Sarna (writing of sience).pdf
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Transcript of Sarna (writing of sience).pdf
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CMBUk 1esckIepIm
1>1 lkNTUeTAbcb,nenHedaysarEtmankarrIkcMerInxagEpkesdkic nigbeckviCaTMenIb . raCrdaPi)al
)ankMBug ykcitTukdak;xagEpkksi-]sSahkmy:agxaMgkaCaBiessCYyelIkkMBs;plitplksikm[mankarEkceTA CaplitplseRmc . kalBImunmnusSminsUvmankarcab;GarmN_elIkarbriePaKGaharmansarRbeyaCn_ b:unaneT b:uEn\LvenHmnusSCaeRcInRtUvkarbriePaKGaharTaMgLayNaEdlmanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHsuxPaBxn eRBaHEtBYkeK)aneXIjnUvKuNvibtinkarEdlbNal[manCmWdUcCa CmWTwkenamEpm
elIsQam nigCmW ebHdUgpgEdr. ktaTaMgenH)anCMruj[GkviTasaRs nigGkEkccMNIGahar)anxitxMRbwgERbgeFVIkar Rsav RCavplitplfIRBmTaMgeFVI[ RbesIreLIgnUvKuNPaBplitplmbGaharedIm,IbMeBjnUvesckIRtUvkareTAdl;d GtifiCn.
beckviTaEkcKWmansarsMxan;;kgkarEklMGrplitplksikm[manKuNPaBlEpkesaPNPaBrsCati GaharUbtm Gnamy nigbegIntmplitpl . KuNPaBrbs;plitplGaharGackMNt;tamrykta rUb KImI KuNPaBjaN KuNPaBsarFatuciBawm nigKuNPaBesvakm. cMeBaHmbGaharEdl)anEk
cecjBIkareRkblMGgparukCatidUcCa TwkXMKWmanRbeyaCn_y:agxaMgdl;suxPaBGkeRbIR)as;eRBaHminRtwmEtbMeBjesckIRtUvkarxagmbGaharb:ueNaHeT EfmTaMgeFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;suxPaBGkeRbIR)as;eTotpg.TwkXM)anpl;sarRbeyaCn_CaeRcInsRmab;mnusSdUcCa pl; vitamin CMnYydl;sarBagkayRKb;Ebby:agBiessRsIeTIbnwgqgTenrYc cMeBaHvisyevCsaRs TwkXMCMnYyCmWxVHQam )aymin)aneKgminlk; CmWehImTb;sat;Es,kRCIvRCYjkat;bnyCatiBul nigCaGg;TIGuksuIdg;Tb;Tl;nwgkareFVIRbtimBIBBYkmIRkUsarBagkayepSg Et Kuyeha 2001.
edIm,ICRmuj[mankaryl;dwg BIviFIsaRskgkarEkcplitplTuk)anyUr pl;sarRbeyaCn_cMeBaHsuxPaBmnusS nigkat;bnykar)at;bg;eRkayeBlRbmUlplkdUcCa karelIksyesdkicCati. eTIbsikSaBIbeckeTsEkceRkamRbFanbT :karEkcePsCTwkXM ::mksikSaedIm,I[bn nigplitkrGacyl;dwgBIplitkmenH .
1>2 mUlehtunkarsikSa
edaymankarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnRbCaCneRcIn eTIbeFVI[mankgVHxatxagplitkmEkcedIm,I bMeBjnUvtRmUvkarpal;xn . TwkXMCaplitplcRmaj;BIXMEdleRkbBIrukCatinigBuMTan;mankarEkc eTACaplitpl
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seRmcNamYyenAeLIyeT . TwkXM)anpl;sarRbeyaCn_dl;mnusSRKb;rUb BiesscMeBaH RsIeTIbqgTenrYccMeBaHxagEpkevCsaRsvijCMnYydl;pvtMrgenam CmWTgsYt eraKhWt CatiBul RKuncaj; ktcegar bM)at;nUvsaksamrbYs kat;bnyCatixaj;eFVI[sm3 eKalbMNgnkarsikSakarsikSaRbFanbTenHerobcMeLIgkgeKalbMNg
-EsVgyl;BIplitkmfI-brimaNCatisrkgTwkXMnigGasuItsuIRTicEdlsmRsbkgplitpl-viPaKsmasFatuEdlmankgplitplePsCTwkXM-eFVIetsedayjaNelIplitplseRmc .
1>4 TMhMnkarsikSaenAkgkarsikSaRsavRCavenHRtUv)ansikSaeTAelI PaBERbRbYlbrimaNCatisr nigGasuItsuIRTickg
plitpl . kareFVIetsedayBaaNRtUv)anBiesaFn_enAkgsaklviTalyPUminksikmEdlmanGkcUlrYm30nak; . lkNplitplEdlelIkykmksikSa RtUvkMNt;CabcyEdlCaviFIsaRslbMputedIm,I[plitplRbesIreLIg nigTTYl)ankRmitnkarcUlcit rsCati kin BNEdlsmRsbeTAtamcMNg;cMnUlcitrbs;
GtifiCn . enATIkEngsRmab;eFVIkarsikSaBiesaFn_enH RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAkgbnb;Ekcrbs;mhaviTalyksi-]sSahkmnigenAmnIrBiesaFn_rbs;naykdanRtYtBinitTMnijnIhrN GahrN nigbRgabkarEkgbnMkaMkugRtUl . karsikSaenHeFVIeLIgcab;BIEx kum qaM2009 dl;mifuna qaM2009 .
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CMBUk 2sMryaKksar
2>1 lkNTUeTArbs;XM
ral;RbePTstV nigrukCatiTaMgGs;EtgEtmannUvkarEbgEckcMNat;fak; BYk GMbUr nigRbePTebs;vaEdr cMeBaHstVXMvij RtUv)aneKEbgEckeTACa 6 fak;Edlman saxa fak; lMdab; GMbUr> BYk> nigRbePT .
Eastern Honey BeesmanbIRbePTKW-Apis dorsata: Giant Honey Bees
KWCaRbePTXMEdlmanTMhMFMCageKbgs;vacUlciteFVIsMbukrs;enAelIedImeQIx
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sMxan;man Apis mellifica ligestica eRkABIenHkenAmanBUCepSgeTotEdleKrkeXIj enAkgTVIbGWr:ub manCamiolan, Carpathian, Caucasian, Syrian, Iberian, Cyprian, Sicilian, Punic and Saharan .
-African Honey Bees
manRbPBmkBIAfrican
PaKxagt,gnSahara Dessert
BYkenHmanTMhMFMCagEuropean Honey
Bees ehIyBYkenHRtUv)anGkviTasaRs[eQaHfa Apis millifera adansonii lkNsmal;BYkenHKWvaman PaBsahavCag European Honey Bees EfmTaMggayepIlenAeBlEdlcMNIminRKb;RKan;b:uEnvagaynwgbnSaM CamYynwg GakasFatuekAenATVIb GaRhVic minEtb:uenaHvaEfmTaMgFn;nwgCmW vacUlcitsagsg;TICRmkkgrUgeQIFM EdlmaneRcInbggRsbKa manbrimaNTwkXMeRcIn rhUtmkdl;sBVfenHmankarpSBVpSayesIrEt BaseBjBiPBelak dUcCa eRbsIul PaKxagt,g nigGaemrikkNal nigmiucsuickU
Heifer Cambodia, 2009.2>2 GtRbeyaCn_rbs;TwkXM
TwkXMmansarRbeyaCn_cMeBaHsuxPaBdUcCa pl;famBl bM)at;samrbYs kat;bnyCatiBulQWbMBg;k nigCa AtioxidantTb;Tl;kareFVIRbtikmBIBBYkmIRkUsrIragepSg Et Kuyeha.
TwkXMRtUv)aneKsal; nigeRbIR)as;CaeRcInstvtSmkehIy . TwkXMmansarRbeyaCn_y:ag xaMgcMeBaHsuxPaB eRBaHvasMbUreTAeday Catisr nigvIttamIneRcInRbePTdUcCa sarFatuxniC nigsaFatusMxan;
CaeRcIneTot Edlpl;nUvsaFatucaM)ac;sRmab;sarBagkaylUtlas nigsarFatuAtiovidant Tb;sat;kareFVIRbtikmBIBBYkmIRkUsrIrag.
TwkXMRtUv)anEkcenAkg]sSahkmGahar nigePsC . eRkABIenHvamanbeRmIenAkg]sSahkm visyevCsaRs . TwkXMkCasfsRmab;Ba)alCmWdUcCa xVHQam eKgBMulk; kat;bnyCatiBul CmWRKuncaj; ktcegar CMnYytMrgenam eraKhWt CmWTgsYt kat;bnyCatixaj; sMBaFQammandMeNrIkar)anl CaBiess eTAeTotenaH CMnYycMeBaHRsI eTIbqgTenrYc . eRkABIkareRbIR)as;kgvisyevCsaRsTWkXMRtUv)aneKcMraj;CafaMsRmab;bM)at;samrbYs .
2>3 kasikSaelIvtFatuedImbnab;bnSM2>3>1 Twk
TwkCasaFatusMxan;mYy kgdMeNIrkarplitkmehIyvamanmuxgary:agsMxan;sRmab;kar FananUvkarRbRBwteTArbs;sarBagkay camerin, 1970 .
TwkEdlsRmab;eFVIkarEkc RtUvmanlkN fal Kankin KanmIRkub RtUvmanKuNPaBl edIm,IeCosvag karxUcxatKuNPaBplitpl . sarFatuxniccMbgenAkgTwkmandUcCa GIuyu:g kal;sm nig
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m:aej:sm . smasFatuTaMgenHman\TiBly:agxaMg eTAelIKuNPaBplitpl dUecHCa karcaM)ac;Nas;kgkardkecj[Gs; nUvsmasFatuTaMgenH Normann, 1968 .
TwkEdlykmkeRbIR)as;enA kgkarEkcGahar RtUvEtmansg;daxagsuxPaBdUcCa TwksRmab;
briePaK . TwkePg nigTwkFmCatiEdlman sulpYDIGuksuIt kabUnDIGuksIut GasUtGuksIut FUlI nigelahFn;minRtUv GnuBaat[eRbIedayKankarsmatCamun Camerin, 1970 .
TwkEdleRbIkgdMeNIrkarEkcRtUv)anEbgEckCabI-TwksRmab;eRbIR)as;kgbeckeTs KWCaTwkEdlb:HBal;pal;eTAelIvtFatuedIm nigGac bBal
eTAkg plitplseRmc . CakarsMxan;EdlTwkenaHRtUvEt Kankin KanBN KanCatiKanemraK nig CaTwkTn;.
-TwksRmab;pl;cMhay-TwksRmab;bBaHkMedA lagsmat]bkrN_ nigGnamyTUeTA Mircea;1995 .
2>3>2 GasIutsIuRTicGasuItsIuRTic KWCaRbePT GasuItsrIrag EdlGacrk)anenAEpRkUc nigEpeQIEdlman CatiCUr .
GasIutsuIRTic CaGasuItFmCati Edlmanrs;CatiCUrmutxaMg RtUv)aneKeRbIbEnmeTAelImb nig ePCKanCatiGal;kul . GasIutsIuRTicmanmuxgarCaeRcIndUcCa EktRmUv pH begInCatiCUr raraMg )ak;etrIEdlFn;kMedAEfrkSaGahar[Tuk)anyU nigCasmasFatuFmCati EdlkarBarERbRbYlB_etat . eRkABIbeRmIbRmas;kg]sSahkmcMNIGahar GasuItsuIRTic GkGaceRbIkgEpk evCsaRs ]bkrN_smat sabU sarFatulagsmat nig]sSahkmbeckeTsCIv . CaBiess GasuItsIuRTic RtUv)anTTYlsal;CasarFatubEnm EdlmansuvtiPaB sRmab;kareRbIR)as;kgplitplcMNIGahar nigePCedayPak;garmbGaharCati nigGnrCatiGarden at all, 2003 .
2>4 smarsRmab;evcxb; plitplePsCTwkXMRKb;plitplTaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUvmankarevcxb;RtwmRtUv nigmanesaPNPaBeTotpg . smar
evcxb; maneRcInrUbPaB eRcInsNan EdlmanPaBERbRbYleTAtamRbePTplitplnwg eKal bMNgnkarevcxb;. smarTaMgenaHrYmman RbGb;Rkdas;kMb:ugelah Ekv )asic Fellows, 2000 .
smarTaMgenHmantYnaTIdUcCa gayRsYlelIkdak; EfrkSaplitplTuk)anyU gayRsYldwkCBanmanesaPNPaBRbNitPaB nigTuMnukcitBIGtifiCn Smith and hoi, 2004 .
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2>4>1 RbGb;Rkdas;RbGb;Rkdas KWCasmarevcxb; EdleKniymeRbIy:agTUlMTUlayTUTaMgBiPBelak edaysarEt
KuNsm,tiCaeRcInrbs;va . KuNsm,tiTaMgenHmandUcCa Tmn;Rsal tmefak sRmab;eRbIR)as;CamYy
plitplEdl mantmTab nigmanGayukalxIgayRsYltubEtgrcna nigRBIn Smith and hoi,2004.elIsBIenHRbGb;Rkdas;maneRcInTMhMeRcInTRmg; EdlGacEkceRbIR)as;eLIgvijgayRsYl
rMlay edayCIvsaRsPab;CamYysmardTdUcCa GaluymIj:m nig)asic CaedIm Fellow, 2000 .elIsBIenH RbGb;RkdasEdlPab;CamYy smardTeTotdUcCa )asic GaluymIuj:m GaceFVI[ va
kan;EtmanKuNPaBmantmekIneLIgdUcCa CYykMu[mankarRCabTwk nig]sn Gacbt;Ebn Fn;nwgkar rEhkkarEbkpH nwgCatixaj; Gacedr)an nigmanesaPNPaBParker, 2003 .
cMEnkKuNvibtirbs;RbGb;Rkdas;rYmman GacraraMgkareRCobxl; nwgTwk)antictYc minFn;nwgktacRg gayRsUbsMeNIm nigkinBIbriyakasxageRkA niggayxUcxatenAeBlb:HTgic benAeBlTukyUminFn;nwgeRbgxaj;CaedIm Smith and hoi, 2004 .
2>4>2 kMb:ugelahRbGb;elahEdleKniymeRbIR)as;rYmman EdkEfb GaluymuIj:m sMN)ahaMg nigRkUmJm . kMb:ug
elahRtUv)aneKniymeRbIR)as;y:agxaMgedaysaEtvaGac Fn;nwgsItuNPaBx3 Ekvbcb,nenHEkvRtUv)aneKniymeRbIy:agTUlMTUlayedaysaKuNsm,tirbs;va . EkveKeRbIsRmab;
evcxb;Gahar KWedIm,Ikat;bnyeRKaHfak;rbs;plitplBIBBYkmIRkUCIvsaRs . Ekvmin RCabTwk semIm]sn kin EkvEdlmanesvIlmantYnaTIy:agsMxan;Tak;Tg nigGayukalplitpl . bcb,neKBMusUveRbIEkveTeRBaHvagaynigEbk BiessesvIledayeRbIkMedA benAeBlb:HTgic dUecJHeKeRbIvaEteTAelIplitplmineRbIkMedAesvIlb:ueNaH . eKeRcIneRbIcMeBaHTwkEpeQIdMNab;Ca edIm Fellow, 2000 .
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2>4>4 )asic)asic CaRkumb:UlIEmFmCatiEdlRtUv)ansMeyaKnigEktRmUvehIyeKGacbegItvaeGayman Ca
RbePT TRmg; nigrUbragEbkKa tamrykareRbIkMedA nigsMBaF . b:UlIEmesIrEtTaMgGs;Edl eRbIsRmab
xb;Gahar )anmkBI]sSah_kmeRbg\nnKImI . )assicmanKuNsm,tidUcCa manrag satKYr[Tak;TajTmg;Rsal gayRsYlTukdak; cMNayelIfdwkCBantic Fn;nwgkar)ak;Ebk maneRcInBNgayRsYlbt;Ebn manRTg;RTay eRcIn mantmefak gayRsYlrcna nigEktRmUv briyakaskgkBab; .eTaHbIvamanKuN sm,tieRcInkeday kvamanKuNvibtiEdr . KuNvibtiTaMgenaHman gayRsUbsMeNIm BnW]sn kin BIbriyakasxageRkA plitpl manGayukalxI gayeFVIeGayplitplfycuHnUvKuNPaBnig)at;bg;Smith and hoi, 2004 .
2>4>5 karerobcMsaksBaaenAelIplitplTaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUvEtmansaksBaarbs;xn . saksBaaTaMgGs;RtUvsesrCa
Pasa CatibPasabreTs EdlR)abbgajdl;GkeRbIR)as;dUcCa eQaHplitpl RbePTplitpl brimaNFatupSMsMxan; Tmn;srubKitCaRkam eQaHRkumhunplit bplitkrkalbriecTplit nigGayukaleRbIR)as; Fellow, 2000 .
paksBamansarsMxan; Nas;sRmab;bgaj[GkeRbIR)as;GackMNt;cMNaMplitpl nigsmasFatumanGahar rUbtmEdlmanenAkgplitplmYy edIm,IeRCIerIsGaharEdlBYkeKRtUvkar .GgkarFDA )anGPivDkmviFIpaksBamYy edIm,I[GtifiCnyl;dwgBIcMNIGaharrUbtm EdlmanenAkgGahar BYkeKTijykeTAeRbIR)as;.
paksBaaTaMgGs;enaH)anbgajBIBtman caM)ac;dUcCa brimaN kaLrIsrub brimaNxaj;
xaj;Eqt xaj;minEqt CatitUelesrU:l kabUGuIRdat RbUetGIun sr sUlm nigCatissSmith andhoi.2004
.2>4>6 ktaEdlnaM[plitplTuk)anyU
tamRbPBBI Dominic.2002 )anbBaak;faktaEdlTak;Tg nigkarEfrkSaGayukalrbs;plitplTuk)anyUKWRtUvbBab;skmPaB mIRkUsrIrag edayeFVI Pasteurization, sterilization &High
pressing CaedIm . karkarBar nigTb;sat;karduHlUtlas;nBBYkmIRkubmandUcCa kareFVI[RtCak;karsgt;karsmt karRbLak;GMbil sr bcxb;edaydkxl; Vaccum packaging CaedIm .
edIm,IeCosvagnUvktaepSg EdlnaMeGayekItmanmIRkubsrIragenAkgplitplmandUcCa dMeNIr
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karEkc karqgedaysarvtFatuedIm emeraKkgeragcRk nigkarqgedaybrisanCMuvij . smarevcxb;kman\TiBlpgEdreTAelIkarqgemeraKplitpl Dominic, 2002 .
2>5 eKalkarN_eRbIkemAsRmab;EkcGahar nigTb;sat;BIBBYkmIRkubkareRbIR)as;kemACaCIvsaRsmYyy:agmansarsMxan;bMput sRmab;plitplEkcmb Gahar
eRBaHvaeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvKuNPaBGaharsRmab;briePaKRBmTaMgGacbMpajnUvBBYkGg;sIum ktaRbqaMgsarFatuciBaim GtisuxumR)aN stVlit nigBBYk ):ar:asiutEdlmanenAkgGahar . RbsiTiPaBy:agsMxan;mYyeTot rbs;kemAKWkarykecjnUvsmasFatuehIrmYycMnYnecjBI GaharBiessKWTwkEdlCamUldanRKwHnkarsmt nwgbgab; . eRkABIenHvaeFVI[RbesIreLIg nUvPaBEdl Gacrlay)annRbUetGIun nigGamIdugCaedIm . kb:uEnkareRbIR)as;kemAkgkar EkcGaharGac bMpajsmasFatuGaharmYycMnYn dUcCa rsCatiBN kin vaynPaB vItamIn )at;bg;KuNPaBGaharUbtm RBmTaMgeFIV[plitplminsUvmanKuNPaBx5>1 kareFIV):asrkm
KWCadMeNIkarEdleKeRbIR)as;edIm,Ikat;bnycMnYnGtisuxumkay nigsmab;[Gs;nUvPak;gar Edlcmg CmWdl;mnusS BnaGayukalplitpl Parker, 2003 .
kgkarEkcGaharKWeRbIkMedAcab;BI 65GgSaes dl; 100GgSaes EdlmanryeBl 10 eTA20 naTI . enAkgGaharmanGasuItTab pH > 4,5 kareFVI):asrkm RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,I BnaGayukal plitpl Gg;sIum Fellow, 2000 .
viFIsaRsenaHGacEfrkSar kin rs;CatiBNsarFatuciBaim nigBBYkvItamIn )anRbesIr CagviFIsaRs
dT eKalbMNgnkareFVI):asrkmsRmab;GaharepSgKamanbgaj kgtarag
taragTI2/1 kar):asrkmeTAelIGaharepSg
Ghar eKalbMNg eKalbMNgbnab;bnSM lkxNEkcTwkEpeQI( pH > 4,5 )
bgak;skmPaBGg;sIummYycMnYndUcCaPectinestrerase&Polygalataronase
bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCaYeast &Flungi
65 c 30min
77 0c 1min
88 0c 15min
Rsaebor bMpajmIRkuUsrIragdUcCa Lactobacillus &Mycobaetirium
bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCaYeast&Flungi
65-68 c 20min
72-75 0c 1-4min
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TwkedaHeKa( pH > 4,5 )
bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCaBrucellabortis &Mycobaetirium
bMpajGg;sIum 63 c 30min71.5 0c 15min
sutrav bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCasalminella&sefenburg
bMpajmIRkUsrIragEdl
eFVI]syrlYy
64.4 c 30min
60 0c 3.5min
kaer:m bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCaEdlmanenAkgkaer:
bMpajmIRkUsrIragEdleFVI]syrlYy
65 c 30min
71 0c 10min
800c 3min
RbPB Parker, 2003
2>5>2 kareFVIesrIlkm
kareFVIesrIlKWCaviFIsaRs bMpajmIRkUsrIrag edayeRbIsItuNPaBx
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x ktaKImIsaRs
GasIut nigpH RtUv)ankMNt;pgEdr nUvCatiBulEdl)anpliteday mIRkUsrIragcMlgeraK Mar.1998 .GaharEdlman pH TabCag 4/5 vaGackarBarBIBBYkpSitEdl lUtlas;enAEpkxagelI nGahar .
GaharEdlmanpH x7 mUlehtuEdleFVI[GaharxUc
GaharsyrlYybNalmkBI kalUtlas;rbs;mIRkUsrIrag EdlmanenAkgcMNIGahar . ktaTaMgenaH bNalmkBIlkxNsbTuk lkNrbs;cMNIGahar . cMeBaHktaxageRkA RbtikmEdlbg[Gahar xUcman \TiBlsItuNPaB skmPaBTwk ]sn briyakas nigBnWFAO, 1998 .
cMeBaHktaxagkgmandUcCa -Gg;sIum eFVI[GaharmankarERbRbYlTaMgsmasFatuniglkNpgEd .-Gtisuxumkay RsUbyksmasFatukgcMNIGahar nigeFVI [mankarpas;brlkN rUb
KImIlkNedIm nigbegItCaGgFatuBul .-GuksIutkm eFVI[smasFatukgcMNIGahar)at;bg;BNnigrs;Cati.
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CMBUk 3viFIsaRsRsavRCav
3>1 TItaMg smar nigvtFatuedImsRmab;karBiesaFn_
3>1>1 kareRCIserIsTItaMgkarsikSaenH RtUveFVIeLIgenAkgmnIrBiesaFn_ rbs;mhaviTalyksi-]sSahkm n
saklviTaly PUminksikmEdlmanTItaMgsitenA PUmixVa sgat;dega xNdega RkugPMeBj. karviPaKrkGRtasrkgTwkXM GasuIt smasFatuKImI nigsarFatuciBawmenAelIplitplseRmc edIm,IBnarGayukalplitplkgkarskTuk nigykeTAviPaKenA naykdanRtYtBinitTMnijnIhrN GahrN nigkarbRgabkarExgbnM kaMkugRtUl nRksYg BaNiCkmEdlmanGasydanpHelx 50Eo pvelx 144
sgat;pSarkNal xNdUneBj PMeBj.
3>1>2 vtFatuedImvtFatuedImsRmab;eFVIkarBiesaFn_rYmman
-TwkXM-Twk
-GasuItsuIRTic3>1>3 smar nig]bkrN_Ekc
- qaMgGaluymIj:m- EvkkUr sabRBa- cRganhas- RkNat;eRcaH bs,eRcaH
- CILav- eRsamd mYk GavBiesaFn_-pH Em:Rt- dbsRmab;Rckplitpl .
3>2 viFIsaRsBiesaFn_
3>2>1 viFIsaRserobcMbcykarBiesaFn_RtUv)aneRCIserIsnUvbERmbRmYleRKOgpSMBIrRbePTKWRtaPaKrysrEdlmanenA kgTwk
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GRtaCatisrEdlmanenAkgTwkXM nigGRtaGasIutsuIRTicenAkgplitpl. sMNakTMagGs;enHRtUv)anerobcMedayeFVIetsedayBaaNnrsCatin ePC TwkXMBIsMNak; GkeFVIetscMnYn 30 nak;. KgkareFVIBiesaFn_enHRtUv)anEbgEckCabIRkum nigRkumnImYy manbIbcydUc)an bgajkgtaragxageRkam
taragTI3/1 karerobcMbcyBiesaFn_l>r Rkum bcy TwkXM Twk GasuItsuIRTic
%nePsC1
A
T1
11 890/01
2 T2 0/023 T3 0/034
B
T4
14 860/01
5 T5 0/026 T6 0/037
C
T7
16 840/01
8 T8 0/02
9
T9
0/03
3>2>2 dMeNIrkarEkcdMbUgeRCIserIsTwkXMEdleTIbkac;BIbggedaymanBNRkhmfa bnab;mkykTwkXMmkeFVIkar
eRcaH edIm,IEjkecjCatiTwkXMedayKankMTickMTI rYcvas;CatisrkgTwkXM bnab;mkykTwkXMeTAlaycUleTAkg sUluysgTwkbitCamYynigGasuItsuIRTiceTAtambcynImYyrYcesarryeBl 30 naTI enA
sItuNPaB 60 GsSaes kgenaHRtUvvas;kRmitCatiEpmedayeRbI]bkrN_erRhVak;tUEm:Rt nigvas;GasuItedayeRbI]bkrN_ pHEm:Rt enAcenaHBI 3 eTA 7 FAO,1997. bnab;mkTuk[rgeFVIkareRcaHmgeTotbnab;mkRckdbEtmunnwg RckdbcaM)ac;RtUvesrIldb nigKMrbryeBl 15 naTI enAsItuNPaB125GgSaes ykeTAbitKMrb nigcug bBaab;Sterilization enAsItuNPaB 121 GgSaes ryeBl 3 naTIhuIhak;2004 .
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13
TwkXM
eRcaHkkr
vas;CatisrkgTwkXM
pSMcUlsUluysgTwk nigGasuItsuIRTic
esar30naTI60eTA65GgSaes
Tuk[rg
eRcaH
Rckdb
sterilizationskTuk
3>2>3 ExSsgVak;plitkm
daRkamTI 2/1 KMnUsbMRBYjExSsgVak;plitkmePsCTwkXM
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14
3>2>4 karviPaKsmaFatuKImIkgkarsikSaKuNPaBePsCTwkXMRtUv)anykeTAviPaKsmasFatuKImI sarFatuciBawm GRtasr nig
GasuItsrub enAelIplitplseRmc . karviPaKeFVIeLIgnUvnaykdankaMkugRtUlnRksYgBaNiCkm .
sMNakEdlRtUvviPaKsmasFatuKImIman k karvas;pHsmar
-EkvebEsr-pH Em:Rt
viFIsaRs
yk pH eTAepogpat;CamYyTwkbiT[vaNWt eTIbykvaeTAvas; . yksMNakePsCTwkXM5Rkam cak;cUlkgEkvebEsr250 mIlIlIRt EfmTwkbiT 100 mIlIlIRt dak;kUelIkrma:ej:TicedayRKab;kUryeBl 3 naTI yk pH Em:Rtdak;kgsUluysgkgEkvebEsr rhUtdl;elxenAnwgeTIbkt;RtaCacMnuccugeRkay AOAC, 2000.
x karvPaKsr
smar
-EkvCr-BIEb:Rt-er:RhaVk;tUEm:Rt
viFIsaRsyker:RhaVk;tUEm:Rt eTAepogpat;CamYyTwkbiTenAcMNucsUneTIbykeTAvas;sMNak . yk
BIEb:Rt RtbUmePsCbnk; 2 dMNk; eTAelImuxrbs;er:RhaVk;tUUEm:Rt 2 naTIeRkaymk yker:RhaVk;tUEm:Rt
eTAemIlenAkEngEdlmanBnWqgkat; bnab;mkeFVIkarkt;Rtaelx enAcenaHBN_s nigBN_exovhuIhak;2004.
K karvPaKrkGasutsrub
smarrYmman-Ekv TIeRtt-CBaIg
-EkvsIuLaMg-BIEb:Rt
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15
-krma:ej:Tic nigRKab;kUr-Burette titration
sarFatuKImIEdlRtUveRbI
-Indicator Penolphtaleine-sUluysg sUt
dMeNIrkarviPaK fwgplitplcak;cUlkgEkv titration 10 mIlIlIRt EfmTwkbiT 100 mIlIlIRt dak;RKab;kUrelI
krma:ej:Tic rYckU 3 naTI . bUmsUluysg 50 mIlIlIRt dak;kgEkv titration Efm IndicatorPenolphetanone 2 dMNk;cUlkgEkv titration . eFVIkar titration CamYysUlusg sUt AOAC,
2000.
Edl
V maDsUt EdlRtUvTIeRtKitCa mIlIlIRtN kMhab;sUt esInwg 0>1NM ma:seGKIva:Lg;GasIutsIuRTic esInwg 60m Tmn;sMNak RkamFCa Factor rbs;NaOH esInwg 0>952
X viFIsaRsvPaKrkepH
]bkrN_EdelRtUveRbIR)as;-can GIuNuk-CBaIg-TUdukrMhYt-TUduk Oven-Exicator
-degob-eRsamd
V x N x F x M
GasuItsrubRkam/lIRt=m
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16
dMeNIkarviPaKfwgcansmtrYcfwgplitplenAelIcan dut[rIgkgTUrMhYtenAsItuNPaB 70 GgSaes bnab;mk
eTAdut ykepHkg Oven enAsItuNPaB 600 GgSaes ryeBl 2 ema:g . ykeTAdak;kg Exicator
Tuk[RtCak;rYcfwgsMNak nigcan .KNnatamrUbmn
Edl W0Tmn;canKitCaRkam
W1Tmn;sMNakePsCTwkXM KitCaRkamW2Tmn;sMNak nigcaneRkayeBldut KitCaRkam
g vFIsaRsviPaKrksMeNm
]bkrN_EdlRtUveRbIR)as;-canesra:mic kBak;bGIuNuk-CBaIg
-TUsmtMufe-Exicator-degob-eRsamd
dMeNIrkarviPaK
ykcanTeTeTAfwg rYccak;sMNakePsCTwkXMcMnYn 10 Rkam cUlkgcan . yksMNak
eTAsmtkg Oven enAsItuNPaB 105 GgSaes ryeBl 2 ema:g eBldl;naTIRtUvbiTTukryeBl 20naTIeTIbykecj rYcykeTAfwg ryeBl 5 vinaTIeRkaymkRtUvkt;Tmn;srub .rUbmnKNna AOAC, 2000
Edl
W0 Tmn;cansrub KitCaRkam
W2W0
epH = 100W1
[W0+ W1 -W2]PaKrysMeNIm = 100
W1
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17
W1 Tmn;sMNak ePsCTwkXMKitCaRkamW2 Tmn;sMNakst nigTmn;can KitCaRkam
c karvPaKrkRbetGun
]bkrN_EdlRtUveRbIR)as;man-ceRganGKIsnI Electrical Digestion-Digestion tube-Buchi digestion Unit-Markham Distillation Apparatus-Volumetric flask
-Pipete-Breaker-EkvTIeRt-ma:sIun Kjedahl
sarFatuKImIEdlRtUveRbI-CuSO45H2O
-GasIusulpricxab;95-98 PaKry-sUluysgbricGasIut-eGTIlRkhm 0>1 mIlIRkam nigeGTIlexov 0>05 mIlIRkam
dMeNIrkarviPaKEckecjCabIdMNak;kal-dMNak;kalDigestion
ykBIEb:RtbUmsMNak 5mIlIlIRt eTAdak;kg Buchi digestion tube edaybEnmkatalIkr
(CuSO45H2O 5g + Na2SO4 5gmYysabRBakaehV . bUmGasIutsulpricxab; 10 mIlIlIRtdak;cUlkg Digestion tube rYcykvaeTArMlaynwgceRgan Electrical Digestion ryeBl 4 ema:gsItuNPaB 390 GsSaes rhUtdl;sUluysgERbCaBNeTACafa .
-dMNak;kal Distillationvas;bricGasIutcMNuH 50mIlIlIRt bUkTwk 50mIlIlIRt dak; 2 -3dMNk;kgEkv Elenmyer
eTAdak;kg ma:sIun Kjedahl . Set program, Set H2O cMNuH 50mIlIlIRt Set NaOH 40% cMNuH 50
mIlIlIRt Set ryeBl 30 naTI[manRbtikm NaOH + (NH4)2SO2nigbnSab H2SO4 EdlenAsl;Set Steam 300 vinaTIrYccucra:n;edIm,IdMeNIrkarma:sIun nigcugbBab;sUluysgnwgbrBN_exov .
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18
-dMNak;kalTitrationyksUluysgeTATIeRtCamYy GasIutsulpUric 0>5mU:l rYckt;maD .
KNnatamrUbmn Protein% = N% 6,25
V x N x 1.4
N% =
V1
EdlV maDTIeRt KitCamIlIlIRt
N ma:smU:lrbs; H2SO4V1
maDedInEdl)anvas;KitCamIlIlIRtN CaPaKryGasUt .
q karviPaKrkxaj
tamviFIsaRsRose-Gittlied Method]bkrN_man
-LavEjkcMNuH 250 mIlIlIRt
-sIuLaMgrkitcMNuH 10 nig 25 mIlIlIRt-)aLug nigceRgankemAsarFatuKImIEdlRtUveRbIman
-DIeGTIleGET-95 PaKry Gal;kul-25 PaKry Gam:Ujak; dg;sIueteFobniwgTwk 1>9
dMeNIrkarBiesaFn_bUm 10 mIlIlIRt nsMNakdak;kgLavEjk Efm 1 mIlIlIRt DIGam:Ujak; rYcRkLk[sBVedIm,IrMlay Efm RbUetGIun 10 mIlIlIRt 96 PaKryeGtaNul edIm,IeFVI[RbUetGIun)at;bg;lkNFmCatidak;25 mIlIlIRt DIeGTIleGET edIm,IEjkykeRbg . RkLkryeBl 1 naTITuk[l,ayEjkecjBIKabgrykEpkxagelIdak;kgEkv)aLg . rYcbnkarEjkedayeRbI10 mIlIlIRt nDIeGTIleGEtcMnYn 2 dgbEnmeTot smtEkv)aLg kgTUsmtedIm,IrMhYtFaturMlay nigTwkecj . fwgEkv)aLgedIm,Irk
brimaNeRbg .KNnatamrUbmn PEAESON, 1970
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19
W2-W1 100PaKryxaj;=
W
W1: Tmn;Ekv)aLgmunsmt KitCaRkamW2:Tmn;Ekv)aLgeRkaysmt KitCaRkamWo: Cam:asrbs;PaKsMNak KitCaRkam
C karviPaKrkkabnGuRdat
tamrUbmn
kabUnGuIRdatsrubPaKry = 100 - RbUetGuIn xaj; sMeNIm epH
Edl-RbUetGIun Cama:sRbUetGIun KitCaRkamkg 100 Rkam cMNIGhar-xaj; Cama:sxaj; KitCaRkamkg 100 Rkam cMNIGhar-sMeNIm Cama:sTwk KitCaRkamkg 100 Rkam cMNIGhar-epH Cama:sepH KitCaRkamkg 100 Rkam cMNIGhar
Q viFsaRsvPaKrkfamBl
famBlEdl)anmkBIcMNIGaharmanRbPBBI kabUnhuIRdat xaj;nigRbUetGuInehIyRtUv)anKNna(Hamilton et al, 1988
tamrUbmn
Edl Protein CabrimaNRbUetGuIn KitCaRkam/100g.sMNak-famBl KitCa Cal/100g.sMNak- Fat CabrimaNxaj;KitCaPaKry- Carbohydrate CabrimaNkabUGuIRdat KitCaRkam/100g.sMNak
famBlsrub = ( protein 4cal/g) + (fat 9 cal/g) + (carbohydrate 4 cal/g)
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20
3>2>5 karviPaKKuNPaBtamrykareFVIetsedayjaN(Sensory Quality)kareFVIetseTAelIKuNPaBjaNsMedAeTAelIkRmitnkarcUlcitelI BN kin rs;Cati niglkN
TUeTA rbs;plitplseRmc tamrykarpl;BinrdUcxageRkam
- Bin1 = mincUlcitesaH- Bin2 = mincUlcit- Bin3 = cUlcitFmta- Bin4 = cUlcitlm- Bin5 = cUlcitxaMg
3>2>6 viFIsaRsviPaKTinnyral;TinnyEdlTTYl)aneRkaykarBiesaFn_ RtUvviPaKedayeRbIR)as;kmviFI Microsoft Excel .
lTplnkarviPaKKWRtUv)anbgajkgRkahVicedayepateTAelIkareFVIetsedayjaN niglkxNTUeTAnkRmitcg;)anplitpl RBmTaMgeyabl;bEnmepSgeTot .
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21
CMBUk 4lTpl nigBiPakSa
4>1 lTpl
enAkgkarEkcePsCTwkXM EdlsrubTaMgGs;man 9 bcy bnab;BIeFVIkarEkcrYceRscehIynwgRtUv)anykeTAviPaK edIm,IrksmasFatuKImImYycMnYn EdlmanenAkgePsCEdlRbRBwteTAenAnaykdankaMkugRtYl eRkamkarRKbRKgrbs;RksYgBaNiCkm.
4>1>1 viFIsaRsviPaKsmasFatubnSMKImI nigpH kgplitplseRmcbnab;BIeFVIkarEkcePsCTwkXMrYcmk enAkgePsCenHmansarFatuKImImYycMnYnEdlcaM)ac;RtUvEt
eFVIkarviPaKrk . karviPaKenHnwgRtUvRbRBwteTAenAkg naykdankaMkugRtUl nRksYgBaNiCkm EdlTTYl)annUvlTpldUcxageRkam
taragTI4/1 smasFatKuEdlRtUveFVIkarviPaKkgePsCTwkXM
vtFatuedIm smasFatuePsCTwkXM pH kRmitsr kRmitGasIut RbUetGIun sMeNIm epH kabUGIuRdat famBl
k karvPaKrkkRmit
pH
RkahVikTI4/1 lTplnkarviPaKpH
tamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmit pH mankarERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1man pH esInwg 3>35 T2man pH esInwg 3>40 T3man pHesInwg 2>98 T4manpH esInwg 3>38 T5manpH esInwg 3>18 T6manpH esInwg 3>00 T7manpH
esInwg 3>45T8
manpH
esInwg 3>25T9
manpH
esInwg 3>10 .
pH
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 bcy
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22
rUbftTI4/1 skmPaBvas;pH
x karvPaKrkkRmitCatisr dWeRkRbic
RkahVikTI4>2 lTplnkarviPaKrkkRmitCatisrtamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitsr KitCadWeRkRbic
mankar ERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1mankRmitsresInwg 12>10 T2mankRmitCatisresInwg 12>00 T3 mankRmitsresInwg 12>00 T4 mankRmitsresInwg 15>20 T5 mankRmitsresInwg 15>00 T6 mankRmitsresInwg 15>00 T7 mankRmitsresInwg 16>80 T8 mankRmitsresInwg 17>00 T9mankRmitsresInwg 17>00 .
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 bcy
kRmits
rdWeRkR
bic
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23
rUbftTI4/2 skmPaBvas;Catisr
K karvPaKrkkRmitCatiGasIt
RkahVikTI4/3 lTplnkarviPaKrkGasIuttamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelIeXIjfa lTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitGasIut KitCaRkamkgmYylIRt mankarERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1mankRmit GasIutesInwg 1>15 T2man kRmit GasIutesInwg 1>65 T3 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 2>75 T4 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 1>26T5 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 1>87 T6 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 2>75 T7 mankRmit GasIutesInwg1>21 T8 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 1>98 T9 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 2>75 .
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 bcy
kRmitGasIut
RkamkgmYylIRt
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24
X karviPaKrkkRmitRbUetGIn
RkahVikTI4/4 PaKryRbUetGIuntamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvRbUetGIun KitCaPaKry Edl
mankar ERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>08 T2 mankRmitRbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 T3 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>08 T4 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 T5 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>08 T6 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 T7 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>08T8 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 T9 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 .
rUbftTI4/3 skmPaBvas;RbUetGIun
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 bcy
PaKryRbUetGIun
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25
X karviPaKrkGRtaPaKrysMeNm
RkahVikTI4>5 GRtasMeNImtamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvsMeNIm KitCaPaKry Edl
mankar ERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 87>00 T2 mankRmitGRtasMeNIm 86>54 T3 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 87>52 T4 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 83>00 T5 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 84>00 T6 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 84>44 T7 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 80>00T8 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 79>45 T9 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 78>63 .
g karvPaKrkGRtaPaKryepH
RkahVikTI4>6 GRtaPaKryepH
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 bcy
PaKrysMeNIm
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 bcy
PaKr
yep
H
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26
tamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitepH KitCaPaKryEdlmankar ERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>06 T2mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>06 T3 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>07 T4 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH
0>04 T5 mankRmit GRta PaKryepH 0>05 T6 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>06 T7 mankRmitGRtaPaKryepH 0>04 T8 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>05 T9 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>06 .
c karvPaKrkkRmitkabnGIRdat
tamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxageRkam eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitkabUnGIuRdat KitCaRkamkgmYylIt EdlmankarERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat12>86 T2 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 12>84 T3 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 12>33 T4 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 16>86 T5 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 15>87 T6 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 15>4 T7mankRmit kabUnGIuRdat 19>88 T8 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 20>40 T9 mankRmit kabUnGIuRdat21>21 .
RkahVikTI4>7 kRmitkabUnGIuRdatq karviPaKrkkRmitfamBl
tamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxageRkam eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitfamBl KitCa kal;LrIkg 100Rkam EdlmankarERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmitfamBl 51>76T2 mankRmitfamBl 51>36 T3 mankRmitfamBl 49>64 T4 mankRmitfamBl 67>87 T5 mankRmitfamBl 63>80 T6 mankRmitfamBl 62>00 T7 mankRmitfamBl 79>84 T8 mankRmit
famBl 82>00 T9 mankRmitfamBl 85>24 .
0
5
10
15
20
25
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 bcy
kabUnGIuRdatRkamkgmYylIRt
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27
RkahVikTI4>8 karviPaKfamBl4>1>2 karvaytmeTAelIKuNPaBjaN
enAkgplitplePsCEtgEtmannUvBN_ EdlCaBN_FmCati nigkarbEnmBN_ EdlGacTak;TajnUv esckIRtUvkar nigkarcUlcitrbs;GtifiCnkgkarlk;dUrplitplrbs;xnenAelITIpSar .CmYyKaenHpgEdrkenA mansmasFatupSMepSgKa EdleFVi[GkeRcIR)as;TaMgGs;mankarcUlcitTijnigcg;TijdUcCa kin rsCatiEpm rsCatiCUr PaBxab; PaBrav EdlCalkNTUeTArbs;ePsCEdlgayeFVI[GtifiCn mankarcab;GarmN_ . dUcenHkarkMNt;eTAelIlkNrUbBMuEmnCakargayRsYleLIy EdlTamTar[GkplitRtUvEteFVIetssakl,g CamunsinCamYynwg GtifiCn . xageRkamenHKWCakareFVIetssakl,g CamYynwgGksakl,gcMnYn 30 nak;tamrykar[BinCa bnbnab;dUcteTA
taragTI4/2 kareFVIetstamrykardak;Bin
bcysrub kRmitBin
9 1>mincUlcitesaH 2>minsUvcUlcit 3>cUlcitFmta 4>cUlcitbgr 5>cUlcitxaMgNas;
k kareFetseTAelIBNtamtYelxxagelI)anbgajfa tamrykareFVIetsedayBwgEpkeTAelIkar[BinEdlmancMnYn 30
nak; tamkar[BineTAelIBN_RKb;bcyTaMgGs;eday Bin KitCatmmFm eXIjfamankarERbRbYlepSgKapg Edreday enAcenaHBI3>50 Bindl;4>00 BinEdlenAkgenaH bcyTI9 T9TTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 4>00 nigbcyTI 1 T1 TTYl)anBinmFm 3>53 mancMnYnticCageK . dUcenHGkeFVIetsTaMgGs;mankareBjciteTAelI bcyTI9 T9 mancMnYneRcInCageK .
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 bcy
famBl
kalL
UrIkg1
00Rkam
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28
RkahVikTI4/9 BnmFmnkareFVIetseTAelIBN_ePsCTwkXMx kareFVetseTAelIkn
tamtYelxxageRkam)anbgajfa tamrykareFVIetseday BwgEpkeTAelIkar[BinEdlmancMnYn30 nak; tamkar[BineTAelIkin RKb;bcyTaMgGs;eday Bin KitCatmmFmeXIjfa mankar
ERbRbYlepSgKapg Edr edayenAcenaHBI 3>40 Bindl;4>03 BinEdlenAkgenaH bcyTI6 T6
TTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 4>03 nigbcyTI1 nigTI 3 T1>T3 TTYl)an BnmFm 3>40 mancMnYnticCag eK . dUcenHGkeFVIets TaMgGs;mankareBjciteTAelIbcyTI6 T6 mancMnYneRcInCageK .
RkahVikTI4/10 BinmFmnkareFVIetselIkin
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
bcy
BinmFm
nkarcUlcitkin
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
bcy
BinmF
mn
karc
Ulcit
BN_
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29
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