traits are controlled by a single gene dominant or recessive; flower color 2.Sex-linked: genetic traits are controlled by the X or Y chromosome -----X-linked recessive; colorblindness 3.Co-dominance: both alleles contribute to the phenotype equally (ex. Blood type) 4.Incomplete dominance: when the presence of both alleles leads to a blending of traits (ex. Red flower + white flower = pink flower) 5.Polygenic: when a trait is controlled by multiple alleles 1. What would be the probability that a man and a woman would have a boy? Who determines gender? X Y X X XX XY XX XY XY = male XX= female DAD = XY MOM = XX 50% female, 50% maledad determines gender Today were going to talk about a special case: sex-linked traits Remember: Each person inherits an X chromosome from mom and either an X or a Y from dad We use the letters X and Y to represent chromosomes (not alleles) What do you think a sex-linked trait is? Examples? Sex-linked traits Are traits that are determined by genes carried on either the Y or X chromosome If they are determined by the Y chromosome they are referred to as Y- linked Y-linked disorders are very rare and often cause infertility in men If they are determined by the X-chromosome they are referred to as X- linked X-linked dominant These conditions (such as vitamin D resistant rickets) are rare and can affect both men and women Men are more affected than women Both men and women can pass on the affected chromosome to their children 2. Rickets is an x-linked dominant trait. What would be the outcome if a normal woman and a man with rickets had children? XRXR Y X X XRXXRX XY XRXXRX X R = rickets X= normal DAD = X R Y MOM = XX Their daughters would have rickets and their sons would not In 18 words summarize these two diagrams. X-linked recessive These disorders (such as hemophilia and color blindness) more frequently affect men than women GenotypePhenotype XYMan who can see all colors XCYXCYColorblind man XXWoman who can see all colors XCXXCXWoman who can see all colors (carrier) XCXCXCXC Colorblind woman 3. Colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait. What would be the outcome if a woman (X C X) and a normal man had children? X Y XCXC X XCXXCX XCYXCY XX XY X C = colorblind X= normal DAD = XY MOM = X C X 50% of their daughters would be carriers, 50% normal. 50% of their sons would be colorblind, 50% normal. How could you find out the chances that you have hemophilia running in your family? Pedigree chart: a chart that shows relationships within a family. For the rest of class well finish the worksheet from yesterday. Homework tonight!! 3. Predict the phenotypic ratio of offspring when a homozygous white cow is crossed with a roan bull. B W W W BW WW BW WW BB = Brown BW= Roan WW = White DAD = BW MOM = WW 0 Black: 2 roan: 2 white 1. If a man with blood type AB marries a woman heterozygous for type A, what is the probability their child will be type B? A B A O AA AB AO BO AA, AO = Type A BB, BO = Type B AB = Type AB OO = Type O DAD = AB MOM = AO 25% type B 2. A mother has type A blood and a father has type B blood. If their baby has type O blood, what is the genotype of the parents? A ? B ? AB B? A? ?? AA, AO = Type A BB, BO = Type B AB = Type AB OO = Type O DAD = A? MOM = B? AO and BO 2. Earl has normal vision, while his wife is colorblindIf they have a large family, in what ways would colorblindness affect their children? X Y XCXC XCXC XCXXCX XCYXCY XCXXCX XCYXCY X C = colorblind X= normal DAD = XY MOM = X C X C Their daughters would be carriers and their sons would be colorblind. Non-Mendalian Inheritance Mrs. PigglyWiggly is a carrier of the sex-linked hemophilia allele, and Mr. PigglyWiggly is normal (as far as blood chemistry goes). 2. Draw a Punnet square that shows the theoretical genotypes among their children. Bellwork: 12/11/15 1.Have a pencil or pen ready when the bell rings 2.Get out your homework from yesterday and your bellwork sheet. Leave it on your desk for me to collect 3.Copy down the information on the right, in your planner, etc. 4.The page you picked up today is your assignment. Well talk about directions in a bit. Semester Exam Schedule: Tuesday: 7 th period Wednesday: 1 st and 6 th period Thursday: 5 th and 2 nd period Friday: 3 rd and 4 th **Thurs. and Fri. are days** 30 click here to start timer Science Fact of the Day At max speed a male kangaroo can leap 7 meters (23 feet) in one bound. This means he could cross a basketball court in 3 hops. Walking Dead Genetics paper is due at the end of class. Search Walking Dead Genetics help on youtube. I made another video