Satellite based versus traditional air pollution monitoring: Requirements, limitations, and chances...
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Transcript of Satellite based versus traditional air pollution monitoring: Requirements, limitations, and chances...
Materials Science &Technology
Satellite based versus traditional air pollution monitoring: Requirements,
limitations, and chances
Dominik Brunner, Christoph Hueglin, Christoph Zellweger, and Brigitte Buchmann
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology
8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
2Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich Traditional air pollution monitoring
Network concepts, regulations Design and applications of Swiss National Air
Pollution Monitoring Network NABEL
Satellites for air pollution monitoring? Sufficient spatial resolution? Sufficiently accurate?
How limiting is restriction to clear sky overpasses? Analysis of hourly NABEL observations for clear
and all skies Comparison of frequency distributions, diurnal cycles,
and interannual variability under clear and all skies
Conclusions
Outline
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
3Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich Monitoring networks
Purpose: Representative measurement of concentrations of all major
(regulated) air pollutants relevant for human health, agriculture, ecosystems, and material degradation
Characterize existing and identify new potential threats Monitor current pollution levels and long-term trends Support for decision makers (warnings, control of success of
air quality policy (short and long-term reduction measures)
Requirements Should cover full range of pollution levels from street level
(human health) to remote locations (ecosystems) Should represent the different regions of a country or region,
e.g. north and south of the Alps, different altitude levels Use reference measurement techniques, traceable to
reference standards High accuracy across network needed for reliable trend
estimates and intercomparability Reliable and simple continuous operation Near real-time data availability
Traditional air pollution monitoring
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
4Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Urban, near street Rural < 1000 m amslUrban, in park Rural > 1000 m amslMotorway Prealpine, forestAgglomeration Alpine
Swiss Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)
Air Pollution/Environmental Technology
50kmN
Basel
Bern
Chaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
PayerneRigi
Sion
Tänikon
Zürich
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
5Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
NABEL Measurement Programme Air Pollution & Climate Change
GAW
Pollutants with limit value in the Swiss ordinance
PM (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) mass, EC/OC, size distribution
Greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, halocarbons, SF6), VOCs
Nitrogen Compouds (NH3, NH4
+, N2O, HNO3)
Meteo (p, T, RH, radiation, wind)
Traffic parameter
Auxiliary Parameters:
EMEP / EU
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
6Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich Application: Characterization of air pollution
based on NABEL sites
B
B
C
D
HLL
M
P
R
ST
Z
J
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
010
2030
40
NO2 (ug/m3)
PM
10 (
ug/m
3)
urban, kerbsideurban, in parkat motorwaysuburbanrural < 1000 m aslrural > 1000 m aslhigh-altitude
B
B
C
D
HLL
M
P
R
ST
Z
J
0 20 40 60 80 100
010
2030
40O3 (ppb)
PM
10 (
ug/m
3)
urban, kerbsideurban, in parkat motorwaysuburbanrural < 1000 m aslrural > 1000 m aslhigh-altitude
NABEL: annual mean values 2004
Swiss Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)
Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Application: Monitoring of long-term trends, e.g. PM10 (annual means)
Limit value
annual limit valuesSwitzerland 20 EU 2005 40WHO, EU 2010 20
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
Swiss Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)
8Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
1990 1995 2000 2005
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Year
Ye
arl
y N
Ox
mix
ing
ra
tios
rela
tive
to 1
99
8 (
Sta
tion
s) /
rela
tive
NO
x e
mis
sio
ns
(Co
un
trie
s)
BERHAELAULUGSIOZUEJFJJFJ NOy
ATCHDEFRIT
Application: Independent control for emission reportingCountry-by-country emissions reported to EMEP versus time evolution of observed concentrations
Emissionsper country
Annual meanconcentrationsat urban stationsand Jungfraujoch
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
Swiss Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)All values normalized to 1997
9Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Air pollution monitoring from satellites?
PhD D. Schaub
GOME(launch 1995)
320 40 km2
SCIAMACHY(launch 2002)
60 40 km2
Sufficient spatial resolution?
Schaub, D. et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 23-37, 2005 Schaub, D. et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 3211-3229, 2006 Schaub, D. et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7(23): 5971-5987, 2007
PhD Y. Zhou
OMI(launch 2004)
up to 24 13 km2
Jan 2006 – July 2007 mean
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
Dispersion modelGrid size
400 400 m2
10Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Ground-based columns using averaging kernel informationGround-based columns using averaging kernel information(see Schaub et al., 2006)(see Schaub et al., 2006)
OMI NO2 VTCs vs. ground-based NO2 VTCs
All data points:r = 0.82
Precision of better than 1 x 1015 molec cm-3
highly desired
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
Air pollution monitoring from satellites?Sufficiently accurate?
11Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Limitations of clear-sky observations1. Frequency distributions of hourly means
Bern, urban kerbside
Payerne, rural
Zurich, urban background
Significant undersampling of polluted situations if restricted to clear-sky observations at urban background and rural sites
An
nu
al m
ea
n li
mit mean values
95% percentiles
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
12Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Limitations of clear-sky observations2. Annual average diurnal cycles
- Evening traffic peak is missed during most time of the year ifrestricted to daytime observations
- Surface level NO2 is increasedin the morning and decreasedin the evening on clear-sky days
daytime onlydaytime clear sky only
All observations
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
11 hrs
13 hrs
13Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Limitations of clear-sky observations3. Interannual variability of annual means
- Annual mean values are significantly reduced if restrictedto OMI clear sky overpasses
- But: interannual variabilityreasonably well captured
All observations
OMI clear sky overpasses only
Daytime clear sky only
Annual mean limit
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
14Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich
Limitations of clear-sky observations3. Interannual variability
- About 70% of variance in annual means captured with clear sky sampling
- Reduced to 60% if restricted to OMI overpasses- Still 50-60% of variability in extremes captured
Correlations between annual means/percentiles of subsamples and full annual means
Annual means 95% percentilesOutline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions
All stationsurbanrural
15Materials Science&Technology
50km N
Basel
BernChaumont
Davos
DübendorfHärkingen
Jungfraujoch
Lägeren
Lausanne
Lugano
Magadino
Payerne Rigi
Sion
TänikonZürich Air quality monitoring requires high spatial resolution
(exposures, critical loads)
Reliable long-term trends important for policy control-> continuity in satellite missions required-> large resolution and design changes from instrument to instrument causes some problems
Comparison with in-situ observations quite satisfactory precision of better than 1 x 1015 molec/cm3 NO2 highly desired
Clear-sky observations is a significant limitation for extremes(in Switzerland) but less so for interannual and long-term variations.
Good boundary layer scheme mandatory for a-priori NO2 profiles
Spatially resolved reliable long-term trends is probably themost exciting (air quality) product from satellites so far
Models add a lot to the value of satellite missions
Conclusions for TROPOMI mission
Outline
Traditionalmonitoring
Air pollutionmonitoringusingsatellites?
Limitationsof clear-skyoverpasses
Conclusions