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eqspertis azri

74

arCil gegeSiZe

saqarTvelo da amerika: Tanamedrove ormxrivi

urTierTobebis evoluciis ZiriTadi Strixebi

eqspertis azri

arCil gegeSiZe

saqarTvelo da amerika: Tanamedrove ormxriviurTierTobebis evoluciis ZiriTadi Strixebi

2017

74

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉGEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saelCos Tvalsazriss.

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe publikaciis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos aranairi, maT Soris eleqtronuli an meqanikuri, formiT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da daskvnebi ekuTvnis avtors/ebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis

fondis Tvalsazriss.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2017 weli

ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN 978-9941-0-9652-5

eZRvneba qarTul-amerikuli urTierTobebis 25-e wlisTavs

saqarTvelo da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ormxri-vi urTierTobebis 25-e wlisTavs aRniSnaven. am urTierTo-bebis dawyebis TariRad 1991 wlis 25 dekemberi SeiZleba mi-viCnioT, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis maSindelma prezidentma jorj buSma (ufrosma) yofili sabWoTa respub-likebis, maT Soris saqarTvelos, damoukideblobis cnobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba gamoacxada.1 male amas mohyva diplo-matiuri urTierTobebis damyareba, 1992 wlis 24 marts, xolo 23 aprils _ saqarTveloSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos gaxsna. aSS-Si saqarTvelom saelCom 1993 wlis agvis-todan daiwyo funqcionireba. am periodidan iwyeba ormxrivi urTierTobebis nabij-nabij Seneba. dRes sruli safuZveli arsebobs iTqvas, rom saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris TanamSromloba atarebs saqmian da megobrul xasiaTs da, amavdroulad, aris samagaliTo farTo regionu-li masStabiT.

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ganvlili 25 wlis manZilze qarTul-amerikuli urTi-erTobebi, ZiriTadad, im obieqturi realobidan gamomdina-re viTardeboda, rac dakavSirebuli iyo, erTi mxriv, aSS-is interesebTan regionSi da, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos usafr-Txoebis da keTildReobis saWiroebebTan. xSirad xsenebuli interesebi da saWiroebebi erTmaneTs esadageboda da amis gamo iyo, rom ormxrivma urTierTobebma droTa ganmavloba-Si strategiuli xasiaTi SeiZina. mniSvnelovania iTqvas, rom TanamSromlobis dRis wesrigSi garkveuli koreqtivebi Seh-qonda vaSingtonSi demokratiuli da respublikuri adminis-traciebis monacvleobas an saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis cvli lebas, mis xasiaTs. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom pirovnul faqtorsac hqonda mniSvneloba. „civi omis“ damam-Tavrebel etapze amerikul mxaresTan konstruqciuli Tanam-Sromlobis Sedegad SeZenili politikuri kapitalis gamo saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli e. SevardnaZis faqtorma gadamwy-veti roli iTamaSa aSS-is mxridan damoukidebeli saqarT-

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velos mimarT Tavidanve keTilganwyobili damokidebulebis CamoyalibebaSi. piradad e. SevardnaZis mimarT mmarTvel eli tas, rogorc prezidentis, ise mTeli administraciisa da kongresis CaTvliT, gamokveTili pativiscema da ndoba hqon-da.2 xsenebuli keTilganwyoba male gadaizarda myar gulSe-matkivrobaSi, rodesac gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi gamoikveTa saqarTvelos strategiuli arCevanis konturebi. am TvalsazrisiT, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, arse-biTi mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos da misi lideris pirad wvlils samxreT kavkasiaze gamavali aRmosavleT-dasavleTis energoderefnis SeqmnaSi.

mogvianebiT, m. saakaSvilma da misi gundis wevrebma, gansakuTrebiT z. Jvaniam,3 „vardebis revoluciis“ idealebiT moxibluli amerikuli istebliSmentis wamyvan warmomadgen-lebTan piradi, xSirad megobruli, urTierTobebis damyareba moaxerxes. amgvarma piradma kavSirebma mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli ormxrivi urTierTobebis swraf gaRrmavebas.4 2005 wlis maisSi aSS-is prezidentis j. buSis saqarTveloSi istori-uli viziti or qveyanas Soris dawyebuli mWidro urTierTo-bebis yvelaze TvalsaCino gamoxatuleba iyo. vizitis dros j. buSma „vardebis revoluciidan“ sul raRac weliwad-naxev-ris Tavze saqarTvelos „demokratiis Suqura“ uwoda. xolo ramde nime TviT adre senatorebma j. makkeinma da h. klinton-ma m. saakaSvi li (ukrainis prezident v. iuSCenkosTan erTad) mSvidobis dargSi nobelis premiaze waradgines.

2012 wlidan, rodesac saqarTveloSi xelisufleba Seicvala da, agreTve, konstituciurad gadanawilda Zala-ufleba xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris,5 daiwyo ormxrivi urTierTobebis depersonifikacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikuli istebliSmenti miesalma saqarTvelos istoria-Si pirvelad xelisuflebis arCevnebis gziT cvlilebas, igi aRar iyo imgvar eiforiaSi, rogoric mas „vardebis revolu-ciis“ dros axasiaTebda.

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qarTul-amerikuli urTierTobebi Tavidan wminda dax-marebiTi xasiaTis iyo. es daxmareba, rogorc wesi, finansuri iyo, Tumca, humanitaruli daniSnulebis daxmarebac (ZiriTa-

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dad, xorbali da mazuTi) xSirad gauwevia amerikis mTavrobas. mogvianebiT, infrastruqturuli obieqtebis mowesrigebis Tu instituciuri mowyobis gaumjobesebis mizniT, teqnikuri saxis daxmarebis wilmac imata. aRniSnuli daxmareba gansa-kuTrebiT aqtualuri 1995-1999 wlebSi iyo, rodesac saqarT-veloSi sakmaod warmatebiT mimdinareobda saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebTan SeTanxmebuli da aSS-is mTavro-bis mier mxardaWerili reformebi.

zogadad, 1995-1999 ww. mniSvnelovani periodi iyo sa qarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi, vinaidan swored am dros gaakeTa qveyanam strategiuli arCevani.6 es erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da urTierTganmapirobebli politikuri, samxedro da energetikuli mimarTulebiT ramdenime fun-damenturi gadawyvetilebis miRebiTa Tu proeqtis ganxor-cielebiT gamoixata. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia politikuri gadawyvetileba, uzrunvelyofiliyo saqarTvelos moqce-va dasavleTis strategiuli interesebis arealSi.7 90-iani wlebis SuaSi ukve naTeli gaxda, rom postsabWoTa ruseTi neoimperiuli xasiaTis warmonaqmni iyo da masTan pirispir darCeniT saqarTvelos gauWirdeboda araTu civilizebuli qveynebis gziT ganviTareba, aramed damoukideblobisa da su-verenitetis SenarCunebac ki. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos „unda aesrulebina saukunovani ocneba da dabrunebuliyo evro-paSi.“8 male xsenebul gadawyvetilebas mohyva saqarTvelos gawev rianeba NATO-s programaSi „partnioroba mSvidobisa-Tvis“ (Partnership for Peace), romlis farglebSic faqtobrivad daiwyo amerikul mxaresTan samxedro TanamSromloba. mokle xanSi saqarTvelo am programis yvelaze aqtiuri wevri gax-da. paralelurad, swrafad ganviTarda ormxrivi samxedro TanamSromlobis samarTlebrivi bazac. 1997 wels gaform-da metad mniSvnelovani samTavrobo CarCoSeTanxmeba masob-rivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebis sferoSi TanamSromlobisa da TavdacviTi da samxedro kav-Sirebis gaRrmavebis Sesaxeb. am xelSekrulebiT, sxvasTan er-Tad, safuZveli Caeyara biologiuri safrTxis Semcirebis programas, romlis farglebSic mogvianebiT TbilisSi aSenda ultraTanamedrove sazogadoebrivi jandacvis centralu-ri referaluri laboratoria (`lugaris laboratoria“) da

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Seiqmna gansakuTrebiT saSiSi infeqciebis gamomwvevTa aRmoCe-nis, epidzedamxedvelobisa da reagirebis erTiani laborato-riuli sistema. sxvadasxva SefasebiT, amerikuli mxaris mier am laboratoriaSi Cadebuli investicia $300 mln-ia. aRsaniS-navia, rom 2-3 weliwadSi, xsenebuli CarCoSeTanxmebis garda, ramdenime sxva mniSvnelovani samTavrobo Tu uwyebaTaSorisi dokumenti gaformda, romlebmac dasabami misces sxvadasxva programas. ase, magaliTad, „saxelmwifoTa Soris partnioro-bis“ programis (State Partnership Program) farglebSi aseulo-biT RonisZieba gaimarTa, kerZod: saStabo vizitebi da gacv-lebi, kombinirebuli wvrTnebi, saxmeleTo, samxedro-sazRvao da samxedro-sahaero Zalebis warmomadgenelTa vizitebi da gacvlebi, saswavlo kursebi, seminarebi, aseve RonisZiebebi saqarTvelosa da jorjiis Statis erovnuli gvardiebis er-Toblivi monawileobiT da sxv. metad mniSvnelovani iyo da dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas „usafrTxoebis sferoSi dax-marebis“ programa (Security Assistance Program),9 romlis farg-lebSi saqarTvelos aTeulobiT samxedro pirma miiRo ganaT-leba aSS-is sxvadsxva profilis samxedro saswavleblebSi, gadawyda saqarTvelosTvis amerikuli warmoebis 10 samxedro vertmfrenisa da sanapiro dacvis 2 katarRis gadmocema da sxv. calke unda aRiniSnos ormxrivi usafrTxoebis dialogis formatis Seqmna da ormxrivi samuSao jgufebis Sexvedrebi.

or qveyanas Soris samxedro TanamSromlobis warmate-biT mimdinareobis dasturi iyo 1999 wels saqarTveloSi aSS-is Tavdacvis mdivnis pirveli viziti, romlis drosac daisaxa samxedro TanamSromlobis Semdgomi gaRrmavebis gegmebi.10 erT-erTi sakiTxi kosovoSi mimdinare samSvidobo operaciaSi aSS-is seqtorSi qarTuli oceulis mivlena iyo. aqedan daiw-yo qarTuli kontingentebis gagzavna sxva konfliqtur re-gionebSi mimdinare samSvidobo operaciebSi, kerZod, eraysa da avRaneTSi. mas Semdeg, rac 2001 wlis cnobili teraqtis Semdeg aSS-is liderobiT Seqmnil antiteroristul saerTa-Soriso koalicias saqarTveloc SeuerTda, gadawyda 2002 wels qarTveli samxedro mosamsaxureebisTvis specialuri saswavlo programis dafuZneba, romelsac wvrTnisa da aR-Wurvis programa (Georgia Train and Equip Program – GTEP)11 ewoda. programas politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda, vinaidan pirve-

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lad moxda, rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi amerikeli samxedro instruqtorebi gamoCndnen. imave wels NATO-s samitze, ro-melic q. praRaSi gaimarTa, saqarTvelom oficialurad ga-nacxada aliansSi gawevrianebis survili.

strategiuli arCevanis mniSvnelovan faqtors warmo-ad genda saqarTveloze gamavali aRmosavleT-dasavleTis satranzito derefnis mSenebloba. yvelaferi 1993 wlis „briuselis deklaraciiT“ daiwyo, ramac safuZveli Cauyara TRACECA-s saxeliT cnobil regionul programas. programis mizans samxreT kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis konvenci-uri satransporto infrastruqturis evropis satransporto sistemebTan integrireba warmoadgenda. TRACECA-s farglebSi aTeulobiT sainvesticio proeqti ganxorcielda, maT Soris _ saqarTveloSi.12 aRsaniSnavia aseve is proeqtebic, rom-lebic xsenebuli programis miRma xorcieldeboda. pirvel rigSi unda gamoiyos saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Soris mo-laparakebebis warmarTva yarsi-axalqalaqis sarkinigzo ma-gistralis mSeneblobis da Tbilisi-axalqalaqis arsebuli magistralis reabilitaciis Sesaxeb. paralelurad viTarde-boda satranzito derefnis energetikuli Semadgenelic. mas Semdeg, rac 1994 wels xeli moewera e.w. „saukunis proeqts“, daiwyo kaspiispireTSi navTobis mopovebis aswlovani isto-riis axali etapi. jer iyo da 7 qveynis 11 navTobkompaniis-gan Semdgarma konsorciumma daiwyo Tanamedrove teqnolo-giebiT aRWurvili 870 km sigrZis navTobsadenis mSenebloba baqodan saqarTvelos zRvispira dasaxleba sufsamde. $600 mln-is Rirebulebis obieqti 1999 wels Sevida eqsploata-ciaSi da gamiznuli iyo azerbaijanis e.w. adreuli navTobis evropis bazrebze gasatanad. xsenebuli navTobsadenis mSeneb-lobis irgvliv seriozuli geopolitikuri „aJiotaJi“ iyo atexili, vinaidan misi marSruti, pirvelad kaspiispireTis navTobmrewvelobis istoriaSi, ruseTis teritoriis gver-dis avlas iTvaliswinebda. rom ara aSS-is mTavrobis aqtiuri mxardaWera, ruseTis winaaRmdegobis daZleva Zneli iqne-boda. baqo-sufsis navTobsadenma, Tavis mxriv, gza gaukafa bevrad ufro masStabur proeqtebs _ saqarTvelos gavliT gazrdili gamtarunarianobis baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTob-sadenisa da samxreTkavkasiuri gazsadenis mSeneblobas. isev

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da isev ruseTis Ria Tu faruli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, aSS-is aqtiuri mxardaWera gadamwyveti aRmoCnda da 1999 wlis q. stambolSi gamarTuli euTos samitis dReebSi saqar-T velos, azerbaijanis, TurqeTis da regionis sxva ramdeni-me qveynis liderebma aSS-is prezident b. klintonTan erTad xeli moaweres am ori uaRresad mniSvnelovani energetikuli proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas.13 saqarT-veloze gamavali energoderefnis irgvliv mcire geopoli-tikuri omi warmatebiT dasrulda. amis erT-erTi arsebiTi Sedegi is iyo, rom saqarTvelom mniSvnelovani satranzito funqcia SeiZina da amiT myarad daimkvidra adgili vaSingto-nis, zogadad dasavleTis, istebliSmentis mentalur rukaze.

1999 wlis euTos samits sxva datvirTvac hqonda saqar-Tvelos strategiuli arCevanis konteqstSi. garkveuli xniT adre saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvridan rusi mesazRvreebis gayvanisa da koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis orga-nizaciidan saqarTvelos gamosvlis Semdeg aqtiurad gagrZel-da saqarTvelos teritoriaze sabWoTa kavSiris droidan SemorCenili 4, amJamad ukve rusuli, samxedro bazis likvi-daciis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi. pirvel rigSi aSS-is aqtiuri diplomatiuri mxardaWeriT moxerxda kremlis dayolieba da ukve samitis farglebSi xeli moewera istoriul dokuments, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelodan ruseTis samxedro baze-bis gayvana daiwyo.14 amave wels saqarTvelo evropis sabWos wevri gaxda, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg msoflio savaWro or-ganizaciaSi gawevrianda. yovelive es dagvirgvinda 2002 wels saqarTvelos oficialuri ganacxadiT aliansSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb. es iyo kulminacia, romliTac mkafio prodasavluri sagareo-politikuri orientaciis CamoyalibebasTan erTad dasrulda strategiuli arCevanis gaformeba.

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90-iani wlebis bolo periodi qveynis saSinao poli-tikaSi uaryofiTi tendenciebiT aRiniSna. mmarTvel elitaSi imZlavres korumpirebuli klanebis damcvelma Zalebma da, Sedegad, qveyanaSi Senelda reformebi da daisadgura to-talurma stagnaciam. Sesabamisad, Seicvala aSS-is mxridan daxmarebis aqcentebi. amjerad meti yuradReba daeTmo de-

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mokratiuli institutebis gaZlierebas da mmarTvelobis gaumjobesebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom xsenebuli daxmarebis didi nawili miemarTeboda samoqalaqo sazogadoebisken da amiT adgili hqonda erTgvar mcdelobas (sxva donorebTan erTad), garedan „gaekeTilSobilebinaT“ korumpirebuli da ndobada-karguli saxelmwifo institutebi. Tumca, xsenebulma taqti-kam ver gaamarTla da saqme „vardebis revoluciamde“ mivida.

„vardebis revolucia“ mniSvnelovani mijna iyo qarTul-amerikul urTierTobebSi. urTierTobebis personifikaciam xeli Seuwyo daxmarebis programebis Semdgom gafarToebas. amasTan, daxmarebis moculobis zrdasTan erTad moxda misi mimarTulebis cvlilebac. saqme isaa, rom samoqalaqo seq-toris bevri aqtivisti, romlebic revoluciamde daxmarebis didi nawilis mimRebi iyo, axladCamoyalibebuli mmarTveli elitis nawili gaxda. miiCnies, rom xsenebuli daxmareba maT „Tan unda gahyolodaT“, raTa amjerad, samTavrobo postebze myofT, saSualeba hqonodaT daxmarebiT gaTvaliswinebuli saxsrebi, nacvlad samoqalaqo seqtorisa, saxelmwifo insti-tutebis ganviTarebaze miemarTaT. 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarT-velos omamde saqarTvelos mTavroba efeqturad iyenebda pirad kavSirebs, raTa SeenarCunebinaT daxmarebis amgvari struqtura. Tumca daxmarebis saxsrebze samTavrobo monopo-liam droTa ganmavlobaSi Tavisi uaryofiTi Sedegi gamoiRo: erTi mxriv, dasustda samoqalaqo seqtori da praqtikulad Cakvda alternatiuli azri qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebTan dakavSirebiT. meore mxriv, araadekvaturad didi resursebi mimarTes samxedro teqnikis SesaZenad da konfliqtis zoneb-Tan siaxloves samxedro wvrTnebisa da manevrebis Casatareb-lad. aman kidev ufro daZaba urTierTobebi soxumisa da cxinvalis de-faqto administraciebTan, rac vaSingtonSi, samwuxarod, SeumCneveli rCeboda.15

amavdroulad mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom „var-debis revoluciis“ mere aseve arsebiTi cvlilebebi moxda or qveya nas Soris samxedro TanamSromlobaSi. mniSvnelovnad imata samSvidobo operaciebSi gagzavnili qarTveli samxedro mosamsaxureebis ricxvma, pirvel rigSi, eraySi, sadac 2005 wels am maCvenebelma 1100 kacs gadaaWarba. amgvari mkveTri zrda, sakuTriv politikuri nebis garda, ganapiroba GTEP-is

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arsebobam. 2005 wlidan GTEP-ma saxe icvala da „saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis SenarCunebis“ (Georgia Sus-tainment and Stability Operations Program - SSOP)16 saxeliT gagrZel-da. programa gamiznuli iyo eraySi mimdinare samSvidobo operaciaSi monawileobis mizniT samxedro kontingentebis momzadebisTvis.

am periodisTvis saqarTvelom ukve moipova faseu-li reputacia, rogorc saerTaSoriso samSvidobo misiebSi monawile partniorma qveyanam. qarTveli samxedroebis kvali-ficiuri da xSirad gmiruli samsaxuri saTanadod fasdeboda aSS-is samxedro da politikur wreebSi. gansakuTrebiT xSi-rad da Riad aRniSnavdnen amas amerikeli samxedro pirebi da amitomac pirad saubrebSi saqarTvelos WeSmarit megobrad da „brZolis velze gamocdil mokavSired“ moixseniebdnen.

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amasobaSi sul ufro da ufro mZimdeboda viTareba afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis konfliqtur zonebTan dakavSirebiT. ruseTi metad mgrZnobiared reagirebda koso-vos suverenizaciis procesze, romelsac dasavleTi, kerZod, aSS, aqtiurad uWerda mxars. meore mxriv, saqarTvelosa da ukrainisTvis NATO-Si gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmis (MAP) miniWebis perspeqtiva, romelic mkafiod gamoikveTa NATO-s 2008 wlis buqarestis samitis konteqstSi,17 aZlierebda sa-pasuxo nabijebis gadadgmis motivacias. saqarTvelo am mxriv yvelaze kargi samizne iyo: igi erTdroulad iyo dasavleTis favoritic, amerikelebis mier gawvrTnili jariT, da „koso-vos scenaris“ gameorebis asparezic. amitom saqarTvelosTvis „komblis moqneviT“ ruseTi Rirseul samagieros gadauxdida aSS-s da, zogadad, dasavleTs. amitomac iyo, rom ruseTi cdi-lobda saqarTvelos provocirebis gziT afxazeTsa da cxin-valis regionSi viTarebis maqsimalurad daZabvas. aseT fonze saqarTvelos xelisufleba, savaraudod, aSS-is daxmarebis imediT, emzadeboda sapasuxo qmedebebisTvis, maT Soris, Sei-araRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebiT.18 saxelisuf lo wreebSi mia-miturad fiqrobdnen, rom aSS-is mier gawvrTnili da eraySi brZolagamovlili samxedro kontingentebi Tavis wvlils Seitandnen ruseTis SekavebaSi. yovelive es SeumCneveli ar

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rCeboda dasavleTSi, kerZod, aSS-Si. saqarTvelos lideri da sxva maRalCinosnebi araerTxel gaafrTxiles rogorc pre-zidentis, ise saxelmwifo mdivnis doneze, rom, rac ar unda momxdariyo, qarTvelebs araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoeyene-binaT Zala.19 winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos mxolod sakuTari Tavis imedad darCena mouwevda da, sabolood, ru-seTTan orTabrZolas aucileblad waagebda mZime Tanamdevi SedegebiT.20 miuxedavad amisa, samwuxarod, ver moxerxda vi-Tarebis deeskalacia da 2008 wlis agvistoSi moxda mokle, magram sastiki omi ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris. omis wina-pirobebsa da mizezebze, agreTve imaze, Tu ratom ver moxer-x da misi Tavidan acileba, bevri daiwera, maT Soris, evro-kavSiris egidiT Seqmnili faqtebis damdgeni saerTaSoriso misiis mier.21 specialistTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba ruseTis mxridan omis surviliT viTarebis daZabvis gansakuTrebul interesTan dakavSirebiT. amavdroulad, cxadia, ruseTis garda, pasuxismgeblobis tvirTi saqarTvelos xelisufle-basa da separatistul reJimebze, aseve dasavleTis mTavro-bebsa da institutebzec unda ganawildes, Tumca sxvadasxva doziT.22

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2008 wlis omi saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc mosalod-neli iyo, mZime SedegebiT dasrulda. garda imisa, rom se-riozulad dazaralda qveynis samxedro infrastruqtura da ekonomika, rTuli viTareba Seiqmna humanitaruli Tvalsaz-risiTac. eTnikuri wmendis Sedegad aTi aTasobiT qarTveli gamoidevna e.w. samxreT oseTidan, pirvel rigSi, qarTvele-biT dasaxlebuli regionebidan da soflebidan. politiku-rad yvelaze mZime Sedegi ki afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis damkvidreba da kremlis mier saqarTvelos am ZirZveli teritoriebis damoukideblobis cnoba iyo.23 aRsaniSnavia, rom agvistos omi da misi Sedege-bi daemTxva cnobili msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis dawye-bas, romlis potenciuri gavlenac, Tavis mxriv, seriozul safrTxes uqadda saqarTvelos ekonomikas da, zogadad, sa-xelm wifoebriobas.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom ver moxerxda omis Tavidan aci-leba, j. buSis warmavalma administraciam24, evropel part-niorebTan erTad, yvelaferi gaakeTa konfliqtis cxeli fa-zis SesaCereblad da amiT saqarTvelo, savaraudod, fizikuri ganadgurebisgan ixsna. aqve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom aSS-Si mimdinare saprezidento arCevnebis gamo respublikur da demokratiul partiebs Soris arsebuli mZafri dapiris-pirebis miuxedavad, ruseTis qmedebebis araadekvaturobis aRqma da saqarTvelos mimarT simpaTiebi orive partiisTvis Tanabrad iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Sesabamisad, omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos mxardamWeri iniciativebi advilad gadalaxavda biurokratiul barierebs. am mxriv yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo miliarddolariani daxmarebis paketi, romelic senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis maSindeli Tavmjdomaris, demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlis j. baidenis aqtiuri monawileobiT momzadda. aSS-is kongresSi saTanado samarT-lebrivi procedurebis gavlis Semdeg j. buSis administra-ciam droulad moaxdina saxsrebis mobilizeba, romelic tranSebis saxiT miewodeboda saqarTvelos mTavrobas biu-jetis stabilizaciis, devnilebis gansaxlebis da omiT da-zianebuli infrastruqturis aRdgenis mizniT. aSS-is mxridan am odenobis daxmarebis mobilizebam stimuli misca sxva do-norebs, romlebic aRniSnul sakiTxze samsjelod 2008 wlis 2 oqtombers specialurad Seikribnen. konferenciaze, sadac warmodgenili iyo gaerosa da msoflio bankis mier winaswar gakeTebuli saWiroebaTa erToblivi Sefaseba,25 $4.5 mlrd moculobis finansuri resursebi iqna mobilizebuli. aqedan did nawils Seadgenda grantebi, danarCens _ iafi kreditebi. es didi SeRavaTi iyo omisSemdgomi saqarTvelosTvis.26

mTavari saWiroeba, rac 2008 wlis omis mizezebisa da Sedegebis analizma gamoavlina, iyo ormxrivi urTi erTobebis axlebur xedvaze dafuZnebul CarCoSi moqceva. saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg, rodesac gairkva, rom res publikuri ad-ministracia unda Secvliliyo, dRis wesrigSi dadga ormxri-vi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi xazis gangrZobadobis uzrun-velyofa. amave dros isic naTeli gaxda, rom aucilebeli iyo TanamSromlobis dRis wesrigSi axali prio ritetebis Setana da arsebuli aqcentebis koreqtireba.27 yovelive amis gaTva-

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liswinebiT da isev da isev xsenebuli moraluri valde bu le-bidan gamomdinare, 2009 wlis 9 ianvars warmavali j. buSis ad ministraciis mier xeli moewera saqarT velosTan strate-giuli partniorobis Sesaxeb qartias.28 mniSvnelovania, rom dokumenti, romelsac aSS-is mxridan maSindelma saxel mwifo mdivanma k. raisma moawera xeli, SeTanxmebuli iyo b. oba-mas momaval administraciasTan. qartiis safuZvelze Se iqmna stra tegiuli partniorobis komisia, romelsac TanaTav m j-do mareoben aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivani da saqarTvelos pre-mier-ministri. pirvel sxdomaze 2009 wlis 22 ivniss, q. va -SingtonSi, ukve axali administraciis pirobebSi, gadawyda samuSao jgufebis Seqmna oTxi prioritetuli mimarTulebiT: demokratiis da mmarTvelobis; Tavdacvis da usafrTxoebis; ekonomikis, energetikisa da vaWrobis; xalxTa Soris urTier-Tobebis da kulturis dargSi gacvlebis. samuSao jgufebi uwyebaTa xelmZRvanelebis doneze yovelwliu rad ikribebian, ajameben ganvlil periods da Tanxmdebian samomavlo gegmeb-ze. weliwadSi erTxel saqarTvelosa da aSS-Si monacvleobiT imarTeba komisiis plenaruli sxdoma.

strategiuli TanamSromlobis qartiis istoriuli mniSvneloba mdgomareobda isaa, rom es iyo pirveli doku-menti, sadac ori mxare valdebulebas iRebda, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos suverenitetis ganmtkicebisa da saxelmwifos modernizaciis mizniT SeTanxmebuli nabijebis gadadgmis Tao-baze _ anu am dokumentiT Seiqmna platforma, romelic, erTi mxriv, awesrigebda sxvadasxva uwyebis mimarTulebiT mimdina-re programebisa da proeqtebis menejmentis da monitorin-gis process da, meore mxriv, saSualebas aZlevda mxareebs regularulad ganexilaT da SeeTanxmebinaT TanamSromlobis (faqtobrivad, aSS-is mxridan saqarTvelos daxmarebis) axali mimarTulebebi.

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pirvelive xanebidan qartias rogorc praqtikuli, ise politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda. b. obamas administracia inar Cunebda saqarTvelos mimarT zogadad Tbil urTierTo-bebs, Tumca, gansxvavebiT wina administraciisgan, es urTier-Tobebi aRar iyo agebuli pirad kavSirebze. TanamSromlobam

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miiRo ufro saqmiani saxe, ufro rutinuli gaxda. grZelde-boda „aTaswleulis gamowvevis korporaciis“ 5-wliani msxvi-li programa samcxe-javaxeTis sagzao infrastruqturis re abilitaciasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve programebi da pro-eqtebi USAID-is, OPIC-isa da sxva saxelmwifo uwyebebis mxar-daWeriT. Tumca, naklebi iyo axali wamowyebebi samxedro TanamSromlobis sferoSi. metic, agvistos movlenebis mere saqarTvelos mimarT adgili hqonda erTgvar „Cum embargos“ samxedro-teqnikuri TanamSromlobis xaziT. paralelurad, aSS-is mTavrobam wamoiwyo ruseTTan urTierTobebis „gadat-virTva“, rac saqarTvelos mimarT mgrZnobiare politikur da samxedro Temebze administraciis mxridan met sifrTxiles ganapirobebda. amis miuxedavad, administracia ganagrZobda saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWeras, aseve mouwodebda ruseTs 2008 wlis 12 agvistos cecxlis Sewyve-tis Sesaxeb cnobili SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli valdebu-lebis Sesrulebisken, gmobda saqarTvelos teritoriebis oku pacias da a.S. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom m. saakaSvi-lis da misi gundis piradi kavSirebi da megobruli urTier-Tobebi SenarCunda kongresTan, aseve analitikur centrebsa da mediasTan. aqtiurad xdeboda lobisturi organizaciebis gamoyeneba am kavSirebidan maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebis mizniT. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom 2010 wlis dekemberSi aSS-is senatma saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis da suvereni-tetis mxardamWeri rezolucia miiRo.29

mniSvnelovania, rom aSS aseve agrZelebda saqarTvelos mxardaWeras rogorc erT-erTi umsxvilesi donori saxelm-wifo. 2011 wlisTvis aSS-is mxridan daxmarebam jamSi 3 mlrd dolars gadaaWarba.30 aq Sedioda Tanxebi ara marto 2008 wlis omis Semdgomi reabilitaciis miznebisTvis, aramed grZelva-diani amocanebisTvisac, romelic qveynis demokratiul gan-viTarebas da evroatlantikur sivrceSi integracias gulis-xmobda.

miuxedavad xsenebuli „Cumi embargosi“, saerTo jamSi, warmatebiT grZeldeboda TanamSromloba samxedro xaziT: sul ufro meti qarTveli samxedro piri iRebda ganaTlebas aSS-is samxedro saswavleblebSi, IMET-is programis fargleb-Si; GTEP-isa da SSOP-is warmatebiT ganxorcielebas31 2010 wli-

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dan avRaneTSi NATO-s egidiT mimdinare usafrTxoebis xel-Semwyob operaciaSi (ISAF) monawileobis misaRebad qarTuli samxedro SenaerTebis momzadebis da ganTavsebis programa mohyva.32 programiT momzadebuli qarTveli samxedroebis sul ufro mzardi raodenoba igzavneboda avRaneTSi da male saqarTvelo aRmoCnda lideri NATO-s arawevr qveyanaTa So-ris erT sul mosaxleze gagzavnili samxedro mosamsaxureTa maCvenebliT.33 mTeli am xnis manZilze ar wydeboda jer kidev 90-ian wlebSi dawyebuli TanamSromloba jorjiis Statis erovnul gvardiasTan, aseve _ aSS-is me-6 flotsa da sanapiro dacvasTan, romelTa xomaldebi da katarRebi ganagrZobdnen saqarTvelos portebSi periodul Semosvlas.

politikuri mimarTulebiT TanamSromlobis asparezze aqtiurad idga dRis wesrigSi afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regio-nis irgvliv Seqmnil viTarebaze saTanado reagireba. pirvel rigSi, es Seexeboda saqarTvelos am regionebis damoukideb-lo bis aRiarebis procesis SeCerebas da, SeZlebisdagvarad, Semobrunebas. aseve, „Jenevis diskusiebis“ dros gamyofi xa-zis gaswvriv usafrTxoebasa da devnilebis politikuri da humanitaruli uflebebis dacvis uzrunvelyofas. aqve aR sa-niS navia, rom aSS aqtiurad uWerda mxars konfliqtebis mogva-rebasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciati vebs, maT Soris, 2010 wels SemuSavebul dokuments „saxelm wifo strategia okupirebuli teritoriebis mimarT _ CarTuloba TanamSromlobis gziT“.34 aseve, 2012 wlis ivnisSi q. baTumSi strategiuli qartiis komisiis plenarul sxdomaze saxelm-wifo mdivanma h. klintonma ganacxada, rom aSS mxars dauWer-da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier afxazeTisa da cxinvalis re gionis macxovreblebisTvis SemoRebul neitraluri sta-tusis samgzavro dokumentebs.35

TanamSromlobis erT-erT mTavar prioritetad saer-TaSoriso organizaciebSi erTmaneTis poziciebis mxardaWera rCeboda.36 aseve, aSS yovelTvis Riad uWerda mxars saqarT-velos da NATO-s TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebas, xolo 2008 wlis omis mere gaaaqtiura Zalisxmeva saqarTvelos aliansSi gawevrianebis kuTxiT. aSS-is aqtiuri mxardaWeriT aliansSi miiRes gadawyvetileba NATO-saqarTvelos komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. komisia warmoadgens saqarTvelosa da NATO-s Soris

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politikuri konsultaciebis da praqtikuli TanamSromlo-bis forums saqarTvelos evroatlantikuri miswrafebebis reali zaciisTvis.37 2008 wlis dekembridan, aseve aSS-is aq-tiuri mxardaWeriT, saqarTvelom daiwyo wliuri erovnuli progra mebis38 (Annual National Program – ANP) Sesruleba.

b. obamas pirvel saprezidento vadaSi ormxrivi urTi-erTobebis erT-erTi TvalsaCino Strixi gaxldaT 2012 wlis 30 ianvars ori qveynis prezidentebis Sexvedraze ameriku-li mxaris mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba momavalSi Tavisufa-li savaWro urTierTobebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.39 amave gancxadebiT dasabami mieca or qveyanas Soris maRali donis savaWro da sainvesticio dialogs, romelic miznad isaxavs savaWro urTierTobebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobas.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisTvis saintereso gadawyvetileba iyo agreTve aSS-Si mravaljeradi turistu-li vizebis vadis 10 wlamde gagrZeleba. rac Seexeba vizis srulad gauqmebas, aSS-is mTavroba amisTvis mzad ar iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi Sesasvlelad aSS-is (ise-ve, rogorc evropis da regionis zogierTi sxva qveynebis) moqalaqeebisTvis amgvari privilegia ukve arsebobda.40

da mainc, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, b. obamas pirveli saprezidento vadis bolos saqarTvelos xelisuflebisad-mi mTavar gzavnils moaxloebuli saparlamento arCevnebis Riad da samarTlianad Catarebis uzrunvelyofa warmoad-genda. saqarTveloSi Zalas ikrebda opoziciuri moZraoba, razec xelisufleba xSirad araadekvaturad reagirebda. Se-sabamisad, winasaarCevno garemosTan dakavSirebiT vaSingtons SekiTxvebi uCndeboda.

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2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi saqarTveloSi mZaf-ri politikuri dapirispirebis fonze Catarda. arsebulma xelisuflebam yvelaferi gaakeTa, raTa konkurenti politi-kuri ZalisTvis _ koalicia „qarTuli ocnebisTvis“ da misi popularuli liderisTvis b. ivaniSvilisTvis _ prorusuli orientaciis imiji daemkvidrebina da amiT arCevnebis win gaem yarebina sakuTari poziciebi dasavluri mTavrobebisa da organizaciebis TvalSi. vinaidan saqarTveloSi Sida dapiris-

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pirebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani frontis xazi vaSingtonze ga-dioda, iqauri istebliSmenti amgvari politikuri gzavnilis bunebrivi adresati aRmoCnda. saTanado Zalisxmevis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsnebuli amocana vaSingtonSi Sesrul-da41 _ istebliSmentis udidesi nawili eWvis TvaliT uyu rebda „qarTuli ocnebis“ axal xelisuflebas. miaCnda, rom premier-ministri b. ivaniSvili megobrobda an davalebuli iyo ruse-Tis prezident v. putinisgan da, Sesabamisad, saqarT velos sagareo politikuri orientaciac Seicvleboda. calmxrivad informirebuli istebliSmentisTvis m. saakaSvilis poli-tikuri Zalis marcxi imdenad moulodneli iyo, rom Tavad arCevnebs „siurpriz-arCevnebs“ (surprise elections) uwodebda.

„qarTuli ocnebis“ xelisuflebis mimarT damate-biTi SekiTxvebi gaCnda mas Semdeg, rac wina xelisuflebis ramdenime maRalCinosnis samarTlebrivi devna daiwyo. gan-sakuTrebiT miiqcia yuradReba erT-erTi gavleniani kong-resmenis mcdelobam, 2014 wlis fiskaluri wlis Tavdacvis avtorizaciis aqtSi42 Seetana debuleba imis Taobaze, rom saqarTvelosTan TanamSromloba unda gagrZelebuliyo imis mixedviT, `SeCerdeboda Tu ara politikuri devna da gaTavi-sufldebodnen Tu ara politpatimrebi.~43 vaSingtonSi eWvebi gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeboda, rodesac adgili hqonda bralis wayenebis proceduris darRvevas Tu winaswari patimrobis normis aramarTlzomier gamoyenebas. gasagebi mizezebis gamo istebliSmenti SesamCnevad mgrZnobiare iyo yofili prezi-dentis m. saakaSvilis winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvris Tu bralis wayenebis SemTxvevebSi.44 ramdenime xmau-riani saqme aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis adamianis ufle-bebis Sesaxeb yovelwliur angariSSic moxvda.45 am droisTvis faqtobrivad dasrulda urTierTobebis depersonifikacia. metic, ori qveynis liderebs Soris umaRles doneze urTier-Toba lamis sadResaswaulo TariRebis werilobiTi milocve-biT Semoifargleboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar arasaxarbielo fons, er Ti SexedviT, xeli unda SeeSala or qveyanas Soris wlebis gan-mavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli megobruli urTierTobebis gagr-ZelebisTvis, movlenebi nela, magram meTodurad viTardeboda sasikeTo mimarTulebiT. 2013 wels saprezidento arCevnebis warmatebiT Catarebam da, Sedegad, cnobili „koabitaciis“46

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dasrulebam vaSingtonSi axali xelisuflebis mimarT pirveli dadebiTi emociebi gaaCina. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo iusticiis sferoSi siRrmiseuli reformebis dawyeba.47 magram mTavari mainc iyo saqarTvelos axali xelisuflebis Zlieri neba ev-roatlantikuri miswrafebebis realizaciis mimarTulebiT da avRaneTSi natos egidiT mimdinare opera ciaSi aqtiuri monaw-ileobis gagrZelebis kuTxiT. saqarTve los axal xelisufle-bas araTu ar ufiqria uari eTqva NATO-Tan, aSS-is an dasavle-Tis romelime mTavrobasTan aRebul raime valdebulebaze, aramed piriqiT, kidev ufro xmamaRla acxadebda mzadyofnas da survils NATO-sa da evrokavSirSi integraciisa da or-mxrivi TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis Taobaze. kulminacias warmoadgenda saqarTvelos mier 2014 wlis 27 ivniss evrokav-SirTan asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis xelmowera, ramac yve-la „urwmuno Tomas“ mouspo safuZveli eWvi Separvoda axali xelisuflebis prodasavlurobaSi.48

amave TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iyo NATO-s 2014 wlis samitze saqarTvelosTvis arsebiT RonisZiebaTa pake-tis49 damtkiceba. paketis yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponents NATO-saqarTvelos TanamSromlobis axali meqanizmi _ wvrTni-sa da Sefasebis erToblivi centri (Joint Training and Evaluation Center – JTEC) warmoadgens.50 samitze aliansis wevrma qveyneb-ma saqarTvelo aspirant qveynebs Soris NATO-sTan yvelaze Tavsebad partniorad (“the most interoperable partner”) aRiares da sxva oTx partnior qveyanasTan (SvedeTi, fineTi, avstra-lia, iordania) erTad „gaZlierebuli SesaZleblobebis part-niorebis“ (Enhanced Opportunity Partner’s Group) jgufSi miiwvies. yovelive es aSS-is aqtiuri mxardaWeriT gakeTda.

ormxriv formatSi gagrZelda da gaizarda TanamSrom-lobis dinamika strategiuli TanamSromlobis qartiis samu-Sao jgufebis mier gansazRvruli gegmiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2014-2016 ww. Catarda sami plenaruli sxdoma da samuSao jgufebis aTze meti Sexvedra sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo periodSi gamoikveTa samuSao jgufebis farglebSi warmarTuli dialogis konkretul programebsa da proeqtebSi gardasaxvis tendencia. dReisaTvis aSS-s re-gionis qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobis Tematurad yvelaze mravalferovani dRis wesrigi saqarTvelosTan Camouyalib-da. mxolod USAID-is xaziT saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad

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daaxloebiT 50 programa/proeqti xorcieldeba.51 izrdeba OPIC-is mxardaWeriT ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis ricxvic soflis meurneobaSi, turizmis industriaSi, sacalo vaWro-bis frenCaizingSi. bolo periodSi korporaciis mier dafi-nansebis/dazRvevis maqsimaluri moculoba 100 mln dolariT gaizarda da 500 mln dolari Seadgina.

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aTwleulis movlenas warmoadgenda anakliis Rrmawylovani portis da mimdebare Tavisufali industriuli zonis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb 2016 wlis 29 seqtembers gaformebuli xelSekruleba saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da anakliis ganviTarebis konsorciums52 Soris. garda imisa, rom proeqti axlo momavalSi saqarTvelos sa-tranzito potencialis arsebiTad gazrdas ganapirobebs, igi qarTul ekonomikaSi $2.5 miliardis investicias gulisx-mobs. mniSvnelovania, rom konsorciumSi monawileobas iRebs msxvi li amerikuli holdingi The Conti Group, rac perspeqti-vaSi saqarTvelosadmi amerikuli biznesis interesis zrdaze miuTiTebs.

2015 wels kongresis warmomadgenelTa palataSi da-regis t rirda saqarTvelos mxardamWeri jgufi,53 sadac orive partiidan ormocamde kongresmenia gaerTianebuli. mxardam-Wer jgufTan aqtiuri muSaobiT moxerxda saqarTvelos teri-toriuli mTlianobis mxardamWeri rezoluciis inicireba, rasac 2016 wlis seqtemberSi mxari xmaTa uprecedento ra-odenobam (410) dauWira.54 rezolucia imiTac aris gamorCeu-li, rom masSi laparakia aSS-is mxridan faqtobrivad samudamo valdebulebaze _ arasdros aRiaros saqarTvelos terito-riebis okupacia da damoukidebloba. saqarTvelos Tavdacvi-sunarianobis gazrdis, aseve farTo regionSi usafr Txoebis xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiT, Zalze mniSvnelovan mxar damWer debulebebs Seicavs 2017 wlis Tavdacvis avtorizaciis aqtic.55

ormxriv urTierTobebSi ukanaskneli periodis gamor-Ceul movlenas warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo mdiv-nis viziti.56 viziti win uZRoda NATO-s samits q. varSavaSi da amiT kidev erTxel gaesva xazi aSS-is mxardaWeras saqar-T velos aliansSi gawevrianebis sakiTxSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom vizitis mTavari Sedegi iyo aSS-sa da saqarTvelos Soris Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi partniorobis gaRr-

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mavebis Sesaxeb memorandumis57 xelmowera. es aris strategi-uli TanamSromlobis qartiis Semdeg xelmowerili yvelaze mniSvnelovani programuli dokumenti. memorandumi kidev erTxel adasturebs da afarToebs aSS-isa da saqarTvelos grZelvadian da efeqtur TanamSromlobas Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa TavdacviTi SesaZleblobebis zrda, samxedro da usafrTxoe-bis TanamSromloba da informaciis gacvla. memorandumis safuZvelze axlo momavalSi daiwyeba „saqarTvelos mzadyof-nis programis“ (Georgia Readiness Program) ganxorcieleba, ro-melic dasabams miscems saqarTvelos Tavdacvisunariano-bis amaRlebis mizniT wvrTnisa da aRWurvis mimarTulebis Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul process. rogorc memorandumSia gacxadebuli, saqarTvelos SeeZleba TavdacviTi SeiaraRebis Sesyidva. es ki formalurad adasturebs xsenebuli „Cumi embar gos“ garkveuli xniT adre moxsnas.

amasobaSi, 2015 da 2016 ww.-Si saqarTveloSi zedized orjer gaimarTa uprecedento masStabis wvrTnebi „Rirseu-li partniori“, sadac 500 qarTveli, 150 britaneli da 650 amerikeli samxedro mosamsaxure, amerikuli javSniani teqni-kis TanxlebiT iRebda monawileobas.58 xsenebuli varjiSebi or qveyanas Soris mWidro da ndobiT aRsavse urTierTobebis kidev erTi dasturia.

dabolos, qarTul-amerikul urTierTobebSi erTi sayuradRebo aspeqti gamoikveTa _ usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis paralelurad sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba saqarTvelos keTildReobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sferoebi. ase, maga-liTad, 2014 wels xeli moewera „aTaswleulis gamowvevis korporaciis“ meore programis kontraqts (kompaqts), rom-lis mizania saqarTveloSi siRaribis daZleva da ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyoba zogadi, teqnikuri, profesiuli da umaR-lesi ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis gziT. kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli programis erT-erTi mizani saqarTveloSi teqnokratiuli elitis Seqmnis xelSewyobaa.59 aseve mniSv-nelovania, rom aSS-is mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT gaizarda saqarTvelos kvotebi saganmanaTleblo da samecniero gacv-liT programebSi. kerZod, FLEX-is programiT saqarTvelos

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damamTavrebeli klasebis moswavleebis ukve 30 procentiT meti sargeblobs, xolo fulbraitis programaSi xuTis nacv-lad TerTmeti magistranti da mkvlevari miiRebs monawileo-bas.

jandacvis kuTxiT TanamSromlobaSi mTavari siaxlea „ce“ hepatitis aRmofxvris programa, romelic aSS-is daa-vadebaTa kontrolis centrs daqvemdebarebuli cnobili amerikuli farmacevtuli kompania Gilead Sciences axorcielebs saqarTvelos Sromisa da janmrTelobis dacvis saministros-Tan erTad.60 programa, romelic ramdenime welzea gaTvli-li da monetaruli RirebulebiT daaxloebiT 12-15 mlrd dolars Seadgens da TiTqmis araferi ujdeba saqarTevlos saxelmwifo biujets. igi gamiznulia ara marto pacientebis sruli gankurnebisTvis, aramed daavadebis sruli prevenci-isTvis.61

* * *

qarTul-amerikuli urTierTobebi aRmavali gziT vi-Tardeba. igi, mravali TvalsazrisiT, strategiul xasiaTs atarebs da samagaliToa regionSi. mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala faseulobebisa da regionSi strategiuli interesebis mzardi Tanxvedraa. or qveyanas Soris mWidro partnioruli urTierTobebi saqarTvelos, misi mosaxleobisa da politi-kuri klasis gacnobierebuli arCevania. Tavis mxriv, izrdeba saqarTvelos cnobadoba aSS-Si. vaSingtonis istebliSments kargad esmis erTiani, demokratiuli da ganviTarebuli saqarT velos mniSvneloba, pirvel rigSi, regionSi sakuTari interesebisTvis. dRes saqarTvelo aRiarebuli lideria re-gionSi demokratiuli da mmarTvelobiTi reformebis tempe-biT. ganuxrelad umjobesdeba misi saerTaSoriso reitingebi. am tendenciis SenarCunebas ki mSvidi da stabiluri ganviTa-rebis pirobebis Seqmna sWirdeba. amrigad, aSS-saqarTvelos ormxrivi urTierTobebis Semdgomi etapis ZiriTadi amocana xsenebuli procesisTvis myari ekonomikuri da usafrTxoebis garantiebis uzrunvelyofaa.

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bibliografia

1. www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-soviet-union-text-bush-s-address-nation-gorbachev-s-resignation.html

2. e. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi aSS-s sami sxvadasxva preziden-ti hyavda. j. buSis (ufrosis) mxridan pativiscema wina wlebSi Camoya-libebuli megobruli urTierTobebiT iyo gamyarebuli. rac Seexeba b. klintonsa da j. buSs (umcross), maTi damokidebuleba e.SevardnaZis mimarT am ukanasknelis maRali saerTaSoriso avtoritetiT iyo gan-pirobebuli.

3. zurab Jvanias aSS-is politikur wreebSi „vardebis revoluciamdec“ kargad icnobdnen da e. SevardnaZis mTavrobis yvelaze perspeqtiul politikosad miiCnevdnen. mogvianebiT, z. Jvanias gardacvalebas didi wuxiliT Sexvda amerikuli istebliSmenti. senatma am samwuxaro faqt-Tan dakavSirebiT specialuri rezoluciac ki miiRo.

4. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris cnobili teraqtis Semdeg prezident j. buSis administraciis prioriteti „Tavisufali samyaros“ gafarToeba gaxda. Sesabamisad, demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis idealebis gavrceleba, zo-gan daxmarebis programebiT waxalisebiT, zogan ki reJimis cvlilebiT, strategiul imperativad iqca. „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdgomi saqar-Tvelo da mmarTveli elitis ritorika zustad miesadaga vaSingtonis politikur gemovnebas. Sedegad, dasabami mieca saqarTvelos mimarT mxardaWeris Zlier inercias.

5. konstituciuri cvlilebebiT, romlebic ZalaSi 2012 wlis saparla-mento arCevnebis dasrulebisTanave Sevida, aRmasrulebeli Zalauf-lebis nawili premier-ministrTan gadavida. am cvlilebis Tanaxmad, kompetenciebis gamijvna ar iyo mkafio, ris gamoc aRmasrulebeli xe-lisuflebis pirvel pirebs Soris zogjer daZabulobas hqonda adgili. es SeumCneveli ar rCeboda ucxoeli partniorebisTvisac, romlebic xSirad ibneodnen, radganac ar icodnen ra sakiTxSi visTvis miemarTaT.

6. strategiuli arCevanis gakeTeba ar yofila erTi da ori dRis saqme. sinamdvileSi, es iyo mokle, magram mainc istoriuli procesi, rasac xeli Seuwyo ruseTis mxridan destruqciuli politikis fonze aSS-sTan [da dasavleT evropasTan] TanamSromlobis mzardma dinamikam, SeTanxmebulma qmedebebma, konsultaciebma, saeqsperto daxmarebam da sxv.

7. miuxedavad keTilganwyobisa, aSS [da evropa] 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos ufro metad humanitaruli da moralur-politikuri daxmarebis obieqtad ganixilavda.

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8. Alexander Rondeli - The Choice of Independent Georgia, krebulSi: The Security of the Caspian Sea Region, ed. Gennady Chufrin, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 14

9. es aris `qolga~ programa, romelic moicavs „saerTaSoriso samxedro ganaTlebisa da wvrTnis“ (International Military Education and Training – IMET), „sagareo samxedro gayidvebis“ (Foreign Military Sales – FMS), „sagareo samx-edro dafinansebis“ (Foreign Military Financing – FMF) da „Warbi TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis“ (Excess Defense Articles – EDA) qveprogramebs.

10. u. koenma e. SevardnaZesTan Sexvedraze kmayofileba gamoxata saqarT-velos aqtiuri monawileobis gamo „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis“ prog-ramasa da evroatlantikuri sabWos farglebSi da pirvelad gamoTqva mosazreba specialuri jgufis gamogzavnis Taobaze, romelic saqarT-velosTvis MAP-is miniWebis mizniT samuSao gegmas SeimuSavebda. iqve e. SevardnaZem daamata, rom saqarTvelos surs regionSi aSS-is yvelaze sando mokavSire iyos, iseTi, rogoric israelia axlo aRmosavleTSi. u. koenma daudastura, rom strategiulad es aSS-is miznebs Seesabameba (Sexvedris Canaweri avtoris piradi arqividan).

11. GTEP Tavidan orientirebuli iyo pankisis xeobis CeCeni boevikebisgan gawmendis mizniT specdaniSnulebis razmebis momzadebaze. mogvianebiT am programiT gawvrTnili samxedro mosamsaxureebi sazRvargareT mimdinare samSvidobo misiebSic igzavnebodnen. GTEP-is fargleb-Si sul 2600 samxedro mosamsaxurem gaiara momzadeba. dawvrilebiT ix.: Globalsecurity.org, www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/gtep.htm

12. yvelaze mniSvnelovan proeqtebad miiCneva saqarTvelosa da azerbai-janis sazRvarze „wiTeli xidis“ reabilitacia da q. foTSi sarkinigzo saborne gadasasvlelis mSenebloba.

13. imxanad aSS-is mmarTveli elita did yuradRebas uTmobda ruseTis gverdis avliT alternatiuli satranzito magistralis sakiTxs. prezident klintonis administraciis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT moxerxda Sesabamisi politikuri da sainvesticio resursebis mobilizeba baqo-sufsis adreuli navTobsadenis asaSeneblad, aseve baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis Taobaze molaparakebebis dasawyebad. Semdgom es procesi gagrZelda da warmatebiT dasrulda j. buSis prezidentobis dros. aRsaniSnavia aSS-is kongresis Tanadgomac. ase, magaliTad, 1999 wels gavleniani senatorebis jgufma SeimuSava metad mniSvnelovani orpartiuli kanonproeqti _ „abreSumis gzis strategia“ (Silk Road Strategy Act of 1999), romelic, garda sakuTriv satransporto kavSirebisa, konfliqtebis mogvarebis, finansuri daxmarebis da, zogadad, regionis qveynebis politikuri damoukideblobisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobas iTvaliswinebda. kanonproeqtis inicireba moxda senator s. braunbekis mier. 19 Tanasponsors Soris iyvnen iseTi cnobili yofili Tu dResac moqmedi senatorebi, rogorebic arian j. makkeini, r. lugari, C. heigeli, j. helmsi, o. heTCi da sxv. kanonproeqtis Sesaxeb informacia ix.: www.congress.gov/106/bills/s579/BILLS-106s579rs.pdf

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14. samitze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, oTxidan pirveli baza 2001 wels daixura. meore baza, romelic afxazeTis teritoriaze mde-bareobda, rusuli mxaris mtkicebiT, aseve daixura, Tumca am faqtis Semowmeba ver moxerxda. rac Seexeba darCenil or bazas, maTi gay-vana sxvadasxva sababiT ferxdeboda. sabolood, bazebis teritoria ukanasknelma rusma jariskacma 2007 wels datova.

15. Lincoln Mitchell, Alexander Cooley – After the August War: A new Strategy for U.S. En-gagement with Georgia, Harriman Review, 2010, p.14. ix.: www.academiccommons.columbia.edu/catalog/ac%3A138653

16. dawvrilebiT ix.: Globalsecurity.org, www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/gssop.htm

17. samitze aliansis wevr qveynebs Soris cxare debatebis Semdeg gadawyda, rom saqarTvelo (da ukraina) ver miiRebda MAP-s. samagierod, gakeT-da gancxadeba, rom saqarTvelo gaxdeboda NATO-s wevri, Tumca vada ar dakonkretebula. amieridan saqarTvelo NATO-s aspiranti qveyana gaxda, rac ruseTisTvis aranakleb gamaRizianebeli iyo, vidre MAP-is miniWeba iqneboda.

18. Ronald D. Asmus - A Little War that Shook the World: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, gv.143-144.

19. pirveli amgvari gafrTxileba jer kidev 2004 wlis zafxulSi cxinva-lis regionSi konfliqtis Zalismieri gziT mogvarebis fuWi mcdelo-bis Semdeg gakeTda. am periodSi saqarTveloSi moRvawe aSS-is elCis r. mailsis gancxadebiT, prezident j. buSis 2005 wels saqarTveloSi vizitis mTavar mizans sinamdvileSi warmoadgenda mkafio gzavnilis Camotana imis Taobaze, rom aSS gmobda afxazeTsa Tu cxinvalis re-gionSi konfliqtebis Zalis gamoyenebiT mogvarebas. ix.: The ADST Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, Ambassador Richard M. Miles, p. 290, ix.: www.adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Miles-Richard-M1.pdf

20. Asmus, op.cit.

21. 2008 wlis 2 dekembers evropis sabWos gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna „saqar-TveloSi momxdar konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT faqtebis damdgeni saer-TaSorios misia“, romelmac ramdenimeTviani muSaobis Semdeg gamoaqvey-na angariSi: Report, Independent International Fact Finding Mission on Conflict in Georgia, September 2009, ix.: www.georgica.tsu.edu.ge/files/05-Security/Tagliavini-2009Eng3.pdf angariSis samive tomis qarTulenovani Targmani ix.: I tomi www.smr.gov.ge/Uploads/11415b.pdf II tomi www.smr.gov.ge/Uploads/66c4e7.pdf III tomi www.smr.gov.ge/Uploads/eb7e7f.pdf

22. a. gegeSiZe, „agvistos movlenebi: krizisis safuZveli, mizezebi da aR-mofxvris perspeqtiva“, krebulSi: „2008 wlis krizisi saqarTveloSi _ winapiroba, realoba, perspeqtiva“, damoukidebel eqspertTa klubi, 2009, gv. 6-9.

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23. ruseTis garda afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT oseTi aRiares venesuelam, nikaraguam, naurum, tuvalum da vanuatum. mogvianebiT vanuatum da tuvalum gaauqmes sakuTari gadawyvetileba.

24. 2008 wlis agvistoSi j. buSi saprezidento vadis damamTavrebel etapze imyofeboda da winasaarCevno kampaniac ukve gaxurebuli iyo.

25. Joint Needs Assessment, ix.: www.mof.ge/common/get_doc.aspx?doc_id=8990

26. mocemuli daxmarebis wyalobiT saqarTvelos, gansxvavebiT regionis sxva qveynebisgan, praqtikulad ar ugrZvnia msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis uaryofiTi gavlena. Tumca, sakuTriv omis faqtorma mniSv-nelovnad daazarala ekonomika: Semcirda ucxouri investiciebis Semodineba da ucxoeTSi momuSave Tanamemamuleebisgan savaluto gad-moricxvebi; gaCerda samSeneblo seqtori, ekonomikis sxva dargebi. Sedegad, mkveTrad daeca ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebeli.

27. erT-erT aseT prioritetad ganisazRvra TanamSromloba ruseTisa da ramdenime saxelmwifos mier afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis damo-ukideblobis cnobiT Seqmnili axali realobis araRiarebis da saqarT-velos deokupaciis xelSewyobis mizniT. aseve, meti aqcenti unda gakeTebuliyo adamianisa da sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvaze, demokra-tiuli institutebis gaZlierebasa da mmarTvelobis decentralizaci-aze.

28. United States-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership, ix.: www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/121029.htm

29. rezoluciis avtori gaxldaT gavleniani senatori j. Sahini, xolo Tanasponsorebi iyvnen aseve avtoritetuli senatorebi l. gremi da j. libermani. rezoluciis teqsti ix.: www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress /senate-resolution/698/text

30. www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/georgia/intro-fp-us.htm dRes es maCvene-beli ukve 4.5 mlrd dolars aWarbebs.

31. 2008 wlisTvis SSOP-is farglebSi ramdenime aseulma samxedrom gaiara momzadeba da Sedegad qarTuli kontingentis ricxovnobam eraySi 2 aTasi kaci Seadgina.

32. Georgia Deployment Program – International Security Assistance Force (GDP-ISAF), ix.: www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/gdp-isaf.htm dReisaTvis saqarTvelos amerikuli programebiT gawvrTnili da xSir SemTxvevaSi sabrZolo gamoc dilebis mqone 12 aTasamde samxedro mosamsaxure hyavs.

33. www.eu-nato.gov.ge/sites/default/files/ENGLISH.pdf

34. dokumenti bevr saintereso ideas Seicavda da saqarTvelos da misi partniorebis „rbili Zalis“ efeqtze iyo gaTvlili. Tumca, miuxe-davad aSS-is da evropis sxva qveynebis mxardaWerisa, mas Tavidanve skeptikurad Sexvdnen moskovSi, soxumsa da cxinvalSi, vinaidan pre-

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ambulaSi Riad da mourideblad iyo gacxadebuli konfliqtis meore mxarisTvis absoluturad miuRebeli mizani _ afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis saqarTvelos konstituciur sivrceSi dabruneba. Sesabamisad, dokumentis ganxorcielebas bedi ar ewera. teqstis naxva SegiZliaT Serigebisa da samoqalaqo Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo minis-tris aparatis vebgverdze: www.smr.gov.ge/Uploads/__7db17f7a.pdf

35. ix. erToblivi gancxadebis teqsti: www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/06/192396.htm

36. saqarTvelo da aSS erTad iseTi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wevrebi arian, rogoricaa gaero, evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWo, euTo, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro or-ganizacia. saqarTvelo aseve aris damkvirvebeli amerikul saxelmwi-foTa organizaciaSi da monawile NATO-s programis „partnioroba mS-vidobisaTvis“.

37. www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_38988.htm

38. yovelwliuri erovnuli programa aris MAP-is Zireuli komponenti da aliansSi gawevrianebis mTavari instrumenti. igi asaxavs saqarTvelos mokle da saSualovadian perspeqtivas samxedro reformebis, sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis, agreTve ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimar-TulebiT. dawvrilebiT ix.: www.eu-nato.gov.ge/en/nato/relations/integra-tion/anp

39. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/30/remarks-president-obama-and-president-saakashvili-georgia-after-bilatera

40. sxvaTa Soris, aSS-Si vizis gareSe Sesvlis ufleba SezRuduli aqvT ev-rokavSiris da NATO-s wevri aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis moqalaqeeb-sac. am qveynebis mTavrobebi sakuTari moqalaqeebisTvis xsenebuli uflebis mopovebas vaSingtonSi dRemde aqtiurad lobireben.

41. am miznis misaRwevad gamoiyenes administraciuli resursi, piradi kav-Sirebi, lobisturi organizaciebi.

42. federaluri kanoni, romelic gansazRvravs pentagonis biujets.

43. sabolood, xsenebuli Sesworeba ver moxvda kanonSi.

44. aSS-is administraciis erT-erTma cnobilma yofilma maRalCinosan-ma CvenTan pirad saubarSi ase axsna istebliSmentis amgvari reaqcia: „amerikis istoriaSi yofila prezidentebis impiCmentis, Zalismieri ga-dayenebis, TviT mkvlelobis SemTxvevebic ki. magram arasdros axlad-arCeul xelisufals ar dauwyia winamorbedis samarTlebrivi devna. es Cvens genetikur kodSi ar devs. amitomac miuRebelia is, rac xdeba saqarTveloSi“.

45. Georgia 2014 Human Rights Report, Department of State, www.state.gov/docu-ments/organization/236738.pdf

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46. igulisxmeba 2012 wlis 25 oqtombridan 2013 wlis 17 noembramde pe-riodi, rodesac aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ori umaRlesi piri _ prezidenti m. saakaSvili da premier-ministri b. ivaniSvili _ warmoad-gendnen erTmaneTTan mkveTrad dapirispirebuli ori politikuri Za-lis liderebs.

47. 2012 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos parlamentSi inicirebul iqna sa-samarTlo sistemis maregulirebel kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis paketi, romelic gulisxmobda reformebs Sromis kanonmdeblobis, marTlmsajulebis sistemis, sisxlis samarTlis, kerZo samarTlis, ada-mianis uflebebis dacvis, arbitraJis, arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsa-julebis mimarTulebebiT.

48. rodesac ruseTis zegavleniT somxeTma uari Tqva evrokavSirTan aso-cirebis procesze, xolo „urCi“ ukraina yirimis aneqsiiT daisaja, saqarT velos xelisuflebis ganuxreli swrafva NATO-sa da evrokav-SirSi integraciisken ufro metad dafasda. mas Semdeg aSS-is mTav-robam ufro gaaaqtiura saqarTvelos evroatlantikuri miswrafebebis lobireba evropel partniorebTan rogorc mravalmxrivi, ise ormxrivi dialogis formatebSi.

49. dawvr. ix.: www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_02/20160205_1602-factsheet-sngp-geo.pdf

50. centri 2015 wlis 27 agvistos gaixsna da ukve umaspinZla NATO-s egidiT saerTaSoriso brigadis pirvel sawvrTnel kurss. www.eu-nato.gov.ge/ge/nato

51. www.usaid.gov/georgia

52. www.anakliadevelopment.com/

53. mxardamWer jgufs (Georgia Caucus) TanaTavmjdomareebi arian kongres-menebi ted po (respublikeli texasidan) da jeri konoli (demokrati virjiniidan).

54. www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/660/text

55. www.congress.gov/114/bills/s2943/BILLS-114s2943enr.pdf

56. viziti gaimarTa 2016 wlis 6-7 ivliss.

57. www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/07/259364.htm

58. www.eur.army.mil/noblepartner/

59. „aTaswleulis gamowvevis korporacia“ 45 ganviTarebad qveyanaSi axor-cielebs programebs. saqarTvelo erTaderTia, vinc daxmarebis es resursi mimarTa ara fizikuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze, ara-med ganaTlebaze.

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60. www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/hepatitis/news/news/2015/07/georgia-sets-sights-on-eliminating-hepatitis-c

61. dRevandeli monacemebiT, „ce“ hepatitiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 7 procentamdea daavadebuli. programis farglebSi mkurnaloba saqarT-velos „ce“ hepatitis virusis matarebel yvela moqalaqes SeuZlia. „ce“ hepatitis eliminaciis programa~ moicavs ufaso skrinings _ daa-vadebis gamovlenas da „ce“ hepatitiT daavadebuli pacientebis ufaso mkurnalobas uaxlesi Taobis ZviradRirebuli medikamentebiT.

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