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What Does Science Say

About Creation?

- Part 2 -

Dr. Heinz Lycklama

[email protected] www.osta.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.osta.com/

http://www.osta.com/

mailto:[email protected]

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@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama

Which Model Best Fits The Facts?

Creation and Evolution are the only two models

of origins

Both models should be considered as equal

alternatives and evaluated objectively in terms of their relative abilities to correlate and explain

scientific data

The model that incorporates the most data

and has the smallest number of unresolved

issues is the most likely to be true

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Basic Predictions of The ModelsCategory Basic Predictions of

Evolution Model

Basic Predictions of

Creation Model

Galactic universe Galaxies changing Galaxies constant

Structure of stars Stars changing into other types Stars unchanged

Other heavenly bodies Building up Breaking down

Types of rock formations Different in different “ages” Similar in all “ages"

Appearance of life Life evolving from non-life Life only from life

Array of organisms Continuum of organisms Distinct kinds of organisms

Appearance of kinds of life New kinds appearing No new kinds appearing

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Basic Predictions of The Models - 2

Category Basic Predictions of

Evolution Model

Basic Predictions of

Creation Model

Mutations in organisms Beneficial Harmful

Natural selection Creative process Conservative process

Fossil record Innumerable transitions Systematic gaps

Appearance of man Ape-human intermediates No ape-human

intermediatesNature of man Quantitatively superior to animals Qualitatively distinct from

animals

Origin of civilization Slow and gradual Contemporaneous with man

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Looking At The Scientific Evidence

Origin of matter, energy and natural law

Origin of the solar system

Teleology – study of evidences of design

in nature, e.g. Anthropic Principle

Classification of biological organisms

Natural selection and mutations (vestigal

organs)

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The Scientific Evidence - 2 Origin of man

Origin of life – probability The fossil record

Geologic ages – Uniformitarianism vs.

Catastrophism Age of the earth

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Conditions For Increasing

Complexity in an Open System

Necessary, but not sufficient conditions:

1. Open System2. Available Energy

Additional requirements:

3. Mechanism for storing and converting

incoming energy

4. Program (to “direct” the growth of complexity)

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Keeping Score

Creation Evolution

Laws of

Thermodynamics

TOTAL = 1 0

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Origin of The Solar System Predictions of evolution model:

Solar system is one of many

Earth, moon and planets should have same compositionand structure

Predictions of creation model: Solar system is unique

Earth, moon and planets each created for a specificpurpose, each with a distinctive composition and structure

Only the earth would be found to have a hydrospherecapable of supporting life

Only the earth would be found to have an atmospherecapable of supporting life

Evidence of decay and catastrophism would be found on

other planets and moons

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The Solar System Was Created Based on statistical analysis and the evolution model:

One might expect to find many solar systems with planetsand similar characteristics to our solar system

The evolution model also assumes that the moon brokeaway from the earth

What we find: Our solar system is unique

Earth and moon have vastly different structure andcomposition and could not have come from the samecelestial “ancestor”

The chemical makeup of the moon rocks is very differentfrom that of rocks on the earth

The predictions of the creation model are exactly confirmedby moon landings and space probes

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Keeping Score

Creation Evolution

Laws of

Thermodynamics

Origin of Solar System

TOTAL = 2 0

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Teleology Teleology is the study of evidences of design in

nature

The word is derived from the Greek word for endor purpose.

Evolution predicts: Mechanistic self-ordering process in nature

Mutations provide random changes

Natural selection concentrates the beneficial

features Creation predicts:

Evidence of design in nature

Carefully balanced equations, constants and

properties of matter

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The Anthropic Principle

The Anthropic Principle states that the

universe appears to be carefully designed for

the well-being of mankind

Some evidence of this found in nature: Mass of proton

Gravitation force

Strength of electrical charges

Distance of moon from the earth

Distance of sun from the earth

etc.

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Strength of Electrical Charges

The strength of electrical charges, i.e. the

Coulomb force varies as the inverse square

of the distance between the charges. Since

the electrical force is much stronger than the

gravitational force, it has been measured to

an accuracy of 16 decimal places to be

2.0000000000000000 This reflects God‟s purposeful planning!

More on the “Just Right” Universe by Dr. Ray Bohlin

of Probe Ministries in next 14 slides …

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A “Just Right” Universe

29 Fine-tuned Parameters to the

Universe

Constants in equations for gravity,

electromagnetism, strong and weak

nuclear forces Ratio of proton to electron mass

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51 Fine-tuned Parameters to our Galaxy,

Solar System, and Planet

Distance from the sun

Size, temperature, & type of sun

Size, axial tilt, rotation speed, moon, &

composition of earth

Stability of Jupiter and Saturn

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10 – 53 - Probability of all 80 fine-tuned parameters occurring by chance

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10 22 -Upper limit for number of stars inthe universe

Assume 1 planet per star

Therefore 1022 planets in the universe

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So how do we determine how many planets

may be suitable for life?

10 -53 x 10 22 = 10 -31 or

0.0000000000000000000000000000001

planets suitable for life

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Jupiter acts as a comet and asteroid magnet

shielding earth from catastrophic collisions

Our sun is located between spiral arms of the

Milky Way Galaxy where there are fewer

stars (less harmful radiation and disruptive

gravity) and less gas and dust (we can see therest of the galaxy and universe)

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Since 1996, over 50 planets outside our solar

system have been found

Only 5% of stars have planets

The planets are either too large, too close to

their star, or with too erratic an orbit toharbor life

Have the probabilities changed?

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There are now 123 parameters with a probability of 1 in 10161. When multiplied

with a very generous estimate of 1 planet/star or 1022 planets, the final number of planets inthe universe suitable for life is 10-139 or

0.00000000000000000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 planets

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A “Just Right” Universe CNN (2/5/01) just released an article reporting that

some astronomers have hatched a plan to move

earth’s orbit

Sun is going to increase in size and heat output over the next few billion years eventually making earth

uninhabitable

Move the earth farther out (41 million miles)

gradually by passing a 62 mile diameter asteroid

within 10,000 miles of earth every 6,000 years

1 million fly bys should do it

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But, . . .

“If the asteroid comes too close, it might break up or

conceivably even slam into Earth.”

“Another possible side effect . . . would be to

increase the planet's rotation. The encounters would

have to be planned so that while some would cause

the Earth to spin faster, others would slow it down

back to normal rotation speed.”

“It's also possible that the moon would be thrown

from its orbit around the Earth during these fly- bys.”

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What Does Evolution Say? Evolution is unable to deal with such

permanent properties of nature

Max Planck (1858-1947), a Nobel Prizewinner and founder of modern physics,stated: “According to everything taught by the exact

sciences about the immense realm of nature, acertain order prevails - one independent of the

human mind … this order can be formulated interms of purposeful activity. There is evidence of an intelligent order of the universe to which bothman and nature are subservient.”

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Keeping ScoreCreation Evolution

Laws of

Thermodynamics


Teleology (Design)

TOTAL = 3 0

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Classification of Biological Organisms

The evolution model predicts:

A continuum of all forms of life

No classification system would work

The creation model predicts: An array of clear-but distinct organisms

similar structures for similar functions, e.g. eyes

different structures for different functions, e.g.gills for fish, lungs for man

Science of taxonomy distinct kinds/species

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The Science of Taxonomy The science of taxonomy is a problem for

evolution

The classification system introduced byCarolus Linnaeus applies to plants/animals intoday‟s world as well as to extinct plants andanimals A continuum of life forms does not exist

Intermediates have not been observed and/or identified in the fossils

The classification system introduced by Linnaeusstill works today

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Quoting an Evolutionist

The anti-creationist, Niles Eldredge,

wrote in 1985:

“And though a few of these eighteenth-

century systematists had vaguelyevolutionary notions, nearly all were

devoutly and orthodoxly religious. They

saw the order in their material, the grand

pattern of similarity running through the

entire organic realm, as evidence of God‟s

plan of creation.”

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Classification Observations

What we do see is:

Variations within species, e.g. varieties of

cats, dogs, cows, horses, mankind

No new kinds produced

Some kinds become extinct

Like begets like

Chalk up another one for the Creation Model!

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Laws of Thermodynamics


Teleology (Design)

Classification/Organism

TOTAL = 4 0

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Natural Selection and Mutations

Evolution model predicts: Small variations between members of a species

would confer differing degrees of advantage or disadvantage in the struggle for existence

Those with significant advantages would befavored

New and higher types of organisms wouldemerge

A mutation (structural change in a gene) is thesource of genetic variation

Mutations are primarily beneficial

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Natural Selection and Mutations - 2

Creation model predicts:

Variation and natural selection work to

assure genetic integrity and to enable theorganism to survive in nature

Characteristics can be adjusted, within

limits, to changes in the environment

Mutations are primarily harmful

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What We See Happening Today Variations within a kind, e.g. peppered moth

“evolving” to darker color as tree trunks grewdarker with pollutants during industrialrevolution

Adaptation to the environment for survival

Mutations are harmful to the organism

Mutations are random and not directed

Mutations are rare in occurrence Mutations almost always generate misfits

which soon die out

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“Origin of Species” Never Observed All of Darwin‟s evidences turn out to be

descriptions of creative adaptation, not origin

According to Niles Eldridge (1986): “Darwin, it is now become commonplace to

acknowledge, never really addressed the „origin of species‟ in his book of that title.”

Darwin never really cited the origin of a new speciesby natural selection

The British evolutionist Colin Patterson noted: “No one has ever produced a species by

mechanisms of natural selection. No one has ever gotten near it and most of the current argument in

neo-Darwinism is about this question.”

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On Mutations and Natural Selection

The philosopher Janus Koestler noted that:

“The public continues to believe that Darwin

provided all the relevant answers by the magic

formula of random mutations plus natural

selection - quite unaware of the fact that random

mutations turned out to be irrelevant and natural

selections a tautology.”

Mutations turn out to be rare events, and

most of those are bad

They do not lead to improvements in the

species, as evolution predicts

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Vestigal Organs

At one time there were claimed to be 180 such

organs in man - appendix, tonsils, thymus

gland, pituitary gland, etc.

No useless vestiges of structures which wereuseful in a former evolutionary stage

All “vestigial” organs in man now appear to

have a use

The argument that vestigial organs prove

evolution is no longer regarded as valid

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Previous score = 2

Teleology (Design)


Mutations/Selection

TOTAL = 5 0

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The Origin of Man

Evolution model predicts:

Molecules -> man Man evolved from an ape


Man’s appearance hasremained largely the same

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Ape To Man? In a Science Digest article written by Lyall

Watson, he states that: “The fossils that decorate our family tree are so

scarce that there are still more scientists than

specimens. The remarkable fact is that all thephysical evidence we have for human evolutioncan still be placed, with room to spare, inside asingle coffin.”

David Pilbeam and Steven Gould (twoevolutionists) report that: “Unfortunately, the fossil record of pongids (apes)

is nonexistent, making a glaring deficiency in thewhole story.”

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Famous “Hominid” Fossils

Neanderthal Man – 1856

Java Man – 1891

Piltdown Man – 1908

Nebraska Man – 1922

Ramapithecus – 1930

Lucy - 1974

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Neanderthal Man Fossil fragments first found in

France – 1856

Skull cap and some limb bones

Diagnosed as human with deformed vertebrae

Neanderthal Man’s Site in Krapina, 1899-1999 Another almost complete skeleton found in 1908

Reconstructed by Marcelle Boule to look ape-like

Based on pre-conceived evolutionary notions

Faulty reconstruction recognized in 1957

Neanderthal is now known to be fully human with a bone deformity

School textbooks still portray as man’s ancestor

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Java Man

Discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891

Ape-like skull cap

Human-like thigh bone found 50 feet away one year later

Assumed they went together

Fossils dated at 500,000 years (guesswork based onassumed evolutionary model)

In 1940 Dubois admitted

He found two human skulls in same area as the humanthigh bone

Java Man now regarded as a hoax

Still included in textbooks as support for evolution

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Piltdown Man Fossil fragments found in 1908

Part of a human skull and part of alower ape-like jaw

Estimated to be 500,000 years old

Discovered to be a fraud in 1953

Lower jaw and tooth were fromorangutan

Tooth had been filed

Parts of lower jaw broken to hide thefact that it did not fit with the skull

Skull was dated at ~620 years oldand dyed to appear old

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Nebraska Man

Discovered in 1922

Dated to be one millionyears old

Fossil was only a single tooth Complete model of Nebraska Man, his family

and environment was constructed

Tooth discovered to be pig’s tooth in 1928 Still cited as evidence for evolution in the

1940’s

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Ramapithecus Found in India in 1930’s

Considered a human ancestor

Based on some jaw fragments and afew teeth

More fossil evidence found in 1970’s

Baboons in Ethiopia have same teethstructure as Ramapithecus

Now discarded as a possible “missing

link” Had been published as factual evidence

of human evolution worldwide

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Lucy

Discovered in 1974 by Donald

Johanson

40% complete skeleton

Dated at 3.5 million years old

Evidence:

Arm/leg ratio of 83.9 %

Hip/pelvis – walked upright

Knee joint – walked upright

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Lucy - 2

Digging deeper, we find that:

Leg bone broken in two places and one end was

crushed -> this invalidates the ratio

Hip/pelvis was incomplete, and thus reshapedto make it look as if it walked upright

Knee joint was found over one mile away and

200 feet deeper in strata from rest of bones Fossil remains of two different creatures

fitted to form a make-believe creature

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Summary of “Hominid” Fossils

Neanderthal Man – accepted as

homo sapiens

Java Man – artificial construct Piltdown Man – proven to be a hoax

Nebraska Man – an extinct pig

Ramapithecus – an orangutan

Lucy – make-believe creature

Another one for the Creation Model!

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“For example, no scientist could logically dispute

the proposition that man, without having been

involved in any act of divine creation, evolved

from some ape-like creature in a very short space

of time – speaking in geological terms – without

leaving any fossil traces of the steps of the

transformation.”

Zuckerman, Solly. 1971. Beyond the ivory tower : The frontiers of public and private science. New York:

Taplinger Publishing Company. p. 64.

Lord Zuckerman Chimes In

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Previous score = 3


Mutations/Selection

Origin of Man

TOTAL = 6 0

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Origin of Life - Probability

What is the probability that an explosion

in a junk yard would “create” a car?

What is the probability of creating aBoeing airplane from such an explosion?

What is the probability of 200 monkeys

pawing away at a typewriter could “write”a Shakespeare play?

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Origin of Life – Probability - 2

Take 200 parts and line them up in a specific order

200! ways of aligning these parts = 10**375

Try a new alignment 1 billion times a second

Assuming 20 billion years of time, we have 20 *10**18 seconds

The probability of finding the right alignment ispractically zero

Living organisms contain many more than 200

parts Human being contains 100 million cells

Only 10**80 “infinestimal” particles in the wholeuniverse

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Probability of Synthesis

Of DNA Molecule:

Medium protein includes about 300 amino acids

Too complex to arise by chance [no matter how long

the time or how big the universe]

By gradual accretion

System might advance from one part to a two-part

system, then to three parts, etc.

Requires each step to be immediately beneficial Probability of success would be incalculably small

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Previous score = 4

Mutations/Selection

Origin of Man

Origin of Life (Prob.)

TOTAL = 7 0

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The Fossil Record The theory of evolution is based on two major

suppositions: Mutations and natural selection supposedly provided

the mechanism

The fossil record allegedly proved the “fact” of evolution Fossils should “prove” evolution since the fossil

record has long been considered as the mainevidence for evolution

The creation model predicts that organismspreserved as fossils will correspond to the sameclassification system as applicable to present-dayplants and animals

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The Fossil Record - 2 Evolution model predicts:

Many preliminary forms

Many transitional forms

Randomly distributed gaps between present kinds

and transitional forms Basic taxonomic categories should have been

evolving


No preliminary forms No transitional forms

Clear gaps between types

Same taxonomic categories as at present

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The Fossil Record - 3

“Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust the possible explanations for the origin of livingthings. Organisms either appeared on the earth

fully developed or they did not. If they did notthey must have developed from preexisting species by some process of modification. If they didappear in fully formed state, they must have been

created by some omnipotent intelligence.” D. J. Futuyma, Science on Trial , 1983

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Darwin admitted in 1859:

“Why then is not every geological formation and every

stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology

assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated

organic chain.”

Paul Moody wrote in a standard textbook:

“So far as we can judge from the geologic record,

large changes seem usually to have arisen

suddenly. ... fossil forms, intermediate between

large subdivisions of classification, such as orders

and classes, are seldom [read never ] found.”

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Evolutionists say we should find transitionalforms:

Single cell to multi-cell creatures

Invertebrate to vertebrate Fish to reptile

Reptile to bird

Ape to man

To date no true transitional fossil forms have been discovered

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“I fully agree with your comments on the lack

of direct illustration of evolutionary

transitions in my book. If I knew of any,

fossil or living, I would certainly haveincluded them. . .I will lay it on the line,

There is not one such fossil for which one

might make a watertight argument.”

140 years after Darwin, and still no credible transition form!

-- Dr. Colin Patterson, senior paleontologist

at the British Museum of Natural History

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Coelacanth – A “Living Fossil” Coelacanth fish

Known by paleontologists of 19th and 20th centuries from the fossil record

“Extinct” about 70 million years ago

Candidate forerunner to first land animals

Living specimens

Found off west coast of Madagascar in 1938

More found later

No longer considered a link in evolutionary chain

Another evolution “theory” debunked!

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Fully Formed

“It is considered likely that all the animal

phyla became distinct before or during the

Cambrian, for they all appear fully formed,

without intermediates connecting one

phylum to another.”

Futuyma, Douglas J. 1986. Evolutionary biology.

2d ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 325.

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The Fossil Record Summarized

Missing links are still missing

Different types of “living fossils” found

Sudden appearance of fully formed fossils in

the “Cambrian Explosion”

The same “kinds” still appear today

Some species are now extinct No new kinds evolved

Supports the Creation Model!

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Source: Dr. Duane Gish, ICR

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Previous score = 5

Origin of Man


The Fossil Record

TOTAL = 8 0

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Geologic Record

Evolution model predicts:

Uniformitarianism

Sediment layers deposited gradually More complex fossils in higher layers


Catastrophism

Evidence for global flood

Sudden appearance of fully formed fossils

Conventional History Of The Earth

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Conventional History Of The EarthCenozoic

4,000

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

4,500

3,500

M i l l i o

n s o f Y e a r s B P

Precambrian

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

-Formation of the earth

-Crust forms

-First fossil prokaryotes

-Atmospheric Oxygen accumulation

(from cyanobacteria)

-First eukaryotic fossils

-First multicellular animal fossils

Origin of life

Human fossilsLast dinosaur fossils

First reptile fossilsFirst land plant fossils

The Geological Column

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The Geological Column

P h a n e r o z o i c

P

r e c a m b r i a n

Cenozoic

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Few fossils

Ediacarian fauna (odd marine organisms)

Very few fossils, maybe none

Many pseudo fossils

Dinosaurs

Mammals, cycads, conifers, angiosperms

Conifers, more reptiles and amphibians

“The age of fish” small land plants

Many fossils, all modern phyla ex. bryozoa

Many crinoids, amphibia and reptiles

Coal “forests” many primitive land plants

Jawless fish, strange land plants

Many marine organisms including bryozoa

Extinction of dinosaurs and many families

Jurassic

Cretaceous

Triassic

Devonian

Cambrian

Permian

Carboniferous

SilurianOrdovician

T e r

t i a r y

Paleocene

Oligocene

Eocene

Miocene

Proterozoic

Archean

M i l l i o n s o f Y e a r s B e f o r e P r e s e n t

300 -

100 -

400 -

500 -

200 -

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Geologic

Time Scale[with

fossils]

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Geologic

Column

Chart

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Geologic

Column[ some

more

details]

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Geologic Column Theory

Cambrian rocks began to form ~ 600My ago

[now believed to be 520-530My ago]

Cambrian period estimated to be ~ 80My

[now believed to be 5-10My] Precambrian rocks laid down during the prior

hundreds of millions of years

Should contain fossils of evolutionary ancestors of the

complex vertebrates

Should contain fossils of transitional forms linking the

complex vertebrates to common ancestors

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What Do We Find? Fossils of microscopic, soft-bodied, single-celled

organisms, such as bacteria and algae inPrecambrian rocks

No fossilized ancestors for any Cambrian

invertebrate

No trace of transitional forms between the variouskinds of invertebrates, e.g.

No linking sponges with jellyfish

No linking snails with trilobites

Fossils of a vast array of complex invertebratesabruptly appear fully formed in the Cambrian rocks

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The Geologic Column

The “column” is not the column thattextbooks describe:

It rarely exists in its entirety in one location

All types of rocks, minerals, metals are found inall ages and strata

A progression of fossils through the ages“documents” evolution:

That’s errant, “circular reasoning”: i.e. fossilsdate rocks, yet the rocks date the fossils(evolution is assumed)

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The Geologic Column

The creation / abrupt appearance column is the

result of a world flood:

Sorting action of water (smaller fossils end up going to

bottom)

Ordered destruction of different habitats

The geologic column illustrates a superficially valid

“successional tendency”, but it represents a very

fast time sequence, not slow Mt. St. Helens created a “mini Grand Canyon” in days,

and petrified wood in less than ten years!

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What Does Richard Dawkins Say?

“The Cambrian strata of rocks, vintage about 600million years, are the oldest in which we find most

of the major invertebrate groups. And we find many

of them already in an advanced state of evolution,

the very first time they appear. It is as though they

were just planted there, without any evolutionary

history. Needless to say, this appearance of sudden

planting has delighted creationists.”

Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker . 1987.

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What Does Douglas Futuyma Say?

“It is considered likely that all the animal

phyla became distinct before or during the

Cambrian, for they all appear fully formed,without intermediates connecting one form

to another.”

Douglas Futuyma, Evolutionary Biology, 2nd Ed. 1986

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What We Find In The Fossils

Same gaps in fossils records as in the organismsfound today

All kingdoms and subkingdoms are represented

in the geologic record from the Cambrian onward All phyla of the animal kingdom are represented

from the Cambrian onward

All orders and families (as well as kingdoms,

phyla, and classes) appear suddenly in the fossilrecord, with no indication of transitional formsfrom earlier types

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Animal and Plant Kingdom Fossils

All classes of the animal kingdom are representedfrom the Cambrian onward, except:

Moss-coral (Ordovician onward)

Insects (Devonian onward)

Graptolites (Cambrian to Carboniferous) Trilobites (Cambrian to Permian)

All phyla of the plant kingdom are represented fromthe Triassic onward, except:

Bacteria, algae, fungi (Precambrian onward) Bryophytes, pteridophytes (Silurian onward)

Spermophytes (Carboniferous onward)

Diatoms (Jurassic onward)

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The Origin of Vertebrates Fish believed to be the first vertebrate Origin appears sudden and dramatic

All three subdivisions of the bony fishes appear inthe fossil record at about the same time

Errol White, an evolutionist and expert on fishes,stated:

“But whatever ideas authorities may have on thesubject, the lungfishes, like very other major group of fishes that I know, have their origins firmly based innothing.”

E. White, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 1996.

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Keeping Score

Creation Evolution

Previous score = 6


The Fossil Record

Geologic Ages

TOTAL = 9 0

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Conclusions

Laws of science consistent with Creationism

Signs of intelligence in the universe

The probability of life from non-life is zero

Abrupt appearance of fully-formed animals

The missing links are still missing

Man did not evolve from apes

Catastrophism explains the “geologic column”

There is no credible evidence for evolution!

Science supports Creationism

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Which Model Fits The Evidence Best?

So far … Creation 9

Evolution 0

Next …

Age of the earth?

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