Schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch5
-
Upload
rappahannock-community-college -
Category
Education
-
view
38 -
download
1
Transcript of Schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch5
Criminology TodayAn Integrated Introduction
CHAPTER
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
5
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Human Genome Project
• International research project that sequenced entire genomic sequence of a reference human genome
• Current focus of genomics Finding variants from the reference
sequence
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Human Genome Project
• HGP-related information should support the development of public policy options related to crime prevention and offender treatment.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Genetics and Heritability
• Dutch research found male descendants of a "criminal family" had high proportion of violent crime arrests.
• Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) Enzyme that breaks down
neurotransmitters serotonin and noradrenaline
Excess amounts of MAO-A linked to aggression
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Genetics and Heritability
• Pleasure-seeking gene may play a role in deviant behavior, addictions, violence.
• Gene-environment interaction model Impact of MAO-A deficiency affected by
childhood maltreatment• Warrior gene
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Genetics and Heritability
• Heritability linked to callous-unemotional behavior and differences in self-control
• GxE Formula highlights fact that neither
genes nor environment alone is sufficient to explain antisocial behavior.
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Genetics and Heritability
• The interaction between them determines behavior in most circumstances.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Future Directions in the Studyof Genes and Crime
• Explanatory power of heritability limited• If population or environment changes,
heritability may change also.• Genes shape us and are also influenced
by our environment.• Genes appear to be both the cause and
consequence of our actions. They enable rather than determine
human action.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Dysfunctional Brain
• Prefrontal cortex dysfunction may predispose someone to crime rather than being a direct cause of crime.
• Neurocriminology examines neurological links between organism, social factors, criminal behavior.
• Frontal brain hypothesis – physical changes in certain parts of the brain may explain criminality.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
FIGURE 5-1 The Human Brain Showing the Prefrontal Cortex and the AmygdalaSource: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Dysfunctional Brain
• Allergic reactions to foods have been linked to violence and homicide.
• Injuries, emotional trauma, disease, stress can lead to changes in the brain.
• Link between stressors in the social environment and brain structure
• Neuroplasticity Brain can alter structure or function in
response to experience or injury.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Body Chemistry and Criminality
• Body chemistry is influenced by factors such as eating habits, vitamin deficiencies, environmental contaminants, and the endocrine system.
• You really are what you eat.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Ingested Substances and Nutrition
• Current evidence on the sugar/behavior link is unclear.
• Some food additives (MSG, artificial flavorings) may be linked to violence.
• Coffee and sugar may trigger antisocial behavior.
• Vitamins, other nutrients may have behavioral impact.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Environmental Pollution
• Several studies have found a link between industrial and environmental pollution and violent behavior.
• Correlation between juvenile crime and exposure to lead and manganese
• Prenatal substance exposure may lead to higher rates of conduct disorders, delinquency, psychiatric problems.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Psychobiotics
• Examines psychological and behavioral effects of bacterial on mind, feelings, emotions, behavior
• Central focus Gut bacteria that produce chemical
messengers that interact with brain, nervous system
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Psychobiotics
• Chemical gut-brain axis in body• Introducing proper bacteria may
produce positive results in mood and behavior.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Hormones and Criminality
• Relationship between high blood levels of testosterone and increased male aggressiveness Effect may be moderated by social
environment. Small changes in female testosterone
levels also linked to personality changes• Fluctuations in female hormones may
also be linked to crime.continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Hormones and Criminality
• Serotonin Neurotransmitter, plays important role
in regulating learning, mood, sleep• Behavior-regulating chemical• Elevated blood levels/lower brain levels
linked to violence in men• Imbalance between levels of serotonin
and dopamine highly associated with psychopathic traits
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Hormones and Criminality
• Other hormones also implicated in delinquency and poor impulse control Cortisol T3 (thyroid hormone)
• Increased oxytocin levels linked to trust, altruism
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Low Resting Heart Rate
• People who consistently engage in antisocial behavior tend to exhibit low resting heart rates.
• May be best-replicated biological correlate of antisocial behavior
• Relationship not fully explained• Association only appears to hold for
males.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Galvanic Skin Response
• Direct relationship between sympathetic nervous system activity and emotional arousal
• Skin conductivity/galvanic skin response (GSR) under control of sympathetic nervous system
• Research found heightened skin resistance correlated with negative and antisocial qualities.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Climate, Weather, and Crime
• Temperature is the only weather variable consistently related to crime.
• Relationship moderated by temporal factors
• Research findings consistent with routine activities theory
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
FIGURE 5–2 Assault as a Function of Temperature
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Climate, Weather, and Crime
• Possible link between barometric pressure and violent crime
• Historical correlation between high temperatures, extreme rainfall patterns, and violence
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Biosocial Criminology
• Crime and Human Nature (1985) Comprehensive theory of crime that
included constitutional factors Key factors include gender, age, body
type, intelligence, personality. Constitutional factors predispose one to
specific types of behavior; societal reactions to predispositions determine the form of continued behavior.
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Biosocial Criminology
• Anthony Walsh emphasized importance of interaction between biology and environment.
• Biological factors do not operate in an environmental vacuum, environmental factors do not operate in a biological vacuum.
• Biosocial perspectives are theories of criminality, not crime.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
FIGURE 5-3 Selected Biological Factors Recognized by Biosocial Theory
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Gender Differences in Criminality
• Gender ratio problem Need to explain fact that men are more
involved in crime than women• Early explanations claimed social
equality would generate equality in crime commission. Not validated today
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Gender Differences in Criminality
• Sexual selection Form of natural selection influencing
ability to find/choose mate, may help explain gender differences in crime
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Gender Differences in Criminality
• Genetically-based behavioral differences between men and women moderated by social environment
• Biosocial criminologists say that if we admit that there is something about gender itself that is responsible for the observed differences, the problem is resolved.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Evolutionary Theory
• Evolutionary perspective Seeks to explain behavior with reference
to evolutionary history Recognizes influence of genes on human
traits• Suggests some of the same genes
involved in reproductive activity and criminality
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Evolutionary Theory
• Evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory Propensity for crime commission
evolved as part of the male reproductive strategy
A particular neurochemistry, characteristic of males, increases the probability of crime among males relative to females.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Policy Implications of Biological Theories
• Steven Pinker claims social scientists unjustly ignore the biological basis of human behavior and replace it with three myths. The blank slate The Noble Savage The Ghost in the Machine
• Myths make up standard social science model of modern era.
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Policy Implications of Biological Theories
• Effects of genes indirect Mediated through complex chains of
events occurring in brain• No genes for criminal behavior• Genes may affect brain functioning and
influence chances of learning socially unacceptable behavior patterns.
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Critique of Biological and Biosocial Theories
• Fail to predict criminality accurately• Methodological problems• Findings difficult to generalize• Do not explain regional, temporal
variations in crime rates
continued on next slide
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Critique of Biological and Biosocial Theories
• Cannot explain why some crimes are more likely to occur in certain parts of the country, certain types of communities, among members of specific subcultures rather than in others
• Some biosocial criminologists have been accused of racial and class bias.