ARTICLES & CONJUNCTIONS

SASIGARAN MONEYAMTHILAGA RAVINTHAR

ARTICLES

• A kind of adjective which is always used with a noun.

• It also gives some information about a noun.

Articles

“ a ”-Indefinite article -the noun it goes with is indefinite or general-becomes “ an ” when the next word begins with a vowel - a, e, i, o, u

“ the ”-Definite article -indicates a specific thing

• The difference between the “a” and “the” in a sentence is,-“a” refers to a general or unspecific noun-“the” refers to a particular or specific noun

Example-I saw a girl.(any girl – not definite)

-I saw the girl who secured the first rank. (girl – is definite)

• The second sentence refers to a specific girl, not just any girl.

• Many nouns, especially singular forms of countable nouns, must have an article.

ExampleThe dog is big,The boy is tall, The window is big.

Demonstrative or possessive adjective can be used instead of an article as in the sentences:-◦ I sat on that chair and I sat on his chair.

Whenever you see an article, you will find a noun with it.

The noun may be the next word as in the man or there may be adjectives and perhaps adverbs between the article and the noun as in◦ the very angry, young man.

PHRASE A phrase is a group of related words that does not include a subject and verb.

• Sometimes a sentence can communicate its meaning with a one-word verb.

• However, a sentence will use a verb phrase, a multi-word verb, to express more nuanced action or condition.

• A verb phrase can have up to four parts

Verb Phrases

• Here are some examples: Had cleaned

*Had = auxiliary verb; clean = main verb; ed = verb ending.

• Should have been writing

*Should, have, been = auxiliary verbs; write = main verb; ing = verb ending.

Participle Phrases

• A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle.

• If the participle is present, it will dependably end in ing. • Likewise, a regular past participle will end in a

consistent ed.

PARTICIPLE + OBJECT(S) AND/OR MODIFIER(S) Here are some examples:

-Elijah likes his eggs smothered in cheese sauce. Smothered in cheese sauce modifies the noun eggs.

A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate

There are four types of clauses :

CLAUSE

Main clause Subordinate clauses

Relative clauses Noun clauses

Examples : Lazy student whine student = subject whine = verb

Main Clause

Subject Verb

Examples : Whenever lazy student whine whenever = subordinate conjunction student = subject whine = verb

Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate conjunction Verb Subject

• A relative clause will begin with a relative pronoun or a relative adverb.

Relative pronoun : who,whom, whose,which or that. Relative adverb : when,where or why.

Relative clauses

Relative pronoun of adverb Subject Verb vv

EXAMPLE : Whom Mrs. Maria hit in the head with a chalk eraser Whom = relative pronoun Mrs. Maria = subject hit = verb

Relative pronoun as subject

v Verb

Example : That had spilled over the glass and splash onto the counter. That = relative pronoun spilled/splash = verb

Any clause that function as a noun becomes a noun clause.

Example : You really do not want know the ingredients in Aunt Nancy’s stew.

Noun Clauses

If we replace the noun ingredients with a clause, we have a noun clause.

Example : You really do not want to know what Aunt Nancy adds to her stew. what Aunt Nancy adds to her stew = noun clause

CONJUCTIONWhat is a conjuction?• Conjuction is a word we used to join or link two or more sentences together or two words within the same sentence.• The most command conjuction in English are: and, but, or nor, for• There are 3 classes of cunjuction :

COORDINATE CONJUCTION SUBORDINATE CONJUCTION CORRELATIVE CONJUCTION

COORDINATE CONJUCTION• There are 7 coordinate conjunctions. They are short,

simple words and have only 2 or 3 letters.

• FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO• A coordinate conjunction joins two equal parts of speech (words or independent clauses). e.g: I like tea and coffee

*the conjunction “and” joins the sentences: “I like tea” with ‘I like coffee”

• A coordinate conjunction always come between the words or clauses that they join.

e.g: I painted the walls but Shila painted the woodwork.

SUBORDINATE CONJUCTION

• Subordinate conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause.

• Command subordinate conjunctions are: after, although, as, because, before, if, provided, since, until, unless, than, whenever, wherever, while, where, when.

• e.g.: They are sleeping because they are tired

• A subordinate conjunction joins a subordinate [dependent] clause to a main [independent] clause.

• e.g.: I fell on my face after I tripped on the

stairs

•A subordinate or dependent clause cannot stand alone.

•Its always come at the beginning of a subordinate clause.

* Independent clause + Dependent clause = complex I fell on my face after I tripped on the stairs.

*Dependent clause , Independent clause = complex After I tripped on the stairs, I fell on my face.

CORRELATIVE CONJUCTION

• Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. [either…or], [both…and], [neither..nor], [not only..but also], [whether..of] • Example:

i. Both Fairuz and I are allergic to seafood.ii. Either Mom or Dad will pick you up.iii. Faizal is either in Ipoh or in Penang.

SEQUENCE CONNECTORS

Sequence connectors are words which are used to join words or sentences.

Logical / sequential order

 Firstly, secondly, thirdly Next, last, finally Last but not least In addition Furthermore Moreover Other than that Besides Also At present / presently

Order of importance Most / more

importantly Most significantly  Above all Primarily It is essential /

essentially

Result As a result As a consequence Therefore Thus  Consequently Hence

Contrast However On the other hand On the contrary By (in) comparison In contrast

Reason The cause of The reason for

Comparison Similarily Likewise

Examples : *Finally

Finally, I had lunch with some friends.

* HoweverMetin is lazy. However his brother is quite diligent.

* HenceProfessor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence, he is highly respected.

Examples : * Similarly

She was late and I similarly was delayed.

* Otherwise You must study hard. Otherwise, you may fail.

Practice Answer the following questions.

1. I am thirsty. I need __________ drink desperately to quench my thirst. A. an B. or C. a

2. To train for the marathon will take at least six months.

A. Noun B. adjective C. Adverb

3. That's the professor _________ spent 10 years living with the Pygmies in Central Africa.

A. Who B. whom C. whose

4. _________ he was very ill, he didn't take any medicine.

A. Where B. although C. since

5. _________ heat the oil in the frying pan. Then put in all the marinated chicken pieces. A. Before B. After C. First

6. An hour passed but there was no sign of Mike. _________ we decided to go home. A. Until B. Before C. Finally

Reference Book Another Look At Grammar, Ho Chui Chui, PE 1112. H6 2007

Internet http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/clause.htm

http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos9.htm

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/phrase.htm

teacherandreamariz.blogspot.com/2010/08/sequence-connectors.html

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/conjunctions/subordinating-conjunctions/