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Criminology TodayAn Integrated Introduction
CHAPTER
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
6
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Principles of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories
• Forensic psychology The application of psychology to
questions and issues relating to law and the legal system
• Forensic psychiatry A medical subspecialty applying
psychiatry to the needs of crime prevention and solution, criminal rehabilitation, and issues of criminal law
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Figure 6-1 Assumptions of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories of Crime CausationSource: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
History of Psychological Theories
• Key ideas characterizing early psychological theories Personality Behaviorism/behavioral conditioning
• Psychoanalytic theory An outgrowth of personality theory
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Personality Disturbances
• Psychopathology Any psychological disorder that causes
distress for an individual or for those in the individual's life
• Psychopathy A specific and distinctive type of
psychopathology
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Psychopath
• Psychopathy Personality disorder characterized by
antisocial behavior and lack of sympathy, empathy, embarrassment
continued on next slide
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Psychopath
• Hervey M. Cleckley developed the concept of a psychopathic personality. Psychopath as "moral idiot" Poverty of affect• Inability to accurately imagine how
others think and feel
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Figure 6-2 Selected Characteristics of the Psychopathic PersonalitySource: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Types of Psychopaths
• Primary psychopaths Born with psychopathic personalities
• Secondary psychopaths Born with "normal" personality, develop
psychopathic tendencies • Charismatic psychopaths
Charming, attractive, habitual liars• Distempered psychopaths
Easily offended, fly into rages
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Psychopath
• Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) Definitive measure of psychopathy
• Recent research suggests psychopaths do know the difference between right and wrong
• Recent study of adolescent psychopaths found intensive treatment was linked to reduced violent recidivism
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Antisocial/asocial personality Individuals who are basically
unsocialized and whose behavior patterns bring them into repeated conflicts with society.
• Individuals who exhibit an antisocial personality are said to be suffering from antisocial personality disorder.
continued on next slide
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Incidence of ASPD in general population about 2% but as many as 60% of male prisoners may be suffering from ASPD.
• Causes of ASPD unclear Somatogenic causes Psychogenic causes
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Trait Theory
• Eysenck explained crime as result of fundamental personality traits. Introversion/extraversion Neuroticism/emotional stability Psychoticism
• Personality stable throughout life, largely determined by genetics
• Psychoticism closely correlated with criminality
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Figure 6-3 The Big Five Personality Dimensions
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Cognitive Theories
• Learning theories examine thought processes and try to explain how people: Learn to solve problems Perceive and interpret the social
environment
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Moral Development Theory
• Jean Piaget Human thinking goes through stages of
development Sensory-motor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage
• Child moves from moral absolutism to moral relativism.
continued on next slide
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Moral Development Theory
• Kohlberg said preference for higher levels of moral thinking universal in humans.
• Research shows offenders have less ability in making moral judgments.
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Figure 6-4 Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Cognitive Information-Processing Theory
• Study of human perceptions, information processing, decision making
• Violent individuals may be using information incorrectly when making decisions.
continued on next slide
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Cognitive Information-Processing Theory
• Script theory Generalized knowledge about specific
types of situations stored in the mind Career offenders develop scripts to
guide them through criminal activity. Criminal scripts help form criminal
identity.
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Criminal Mind-Set
• Criminals make different assumptions about living and behaving than noncriminals.
• Criminal personality develops early in childhood. Includes ways of thinking characteristic
of many types of criminals but not shared by noncriminals
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Psychoanalytic Perspective: Criminal Behavior as Maladaptation• Psychiatric criminology envisions a
complex set of drives and motives that operate from within the personality to determine behavior.
• Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis
• Criminal behavior is maladaptive, the product of inadequacies in the offender's personality.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Figure 6-5 The Psychoanalytic Structure of PersonalitySource: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
• Violent criminal behavior dominated by the id, leaving offenders unable to control impulsive and pleasure-seeking drives.
• Repressed needs provide another path to criminality
• Many criminals have a secret need to be punished.
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The Psychotic Offender
• Psychosis Mental illness characterized by a lack of
contact with reality
continued on next slide
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Psychotic Offender
• Characteristics of psychotic individuals A grossly distorted conception of reality Inappropriate moods and mood swings Marked inefficiency in getting along with
others and caring for oneself• Not all psychotic persons commit
crimes.
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Frustration-Aggression Theory
• Freud Aggression is a natural response to
frustration and limitations.• Frustration-aggression theory
Direct aggression toward others is the most likely consequence of frustration.
Aggression can be manifested in socially acceptable ways or engaged in vicariously.
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Crime as Adaptation
• Crime as an adaptation to life's stresses Alloplastic adaptation• Crime reduces stresses by producing
changes in the environment. Autoplastic adaptation• Crime leads to stress reduction as a
result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems.
• Stress as a causative agent in crime commission
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Criminogenic Needs
• Criminogenic needs Dynamic risk factors of offenders and
their circumstances associated with rates of recidivism
• May not be actual needs/desires but psychological indicators of maladaptive functioning
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Attachment Theory
• Healthy personality development requires child to have a close, continuous relationship with mother.
• Forms of attachment Secure attachment (a healthy form) Anxious-avoidant attachment Anxious-resistant attachment
• Difficulties in childhood appear to produce criminality later in life.
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Behavior Theory
• Ivan Pavlov Behavior can be conditioned or shaped.
• Classical conditioning Behavior can be predictably changed by
association with external changes in the surrounding environment.
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Behavioral Conditioning
• Behavior theory Stimulus-response theory of human
behavior• Operant behavior
Behavior choices operate on the surrounding environment to produce consequences.
Rewards increase the frequency of behavior.
continued on next slide
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Behavioral Conditioning
• Operant behavior Punishments decrease frequency of
behavior. • Major determinants of behavior exist in
the environment, not in the individual.• People can be conditioned to respond
with prosocial or antisocial behavior.
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Social Cognition and the Role of Modeling
• Gabriel Tarde's three laws of imitation People in close contact tend to imitate
each other's behavior. Imitation moves from the top down. New acts and behaviors either reinforce
or replace old ones.
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Social Cognition Theory
• Albert Bandura Everyone is capable of aggression but
must learn how to behave aggressively.• Concepts central to theory
Observation Imitation Modeling
continued on next slide
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Social Cognition Theory
• Most behavior learned by observing and modeling
• Aggression can be provoked through assaults, verbal threats, thwarting hopes, obstructing goals.
• Disengagement allows people who devalue aggression to engage in it.
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Policy and Treatment Implications
• Correctional psychology Concerned with diagnosis and
classification, treatment, rehabilitation of offenders
• Some of the most successful treatments emphasize changing offender personality characteristics, such as impulsivity
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Cognitive Behavioral Intervention
• Offenders need to acquire better social skills to become more prosocial.
• Lets offenders modify their cognitive processes to control themselves, interact positively with others
• Target offender's environment, behavioral responses skill development
• Increase reasoning skills, problem-solving skills, expand empathy
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Assessing Dangerousness
• Selective incapacitation Based on the notion of career criminality Protect society by incarcerating most
dangerous individuals Use of psychological techniques to
identify future offenders and those likely to reoffend
continued on next slide
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Assessing Dangerousness
• Strategy depends on accurately identifying potentially dangerous offenders.
• Risk assessment/classification tools continually being developed, improved
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Predicting Criminality
• Recent study found strong relationship between childhood behavioral difficulties and later problem behavior.
• Prediction requires more than generalities. Difference between predicting
percentage of people in a population who will be criminals and predicting which individuals will violate the law
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Critique of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories of Crime
• Theories criticized for failing to consider social or environmental conditions that produce crime
• Idea of moral reasoning sense puts loss of control within individual. Physical/social barriers to crime may be
more effective.• Individual theories have also been
criticized on various levels.
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Criminal Psychological Profiling
• Psychological profiling Assists police investigators Based on idea that behavioral clues left
at crime scene may reflect offender's personality.
• Useful in repetitive crimes, hostage negotiations
• Some psychologists discount value of profiling
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The Psychological Autopsy
• Procedure for investigating a person's death by reconstructing what the person thought, felt, did before death
• Particular focus on identifying patterns consistent with personality disorders, mental illness.
• Help determine why a particular mode of death resulted, help identify contributing factors
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Insanity and the Law
• Insanity Legal concept, refers to type of defense
allowed in criminal courts• M'Naughten Rule
Individuals cannot be held criminally responsible if they did not know what they were doing or did not know that what they were doing was wrong.
continued on next slide
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Insanity and the Law
• Irresistible-Impulse Test Defendant is not guilty if by virtue of
his/her mental state s/he was unable to resist committing the action.
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Guilty But Mentally Ill
• Individual can be held responsible for a criminal act, even though a degree of mental incompetence is present.
• Requirements for verdict All required statutory elements proven Defendant found mentally ill at time of
the crime Defendant not found legally insane at
time of the crime continued on next slide
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Guilty But Mentally Ill
• If GBMI verdict returned, judge may impose any sentence possible under the law for the crime in question.
• GBMI offenders sent to psychiatric hospital for treatment Transferred to prison after "cured"
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Problems with the Insanity Defense
• Must be brought before court, proven by defense
• Rarely used, rarely successful• Defendant found NGRI likely to spend a
long time in court-ordered institutional psychiatric treatment.
• Critics question whether idea of mental illness or insanity useful in study of criminology.