moqalaqeoba da moqalaqeobis arqona

saxelmZRvanelo parlamentarebisTvis

2

teqstis avtori: merilin eqironi (Marilyn Achiron)

saredaqcio kolegia:

gluki: erika feleri (Erika Feller), filip leklerki (Philippe Leclerc), xose riera (Jose Riera) da sara baSeti (Sara Baschetti)saparlamentTaSoriso kavSiri:

anders b. jonsoni (Anders B. Johnsson) da

karin jebri (Kareen Jabre)

originali versiis ena: inglisuri

garekanis dizaini: Jak vandfliu (Jacques Wandfl uh),

Studio Infographie, Sveicaria

dabeWdilia saqarTveloSi

SeniSvna

es saxelmZRvanelo momzadda saparlamentTaSoriso kavSiris

demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa mudmivi komitetis

biurosTan TanamSromlobiT.

kvleva da analizi: qerol beCelori (Carol Batchelor) da

filip leklerki (Philippe Leclerc) (gluki)

3

winasityvaoba

„yovel adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. ar SeiZleba TviTneburad Camo-

erTvas vinmes moqalaqeoba an moqalaqeobis Secvlis ufleba“. es lakonuri

debulebebi 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-15 mux-

lidan yovel pirs, mTel msoflioSi, saxelmwifosTan samarTlebrivi kavSiris

uflebas aniWebs. moqalaqeoba anu erovneba (es ori cneba am saxelmZRvaneloSi,

iseve, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, urTierTSenacvlebadi terminebia)

pirs ara marto TviTidentificirebis saSualebas aZlevs, aramed aniWebs

saxelmwifo dacvas da sxva mraval samoqalaqo Tu politikur uflebas; Sesa-

bamisad, moqalaqeoba ganimarteba, rogorc „ufleba, gqondes uflebebi“.

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis norma, romelic

Seexeba moqalaqeobis miRebas, dakargvas an masze uaris Tqmas, milionobiT

adamiani msoflioSi kvlavac moqalaqeobis gareSe rCeba. isini moqalaqeobis

armqone pirebi arian. moqalaqeobis arqona sxvadasxva mizeziT SeiZleba iyos

gamowveuli, maT Sorisaa kanonTa kolizia, teritoriis gadacema, saojaxo

samarTali, administraciuli praqtika, diskriminacia, dauregistrirebeli

Sobadoba, denacionalizacia (anu saxelmwifos mier pirisTvis moqalaqeobis

CamorTmeva) da piris mier moqalaqeobaze (saxelmwifos dacvaze) uari.

msoflioSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa didi nawili iZulebiTi gadaadg-

ilebis msxverplia. is pirebi, vinc iZulebulni xdebian datovon sakuTari

saxlebi, moqalaqeobis dakargvis riskis winaSe dgebian, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

rodesac maT gadaadgilebas Tan axlavs, an Semdgom mohyveba, teritoriuli

sazRvrebis gadanawileba. Tavis mxriv, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi da is

pirebi, romelTac CamoerTvaT moqalaqeoba, aseve arian xSirad iZulebulni

datovon mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili. swored ltolvilTa mdgomareobasTan

am msgavsebam gamoiwvia gaeros generaluri asambleis mier gaeros ltolvilTa

umaRlesi komisrisTvis (gluki) pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba da moqalaqeobis

arqonis prevenciasa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebaze

zrunva.

bolodroindeli monacemebis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvi

mTel msoflioSi 11 milions aRwevs. Tumca es mxolod varaudia. organiza-

ciebisaTvis metismetad Zneli aRmoCnda moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Sesaxeb

sruli informaciis Segroveba, radgan moqalaqeobis uqonlobis koncefcia

qveynebs Soris jerac kamaTis sagnad rCeba; mTavrobebi xSirad Tavs ikaveben,

gaavrcelon informacia moqalaqeobis armqoneTa Sesaxeb; isic sagulisxmoa,

rom moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problema saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis dRis

wesrigSi aqtualurad ar iTvleba.

Tumca bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom ada-

mianis uflebebis dacva gvexmareba Tavidan aviciloT masobrivi da iZulebiTi

gadaadgilebebi. analogiurad, arsebuli principebis safuZvelze saerTa-

Soriso xelSekrulebebSi SeiniSneba mzardi tendencia imis Segnebisa, rom

saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian gadaWran moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problema.

mTavrobebma unda aRiaron, rogorc formalurad, aseve praqtikulad, rom

maT ara aqvT ufleba moqalaqebrivi privilegiebi CamoarTvan an SeuzRudon

im pirebs, romelTac SeuZliaT daadasturon sakuTar qveyanasTan utyuari

da efeqturi kavSiri.

4

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis an aRmofxvris sakiTx-

isadmi parlamentarTa damokidebulebis gamoxatvis saukeTeso saSualebaa

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesabamisi iseTi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis miReba,

romelic iZleva garantias, rom arc erT pirs TviTneburad ar CamoerTmeva

moqalaqeoba; rom pirebs mieniWebaT moqalaqeoba im pirobebSic, rodesac

sxva dros moqalaqeobis gareSe darCebodnen da rom isini, vinc kvlavac mo-

qalaqeobis armqoneni arian an momavalSi iqcevian aseTebad, uzrunvelyofilni

iqnebian saTanado dacviT. parlamentarebs agreTve SeuZliaT Seasrulon

mniSvnelovani sazedamxedvelo roli, raTa saxelmwifos politikam uneblieT

an mizanmimarTulad ar warmoSvas moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi; agreTve,

mouwodon mTavrobebs moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa sakiTxebis gadawyvetisken

da aamaRlon TavianTi amomrCevlebis/sazogadoebis cnobiereba moqalaqeobis

uqonlobis problemebTan dakavSirebiT.

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo asaxavs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul problemebs,

gvTavazobs mogvarebis SesaZlo variantebs da im nabijebs, romelnic parla-

mentis wevrebma SeiZleba gadadgan moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobidan

gamomdinare. imedi gvaqvs, rom es saxelmZRvanelo daxmarebas gauwevs par-

lamentarebs, raTa gadadgan saWiro nabijebi msoflioSi milionobiT kacis,

qalisa da bavSvis cxovrebze uaryofiTi gavlenis mqone moqalaqeobis arqonis

fenomenis Semcirebisa da sabolood aRmofxvris saqmeSi.

antonio guteriSi anders b. jonsoni

gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri mdivani

ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisari saparlamentTaSoriso kavSiri

5

sarCevi

SeniSvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Tavi 1: saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi baza moqalaqeobis uflebasa

da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis SemcirebasTan

dakavSirebiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Tavi 2: moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa identificireba da dacva . . . . 19

Tavi 3: moqalaqeobis arqonis mizezebis aRmofxvra . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Tavi 4: glukis roli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Tavi 5: rogor SeuZliaT parlamentarebs daxmareba . . . . . . . . . . . 53

danarTi 1: moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb

1954 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi . . . . 59

danarTi 2: moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis

Sesaxeb 1961 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri

saxelmwifoebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

danarTi 3: SeerTebis samodelo dokumentebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

danarTi 4: glukis warmomadgenlobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

mokled glukisa da saparlamentTaSoriso kavSiris Sesaxeb . . 73

6

Sesavali

Cven, moqalaqeebi, Cveulebriv vsargeblobT im ufleba_movaleobebiT, rasac

moqalaqeoba gvaniWebs. umetes Cvengans SeuZlia bavSvi Seiyvanos skolaSi,

avadmyofobis dros miiRos samedicino daxmareba, Seitanos ganacxadi dasaqme-

bis Taobaze da airCios warmomadgeneli xelisuflebaSi. Cven vgrZnobT, rom

gvaqvs Cveni adgili im qveyanaSi, romelSic vcxovrobT; Cven vgrZnobT, rom

vekuTvniT raRac ufro dids, vidre Cvenive sakuTari Tavia.

magram rogor cxovrobs is, visac ar gaaCnia moqalaqeoba, anu moqalaqeobis

armqone piria? moqalaqeobis gareSe pirs ara aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis

ufleba im qveyanaSi, romelSic is cxovrobs; ara aqvs samgzavro sabuTze

ganacxadis Setanis an qorwinebis registraciis ufleba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

piri, romelsac ar gaaCnia moqalaqeoba da imyofeba Tavisi warmoSobis an yo-

fili sacxovrebeli qveynis farglebs gareT, SesaZlebelia didi xniT daakavon,

Tu qveyana mas ukan dabrunebaze uars ganucxadebs. xSirad pirebs, romelTac

ar SeuZliaT sakuTar qveyanasTan samarTlebrivi kavSiris damtkiceba, uars

eubnebian iseT fundamentur uflebebze, rogoricaa ganaTlebis, samedicino

daxmarebisa da dasaqmebis ufleba.

`mtkice uari im qveynisgan, sadac vcxovrob; mtkice uari im qveynisgan, sadac

davibade; mtkice uari im qveynisgan, saidanac Cemi mSoblebi arian; gamudmebiT

mosmena „Sen Cven ar gvekuTvni!“ mgonia, rom arafers warmovadgen da saerTod

ar vici, risTvis vcxovrob. roca moqalaqeobis armqone piri xar, yovelTvis

sakuTari usargeblobis gancdiT xar garemoculi.“

lara, yofili moqalaqeobis armqone piri

moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Sesaxeb 2003 wels glukis mier warmoebuli kvleva

adasturebs, rom msoflioSi ar arsebobs arc erTi regioni, romelic ar

dgas im problemebis winaSe, romlebsac moqalaqeobis arqonamde mivyavarT.

msoflioSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa zusti ricxvi ucnobia, radgan

saxelmwifoebs xSirad ar surT an ar SeuZliaT dazustebuli monacemebis mo-

wodeba; mxolod ramdenimes gaaCnia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa registraciis

meqanizmi. saxelmwifoebs maT teritoriaze mcxovreb moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa raodenobis Sesaxeb informaciis mowodebis pirdapiri valdebuleba

ar akisriaT. glukis SefasebiT, msoflioSi milionobiT adamiani cxovrobs

moqalaqeobis gareSe.

moqalaqeobis arqona, romelic pirvelad me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

cnes globalur problemad, SesaZloa warmoiSvas saxelmwifoebs Soris pire-

bis samarTlebriv identificirebasTan dakavSirebuli davis, saxelmwifoTa

daSlis, sazogadoebis SigniT garkveul jgufTa xangrZlivi izolirebis an

individebis Tu pirTa jgufebisTvis moqalaqeobis CamorTmevis Sedegad.

Cveulebriv, moqalaqeobis arqona asocirdeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

Zireuli cvlilebebis periodebTan. saerTaSoriso sazRvrebis xelaxali gad-

anawileba, saxelmwifo liderebis mier politikuri sistemebiT manipulireba

sadavo politikuri miznebis misaRwevad da/an moqalaqeobis miniWebaze uari an

moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva rasobrivi, religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebis

7

gamoricxvis da izolirebis mizniT _ moqalaqeobis arqonis mizezi aRmoCnda

msoflios yvela nawilSi. bolo 20 wlis manZilze SeiniSneba im pirTa ricxvis

zrda, romelTac CamoerTvaT moqalaqeoba an ver SeZles moqalaqeobis miReba.

Tu aseTi mdgomareoba kvlav gagrZe ldeba, am mosaxleobaSi uuflebobis

gancdis gaRrmaveba maT gadaadgilebas gamoiwvevs.

„moqalaqeobis warTmeva samyaros warTmevis tolfasia; es niSnavs junglebSi

dabrunebas gamoqvabulis binadris an veluris msgavsad... adamians, romelsac

araferi gaaCnia sakuTari vinaobis garda, dakarguli aqvs yvela is Tviseba,

rac sxva adamianebs miscems saSualebas, moepyran mas rogorc pirovnebas...

maT SeiZleba ise icxovron da daixocon, rom aranairi kvali ar datovon,

wvlili ar Seitanon sazogadoebaSi.“

hana arendti, totalitarizmis sawyisebi

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos mizania, parlamentarebs miawodos detaluri

informacia im saerTaSoriso principebis Sesaxeb, romlebic aregulireben

moqalaqeobasa da moqalaqeobis arqonas. saerTaSoriso samarTali saxelm-

wifoebs aZlevs farTo uflebamosilebas, gansazRvron, Tu vin arian maTi

moqalaqeebi da daadginon pirobebi, ris safuZvelzec moxdeba moqalaqeobis

miReba, dakargva da SenarCuneba. me-20 saukuneSi adamianis uflebaTa principe-

bis ganviTarebam SezRuda saxelmwifoebis es uflebamosileba im SemTxvevebSi,

rodesac mosalodnelia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis gazrda da/an

Tu mis gamoyenebas diskriminaciuli xasiaTi aqvs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifoebi erTad cdiloben moqalaqeobis arqo-

nasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebas, mTel msoflioSi kvlavac

milionobiT adamiani rCeba moqalaqeobis gareSe. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo

ixilavs moqalqeobis armqone pirTa ufleba_movaleobebs saerTaSoriso

kanonmdeblobis kvalobaze; kerZod, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis

Sesaxeb 1954 wlis konvenciis mixedviT. (glukis Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, 1954

wlis konvenciis ratificireba moaxdina an mas SeuerTda mxolod 60 saxelm-

wifo; SedarebisTvis, ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvenciisa

da/an 1967 wlis oqmis ratificireba moaxdina an SeuerTda 146 saxelmwifo)

saxelmZRvanelo yuradRebas amaxvilebs aseve moqalaqeobis arqonis gamomwvev

mTavar mizezebze da msjelobs, Tu rogor unda uzrunvelyon mTavrobebma,

rom erovnuli kanonmdeblobis ganxorcieleba ar iqces moqalqeobis uqon-

lobis mizezad.

gluki aris gaeros saagento, romelsac davalebuli aqvs, xeli Seuwyos mo-

qalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebas da daxmareba aRmouCinos

moqalaqeobis amrqone pirebs am statusis mopovebaSi. winamdebare saxelmZ-

Rvanelo aRwers, Tu ras akeTebs gluki Tavis misiis ukeT Sesasruleblad.

igi aseve gvTavazobs im praqtikul nabijebs, romlebic SeiZleba gadadgan

parlamentarebma moqalaqeobis armqoneTa ricxvis Sesamcireblad; kerZod,

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb qveynis kanonmdeblobis gadaxedva da saWiroebis SemTx-

vevaSi masSi cvlilebebis Setana; mTavrobis winaSe Suamdgomloba moqalqeo-

bis armqone pirTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebTan mierTebaze da

moqalqeobis arqonasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis

cnobierebis asamaRleblad saWiro qmedebebis ganxorcieleba.

8

saxelmZRvanelo aseve gvTavazobs im pozitiur magaliTebsac, Tu moqalaqeobis

uqonlobis rogori rTuli SemTxvevebi mogvarda dainteresebul saxelmwi-

foTa politikuri nebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Carevisa da saerTaSor-

iso sazogadoebis mier gaweuli daxmarebis Sedegad. amgvari „warmatebuli

gamocdileba“ imis maCvenebelia, rom rodesac mTavrobebi, samoqalaqo da

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebebi TanamSromloben, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs

realurad eZlevaT saSualeba, isargeblon „uflebebis qonis uflebiT.“

9

Tavi 1

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi baza moqalaqeobis uflebasa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis SemcirebasTan

dakavSirebiT

moqalaqeoba Zalian delikaturi sakiTxia, vinaidan igi gaxlavT qveynis su-

verenitetisa da TviTmyofadobis gamoxatuleba. gasakviri araa, rom dava

moqalaqeobis Taobaze SesaZlebelia, da xSirad es asec xdeba, gadaizardos

daZabulobasa da konfliqtSi rogorc saxelmwifos SigniT, aseve _ qveyanaTa

Soris. me-20 saukuneSi SeiniSneboda rogorc moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTx-

vevebis zrda msoflios masStabiT, aseve sazogadoebis mzardi daintereseba

informaciiT adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso

samarTali moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb ori mimarTulebiT ganviTarda: moqalaqeo-

bis armqone pirTa dacva da daxmareba da moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevaTa

aRmofxvra an Semcireba.

vin gansazRvravs, aris Tu ara piri ama Tu im qveynis moqalaqe?

principSi, piris moqalaqeobis sakiTxi calkeuli saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis

farglebSi eqceva. Tumca saxelmwifos Sida gadawyvetilebebi SesaZloa Seiz-

Rudos sxva saxelmwifoebis mier ganxorcielebuli msgavsi qmedebebisa da

saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier.

moqalaqeobis Taobaze tunisisa da marokos 1923 wlis brZanebebis Sesaxeb

gamotanil sakonsultacio daskvnaSi saerTaSoriso marTlmsajulebis mudmivma

sasamarTlom ganacxada:

`aris Tu ara konkretuli sakiTxi mxolod Sida iurisdiqciis gadasaw-

yveti, metismetad SefardebiTia; igi mTlianad efuZneba saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis ganviTarebas.“

anu mudmivma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom principSi mo-

qalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli sadavo sakiTxebi Sida iurisdiqciis sferoSi

eqceva, saxelmwifoebma pativi unda scen TavianT valdebulebebs sxva saxelm-

wifoebis winaSe, rac regulirdeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier.

amgvari midgoma kvlav dafiqsirda Svidi wlis Semdeg haagis konvenciaSi

moqalaqeobis Taobaze kanonebs Soris zogierT sakiTxze konfliqtis Sesaxeb.

ra Tqma unda, bevrma saxelmwofom gaakeTa komentari mudmivi sasamarTlos

1923 wlis sakonsultacio daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan is exeboda mo-

qalaqeobis Sesaxeb haagis 1930 wlis konvenciis momzadebas. saxelmwifoebis

umetesobam sakonsultacio daskvna aRiqva, rogorc konkretuli saxelmwifos

moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis mis sazRvrebs gareT

moqmedebis SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac aRiniSneba kolizia

sxva saxelmwifoebis mier analogiur sakiTxze miRebul gadawyvetilebebTan

dakavSirebiT.

1930 wlis haagis konvencia, romelic Seiqmna erTa ligis asambleis mxardaW-

eriT, pirveli saerTaSoriso mcdeloba iyo imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom yvela

10

pirs hqonoda moqalaqeoba. konvenciis pirvel muxlis Tanaxmad:

„yoveli saxelmwifo sakuTari kanonis Tanaxmad TviTon gansazRvravs,

vin aris misi moqalaqe. es kanoni aRiarebuli unda iyos sxva saxelm-

wifoebis mierac, vinaidan igi moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli say-

ovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis, saerTaSoriso

tradiciisa da samarTlis principebs Seesabameba“.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos mier ama Tu im piris moqalaqeobis

statusis gadawyveta unda esadagebodes saerTaSoriso kanonis Sesabamis

dadgenilebebs. suverenuli saxelmwifos moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, me-20

saukuneSi es dadgenilebebi TandaTanobiT ganviTarda adamianis uflebebTan

mimarTebaSi.

adamianis uflebebaTa 1948 wlis sayovelTao deklaraciis me-15 muxlSi

naTqvamia:

„yovel adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. aravis SeiZleba TviT-

neburad CamoerTvas moqalaqeoba an moqalaqeobis Secvlis ufleba“.

aRniSnuli ufleba emyareba pirovnebasa da saxelmwifos Soris arsebul

utyuar da efeqtur kavSirs. sul pirvelad moqalaqeobis safuZvlad es kavSiri

cnes 1955 wels saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier nottebomis saqmeze (Nottebohm Case) miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi. aRniSnul saqmeze sasamarTlom ganacxada:

„saxelmwofoTa praqtikis, saarbitraJo da sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-

bebisa da specialistTa mosazrebis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeoba aris sa-

marTlebrivi valdebuleba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs socialuri

kuTvnilebis faqtori, utyuari kavSiris arseboba, interesebi da

grZnobebi, urTierTsanacvlo ufleba_movaleobebTan erTad.“

utyuari da efeqturi kavSiri, romelic dasturdeba dabadebiT, sacxovrebeli

adgiliT da/an warmoSobiT, dReisaTvis asaxulia saxelmwifoTa umetesobis

sakanonmdeblo debulebebSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb; iseve, rogorc am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebul bolodroindel saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi, rogoricaa 1997

wlis evropis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb.

adamianis uflebaTa amerikaTaSorisi sasamarTlos azriT, moqalaqeoba aris

„politikuri da samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, romelic pirs mocemul

saxelmwifosTan akavSirebs da avaldebulebs mis mimarT loialuroba-

sa da erTgulebas, aniWebs mas saxelmwifosagan diplomatiur dacvas“

(kastilo_petruCi da sxvebi perus winaaRmdeg, 1999 wlis maisis gad-

awyvetileba, adamianis uflebaTa amerikaTaSorisi sasamarTlo (IACHR)

[seria C] №52 1999).

rogor aris daculi ltolvilTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa

uflebebi?

miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis me-15

muxli acxadebs, rom yovel pirs aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba, is ar miuTiTebs

konkretuli qveynis moqalqeobaze, romlis miRebis uflebac pirs aqvs. imis

dasadastureblad,rom individebs CamorTmeuli ara aqvT moqalaqeobasTan

dakavSirebuli minimaluri uflebebi, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam SeimuSava

11

ori ZiriTadi xelSkruleba: 1951 wlis konvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb

da 1954 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb.

arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri 1951 wlis ltolvilTa statusis

Sesaxeb konvenciasa da moqalaqeobis arqonis sakiTxebs Soris?

meore msoflio omis Semdeg axladSeqmnili gaerTianebuli erebis orga-

nizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis erT-erTi gadaudebeli sakiTxi iyo omis

Sedegad milionobiT ltolvili da moqalaqeobis armqone piris problemebis

gadawyveta. gaeros ekonomikuri da sociluri sabWos (ECOSOC) mier miRebuli

rezoluciiT 1949 wels Seiqmna specialuri komiteti, romelsac evaleboda

ltolvilTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb konvenciis

SemuSaveba da moqalaqeobis uqonlobis aRmosafxvrelad winadadebebis

ganxilva.

sabolood komitetis wevrebma Seadgines konvenciis proeqti ltolvilTa

statusis Sesaxeb da konvenciis oqmi, romelic exeboda moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebs. komitets safuZvlianad ar umsjelia moqalaqeobis uqonlobis aRmofx-

vris Taobaze, radgan varaudobdnen, rom am sakiTxs axlad Camoyalibebuli

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi komisia (ILC) moagvarebda.

istoriulad, rogorc ltolvilebi, aseve moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi

dacvasa da daxmarebas Rebulobdnen glukis winamorbedi ltolvilTa saer-

TaSoriso organizaciebisgan. konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis Sesaxeb

miznad isaxavda maTsa da ltolvilTa Soris arsebuli kavSiris asaxvas, magram

ltolvilTa gadaudebeli saWiroebebi da ltolvilTa saerTaSoriso orga-

nizaciis gardauvali daSla mianiSnebda, rom moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis

mdgomareobis detaluri analizisaTvis sakmarisi dro ar darCeboda ufle-

bamosil warmomadgenelTa 1951 wlis konferenciaze, sadac orive sakiTxi unda

ganxiluliyo. marTlac, 1951 wlis konvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb

am konferenciaze miiRes, xolo moqalaqeobis ar mqone pirTa Sesaxeb oqmis

ganxilva momavlisTvis gadaido.

ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvenciis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis

armqone ltolvili daculia am statusis mqone ltolvilis msgavsad. vinaidan

mas rasis, religiis, erovnebis an garkveuli socialuri jgufisadmi kuTv-

nilebis safuZveleze mtkice uars eubnebian moqalaqeobaze, es imaze mianiSnebs,

rom piri unda cnon ltolvilad.

ras iTvaliswinebs 1954 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa statusis Sesaxeb?

oqmi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavdapirvelad

ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvenciis damateba iyo, 1954 wels

konvenciad iqca. 1954 wlis konvencia pirveli saerTaSoriso dokumentia, rom-

lis mizans warmoadgens moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis regulireba, maTi

mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da, yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, ZiriTadi

uflebebiTa da TavisuflebiT sargeblobis uzrunvelyofa (1954 wlis kon-

venciis monawile saxelmwifoebis siis gasacnobad ixileT danarTi 1).

am konvenciis debulebebi mravalmxriv hgavs ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb

1951 wlis konvencias. konvenciasTan SeerTebiT ver gadawydeba saxelwifos teri-

toriaze dabadebuli an mudmivad mcxovrebi pirebisaTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebis

12

saWiroebis sakiTxi. rogori SeuzRudavic ar unda iyos moqalaqeobis armqone

pirisTvis miniWebuli uflebebi, is moqalaqes mainc ver gauTanabrdeba.

1954 wlis konvencia iZleva moqalaqeobis armqone piris mkacr samarTlebriv

gansazRvrebas: „piri, romelic ar iTvleba arc erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqed

am saxelmwifos moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamiad“ (rac cnobilia, rogorc

de iure moqalaqeobis armqone piri).

vin aris moqalaqe?vin aris moqalaqeobis armqone piri?

moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, moqalaqed miiCneva piri, romelic avtomaturad

iTvleba moqalaqed im pirobebis Tanaxmad, romelic mocemulia moqalaqeobis

Sesaxeb saxelmwifos mier miRebul samarTlebriv dokumentebSi an piri,

romelsac mieniWa moqalaqeoba Sesabamisi organoebis gadawyvetilebis

safuZvelze. amgvar dokumentebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos konstitucia,

prezidentis brZanebulebani an moqalaqeobis dadgenis aqti. Cveulebriv,

adamianebis umetesoba moqalaqed iTvleba mxolod erTi saxelmwifos kanonebis

Tanaxmad an im saxelmwifos kanonebis Tanaxmad, sadac is daibada (jus soli), an im saxelmwifos kanonebis Tanaxmad, romlis moqalaqeebic iyvnen piris mSoblebi

misi dabadebisas (jus sanguinis).

rodesac administraciuli procedura iTvaliswinebs moqalaqeobis miniWebis

moTxovnis Tavisuflebas, moqalaqeobis miRebis msurvelebi ar CaiTvlebian

moqalaqeebad, vidre ar dasruldeba maTi gancxadebebis ganxilva da

damtkiceba da kanonis Sesabamisad ar mieniWebaT saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba.

pirebi, romlebic apireben Seitanon moqalaqeobaze ganacxadi da isini,

romlebmac gamoiyenes ufleba gaekeTebinaT aseTi ganacxadi, magram uari

eTqvaT, aRniSnul saxelmwifoSi moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad ver CaiTvlebian

am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad.

pirebi, romelTac ama Tu im saxelmwifos moqmedi kanonebis safuZvelze ar

miuRiaT moqalaqeoba avtomaturad an individualuri gadawyvetilebis gziT,

iwodebian de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebad, anu pirebad, romelTac

moqalaqeoba ar gaaCniaT moqmedi kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze.

iTvleba, rom pirs gaaCnia moqalaqeoba, Tu ar arsebobs sawinaaRmdegos

damadasturebeli raime mtkicebuleba. Tumca zogjer saxelmwifoebi,

romlebTanac pirs SesaZloa hqondes utyuari kavSiri, ver Tanxmdebian imaze,

Tu romelma maTganma mianiWa am pirs moqalaqeoba. aqedan gamomdinare, pirs

ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavi de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirad gamoacxados,

Tumca, Tuki mas ar gaaCnia faqtobrivi moqalaqeoba da ver sargeblobs

saxelmwifoebrivi dacviT, igi ganixileba de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone

pirad.

miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis Semqmnelebma aucileblad miiCnies de iure

(pirebi, romelTac ar miuRiaT moqalaqeoba avtomaturad an individualuri

gadawyvetilebis gziT romelime saxelmwifos moqmedi kanonebis safuZvelze)

da de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa (pirebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT sa-

kuTari moqalaqeobis dadgena) Soris sxvaobis dadgena, aRiares am or cnebas

Soris arsebuli msgavsebac. konvenciis saboloo aqti de faqto moqalaqeobis

armqone pirTaTvis iTvaliswinebs arasavaldebulo rekomendacias da

„urCevs, yovel monawile saxelmwifos, Tuki safuZvlianad CaTvlis im

13

mizezebs, romelTa gamoc piri uars ambobs Tavisi moqalaqeobis qveynis

mfarvelobaze, keTilganwyobiT ganixilos misadmi imgvari mopyrobis

SesaZlebloba, rogoric am konvenciiT ekuTvniT moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebs.“

saxelmwifo dadgenili procedurebis Tanaxmad iRebs gadawyvetilebas, mi-

aniWos Tu ara pirs konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli SeRavaTebiT sargeblobis

ufleba. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi warmomadgenlobebis/ofisebis an saTao

ofisis samsaxurebis meSveobiT gluks SeuZlia misces rCevebi, Tu rogor

SeiZleba am procedurebis SemuSaveba da aRsruleba (glukis ofisebis sia

ixileT me-4 danarTSi).

SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom moqalaqeobis armqone piric iyos ltolvili?

de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi ar igulisxmebian 1954 wlis

konvenciiseul moqalaqeobis armqone piris gansazRvrebaSi. 1954 wlis

konvenciis avtorebma CaTvales, rom yvela piri, romelsac ar gaaCnia

faqtobrivi moqalaqeoba _ anu saubaria yvela de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone

pirze _ aris ltolvili (konvenciis avtorebma miiCnies, rom piri de faqto

moqalaqeobis armqoned iqceva saxelmwifos mxridan devnis gamo sakuTari

moqalaqeobis qveynidan gaqcevis Semdeg da amasTan, es devna dakavSirebuli

iyo faqtobrivi moqalaqeobis ar qonasTan) am gansazRvrebis Sedegad de faqto

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi Rebuloben daxmarebas ltolvilTa statusis

Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvenciis debulebebis Tanaxmad.

Tumca, de iure an de faqto moqalaqeobis arqona yovelTvis ar migvaniSnebs

devnaze („devnis safuZvliani SiSi“ ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis

konvenciis ltolvilis gansazRvrebis umTavres safuZvelss warmoadgens).

wlebis manZilze naTeli gaxda, rom arseboben de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebi, romelnic ar iReben moqalaqeobas mudmivi adgilsamyofelis qveyanaSi,

ar miiCnevian arc ltolvilebad da arc de iure moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebad. faqtobrivad, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa umravlesoba, romelnic

daxmarebas iTxoven glukisgan, iqnebian es de iure Tu de faqto moqalaqeobis

armqoneni, ar arian ltolvilebi da ar iTxoven TavSesafars.

ras iTvaliswinebs 1961 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa ricxvis Sesamcireblad?

1950 wlis agvistoSi ekonomiurma da socialurma sabWom (ECOSOC) rezoluciis

safuZvelze mosTxova saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisias (ILC), moemzadebina

saerTaSoriso konvenciis an konvenciebis proeqti moqalaqeobis uqonlobis

aRmosafxvrelad. komisiam (ILC) gansaxilvelad waradgina konvenciis ori

proeqti, orive maTgani kanonTa koliziiT gamowveul moqalaqeobis uqon-

lobis problemas Seexeboda. erTi maTgani, romelic moqalaqeobis SesaZlo

uqonlobis aRmofxvras gulisxmobda, moicavda bevrad ufro Sors mimaval

debulebebs, vidre meore konvenciis proeqti, romelic orientirebuli iyo

momavalSi moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevebis Semcirebaze. konferenciis

monawileebma, romlebic am sakiTxis gansaxilvelad Seikribnen, konvenciis

pirveli proeqti metad radikalurad miiCnies da gadawyvites muSaoba gae-

grZelebinaT momavalSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis

konvenciis proeqtze. am ganxilvis Sedegad Seqmnili dokumenti gaxlavT 1961

14

wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb (1961

wlis konvenciis wevr saxelmwifoTa sia ixileT me-2 danarTSi).

konvenciis muxlebis mizania, ar dauSvas dabadebidanve moqalaqeobis arqona,

magram es debulebebi ar krZalavs garkveul SemTxvevebSi arc moqalaqeo-

bis CamorTmevis SesaZleblobas, arc arsebuli moqalaqeobis armqone yvela

pirisTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebas kanonis ukuqmedebiT. konvencia aseve

iTvaliswinebs specialuri organos Seqmnas, romelsac SeiZleba mimarTos

konvenciis farglebSi moxvedrilma pirma misi saCivris gansaxilvelad da am

saCivris saTanado organoebSi warsadgenad moiTxovos daxmareba. mogvianebiT

generalurma asambleam gluks sTxova, Seesrulebina es roli.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiam (ILC) da saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenlebma

daadgines, rom aucilebelia saerTaSoriso daxmareba, radgan rodesac pirs

uars eubnebian saxelmwifos moqalaqeobaze, mas ar eqneba arc finansuri

SesaZlebloba da arc saWiro kvalifikacia, raTa saxelmwifo organoebs war-

udginos ganacxadi moqalqeobaze. verc sxva saxelmwifo SeZlebs am sakiTxSi

piris interesebis saTanadod dacvas. saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier piris

warmomadgenloba aseve agvaridebs SekiTxvas, aris Tu ara piri saerTaSoriso

samarTlis subieqti. amis garda, saagento, romelsac am saqmis mogvareba

daevaleba, sabolood ganaviTarebs codnas da gamocdilebas im sakiTxebSi,

romlebic sasargeblo iqneba ara mxolod calkeuli pirebisTvis rCevebis

misacemad, agreTve, zogadad, srulyofili moqalaqeobis mosapoveblad saWiro

gzebis SeTavazebisa da moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevebis Sesamcireblad.

moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis misaRwevad 1961 wlis konvencia

monawile saxelmwifoebisgan moiTxovs moqalaqeobis sakiTxebze iseTi sakanonm-

deblo bazis SemuSavebas, romelic moqalaqeobis miRebis an dakargvis Taobaze

dadgenil standartebs asaxavs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris

warmoiSveba dava konvenciis interpretaciis an ganxorcielebis Taobaze da

misi mogvareba SeuZlebeli gaxda sxva saSualebebiT, davis monawile nebismier

mxares SeuZlia mimarTos saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos.

konvenciis saboloo aqti moicavs rekomendacias, romelic Zalian hgavs 1954

wlis konvenciis saboloo aqtis rekomendacias, romelic mouwodebs wevr

saxelmwifoebs, SeZlebisdagvarad gamoiyenon konvenciis debulebebi de faqto

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebTan mimarTebaSic.

„erT dRes sazRvrebs Soris videqi da verc erT qveyanaSi ver vaxerxebdi

SeRwevas. es iyo dauviwyari momenti Cems cxovrebaSi! ar SemeZlo Sesvla im

qveyanaSi, sadac vimyofebodi manamde; ver Sevdiodi verc im qveyanSi, sadac

davibade, aRvizarde da vicxovre! romel qveyanas vekuTvni? dRemde ver

viviwyeb dakargulobis SegrZnebas, romelic aeroportSi ganvicade.“

Ceni, yofili moqalaqeobis armqone piri

rogor uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebaTa kanonmdebloba

moqalaqeobis uflebas?

mravali saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumenti exeba moqalaqeobis ufle-

bas. gaTxovil qalTa moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1957 wlis konvencia exmaureba

15

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracias, ayalibebs ra moqalaqeobis da

moqalaqeobis CamourTmevlobis uflebas. is aseve popularizebas uwevs „ada-

mianis uflebebis dacvisa da fundamenturi Tavisuflebebisadmi sayovelTao

pativiscemas sqesis ganurCevlad.“ konvenciis pirveli sami muxli Seicavs

specifikur debulebebs meuRlis (colis) moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb:

muxli 1 adgens, rom `ucxo qveynis moqalaqesa da adgilobrivs Soris

arc qorwineba, arc gayra da arc qorwinebis periodSi qmris mier mo-

qalaqeobis Secvla avtomaturad ar imoqmedebs misi meuRlis (colis)

moqalaqeobaze.“

muxli 2 acxadebs, rom „erT-erTi meuRlis mier verc ucxo qveynis

moqalaqeobis nebayoflobiTi miReba da verc sakuTar moqalaqeobaze

uaris Tqma ver imoqmedebs misi colis mier sakuTari moqalaqeobis

SenarCunebaze.“

muxli 3, romelic or nawilad iyofa, adgens, rom ”romelime wevri

saxelmwifos moqalaqe cols sakuTari survilisamebr SeuZlia miiRos

meuRlis moqalaqeoba naturalizaciis SeRavaTiani procedurebis

gavliT” da rom „amgvari moqalaqeobis miniWeba SesaZloa SeizRudos

erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi politikis interese-

bidan gamomdinare“. igi aseve adgens, rom wevrma saxelmwifom ar

unda ganmartos konvencia ise, TiTqos ”igi gavlenas axdens kanon-

mdeblobaze an samarTlebriv praqtikaze, raTa wevri saxelmwifos

moqalaqis ucxoel cols, moTxovnisamebr, mieces ufleba miiRos

meuRlis moqalaqeoba“.

wlis konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb

saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, rom „uzrunvelyon yvela adamianis Tanas-

woroba kanonis winaSe, miuxedavad rasisa, kanis ferisa, erovnuli da eTnikuri

kuTvnilebisa“, gansakuTrebiT adamianis zogierTi fundamenturi uflebis

gamoyenebisas, moqalaqeobis uflebis CaTvliT (muxli 5).

1966 wlis samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis 24-e muxli

acxadebs:

„TiToeul bavSvs rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis, erovnuli

Tu sociluri warmoSobis, qonebrivi mdgomareobisa Tu dabadebis gamo

yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe aqvs ufleba dacvis iseT RonosZie-

bebze, romlebic mas, rogorc mcirewlovans, unda gauwion misma ojaxma,

sazogadoebam da saxelmwifom.”

„TiToeuli bavSvi registrirebuli unda iyos dauyovnebliv dabadebis

Semdeg da unda hqondes saxeli“.

„TiToeul bavSvs aqvs moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba“.

am paqtis 26-e muxli aseve adgens, rom „yvela adamiani Tanasworia kanonis

winaSe da yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe sargeblobs kanonis dacviT. am

mxriv, kanoniT unda aikrZalos yovelgvari diskriminacia da uzrunvelyo-

fil iqnes yvelas Tanaswori da efeqturi dacva rasis, kanis feris, sqesis,

enis, sarwmunoebis, politikuri Tu sxva mosazrebis, erovnuli Tu sociluri

warmomavlobis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis, dabadebisa Tu sxva safuZvelze

ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciisgan“.

16

1979 wlis konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb

me-9 muxlSi acxadebs, rom:

„monawile saxelmwifoebi qalebs aniWeben mamakacebTan Tanabar ufle-

bas miiRon, Seicvalon an SeinarCunon TavianTi moqalaqeoba. isini,

kerZod, uzrunvelyofen, rom arc ucxoelTan qorwineba, arc qmris

moqalaqeobis Secvla qorwinebis dros ar iwvevs colis moqalaqeobis

avtomaturad Secvlas, ar aqcevs mas moqalaqeobis armqone pirad da

ar SeiZleba aiZulon igi miiRos qmris moqalaqeoba.“

„monawile saxelmwifoebi qalebs aniWeben mamakacebTan Tanabar ufle-

bas maTi Svilebis moqalaqeobis mimarT.“

bavSvis uflebaTa 1989 wlis konvencia, romelic ratificirebulia TiTqmis

yvela saxelmwifos mier, moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebiT or mniSvnelovan

muxls Seicavs:

muxli 2 miuTiTebs, rom „wevri saxelmwifoebi pativs scemen da uz-

runvelyofen maTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi myofi TiToeuli bavSvis

winamdebare konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebas, daculi iyos

nebismieri saxis diskriminaciisagan rogorc Tavad, ise misi mSoblebi

an kanonieri meurveebi rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiuri,

politikuri an sxva mosazrebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri Tu socialuri

warmoSobis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis, janmrTelobis, dabadebis an sxva

statusis miuxedavad.“

muxli 7 moiTxovs, rom bavSvi registraciaSi gatardes dabadebisTanave,

daerqvas saxeli da mieniWos moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba; agreTve,

ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, mas ufleba aqvs icodes mSoblebis vinaoba

da iyos maTi mzrunvvelis qveS.“ muxli aseve adgens, rom „wevri saxelm-

wifoebi uzrunvelyofen am uflebaTa ganxorcielebas erovnuli

kanonmdeblobis da am sferoSi arsebuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT

nakisri valdebulebebis Sesabamisad; gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac bavSvi sxvagvarad moqalaqeobis armqone iqneba.“

1971 wlidan banakSi vcxovrob da imedi maqvs, rom sul male Cems SvilebTan

erTad sxvagan gadavsaxldebi. me msurs mqondes igive uflebebi, rac

bangladeSis moqalaqeebs aqvT. Cven ar gagvaCnia cxovrebis Rirseuli pirobebi:

banakSi bavSvebi saTanadod ar izrdebian, ver Rebuloben ganaTlebas da

ucodinrobis gamo mxolod ubadruk samsaxurs unda dasjerdnen.“

seidaha, bangladeSSi mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone piri

arsebobs Tu ara raime regionuli xelSekrulebebi moqalaqeobis

uflebasTan dakavSirebiT?

regionuli dokumentebi aZliereben moqalaqeobis uflebis samarTlebriv safuZv-

els. amerikis adamianis uflebebis konvenciis (1969 w.) me-20 muxli acxadebs, rom:

„yvela adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. yvela adamians aqvs im

qveynis moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba, romlis teritoriazec is dai-

bada, Tu mas ar gaaCnia sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis ufleba. aravis unda

17

CamoerTvas usafuZvlod moqalaqeobis an misi Secvlis ufleba.“

am principebs SemdgomSi mxari dauWires amerikaTaSorisi sasamarTlos prec-

edentebma. sasamarTlom daadastura, rom pirobebi, romlis Tanaxmadac xdeba

moqalaqeobis miniWeba, rCeba saxelmwifos Sida iurisdiqciis farglebSi.

sasamarTlom aseve aRmoaCina, rom:

„miuxedavad tradiciulad miRebuli debulebisa, rom moqalaqeobis

miniWeba da cnoba TiToeuli saxelmwifos gadasawyvetia, Tanamedrove

ganviTareba mianiSnebs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali saxelwifoebs

konkretul SezRudvebs uwesebs im farTo uflebebze, romliTac isini

sargebloben am sferoSi. meTodi, romliTac saxelmwifoebi aregu-

lireben moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, dResdReobiT

ver CaiTvleba mxolod maTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi moqceulad.“

(adamianis uflebaTa amerikaTaSorisi sasamarTlo, sarekomendacio

mosazreba, „cvlilebebi kosta rikas konstituciis naturalizaciis

dadgenilebebSi“, 1984 wlis adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis Jurnalis

(HRLJ) me-5 teqsti;abzacebi 32_34)

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifoebma mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon maTi

Sida erovnuli kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso Sedegebi, gansakuTrebiT im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kanonis ganxorcieleba moqalaqeobis uqonlobis miz-

ezad iqceva.

1963 wels miiRes evropuli konvencia mravalmoqalaqeobis SemTxvevebis ricxvis

Semcirebisa da mravalmoqalaqeobis SemTxvevebSi samxedro samsaxurTan dakav-

Sirebul valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb. es konvencia efuZneboda dasavleT evropis

bevri saxelmwifosTvis im periodSi misaReb Sexedulebas, rom mravalmo-

qalaqeobis SemTxvevebi arasasurvelia da saWiroa maTi akrZalva. vinaidan 1963

wlis konvencia Semoifargleboda mxolod mravalmoqalqeobis sakiTxebiT, 1977

da 1993 wlebSi konvencias daemata ori oqmi, romlebic momijnave sakiTxebs

moicavdnen da asaxavdnen moqalqeobis sferos koncefcias da praqtikaSi ganvi-

Tarebul cvlilebebs. magaliTad, konvenciis meore oqmi ormagi moqalaqeobis

miRebis uflebas iZleva meore Taobis migrantebisa da Sereuli qorwinebis

SemTxvevaSi rogorc meuRleebis, aseve maTi SvilebisTvis.

evropuli 1997 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb evrosabWos mier SemuSave-

buli kidev erTi regionuli dokumentia, romelic Seiqmna gacnobierebuli

aucileblobis safuZvlze. saWiro iyo iseTi dokumenti, romelic gaaer-

Tianebda moqalaqeobis kanonebTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebis Taobaze

Sida da saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis yvela safexurs haagis 1930

wlis konvenciidan moyolebuli dRemde. 1997 wlis konvencia arc cvlis 1963

wlis konvencias da arc SeusabamobaSia masTan. moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1997

wlis konvencia mravlobiTi moqalaqeobis miRebis uflebas aZlevs sxvadasxva

moqalaqeobis mqone daqorwinebul pirebs da maT Svilebs. konvencia aseve

moicavs moqalaqeobis miRebis, SenarCunebis, dakargvis, aRdgenis procedu-

ruli uflebebis, samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeobis, samxedro

valdebulebebis da wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobis sakiTxebs. kon-

vencia Seicavs mraval debulebas, romelTa mizanicaa moqalaqeobis uqonlobis

warmoSobis aRkveTa. konvencia eyrdnoba moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Sesaxeb

1954 wlis konvencias, romlis safuZvelzec aris gansazRvruli moqalaqeobis

armqone piris raoba, anu evropuli konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb Seexeba

mxolod de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs.

18

axlo warsulSi evropaSi saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebis Secvlis gamocdilebam

gviCvena, rom uamravi adamiani dgeba moqalaqeobis uqonlobis safrTxis

winaSe, vinaidan maT SesaZloa dakargon Zveli moqalaqeoba axlis miRebamde.

erTi saxelmwifos mier meoresTvis teritoriis gadacemis, saxelmwifoebis

gaerTianebis, daSlis, gancalkevebis an misi teritoris nawilis an nawilebis

gamoyofis Sedegad samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoebis warmoSobisas mo-

qalaqeobis armqoneTa gaCenis Tavidan acilebis mizniT evrosabWom miiRo

samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoTa warmoSobis Sedegad moqalaqeobis uqon-

lobis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb konvencia. es dokumenti miiRes 2006 wlis 15

marts da moicavs samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos warmoSobis pirobebSi mo-

qalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul wesebs. misi 22 muxli gvTavazobs

praqtikul saxelmZRvanelo principebs iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa yofili

da momavali saxelmwifoebis pasuxismgebloba, mtkicebis wesebi, dabadebiT

moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Tavidan acileba, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa mier

moqalaqeobis miRebaSi daxmareba da a. S..

1999 wels afrikis erTobis organizaciam (amJamad afrikis kavSiri) miiRo af-

rikuli qartia bavSvTa uflebebis da keTildReobis Sesaxeb. bavSvTa uflebebis

konvenciis modelze Seqmnili qartia iziarebs manamde arsebuli konvenciis

ZiriTad principebs, rogoricaa diskriminaciis aRkveTa da bavSvis inter-

esebisTvis upirvelesi mniSvnelobis miniWeba. qartiis me-6 muxli, romelSic

saubaria saxelsa da moqalaqeobaze, amtkicebs rom:

yovel bavSvs dabadebisTanave unda hqondes saxelis tarebis ufleba;•

yoveli bavSvi dabadebisTanave unda iyos registrirebuli;•

yovel bavSvs unda hqondes moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba;•

qartiis wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon sakuTari konstituci-•

uri kanonmdeblobis mier im principebis aRiareba, romelTa Tanaxmadac

bavSvma unda miiRos im saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba, romlis teritoriazec

daibada, Tu dabadebis momentSi ar mieniWa sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba

im qveynis kanonebis Tanaxmad.

19

Tavi 2

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa identificireba da dacva

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb erovnuli kanonebis, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis

Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciisa da sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebis

saSualebiT moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis mcdelobis

miuxedavad, gluki-s monacemebiT msoflioSi milionobiT adamiani cxovrobs

moqalaqeobis gareSe. gaeros 1954 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa statusis Sesaxeb adgens, Tu vin aris moqalaqeobis armqone piri, xels

uwyobs maT samarTlebriv identificirebasa da ZiriTadi uflebebiTa da

TavisuflebiT diskriminaciis gareSe sargeblobas.

„Cven ver vSoulobT mudmiv samsaxurs, ar SegviZlia gadaadgileba, im navebs

vgavarT, romelTac navTsayudeli ar gaaCniaT. ganaTlebac da jandacvac

CvenTvis miuwvdomelia. me ver davamTavre skola da ver movxvdi kolejSi.

mxolod kerZo klinikaSi misvla SemiZlia da ara saxelmwifoSi.“

abdula, moqalaqeobis armqone beduini,

mcxovrebi arabeTis gaerTianebul emiratebSi

vin aris moqalaqeobis armqone piri?

1954 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqones uwodebs pirs, romelic „ar iTv-

leba arc erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqed iq moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad“

(muxli 1.) es mxolod samarTlebrivi gansazRvrebaa. igi ar exeba moqalaqeobis

xarisxs, miniWebis meTodebs an xelmisawvdomobas. gansazRvreba ubralod

Seexeba kanonis moqmedebas, romlis mixedviTac qveynis kanonmdebloba mo-

qalaqeobis Sesaxeb ex lege, anu avtomaturad adgens, vin aris moqalaqe.

mocemuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, „moqalaqeobis armqone pirad“ aRiarebisTvis

pirma unda daamtkicos sawinaaRmdego, anu is, rom mas aranairi samarTlebrivi

kavSiri ar aqvs romelime konkretul saxelmwifosTan.

moqalaqeobis uqonlobis mtkicebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebma unda gadaxe-

don im qveynebis kanonmdeblobas moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelTanac pirs adre

gaaCnda kavSiri (magaliTad, rogoricaa dabadebis adgili, yofili mudmivi

sacxovrebeli, saxelmwifo (an saxelmwifoebi), romlis moqalaqeebic arian

meuRle an Svilebi, mSoblebi an bebia da babua), am qveynebTan konsultaciebi

gaiaron da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moiTxovon mtkicebuleba. saxelmwifoebma

pirovnebisagan unda moiTxovon sruli TanamSromloba da yvela saWiro faq-

tis da informaciis miwodeba. gluks SeuZlia saxelmwifoebs Soris konsul-

taciebs Seuwyos xeli da moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva saxelmwifosgan

moipovos Sesabamis kanonebsa da maT SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli teqnikuri

informacia.

saxelmwifos xelisuflebis mier warmodgenili sabuTebi, romlebic adasture-

ben konkretuli piris moqalaqeobis uqonlobas, mtkicebulebis sando formaa.

Tumca amgvari mtkicebuleba yovelTvis ar aris xelmisawvdomi. warmoSobis

20

an yofili mudmivi sacxovrebeli qveynis Sesabamisma organoebma SesaZloa

uari ganacxadon moqalaqeobis arqonis damadasturebeli dokumentebis

gacemaze an ubralod upasuxod datovon moTxovna. zogierTi saxelmwifos

xelisuflebam SesaZloa uari ganacxados imis dadgenaze, Tu romel pirs ar

aqvs masTan samarTlebrivi kavSiri. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu saxelmwifo uars

acxadebs piris moqalaqeobis dadasturebaze, es uari TavisTavad mtkiceb-

ulebaa, vinaidan saxelmwifo Tavis moqalaqeebze aucileblad gaavrcelebda

diplomatiur dacvas.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom pirze ar gavrceldes 1954 wlis

konvenciis debulebebi?

1954 wlis konvenciis preambula adasturebs, rom moqalaqeobis armqone

ltolvilebs moicavs ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvencia da,

aqedan gamomdinare, maT ar exeba 1954 wlis konvencia.

moqalaqeobis armqone piris gansazRvris garda, 1954 wlis konvenciis pirveli

muxli gamoyofs im pirebsac, romlebzec miuxedavad imisa, rom eqcevian am

cnebis CarCoebSi (anu isinic moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi arian), garkveuli

mizezebis gamo konvencia ar vrceldeba _ isini an ar saWiroeben amgvar

dacvas, vinaidan ukve sargebloben konkretuli samarTlebrivi sqemebiT, an

saerTaSoriso daxmarebiT, an ar imsaxureben saerTaSoriso dacvas Cadenili

danaSaulis gamo. aq igulisxmebian pirebi:

„romlebic sargebloben gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis •

garda gaerTianebuli erebis sxva organoebis an saagentoebis dacviT an

daxmarebiT manam, sanam es daxmareba gagrZeldeba.“

gaerTianebuli erebis axlo aRmosavleTSi palestineli ltolvilebis Tvis •

daxmarebisa da samuSaoebis saagento (UNRWA) amJamad gaeros erTaderTi

organoa, romelsac es debuleba exeba.

`romelTa mimarTac adgilsamyofeli qveynis kompetenturi xelisufleba •

cnobs moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul uflebebsa da movaleobebs.“

es imas niSnavs, rom Tu moqalaqeobis armqone pirs qveyanaSi gaaCnia

kanonieri sacxovrebeli adgili da eniWeba imaze meti uflebebi, vidre

1954 wlis konvencia iTvaliswinebs, kerZod ki sruli ekonomikuri da

socialuri uflebebi, riTac qveynis moqalaqe sargeblobs deportaciisa

da gaZevebisagan dacvis CaTvliT, maSin am piris mimarT konvenciis de-

bulebebis gamoyeneba saWiro ar aris imis miuxedavad, rom es pirovneba

moqalaqeobis armqone piria.

`romlebmac Caidines danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg, samxedro dana-•

Sauli an danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg, rogorc es gansazRvrulia

saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi;

`romlebmac Caidines arapolitikuri xasiaTis mZime danaSauli mudmivi

sacxovrebeli qveynis farglebs gareT am qveyanaSi Sesvlis nebarTvis

miRebamde“ an

`brali miuZRviT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis miznebisa da

principebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi.“

21

rodis aRar CaiTvleba pirovneba moqalaqeobis armqone pirad ?

moqalaqeobis armqoned piri aRar CaiTvleba, rodesac is moqalaqeobas

miiRebs.

2003 wlis dekemberSi eTiopiaSi da 2004 wlis noemberSi kongos demokratiul

respublikaSi miiRes moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonebi, rac miznad isaxavs am or

qveyanaSi bevri moqalaqeobis ar mqone adaminis problemebis mogvrarebas. amas

sakmaod didi dro dasWirdeba. eTiopiis kanonmdebloba iq mcxovreb uamrav

adamians aZlevs moqalaqeobis xelmeored miRebis uflebas, maSin rodesac

kongos demokratiuli respublikis axali kanonebi xels uwyobs qveynis

moqalaqeTa jgufis dadgenas.

ra procedurebs mimarTaven piris moqalaqeobis arqonis

dasadgenad?

marTalia, 1954 wlis konvencia gvTavazobs moqalaqeobis armqone piris gansaz-

Rvrebas, magram ar SeumuSavebia Sesabamisi procedura. amdenad, es saxelmwifos

da im pirTa interesebSia, viszec vrceldeba es konvencia, raTa saxelmwifom

iseTi kanonmdebloba SeimuSavos, romelic gansazRvravs moqalaqeobis armqone

piris dadgenis meTodebs. amgvarma kanonmdeblobam aseve unda gansazRvros, Tu

vin iqneba gadawyvetilebis mimRebi da Camoayalibos pirovnebis moqalaqeobis

armqone pirad cnobis Sedegebi.

zogierTma saxelmwifom miiRo normatiuli aqtebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, mTav-

robaSi an Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi dadginda specialuri struqturebi

- samsaxurebi, romlebic imuSaveben uSualod TavSesafris maZieblebTan,

ltolvilebTan da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebTan. magaliTad, maT daevalebaT

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ganacxadebis ganxilva da iuridiuli daskvnebis

gamotana. sxva saxelmwifoebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT moqalaqeobis uqonlobis

damdgeni procedurebis sakanonmdeblo baza, qmnian administraciul an sasa-

marTlo organoebs, romelTa amocanac piris moqalaqeobis arqonis faqtis

dadgenaa. saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas saerTod ar gaaCnia raime procedura.

xSir SemTxvevebSi, moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sakiTxi Tavs iCens ltolvilis

statusis dadgenis proceduris dros. aseT dros moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi

SesaZloa moeqcnen humanitaruli da damatebiTi dacvis procedurebis CarCoSi.

faqtobrivad, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi iZulebulni iqnebian warmoadginon

gancxadeba TavSesafris mopovebis Taobaze mxolod imis gamo, rom maTTvis

miuwvdomelia sxva procedura.

zogierT qveyanas ar gaaCnia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dadgenis special-

uri procedurebi, magram SesaZloa es sakiTxi wamoiWras maSin, rodesac piri

ganacxads akeTebs binadrobis nebarTvaze an samgzavro sabuTebze, an Tu

uari eTqva TavSesafris miniWebaze da sxva safuZvliT iTxovs TavSesafris

qveyanaSi darCenas.

safrangeTSi moqalaqeobis armqone piris statusis cnobis proceduras

xelmZRvanelobs safrangeTis ltolvilTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa

dacvis samsaxuri (OFPRA), romlis mandatic moicavs moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebisaTvis iuridiuli da administraciuli dacvis gawevas. ganacxadebi

pirdapir safrangeTis ltolvilTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis

frangul samsaxurs (OFPRA) egzavneba.

22

espaneTSi kanoni ucxoelTa Sesaxeb uzrunvelyofs Sinagan saqmeTa saministros

mier moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis statusis aRiarebas im proceduris

saSualebiT, romelsac aregulirebs samefo dekreti. ganmcxadeblebs

SeuZliaT miakiTxon policiis ganyofilebebs an TavSesafrisa da ltolvilTa

samsaxurs (OAR). sagamoZiebo fazis dasrulebis Semdeg TavSesafrisa da

ltolvilTa samsaxuri uZRveba proceduras, Semdeg ki dasabuTebul Sefasebas

gadascems Sinagan saqmeTa saministros.

italiaSi 1993 wlis normatiuli aqti, erTi wliT adre miRebul moqalaqeobis

kanonSi cvlilebebis SetaniT, uflebamosilebas aniWebs Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros, daadginos moqalaqeobis armqone piris statusi.

im konkretuli procedurebis gareSe, romelic moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa

identifkacias emsaxureba, SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu moqalaqeobis uqon-

lobis ramdeni SemTxvevaa aRuricxavi da, aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia

problemis masStaburobis dadgenac.

ra mtkicebuleba moiTxoveba?

Cveulebriv, ganmcxadeblma unda warmoadginos misi „warmoSobis qveynis“

saelCos an sakonsulos mier gacemuli dokumentacia _ anu misi dabadebis

qveynis an im qveynis, romelmac gasca moqmedi samgzavro sabuTebi - romelic

adasturebs, rom piri ar aris moqalaqe. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, es yovelTvis

ar aris SesaZlebeli. Tu srulyofili dokumentaciis miRebis saSualeba ar

aris, zogierTma saxelmwifom SeiZleba ikmaros sxva saxis mtkicebulebebic,

magaliTad, rogoricaa, moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis

analizi an mowmeebisa da mesame pirTa ganacxadebi. informaciis moZiebisas

SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes sxvadasaxva departamentebis da saministroebis er-

Toblivi Zalisxmeva rogorc mTavrobis SigniT, aseve qveynebs Soris.

am droisTvis saxelmwifoebs Soris ar arsebobs urTierTSeTanxmebuli

midgoma moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dasadgenad. moqalaqeobis uqonlobis

mtkicebulebis dadgenis kriteriumi yvela saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebulia. erT

saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobili piri SesaZloa meore saxlem-

wofom ar aRiaros aseTad.

2005 wels glukma gamosca angariSi _ evrokavSiris wevr saxlemwifoebSi

1954 wlis konvenciis danergvis Sesaxeb. gamoirkva, rom evrokavSiris

saxelmwifoebis umetesobas jerac ar hqonda SemuSavebuli konkretuli

meqanizmebi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis dadgenisa da cnobisaTvis;

amis nacvlad gamoiyeneboda TavSesafriT uzrunvelyofis procedurebi.

amdenad, SeuZlebelia evrokavSiris farglebSi moqalaqeobis armqoneTa

problemis masStabis dadgena. amasTan, moxsenebis Seqmnisas glukma yuradReba

gaamaxvila erovnul doneze arsebul saukeTeso gamocdilebaze, romlis

gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia evrokavSiris qveynebSi moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa statusis dadgenisa da cnobis procedurebis harmonizebis mizniT;

es gamocdileba saxelmZRvanelod gamoadgebaT aseve im saxelmwifoebs,

romelTac ukve moaxdines 1954 wlis konvenciis ratificireba.

vin wyvets piris moqalaqeobis arqonis sakiTxs?

moqalaqeobis armqoneTa statusis dasadgenad saWiroa am sferoSi kvali-

ficirebuli personali, romelsac SeuZlia operatiulad da obieqturad

23

ganixilos ganacxadi zed darTuli mtkicebulebiTurT. dadgenaze pasuxismge-

beli centraluri xelisufleba amgvarad Seamcirebda urTierTsawinaaRmdego

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis risks, ufro efeqturad moiZiebda da Seagrovebda

warmoSobis qveynebis Sesaxeb informacias da mizanmimarTuli muSaobiT uke-

Tesad SeZlebda gamocdilebis gaRrmavebas moqalaqeobis arqonasTan dakav-

Sirebul saqmeebSi. moqalaqeobis armqone piris statusis dadgena moiTxovs

sxva qveynebis kanonebis, debulebebis codnas, ukve arsebuli gamocdilebis

Seswavlas da analizs. gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebi, saqmeSi centraluri

xelisuflebis CarTvis gareSec, TanamSromloben rogorc mTavrobis SigniT,

aseve sxva saxelmwifoebSi im kolegebTan, romelTac moqalaqeobis da mo-

qalaqeobis uqonlobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis saTanado codna gaaCniaT.

ramdenad xelmisawvdomia es procedura calkeuli pirebisTvis?

1954 wlis konvencia ar avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, rom maT kanonieri

sacxovrebeli adgili mianiWon pirs, sanam moqalaqeobis armqone pirad cno-

bis Sesaxeb misi mimarTvis ganxilva ar dasrulebula. Tumca, radganac piri

imyofeba saxelmwifos teritoriaze, misi moqalaqeobrivi statusis dadgena

SesaZloa problemis mogvarebis erTaderTi saSualeba aRmoCndes. Tu pirs

daudginda moqalaqeobis arqona da Tu ar arsebobs yofil mudmiv sacxovrebel

qveyanaSi dabrunebis Sansi an Tu ar arsebobs aseTi qveyana, maSin misi saxelm-

wifoSi SeSveba da iq dasarCenad nebismieri tipis kanonieri nebarTvis gacema,

albaT, erTaderTi marTebuli gadawyvetileba iqneba.

Tu pirovnebam Seitana ganacxadi moqalaqeobis armqone pirad aRiarebis

Sesaxeb an, Tu xelisufleba cdilobs daadginos piris moqalaqeobis arqonis

sakiTxi, maSin procesis damTavrebamde SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes am adamianis

uzrunvelyofa droebiTi sacxovrebliT. konvenciaSi araferia naTqvami

imis Taobaze, moqalaqeobis armqone piris statusis cnobis Sesaxeb ganacx-

adis ganxilvis dasrulebamde unda mieces, Tu ara pirs qveyanaSi kanonieri

cxovrebis ufleba. aRniSnul procedurebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoTa

praqtika mravalferovania.

Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi proceduria principebi moiTxovs ganmcxadeblebi-

saTvis Semdegi garantiebis miniWebas:

ganacxadis individualuri ganxilva,romelSic ganmcxadebelsac SeuZlia •

monawileobis miReba;

ganacxadis obieqturad ganxilvis ufleba;•

proceduris xangrZlivobis SezRudva;•

proceduris Sesaxeb informaciis ganmcxadeblisaTvis gasageb enaze •

xelmisawvdomoba;

iuridiuli daxmarebiTa da Tarjimnis momsaxurebiT sargeblobis •

ufleba;

konfidencialurobis da informaciis dacvis ufleba;•

gadawyvetilebisa da misi ganmapirobebeli mizezebis miReba; da•

miRebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba.•

moqalaqeobis armqones statusze zog ganmcxadebels, kerZod, mzrunvelobis

24

gareSe darCenil bavSvebs, gaaCnia specialuri saWiroebebi, rac moiTxovs gan-

sxvavebuli proceduruli debulebebis gamoyenebas. es debulebebi SeiZleba

iTvaliswinebdnen meurvis daniSvnas, romelic warmoadgens an daxmarebas

gauwevs mzrunvelobis gareSe darCenil bavSvs administraciuli proceduris

msvlelobisas.

SeuZlia Tu ara saxelmwifos daakavos moqalaqeobis armqone

piri, romelsac ara aqvs qveyanaSi kanonieri darCenis ufleba?

Cveulebriv, moqalaqeobis armqone piri ar unda daakavon. moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebs xSirad ar gaaCniaT piradobis damadasturebeli dokumentebi (mag. pira-

dobis mowmobebi an pasportebi), romlebic maTi vinaobis dadgenaSi dagvexmare-

boda. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu dadginda yofili sacxovrebeli qveyana, xSirad

igi umalve ar Tanxmdeba piris xelaxla miRebaze. aseT mdgomareobaSi unda

veridoT piris dakavebas da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mivmarToT am RonisZiebebs,

roca amas calsaxad moiTxovs erovnuli kanonmdebloba, rac, Tavis mxriv,

Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTals. Tavidan unda iqnes

gamoyenebuli dakavebis alternatiuli RonisZieba, Tu ar arsebobs sakmarisi

mtkicebulebebi saimisod, rom alternatiuli zomebis gamoyeneba ar iqneba

efeqturi aRniSnuli piris mimarT.

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT qveyanaSi kanonieri yof-

nis ufleba, unda daakavon mxolod yvela SesaZlo alternativis ganxilvis

Semdeg. gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi dakavebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas

xelisuflebam unda gansazRvros, dakaveba ramdenad misaRebia da ramdenad

Seesabameba saboloo mizans. Tu dadginda amis saWiroeba, dakavebas ar unda

hqondes diskriminaciuli xasiaTi da unda ganisazRvros drois minimaluri

periodiT. TxovniT mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi, aseT saqmeebze gluks SeuZlia

rCevis micema.

samuSao jgufi ukanono dakavebis sakiTxze

gaeros adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komisia 1985 wlidan swavlobs

SemaSfoTeblad gavrcelebul ukanono dakavebis SemTxvevebs. man sakiTxis

safuZvliani Seswavla da arsebuli problemebis aRmosafxvrelad

rekomendaciebis wardgena mosTxova diskriminaciis Tavidan acilebisa da

umciresobaTa dacvis qve-komisias. daintereseba im garantiebiT, romliTac

unda sargeblobdes yvela TavisuflebaSezRuduli piri, gamovlinda 1988

wels, rodesac gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo principTa krebuli yvela

piris dasacavad nebismieri formis dakavebis an dapatimrebisas. 1990 wels qve-

komisiis mier zemoxsenebuli moxsenebiT gaTvaliswinebuli rekomendaciebis

Sesrulebisas adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komisiam Seqmna samuSao jgufi

ukanono dakavebis sakiTxze. mogvianebiT samuSao jgufma miiRo Semdegi

principebi, romlebic aregulireben dapatimrebasa da dakavebas:

principi 1

TavSesafris maZiebels an migrants, romelsac sazRvarze an qveyanaSi

ukanonod Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi erovnuli teritoriis farglebs SigniT

dasakiTxad akaveben, sul mcire, zepiri formiT, misTvis gasageb enaze unda

ecnobos im mizezebis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom da ris safuZelze eubnebian uars

sazRvris gadakveTaze an qveyanaSi droebiT cxovrebis uflebaze. yovelive

es pirovnebisadmi pativiscemis gamoxatviT unda ganxorcieldes.

25

principi 2

nebismier TavSesafris maZiebels an migrants dakavebis periodSi unda

hqondes, garesamyarosTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba, maT Soris telefoniT,

faqsiT an eleqtronuli fostiT. unda mieces advokatTan, sakonsulos

warmomadgenelTan da naTesavebTan dakavSirebis ufleba.

principi 3

nebismieri dapatimrebuli TavSesafris maZiebeli an migranti dauyovnebliv

unda wardges sasamarTlo an sxva xelisuflebis organos winaSe.

principi 4

nebismieri TavSesafris maZiebeli an migranti, dapatimrebisas xels unda

awerdes reestrSi, romelic unda iyos danomrili da akinZuli an Seicavdes

identificirebis sxvagvar garantiebs; aseve masSi unda aRiniSnebodes

informacia dakavebis safuZvlebsa da xelisuflebis kompetenturi organos

im gankargulebis Taobaze, romlis safuZvelzec moxda piris dakaveba, aseve

dakavebisa da gaTavisuflebis dro da TariRi.

principi 5

nebismier TavSesafris maZiebels an imigrants sapyrobileSi moTavsebamde

unda miewodos informacia Sinaganawesis, Sesabamisi disciplinaruli wesebis

da izolirebul patimrobaSi SesaZlo moxvedris Sesaxeb; aseve im garantiebis

Sesaxeb, rac Tan sdevs amgvar zomebs.

principi 6

gadawyvetileba unda miiRos Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis da saTanado donis

pasuxismgeblobis mqone saxelmwifo organom da unda efuZnebodes kanonis

mier dadgenil samarTlianobis kriteriumebs.

principi 7

patimrobis vadis zeda zRvari dadgenili unda iyos kanoniT; dauSvebelia,

patimrobis vada iyos SeuzRudavi an uzomod xangrZlivi.

principi 8

TavSesafris maZiebls an migrants Tavisuflebis aRkveTis zomebis Sesaxeb

uwyeba misTvis gasageb enaze werilobiTi formiT eZleva. dokumenti unda

asaxavdes miRebuli zomebis safuZvels; pirobebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac

TavSesafris maZiebels an migrants SesaZlebloba aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlo

xelisuflebas; igi droulad gadawyvets miRebuli zomis kanonierebis

sakiTxs da Tuki saWirod CaTvlis, gascems brZanebas piris gaTavisuflebis

Taobaze.

principi 9

patimrobis vadis moxda xorcieldeba specialurad am miznisaTvis gankuTvnil

saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi; Tuki es praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, TavSesafris

maZiebeli an migranti unda moTavsdes sisxlis samarTlebrivi danaSaulisaTvis

braldebuli pirebisgan gancalkevebiT.

principi 10

sapatimroSi Sesvlis ufleba unda mieceT ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisris

ofiss (gluki), wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitets (ICRC) da, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil arasamTavrobo

organizaciebs.

26

ra ufleba_movaleobebi gaaCniaT moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobil

pirebs?

adamianis uflebebSi aris ramdenime fundamenturi ufleba, romlebic

vrceldeba yvela pirze, miuxedavad maTi statusisa Tu konkretul iuris-

diqciaSi yofnis saxisa. magaliTad, wamebis da diskriminaciis akrZalva. ra

Tqma unda, 1954 wlis konvencia adasturebs, rom misi debulebebi vrceldeba

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebze „rasis, religiisa Tu warmoSobis qveynis niSniT

diskriminaciis gareSe.“ (muxli 3).

moqalaqeobis armqone yvela piri valdebulia daemorCilos adgilsamyofeli

qveynis kanonebs da wesebs (muxli 2). am valdebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

konvenciis me-7(1) muxli adgens dacvis sawyis dones, romelic eniWeba mo-

qalaqeobis armqone pirs. kerZod, miuTiTebs, rom garda im SemTxvevebisa,

roca konvencia pirdapir Seicavs ufro SeRavaTian damokidebulebas, „wevri

saxelmwifo moqalaqeobis armqone pirs iseve eqceva, rogorc nebismier ucxo-

els zogadad“.

rac Seexeba 1954 wlis konvenciaSi CamoTvlil uflebaTa umetesobas, mo-

qalaqeobis armqone pirebisTvis ukidures SemTxvevaSi xelmisawvdomi unda

iyos yvelaferi is, rac garantirebulia ucxoelebisTvis; kerZod, igulisxmeba

samuSaoze daqiraveba (muxlebi 17, 18 da 19), sajaro ganaTleba (muxli 22),

dabinaveba (muxli 21) da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba (muxli 26). sxva konk-

retuli uflebebisTvis wevri saxelmwifoebi maT teritoriaze kanonierad

mcxovreb moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs iseTive standartul garemos uqmnian,

rogorc sakuTar moqalaqeebs; konkretulad, aniWeben religiuri aRzrdis

Tavisuflebis (muxli 4), saavtoro uflebebis da samrewvelo sakuTrebis

(muxli 14), sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebis (muxli 16), saxelmwifo

Semweobis (muxli 23), Sromis kanonmdeblobis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis

(muxli 24) SesaZleblobas.

moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobil pirebs SeuZliaT Tu ara

piradobis damadasturebeli mowmobis da samgzavro sabuTebis

miReba ?

konvenciis Tanaxmad, wevrma saxelmwifom unda gasces piradobis damadasture-

beli mowmobebi mis teritoriaze mcxovreb nebismier moqalaqeobis armqone

pirze, visac ar gaaCnia moqmedi samgzavro sabuTebi. 28-e muxli adgens, rom

wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda gascen samgzavro sabuTebi maT teritoriaze

kanonierad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisTvis, Tu es ar ewinaaRm-

degeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis da sajaro wesrigis interesebs.

sabuTis gacema ar gulisxmobs moqalaqeobis miniWebas, ar cvlis piris statuss

da ar aZlevs mas diplomatiuri dacviT sargeblobis uflebas.

28-e muxlis meore nawili mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs gascen samgzavro

sabuTebi maT teritoriaze mcxovreb nebismier moqalaqeobis armqone pirze

im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi ukanonod imyofeba qveyanaSi. saxelmwifoebs eTxo-

vaT ganexilaT konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli samgzavro dokumentebis gacema

im moqalaqeobis armqone pirTaTvis, vinc maT teritoriaze imyofeba da ar

SeuZliaT am sabuTebis miReba TavianTi kanonieri sacxovrebeli qveynisgan.

es debuleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan moqalaqeobis armqone

27

mraval pirs SesaZloa ar gaaCndes kanonieri sacxovrebeli qveyana. samgzavro

dokumentebi axdens piris identificirebasac da amasTanave aZlevs mas sxva

saxelmwifoSi Sesvlis SesaZleblobas.

samgzavro sabuTebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs sxva

qveynebSi saswavlo, samuSao, janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis Tu gadasaxlebis

mizniT mogzaur moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs. konvenciis danarTis Tanaxmad,

saxelmwifoebi SeTanxmdnen cnon sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis mier gacemuli

samgzavro dokumentebis qmedunarianoba. amgvari sabuTebis Sesaqmnelad gluks

SeuZlia SesTavazos teqnikuri rCevebi.

SeuZlia Tu ara saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobili

piris qveynidan gaZeveba?

konvenciis pirobebis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia qveyanaSi kanonierad mcxovrebi

moqalaqeobis armqone piris gaZeveba, Tuki amas erovnuli usafrTxoebis da

sajaro wesrigis interesebis dacva ar moiTxovs. safuZvliani mizezebis ar-

sebobis SemTxvevaSi, gaZeveba xdeba ”Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procedurebis”

dacviT. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, unda arsebobdes proceduruli garan-

tiebi, rac uflebas miscems moqalaqeobis armqone pirs, waradginos mtkice-

bulebebi da uaryos nebismieri braldeba, isargeblos advokatis daxmarebiT

da daitovos ganaCenis gasaCivrebis ufleba.

konvenciis saboloo aqti mianiSnebs, rom gaZevebis an iZulebiT dabrunebis

akrZalva (Non-Refoulement) sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principia. argaZevebis

principi (piri ar daabrunon im teritoriaze, sadac mas devnis safrTxe

emuqreba) asaxulia mravali saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis debulebebSi, maT

Sorisaa ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb gaeros 1951 wlis konvenciis 33-e

muxli, wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyro-

bis da dasjis winaaRmdeg konvenciis me_3 muxli, samoqalaqo da politikuri

uflebebis saerTSoriso paqtis me_7 muxli da adamianis uflebaTa ramdenime

regionuli dokumenti.

mas Semdeg, rac gaZevebis akrZalva saerTaSoriso samarTlis principad

iqna miRebuli, konvenciis avtorebma saWirod aRar CaTvales misi xazgasma

im muxlebSi, romelic aregulirebs de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis

statuss.

qveynidan gaZevebis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi,

konvencia sTxovs saxelmwifoebs, rom pirs mieces sakmarisi dro sxva qveyanaSi

Sesvlis uflebis mosapoveblad.

naturalizaciis ra tipis proceduraa xelmisawvdomi

moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobili pirebisTvis?

konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebs daevalaT xeli Seuwyon moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa asimilaciisa da naturalizaciis process (sityva „asimilacia“ aq

gulisxmobs ara konkretuli piris identurobis dakargvas, aramed mis in-

tegracias qveynis ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul sivrceSi). kerZod,

saxelmwifoebs moeTxovebaT, yvela Rone ixmaron, raTa daaCqaron natural-

izaciis procesebi, maT Soris gadasaxadebisa da xarjebis SeZlebisdagvarad

Semcirebac.

28

timor-lestes indoneziisgan gamoyofisa da damoukideblobis gamocxadebis

Semdeg, indoneziaSi mcxovrebi yvela aRmosavleT timoreli arCevanis winaSe

dadga: maT an indoneziis moqalaqeoba unda SeenarCunebinaT, an timor-lestes

moqalaqeoba mieRoT. am SemTxvevaSi isini SeZlebdnen indoneziaSi darCenas

rogorc ucxoelebi, moqmedi binadrobis nebarTviT.

zogierTma qveyanam moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi gaiTvaliswina

ltolvilebis da moqalaqeobis armqoneTa naturalizaciisTvis qveyanaSi

kanonier safuZvelze yofnis Semcirebuli vadebi.

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1997 wlis evropuli konvencia (ECN) kidev ufro avi-

Tarebs am rekomendacias da moiTxovs, rom Sida kanonmdebloba Seicavdes

wesebs, romelic saxelmwifos teritoriaze kanonierad da mudmivad mcx-

ovreb ucxoelebs naturalizaciis procesis gavlis SesaZleblobas miscems.

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb evropuli konvencia damatebiT zRudavs im moTxovnas,

romelic naturalizaciaze ganacxadis Sesatanad qveyanasi 10-ze meti wlis

cxovrebas saWiroebs. konvencia aseve mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, ganixilon

naturalizaciis swrafi procedurebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba moqalaqeo-

bis armqone da ltolvilad aRiarebuli pirebisTvis.

riTi aris mniSvnelovani konvenciis saboloo aqti?

saboloo aqtis rekomendaciiT, yoveli wevri saxelmwifo, Tuki aRiarebs

im mizezebis dasaSvebobas, romelTa gamoc pirma uari ganacxada Tavisi

moqalaqeobis qveynis dacvaze, gagebiT moekideba am piris mimarT igive

midgomis SemuSavebis SesaZleblobas, rac konvenciiT moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa mimarT aris dadgenili. aRniSnuli rekomendacia miiRes im de faqto

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTac for-

malurad jer kidev SenarCunebuli aqvT moqalaqeoba, magram ver sargebloben

amiT, gansakuTrebiT ki Tavisi saxelmwifos dacviT.

romelia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis saukeTeso

saSualeba?

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba iseTi kanon-

mdeblobis Seqmnaa, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, gamoricxavs moqalaqeobis

uqonlobis warmoSobas (srulyofili ganxilvisTvis ixileT moqalaqeobis

armqoneTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciis mesame Tavi da is

zomebi, romelTa miReba SeuZliaT saxelmwifoebs moqalaqeobis uqonlobis

SemTxvevebis Sesamcireblad an mTlianad aRmosafxvrelad).

moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problemis sabolood aRmofxvramde moqalaqeobis

armqoned aRiarebul adamianebs esaWiroebaT dacva. moqalaqeobis armqone

piris statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis konvenciasTan mierTeba, misi ganxorcieleba

da ganaxlebuli kanonmdeblobis miReba mogvcems safuZvels vifiqroT, rom

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa uflebebi da movaleobebi daculi iqneba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1954 wlis konvencia arc piris moqalaqeobas cv-

lis da arc saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, sakuTar teritoriaze SeuSvan ara

_ltolvili moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi. 1954 wlis konvenciis debulebebis

gamoyenebiT ver gadawydeba moqalaqeobis miniWebis saWiroebis sakiTxi. ramdena-

dac es SesaZlebelia, saxelmwifoebma maT teritoriaze mcxovreb moqalaqeobis

armqone pirebs moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanomdeblobisa da praqtikis meSveobiT

29

asamiliaciisa da naturalizaciis procesSi xeli unda Seuwyon. amas adgilo-

briv integracias uwodeben.

2005 wels yirgizeTis da TurqmeneTis mTavrobebma moqalaqeobis gamartivebuli

wesiT miRebis ufleba mianiWes tajikuri warmoSobis moqalaqeobis armqone

uamrav ltolvils, raTa maT TavSesafris qveyanaSi axali cxovrebis dawyebis

SesaZlebloba miscemodaT.

zogierT gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis

iuridiuli statusis regulireba im qveyanaSi, sadac isini cxovrobdnen.

amdenad, am pirebis sxva qveyanaSi gadasaxleba marTebuli gadawyvetilebaa.

roca gadasaxlebis kriteriumebi ar vrceldeba moqalaqeobis uqonlobis

SemTxvevebze (gadasaxleba Cveulebriv ltolvilebisTvis gamoiyeneba), glu-

kis aRmasrulebeli komitetis bolo dros SemuSavebuli rekomendaciiT,

saxelmwifoebma unda gaafarTovon arsebuli kriteriumebi da gaavrcelon

isini moqalaqeobis armqone pirebzec.

№ 95 (2003) daskvnaSi aRmasrulebelma komitetma

„mouwoda saxelmwifoebs, iTanamSromlon glukTan moqalaqeobis uqon-

lobis problemebis mogvarebis meTodebTan dakavSirebiT da erTad

imsjelon SesaZlo gadasaxlebis adgilebze, rodesac moqalaqeobis

armqone piris problemis gadawyveta SeuZlebelia maspinZel qveyanaSi

an yofil sacxovrebel qveyanaSi da gaurkveveli rCeba...“

gluks SeuZlia konsultacia gauwios da daexmaros saxelmwifoebs moqalaqeo-

bis armqone pirebis integraciis da gadasaxlebis sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi.

30

Tavi 3

moqalaqeobis arqonis mizezebis aRmofxvra

moqalaqeobis arqona SesaZloa mravalma mizezma gamoiwvios. qvemoT ganxi-

lulia moqalaqeobis arqonis ramdenime ZiriTadi mizezi da is praqtikuli

RonisZiebebi, romlebic moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganxilvisas

unda gaiTvaliswinon saxelmwifoebma, am problemis Tavidan asacileblad.

teqnikuri mizezebi

kanonTa Seusabamoba

problemebi SesaZloa maSin wamoiWras, rodesac erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeo-

bis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba winaaRmdegobaSi modis meore saxelmwifos kanonebT-

an, ris Sedegadac piri orive saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis gareSe rCeba. orive

kanonmdebloba SesaZloa saTanadod iyos Sedgenili, magram problema maTi

erTdrouli gamoyenebisas gaCndes. magaliTad, saxelmwifo A, sadac daibada

piri moqalaqeobas mxolod warmoSobis mixedviT aniWebs (jus sanguinis), magram am

piris mSoblebi B saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arian. meore mxriv, saxelmwifo B

moqalaqeobas dabadebis adgilis mixedviT aniWebs (jus soli), magram piri saxelm-

wifo A-Si daibada. amdenad, piri moqalaqeobis armqoned iqceva.

am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:

rogorc 1930 wlis haagis konvenciaSia mocemuli, yoveli saxelmwifo •

sakuTari kanonmdeblobis mixedviT wyvets, Tu vin aris misi moqalaqe.

sxva saxelmwifoebis mier aRiarebuli es kanoni unda Seesabamebodes

saerTaSoriso konvenciebs, saerTaSoriso tradiciebsa da samarTlis im

aRiarebul principebs, rac moqalaqeobis sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. aqedan

gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebi unda flobdnen moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanon-

mdeblobis ganaxlebul pakets da danergon is praqtikaSi moqalaqeobis

Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobebs Soris konfliqtis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.

moqalaqeobis armqoneTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvencia •

acxadebs, rom moqalaqeoba unda mieniWos:

_ kanonis moqmedebiT, am saxelmwifos teritoriaze dabadebul pirs

dabadebisTanave;

_ kanonis moqmedebiT dadgenil asakSi am saxelmwifos teritoriaze

dabadebul pirs, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad;

_ am saxelmwifos teritoriaze dabadebuli piris mier ganacxadis

wardgenis SemTxvevaSi (ganacxadis Setana SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs

CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis

wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi, dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi sacx-

ovrebeli adgilis mimarT, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul garkveul sisxlis

samarTlis danaSaulebze nasamarTlobis uqonloba da/an mtkicebuleba

31

imis Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone);

_ dabadebisTanave kanonier Svils, romlis dedasac aqvs im saxelmwifos

moqalaqeoba, sadac daibada bavSvi;

_ memkvidreobiT, pirs, romelic ver miiRebs im wevr saxelmwifos mo-

qalaqeobas, romlis teritoriazec is daibada, asakis an sacxovrebeli

adgilis mimarT wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis gamo (ganacxadis Setana

SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze meti

piroba: daculia ganacxadis wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi, dakmay-

ofilebulia moTxovnebi sacxovrebeli adgilis mimarT da/an mtkiceb-

uleba imis Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone);

_ wevr saxelmwifos teritoriaze napovn bavSvebs;

_ moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, piris dabadebisTanave (dabadebis adgilis

miuxedavad), Tu erT-erT mSobeli wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe iyo

bavSvis dabadebis momentSi;

_ erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, im piris mier ganacxadis wardgenis

SemTxvevaSi, romelic Tumca ar aris dabadebuli mocemuli saxelmwifos

teritoriaze, magram dabadebis droisaTvis misi erT_erTi mSobeli wevri

saxelmwifos moqalaqe iyo (ganacxadis Setana SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs

CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis

wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi, dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi sacx-

ovrebeli adgilis mimarT, erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul

danaSaulze nasamarTlobis uqonloba da/an mtkicebuleba imis Taobaze,

rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone).

saxelmwifoTa umetesoba • jus soli da jus sanguinis principebs aerTianebs

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi, raTa gansazRvros moqalaqeTa

ZiriTadi jgufi saxelmwifoSi da rogor xdeba dabadebisTanave mo-

qalaqeobis miniWeba. saxelmwifoebma, romelTaTvisac miuRebelia ormagi

moqalaqeoba, unda uzrunvelyon, rom garkveul asaks miRweulma pirma an

misma mSoblebma gaakeTon arCevani.

moqalaqeobaze uaris TqmasTan dakavSirebul kanonTa

Seusabamoba

zogierTi saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb uflebas aZlevs

pirebs, uari ganacxadon moqalaqeobaze sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis

miRebamde an amis garantiis Seqmnamde. amas xSirad moqalaqeobis arqonamde

mivyavarT. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kanonTa Seusabamoba SesaZloa maSin war-

moiSvas, rodesac erTi saxelmwifo pirs moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis uflebas

ar aZlevs saqmeSi CarTuli meore saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis miRebamde, es uka-

naskneli ki moqalaqeobas ar aZlevs pirs pirvelis moqalaqeobis uaryofamde.

zogjer SesaZloa pirs mosTxovon miRebul moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqma, raTa

SeZlos misi adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos moqalaqeobaze Seitanos ganacxadi;

amis gamo axali moqalaqeobis miRebamde piri moqalaqeobis armqone xdeba.

am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:

1961 wlis konvenciis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis dakargvis an masze uaris •

Tqmis winapiroba unda iyos sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis miReba an misi miRebis

32

garantia. gamonaklisis daSveba SesaZlebelia mxolod naturalizebuli

piris SemTxvevaSi, romelic miuxedavad formalobis da drois SezRudvis

Setyobinebisa, garkveuli wlebis manZilze sazRvargareT cxovrobs da

moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis survilis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas ver axerxebs.

aseT SemTxvevaSi naturalizebuli piri gaxlavT is, vinc moqalaqeoba

wevr saxelmwifosadmi wardgenili ganacxadis safuZvelze miiRo da am

ukanasknels SeeZlo uari eTqva ganacxadis dakmayofilebaze. moqalaqeobis

dakargva SesaZloa moxdes mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi

da Tan axldes sruli procesualuri garantiebi, rogoricaa sasamarTlos an

sxva damoukidebeli organos mier saqmis samarTlian ganxilvis ufleba.

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobam unda uzrunvelyos, rom arc erTma •

pirma ar ganacxados uari moqalaqeobaze sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis

miRebis an Sesabamisi organoebis mxridan moqalaqeobis miniWebis ofi-

cialuri da werilobiTi garantiebis miRebamde.

zogierTma saxelmwifom SemoiRo debulebebi, romlebic moqalaqeobis •

xelmeored miRebis nebas iZlevian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu piri kargavs an ar

Rebulobs sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas.

im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac akrZalulia ormagi moqalaqeoba an mravalmo-•

qalaqeoba, kanonmdeblobam unda uzrunvelyos, rom ar arsebobdes mo-

qalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis an misi dakargvis moTxovna, rogorc moqalaqeo-

bis miRebis an SenarCunebis winapiroba, rodesac moqalaqeobaze uaris

Tqma an misi dakargva SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, ltolvilebisgan ar unda

moiTxovon warmoSobis qveyanaSi dabruneba an am qveynis xelisuflebasTan

dakavSireba moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis mizniT.

warmatebuli gamocdileba: ukraina

1944 wels faSistur SeiraRebul ZalebTan TanamSromlobis braldebiT

200,000-ze meti TaTari gadaasaxles yirimidan sabWoTa kavSiris socialisturi

respublikebis sxvadasxva regionSi. umetesoba uzbekeTis socilistur

respublikaSi moxvda. ori aTwleulis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi

sabWos mdivanma gamoacxada, rom yirimeli TaTrebis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli

braldebebi usafuZvlo iyo da maT SeeZloT ecxovraT sabWoTa kavSiris

nebismier teritoriaze, yirimis naxevarkunZulis CaTvliT.

Tumca is TaTrebi, romelTac yirimSi dabruneba gadawyvites, problemebis

winaSe aRmoCndnen registraciis, dasaqmebis, miwisa da gansaxlebis

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. 1987 wels sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWom

miiRo dadgenileba, romelic krZalavda yirimeli TaTrebis repatriacias

naxevarkunZulis Sida rva raionSi, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT maTi dabruneba

uwindel sacxovrebel adgilebze, gacilebiT nayofier da ganviTarebul

samxreT sanapiroze. ori wlis Semdeg, rac umaRlesma sabWom „arakanonierad

da danaSaulebrivad“ gamoacxada „iZulebiT deportirebuli adamianebisaTvis“

uflebebis CamorTmeva, yirimSi masiuri dabruneba daiwyo.

1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad moulodnelad warmoiSva

politikuri da samarTlebrivi problemebi saxelmwifos samarTalmemkvidreobis,

teritoriuli sazRvrebis gadanawilebis da moqalaqeobis Taobaze.

ukraina, romlis SemadgenlobaSic dReisaTvis yirimic Sedis, yofili ukrainis

socialisturi respublikis memkvidre gaxda. qveynis moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb

pirveli kanonis (1991 weli) Tanaxmad, pirebi, vinc yofili sabWoTa kavSiris

33

moqalaqeebi iyvnen da mudmivad cxovrobdnen ukrainis teritoriaze yirimis

CaTvliT, 1991 wlis 24 agvistos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg

avtomaturad (ex lege) gaxdnen ukrainis moqalaqeebi ganurCevlad warmoSobisa,

socialuri statusisa, rasisa, moqalaqeobisa, sqesisa, ganaTlebisa, mSobliuri

enisa, politikuri Sexedulebisa Tu religiisa. avtomaturad ukrainis

moqalaqeobis miReba am pirebs ar SeeZloT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini

sxva qveynis moqalaqeebi iyvnen an ar hqondaT survili mieRoT ukrainis

moqalaqeoba. im pirebma, romelTac registrirebuli hqondaT kanonieri

sacxovrebeli adgili ukrainaSi damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlidan sami Tvis Semdeg, avtomaturad

miiRes ukrainis moqalaqeoba. am debulebis safuZvelze 150,000 yirimelma

TaTarma ukrainis moqalaqeoba miiRo.

Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, 108,000 yirimeli TaTari, romlebic

ukrainaSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis 1991 wlis noemberSi ZalaSi Sesvlis

Semdeg dabrundnen, moqalaqeobis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT axali problemis

winaSe dadgnen. 28,000 adamiani, romlebmac sxva qveynebSi Tavisi mudmivi

cxovrebis ufleba gaauqmes am qveynebis moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis ZalaSi

Sesvlamde, de iure moqalaqeobis armqoned iqcnen. kidev 80,000 adamiani,

romlebmac yofil sacxovrebel qveyanaSi registracia SeinarCunes im

droisTvis, roca ZalaSi Sevida kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, am saxelmwifos

de iure moqalaqed iqcnen. Sedegad, maT avtomaturad ar mieniWaT ukrainis

moqalaqeoba. miuxedevad imisa, rom maT SesTavazes ukrainis moqalaqeobis

miReba individualuri proceduris gavliT, ukan dabrunebulTa umravlesoba,

vinc imedovnebda ukrainis moqalaqeobis miRebas, ver akmayofilebda

proceduris mkacr moTxovnebs, romelic moicavda ukrainaSi xuTwlian

cxovrebas, sakmarisi Semosavlis arsebobas da ukrainuli enis codnas.

glukma, evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciam (euTo) da

evrosabWom problemebis mosagvareblad ukrainis mTavrobas moqalaqeobis

Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Secvlisaken mouwoda. glukma ukrainis sapasporto

da naturalizaciis samsaxurs sawvrTneli da teqnikuri daxmareba SesTavaza

da moqalaqeobis Temaze media-kampania moawyo. glukis xelmZRvanelobiT

adgilobrivma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma ukrainis moqalaqeobis

msurvelebs iuridiuli konsultaciebi gauwies da ukrainis saxelmwifo

organoebTan samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi maTi warmomaadgenloba

ikisres.

moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis da sabolood Tavidan

acilebis mizniT ukrainis mTavrobam, glukTan konsultaciebis Sedegad,

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb qveynis kanonmdeblobis arsebobis aTi wlis manZilze

masSi Svidjer Seitana cvlileba. 1997 wlis maisSi gauqmda ganmcxadeblebisgan

enis codnis da Semosavlis qonis moTxovna, xolo yofili deportirebuli

pirebis STamomavlobas maTi winaprebis yirimuli warmoSobis safuZvelze

ukrainis moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba miecaT. am dadebiTma cvlilebebma

qveyanaSi de iure moqalaqeobis armqone 28,000 dabrunebuli pirisTvis

ukrainis moqalaqeobis miReba SesaZlebeli gaxada.

sanam aRniSnuli cvlilebebi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa problemebis

mogvarebis mizniT grZel gzas gadioda, ukrainis moqalaqeobis misaRebad sxva

sirTuleebi, maT Soris qveynis konstituciuri akrZalva ormag moqalaqeobaze,

kvlavac gadasalaxi darCa. magaliTad, pirebs, romlebsac yirimSi dabrunebamde

uzbekeTis de iure moqalaqeoba hqondaT, ukrainis moqalaqeobis misaRebad

oficialuri uari unda eTqvaT uzbekeTis moqalaqeobaze. Tumca uzbekeTis

moqalaqeobaze uarisTvis saWiro iyo 100 aSS dolaris gadaxda, kievSi

uzbekeTis saelCoSi misvla da administraciuli procedura, romelic xSirad

erT welze metxans grZeldeboda.

34

gluki da euTo or qveyanas Soris molaparakebebs Suamavlobda, rac ormxrivi

SeTanxmebiT dasrulda. SeTanxmeba daido 1998 wels, igi moqalaqeobis Secvlis

procedurebs amartivebda. uzbekeTi daTanxmda, gaeuqmebina moqalaqeobaze

uarisTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadi da ufleba misca ukrainis Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros sapasporto ganyofilebebs, SeegrovebinaT moqalaqeobaze uaris

ganacxadebi da gadaecaT isini uzbekeTis xelisuflebisTvis. glukis mier

wamoWrili problemebis sapasuxod miiRes iseTi administraciuli procedura,

rodesac ukrainis moqalaqeobis miniWeba da uzbekeTis moqalaqeobaze uari

erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad xdeba, rac moqalaqeobis armqoned gaxdomis

Tavidan acilebis saSualebas iZleva. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, vidre es

ormxrivi SeTanxmeba moqmedebda, uzbekeTidan 80 000-mde dabrunebuls

ukrainis moqalaqeoba mieniWa. mogvianebiT analogiuri ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi

ukrainam dado belorusiasTan (1999 w.), yazaxeTTan (2000 w.), tajikeTTan

(2001 w.) da yirgizeTis respublikasTan (2003 w.).

2001 wlis ianvarSi ukrainis parlamentma moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb axali

kanoni miiRo, romelmac kidev ufro didi adgili dauTmo moqalaqeobis

uqonlobis Tavidan acilebis sakiTxs. sxva debulebebTan erTad, kanoni,

romelSic 2005 wels cvlilebebi Sevida, ganmcxadeblebs uflebas aZlevs

sxva qveynis moqalaqeobaze uari ganacxadon ukrainis moqalaqeobis miRebidan

1 wlis manZilze; kanoni ar Txoulobs formaluri uaris Tqmas, Tu amasTan

dakavSirebuli xarjebi ukrainaSi minimalur Tviur xelfass aWarbebs.

kanonmdebloba da gamocdileba bavSvebis Sesaxeb

samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtisa (ICCPR) da bavSvis

uflebaTa konvenciis (CRC) Tanaxmad, yvela bavSvi, dabadebis adgilis miuxeda-

vad, registrirebuli unda iyos dabadebisTanave; yvela bavSvs aqvs moqalaqeo-

bis miRebis ufleba; bavSvis moqalaqeobis sakiTxi wydeba Sesabamisi saxelmwi-

fos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze da yvela saxelmwifo moiTxovs monacemebs,

Tu sad daibada bavSvi da vin arian misi mSoblebi. dabadebis damamtkicebeli

sabuTis, anu dabadebis registraciis cnobis gareSe TiTqmis SeuZlebelia

bavSvis vinaobis dadgena da, Sesabamisad, moqalaqeobis miRebac.

am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:

saxelmwifoebma yvela saWiro resursi unda miawodon Sesabamis adgilo-•

briv administracias imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom dabadebis registracia

xorcieldebodes sistematurad bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis konvenciis (CRC)

me-7 muxlisa da samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis

(ICCPR) 24-e muxlis Tanaxmad.

bavSvis dabadebis registrirebisas saxelmwifoebma unda daadginon sadavo •

moqalaqeobis SemTxvevebi da mianiWon bavSvs moqalaqeoba, Tu igi sxva

SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis armqone piri gaxdeba. erovnuli kanonmdebloba

konvenciasTan SeerTebis Semdeg unda Seicavdes moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciis Sesabamis

debulebebs. es dadgenilebebi unda Sediodes Sida kanonmdeblobaSi im

SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saxelmwifo ar aris 1961 wlis konvenciis wevri.

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba unda Seicavdes debulebebs im qveynis •

moqalaqeobis miRebis Sesaxeb, romelSic daibada bavSvi. es Tavidan ag-

vacilebs moqalaqeobis uqonlobas im SemTxvevebSi, Tu bavSvis dabadebis

35

dros moqalaqeobis gansazRvrisas daSvebulia Secdoma.

daqorwinebuli mSoblebis Svilebs erovnuli kanonmdebloba dabade-•

bisTanave aniWebs moqalaqeobis uflebas. SeZlebisdagvarad, amgvarive

uflebiT unda sargeblobdnen ukanonod (qorwinebis gareSe) dabadebuli

bavSvebic.

bevr qveyanaSi qalebs ar aqvT ufleba sakuTari moqalaqeoba gadascen Svilebs

maSinac ki, roca bavSvi ibadeba im qveyanaSi, romlis moqalaqea deda, xolo

mamas saerTod ar aqvs moqalaqeoba. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvi moqalaqeobis

armqone piria.

am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:

gaTxovil qalTa moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1957 wlis konvenciisa da qalTa •

diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb 1979 wlis konvenciis

Tanaxmad, qals da mamakacs unda gaaCndeT Tanabari uflebebi Svilebis

moqalaqeobis gansazRvrisas. am principebis gamoyeneba Tavidan agvaci-

lebs rogorc qalTa diskriminacias, aseve imis saSiSroebas, rom bavSvi

memkvidreobiT miiRebs moqalaqeobis armqone piris statuss mamisagan,

Tu es ukanaskneli moqalaqeobis armqonea.

saxelmwifoebma sakuTar erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi unda Seitanon Sesa-•

bamisi debulebebi sqesobrivi niSniT arsebuli diskriminaciis Tavidan

asacileblad moqalaqeobis miniWebasTan dakavSirebiT.

obol da mitovebul bavSvebs xSir SemTxvevebSi ar gaaCniaT dadasturebuli

moqalaqeoba. ukanonod dabadebul bavSvebsac SesaZlebelia garkveuli sirTu-

leebi SeeqmnaT moqalaqeobis miRebisas.

am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:

saxelmwifos teritoriaze napovn bavSvebs unda mieniWoT am saxelmwifos •

moqalaqeoba. es principi dadasturebulia rogorc moqalaqeobasTan

dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi, ise bevri saxelmwifos kanon-

mdeblobaSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb.

bavSvis moqalaqeobis gansazRvrisas, upirveles yovlisa, gasaTvaliswine-•

belia bavSvis interesebi.

zogierTi qveynis Svilad ayvanis praqtikas xSirad moqalaqeobis uqonlobamde

mivyavarT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu, magaliTad, bavSvs ar SeuZlia miiRos mSvile-

beli mSoblebis moqalaqeoba. 1967 wlis evropuli konvencia Svilad ayvanis

Sesaxeb mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs gaamartivon maTi moqalaqeebis mier Svilad

ayvanili bavSvebisaTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebis procedura.

am problemebis Tavidan asacileblad:

saxelmwifoebma TavianT kanonmdeblobaSi unda miuTiTon, rom saerTa-•

Soriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, sazRvargareT ganxorcielebuli Svilad

ayvana aRiarebulia Sida kanonmdeblobiT.

administraciuli praqtika

arsebobs uamravi administraciuli da proceduruli sakiTxi moqalaqeobis

miRebasTan, aRdgenasa da dakargvasTan dakavSirebiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

36

piri eqvemdebareba moqalaqeobis miRebas _ maSinac, ki, rodesac is moaxerxebs

da moqalaqeobaze waradgens gancxadebas _ gadaWarbebulma administraciulma

xarjebma, droSi gaWianurebam da/an savaldebulo dokumentebis wardgenis

SeuZleblobam imis gamo, rom sabuTebi kvlav yofili moqalaqeobis qveynis

sakuTrebaSia, SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos mas moqalaqeobis miRebaSi.

am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:

moqalaqeobis miRebis, SeCerebis, dakargvis, aRdgenis an dadasturebis •

dakavSirebuli ganacxadebi ganxilul unda iqnas gonivrul vadaSi.

moqalaqeobis miRebis an dakargvis avtomaturi registraciisas (• ex lege), maT Soris im SemTxvevebSic, roca saqme gvaqvs kanonieri da mudmivi

macxovreblebisaTvis saxelmwifos samarTalmemkvidreobasTan, ar unda

arsebobdes werilobiTi Cvenebis wardgenis moTxovna, miuxedavad imisa,

rom zogadad saxelmwifoebs urCeven, Seinaxon moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb

miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Canawerebi.

moqalaqeobis miRebis, SeCerebis, dakargvis, aRdgenis da dadasturebis •

procesebTanTan an maTTan dakavSirebuli administraciuli da iuridiuli

gaxilvebisaTvis gankuTvnili gadasaxadebi unda iyos misaRebi.

kanonebi da praqtika qalTa sakiTxebze

zogierTi saxelmwifo avtomaturad ucvlis qals moqalaqebriv statuss,

rodesac igi sxva qveynis moqalaqes mihyveba colad. Sedegad, qali SesaZle-

belia moqalaqeobis armqone pirad iqces, Tu igi avtomaturad ar miiRebs

meuRlis moqalaqeobas an Tu mis meuRles ar aqvs moqalaqeoba.

qali SeiZleba iqces moqalaqeobis armqone pirad, Tu meuRlis moqalaqeobis

miRebis Semdeg qorwineba dairRveva, igi dakargavs qorwinebis Sedegad miRe-

bul moqalaqeobas, xolo misi pirveladi moqalaqeoba ar iqneba avtomaturad

aRdgenili.

am problemebis Tavidan asacileblad:

gaTxovil qalTa moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1957 wlis konvencia da qalis dis-•

kriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb 1979 wlis konvencia, cdi-

loben qals mianiWon mamakacis Tanabari uflebebi mis mier moqalaqeobis

SeZenis, Secvlis da SenarCunebis dros. konvenciebSi mocemuli princi-

pebis Tanaxmad, qmris moqalaqeoba ar unda iwvevdes colis moqalaqeobis

avtomatur Secvlas, ar aqcevdes mas moqalaqeobis armqone pirad da ar

aiZulebdes qmris moqalaqeobis miRebas.

im saxelmwifoebma, romlebSic qalebs ar gaaCniaT mamakacebis Tanaswori •

uflebebi da, SesaZloa, avtomaturad dakargon moqalaqeoba gaTxovebisas

an amis gamo uwevT TavianT moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqma, sakuTar kanonmde-

blobaSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb unda Seitanon debulebebi, romelTa ZaliT

ojaxis daSlis SemTxvevaSi qalebs ufleba mecemaT, martivi ganacxadis

safuZvelze avtomaturad daibrunon yofili moqalaqeoba.

37

moqalaqeobis avtomaturi dakargva

zogierTi saxelmwifo avtomaturad auqmebs im piris moqalaqeobas, romelmac

datova sakuTari qveyana an cxovrobs sazRvargareT. moqalaqeobis gauqmeba,

romelic SesaZloa moxdes piris qveynidan gamgzavrebidan ramdenime TveSi,

xSirad dakavSirebulia mankier administraciul praqtikasTan, roca ar

afrTxileben pirs moqalaqeobis dakargvis riskis Taobaze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

is regularulad ar daregistrirdeba sakuTari qveynis Sesabamis organoSi.

Tu piri naturalizirebuli moqalaqea da ara am saxelmwifoSi dabadebuli an

memkvidreobiT moqalaqeobis mqone, misTvis, SesaZloa, regularuli registra-

ciac ki arasakmarisi aRmoCndes moqalaqeobis SesanarCuneblad. moqalaqeobis

arqona xSirad swored am praqtikis pirdapiri Sedegia.

am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis kon-•

venciis me-7 (3) muxli adgens, rom pirma ar unda dakargos moqalaqeoba da,

Sesabamisad, ar gaxdes moqalaqeobis armqone piri qveynidan gamgzavrebis

da sazRvargareT cxovrebis gamo, Tuki man raime mizeziT registracia

ver gaiara an sxva msgavsi problema Seeqmna. konvencia am principidan

gamonakliss uSvebs mxolod naturalizirebuli moqalaqeebisTvis,

romelnic sazRvargareT cxovroben uwyvetad Svidi weli. am pirebma

TavianTi survili moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb unda ganucxadon

Sesabamis organoebs. saxelmwifoebma ki, Tavis mxriv, sakonsulo samsax-

urebis saSualebiT adekvaturad unda Seatyobinon naturalizirebul

moqalaqeebs am politikis Sesaxeb rogorc qveynis sazRvrebs SigniT, ise

sazaRvrebs gareT.

SedarebiT axali samarTlebrivi instrumentebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, •

evropis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, uflebas ar aZlevs saxelmwifoebs

moqalaqeoba CamoarTvan pirs mxolod imitom, rom igi mudmivad cxov-

robs sazRvargareT, Tu am qmedebis Sedegad es pirovneba moqalaqeobis

armqone piri gaxdeba.

saxelmwifoebis samarTalmemkvidreobasTandakavSirebuli mizezebi

teritoriis an suverenitetis gadacema

miuxedavad imisa, rom konkretuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi da dadgenile-

bebi nawilobriv Seexeba teritoriis an suverenitetis gadacemas, es movle-

nebi didi xania iwveven moqalaqeobis arqonas. cxadia, erovnuli kanonebi da

praqtika icvleba, rodesac saxelmwifo ganicdis absolutur teritoriul an

suverenitetul cvlilebebs; rodesac saxelmwifo Tavs daaRwevs koloniur

mdgomareobas an moipovebs damoukideblobas romelime saxelmwifos daSlis

Semdeg, Tu axali saxelmwifo an saxelmwifoebi daSlili saxelmwifos sa-

marTalmemkvidreebi arian an Tu mosalodnelia saxelmwifos kvlav aRdgena

misi daSlis Semdeg, aRniSnulma movlenebma SesaZloa dasabami miscen axali

kanonebisa da dadgenilebebis da/an axali administraciuli procedurebis

38

miRebas. adamianebi SesaZloa moqalaqeobis armqone pirebad iqcnen zemoT

moyvanil SemTxvevebSi, Tu isini ver moaxerxeben moqalaqeobis miRebas axali

kanonmdeblobis/dadgenilebebis an administraciuli procedurebis Tanax-

mad, an Tu maT uars eubnebian moqalaqeobaze manamde arsebuli kanonebisa da

praqtikis axleburad gaazrebis gamo.

am problemebis Tavidan asacileblad:

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis kon-•

venciis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon,

rom moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevebi ar warmoiqmnen teritoriis gadace-

mis Sedegad. saxelmwifoebma xeli unda moaweron ormxriv an mravalmxriv

xelSekrulebebs, romelnic Seicaven imis damadasturebel dadgenilebebs,

rom pirovneba moqalaqeobis armqone pirad ar iqceva amgvari cvlilebis

Sedegad. Tuki xelSekruleba ar aris dadebuli, Sesabamisma saxelmwi-

foebma moqalaqeoba unda mianiWon maT, vinc sxva SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis

armqone pirad CaiTvleba.

sazogadod, mosaxleoba dakavSirebulia teritoriasTan, Tumca zogierTi •

saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, konstituciuri dadgenileba da kanonmde-

bloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb gvTavazobs samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoe-

bis moqalaqeobis arCevas.

saxelmwifoebis samarTalmemkvidreobasTan dakavSirebuli xelSekrule-•

bebi SesaZloa Seicavdes pirobebs, romlebSic yuradReba gamaxvile-

buli iqneba moqalaqeobis sakiTxSi saxelmwifoTa daSlis an gamoyofis

gavlenaze.

saxelmwifoebis samarTalmemkvidreobasTan dakavSirebuli moqalaqeobis •

Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis kodificirebisa da ganviTarebis saWiroebis pa-

suxad gaeros saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiam (ILC) moamzada am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebuli muxlebis proeqti, romlebic Sesulia 2001 wlis gaeros

generaluri asambleis № 55/153 rezoluciis danarTSi.

aRniSnuli muxlebis proeqtis Tanaxmad:

_ yvela saxelmwifom unda miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi, raTa pirebi, rom-

lebic samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos Seqmnamde flobdnen winamorbe-

di saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas, ar iqcnen moqalaqeobis armqoned

samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos warmoSobis Semdeg.

_ pirma, romlis mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili mdebareobda teritori-

aze, romelzec Seiqmna samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifo, dauyovnebliv

unda miiRos am ukanasknelis moqalaqeoba.

_ memkvidre saxelmwifoebma ar unda mianiWon Tavisi moqalaqeoba, maTi

survilis sawinaaRmdegod, im pirebs, visi mudmivi sacxovrebelic

mdebareobs sxva saxelmwifoSi, Tu maT ar emuqrebaT moqalaqeobis

armqone pirebad darCena.

_ saxelmwifoebma unda gaiTvaliswinon pirTa neba_survili, Tuki maT

ufleba aqvT miiRon ori an orze meti saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba.

yoveli saxelmwifo pirs nebas rTavs, airCios im saxelmwifos mo-

qalaqeoba, romelTanac aqvs saTanado kavSiri, Tu sxva SemTxvevaSi is

moqalaqeobis armqoned CaiTvleba.

39

_ saxelmwifoebi ar unda eubnebodnen uars pirebs moqalaqeobis Se-

narCunebis, miRebis an moqalaqeobis arCevanis uflebaze raime saxis

diskriminaciis safuZvliT.

evropuli konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb da saxelmwifoTa samarTalmem-•

kvidreobasTan dakavSirebiT moqalaqeobis arqonis Tavidan acilebis oqmis

proeqti aerTianeben 1961 wlis konvenciis debulebebs da im principebs,

romlebic Sesulia saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis (ILC) mier Sedge-

nili muxlebis proeqtSi. evropuli konvencia calke Tavs uTmobs samar-

Talmemkvidre saxelmwifos warmoSobisa da moqalaqeobis sakiTxs, sadac

yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvilebulia Semdeg garemoebebze:

_ utyuari da efeqturi kavSiri pirsa da saxelmwifos Soris;

_ piris mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos

warmoSobisas;

_ piris survili; da

_ piris geografiuli warmomavloba.

garda amisa, evropuli konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb adgens, rom winamorbedi

saxelmwifos teritoriis mudmiv macxovreblebs, romelTac ar hqondaT im

qveynis moqalaqis statusi, romlis suverenitetic gadaeca memkvidre saxelm-

wifos da romelTac jer ar miuRiaT memkvidre saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba, unda

SeunarCundeT am saxelmwifoSi darCenisa da igive socialuri da ekonomi-

kuri uflebebiT sargeblobis ufleba, rogoric am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs

gaaCniaT.

saxelmwifoTa samarTalmemkvidreobis gamo moqalaqeobis uqonlobis •

Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb oqmis proeqtiT SemuSavebulia mtkicebis konk-

retuli wesebi (muxli 8), moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoTa

samarTalmemkvidreobisas:

„memkvidre saxelmwifo daJinebiT ar moiTxovs moqalaqeobis miniWebi-

saTvis saWiro standartul damamtkicebel sabuTebs im SemTxvevebSi, Tu

pirebi ukve arian an SesaZloa momavalSi gaxdnen moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebad saxelmwifoTa samarTalmemkvidreobis Sedegad da roca miuRe-

belia amgvari pirebisaTvis standartuli moTxovnebis wayeneba.

memkvidre saxelmwifo ar iTxovs meore moqalaqeobis miuReblobis

damamtkicebel sabuTs moqalaqeobis miniWebamde im pirebisaTvis, rom-

lebic mudmivad cxovrobdnen am saxelmwifos teritoriaze samarTalmem-

kvidre saxelmwifoTa Semqmnamde da romelnic ukve arian an SesaZloa

momavalSi gaxdnen moqalaqeobis armqone pirebad samarTalmemkvidre

saxelmwifoTa Seqmnis Semdeg.“

me-8 muxlis pirveli qvepunqti ganixilavs SemTxvevas, rodesac pirisaTvis

SeuZlebeli an metad rTulia damamtkicebel sabuTebTan dakavSirebiT

standartuli moTxovnebis Sesruleba moqalaqeobis misaRebad aucilebeli

pirobebis dasakmayofileblad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi pirisTvis SesaZloa

SeuZlebeli aRmoCndes sakuTari warmoSobis Sesaxeb sruli dokumentaciis

wardgena, magaliTad, samoqalaqo reestris arqivis ganadgurebis gamo. Sesa-

Zloa SeuZlebeli aRmoCndes cnobis wardgena sacxovrebeli adgilis Sesaxeb

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sacxovrebeli adgili ar iyo registrirebuli. es dadge-

40

nileba vrceldeba im situaciebzec, rodesac pirovnebas Teoriulad SeuZlia

damamtkicebeli sabuTebis wardgena, magram gaumarTlebelia misTvis amgvari

moTxovnis wayeneba; magaliTad im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es moTxovna piris sicocxles

an janmrTelobas safrTxeSi Caagdebda. SemTxvevebi, romlebic arTuleben

damamtkicebeli sabuTebis wardgenas, yovelTvis pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian

saxelmwifoTa memkvidreobis uflebaTa gadacemis SemTxvevebs. isini SesaZloa

saxelmwifoTa memkvidreobis uflebaTa gadacemis an mis Semdgom momxdari

movlenebis Sedegad warmoiSvan, magaliTad, rodesac winamorbedi saxelmwifos

reJimis dros samoqalaqo reestri ganadgurda an ZiriTadi dokumentacia

ar gaica mosaxleobis garkveul nawilze. yvela zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi

damamtkicebeli dokumentaciis da/an damoukidebeli mtkicebulebis wardgenis

didi albaToba sakmarisi iqneba im pirobebis Sesasruleblad, rac aucilebelia

memkvidre saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis misaRebad.

me-8 muxlis meore qvepunqti gamoiyeneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca

winamorbedi saxelmwifo aRar arsebobs da mocemuli saxelmwifos yvela mo-

qalaqem dakarga moqalaqeoba. Tu memkvidre saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs mraval-

moqalaqeobas an zRudavs moqalaqeobebis odenobas, am saxelmwifom SesaZloa

moiTxovos damadasturebeli sabuTi imisa, rom pirovnebas ara aqvs miRebuli

sxva qveynis moqalaqeoba an aris moqalaqeobis armqone piri. im faqtis

damadasturebeli dokumentaciis wardgena, rom piri ar flobs sxva qveynis

moqalaqeobas an moqalaqeobis armqone pirad iTvleba, xSirad SeuZlebelia,

vinaidan es procesi saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobas efuZneba. Tu arsebobs

saSiSroeba imisa, rom piri samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoTa Seqmnis Sedegad

SesaZloa iqces moqalaqeobis armqoned, samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifo mo-

qalaqeobis miniWebamde ar iTxovs imis damadasturebeli sabuTs, rom piri ar

flobs sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas an iTvleba moqalaqeobis armqone pirad. es

wesi efuZneba gavrcelebul mosazrebas, rom moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Tavidan

acileba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis upirvelesi amocanaa, maSin roca orze

meti saxelmwifos Tanxmoba an uari moqalaqeobaze individualurad TiToeuli

saxelmwifos gadasawyveti sakiTxia.

aRniSnuli debulebebi xels ar uSlis sakuTar teritoriaze mravalmo-

qalaqeobis ricxvis Semcirebis mosurne saxelmwifos, iTanamSromlos sxva

saxelmwifoebTan da gacvalos informacia moqalaqeobis miRebasa da da-

kargvasTan dakavSirebiT. mravalmoqalaqeobis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia

moqalaqeobis Taobaze kanonebs Soris zogierT sakiTxze konfliqtis Sesaxeb

1930 wlis haagis konvenciis debulebiT, romelic exeba sxva moqalaqeobis ar

cnobas da evropuli konvenciis 7.1 muxliT, romelic piris mier meore saxelm-

wifos moqalaqeobis nebayoflobiT miRebis SemTxvevaSi sxva moqalaqeobis

avtomaturi dakargvis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs. saxelmwifom SesaZloa

aseve mosTxovos pirs werilobiTi gancxadebis gakeTeba imis dasadasture-

blad, rom aRniSnuli piri ar flobs da arc momavalSi miiRebs sxva qveynis

moqalaqeobas. es saSualebas miscems saxelmwifos, gaauqmos moqalaqeoba, Tu

momavalSi aRmoCndeba, rom pirma yalbi gancxadeba gaakeTa.

41

warmatebuli gamocdileba: CexeTis respublika

rodesac 1993 wlis 1 ianvars yofili Cexoslovakiis respublika formalurad

daiSala, orive memkvidre saxelmwifom - CexeTis respublikam da slovakeTis

respublikam - miiRo axali kanonmdebloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelic

gansazRvravda TiToeuli qveynis moqalaqis statuss da proceduras, romlis

saSualebiTac pirs SeeZlo moqalaqeobis miReba.

orive qveynis sakanonmdeblo krebuli efuZneboda Cexoslovakiis 1969 wels

Seqmnil kanonmdeblobas moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, ase rom arc erTi maTgani ar

iyo misaRebi axali realobisaTvis.

orive axlad warmoqmnili saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb Sida

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 1954 wlamde dabadebuli pirebi _ anu 15 wlisani

da 15 wels zemoT, im dros, roca Cexoslovakiis socialisturi respublika

ori respublikisagan Semdgar federaciad iqca _ moqalaqeebi iyvnen im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini am saxelmwifos teritoriaze daibadnen (jus soli). 1954 wlis

Semdgom dabadebuli pirebi am saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebad iTvlebodnen

an jus soli-is safuZvelze (Sereuli moqalaqeobis _ Cexi/slovaki mSoblebis

Svilebi Cveulebriv Rebulobdnen im saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas, romlis

teritoriazec daibadnen), an maTi mSoblebis moqalaqeobis mixedviT (jus sanguinis), rodesac orive mSobeli flobda erTsa da imave moqalaqeobas. amis

Sedegad bevri adamians, romelTac mTeli cxovreba CexeTis respublikaSi

gaatares, slovakeTis moqalaqeoba mianiWes da piriqiT. CexeTis respublikaSi

mcxovrebi boSuri warmoSobis umciresobis umetesi nawili samarTlebrivi

gaugebrobis msxverpli aRmoCnda, vinaidan isini an Tavad daibadnen slovakeTis

teritoriaze an amgvar winaparTa memkvidreebi iyvnen.

maSin, rodesac slovakeTis axali kanonmdebloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb

SeuzRudav uflebas aZlevda Cexoslovakiis yvela yofil moqalaqes, CexeTis

axalma aqtma moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb SemoiRo mkacri moTxovnebi; CexeTis

moqalaqeobis misaRebad pirs

CexeTis respublikis teritoriaze unda hqonoda SenarCunebuli da •

uwyveti mudmivi binadrobis registracia federaciis daSlamde sul

mcire ori wlis manZilze;

CamorTmeuli unda hqonoda slovakeTis moqalaqeoba; da •

ar unda hqonoda Cadenili sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli gasuli xuTi •

wlis manZilze.

me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi CexeTis da slovakeTis mTavrobebma TxovniT

mimarTes gluks, raTa am ukanasknels daxmareba aRmoeCina maTTvis kanon-

Ta SeuTanxmeblobiT gamowveuli moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problemis

mosag vareblad. glukma ori kvleviTi misia gagzavna regionSi da konsul-

taciebi gamarTa mTavrobebTan moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanomdeblobasTan

dakavSirebiT.

1996 wels glukma daxmareba gauwia praRaSi moqalaqeobis sakiTxTan dakav-

Sirebuli sakonsultacio centris daarsebas. centri iuridiul da socialur

konsultaciebs sTavazobs Cexoslovakiis yofil moqalaqeebs. amJamad es

adamianebi moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi arian, Tumca maT Soris bevrs

SeiZleba hqondes xangrZlivi da namdvili kavSiri CexeTis respublikasTan.

erT weliwadSi centrma daxmareba gauwia daaxloebiT 6 000 adamians, maT

Soris 900 bavSvs, romlebic bavSTa saxlebSi aRmoCndnen; 3 500-ze met pirs,

romlebic CexeTis cixeSi aRmoCndnen da 2 000-ze met sxva pirs, romelTac

ver SeZles daedginaT an esargeblaT sakuTari moqalaqeobiT.

glukisa da evrosabWos rCevis Tanaxmad, CexeTis mTavrobam daiwyo moqalaqeobis

42

miRebaze dawesebuli SezRudvebis gamartiveba. 1996 wlis aprilSi CexeTis

sakanonmdeblo organom cvlileba Seitana moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb aqtSi, ramac

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros SesaZlebloba misca uari eTqva moTxovnaze,

romelic Seexeboda nasamarTleobis arqonas im ganmcxadeblebisaTvis,

romelnic uwyvetad cxovrobdnen CexeTis respublikaSi da flobdnen aq

cxovrebis damadasturebel oficialur dokumentacias.

mogvianebiT, 1999 wels CexeTis sakanonmdeblo organom aRniSnul aqtSi kidev

erTi cvlileba Seitana, rac CexeTis respublikis moqalaqeebad gaxdomis

uflebas aZlevda yofili Cexoslovakiis moqalaqeebs, romelnic mudmivad

cxovrobdnen im teritoriaze, romelic gaxda CexeTis respublika, magram

ar flobdnen aq cxovrebis oficialur nebarTvas. am cvlilebis Tanaxmad,

aRniSnul pirebs ufleba miecaT daemtkicebinaT cxovrebis nebarTva

samsaxurebrivi kontraqtebiT da/an kontraqtebiT sacxovrebelze da/an

mowmis safuZvelze. arc maTTvis mouTxoviaT nasamarTlevobis uqonloba.

TandaTanobiT glukis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da CexeTis

xelisuflebis SeTanxmebuli mcdelobis Sedegad yofil Cexoslovakelebs,

romelnic mudmivad cxovrobdnen CexeTis respublikaSi, federaciis daSlis

Semdeg CexeTis respublikis moqalaqeobis SeuzRudavi ufleba mieniWaT.

diskriminaciasTan an moqalaqeobis ukanonod CamorTmevasTan dakavSirebuli mizezebi

diskriminacia

saxelmwifos diskreciis erT_erTi principuli SezRudva, moqalaqeobis

miniWebis an moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis dros, gaxlavT rasobrivi diskrimi-

naciis akrZalva. aRniSnuli principi mocemulia rasobrivi diskriminaciis

yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciasa da bevr sxva dokumentSi. ar-

amoqalaqeebis mimarT diskriminaciis Sesaxeb 2004 wlis 1 oqtombris zogad

rekomendaciaSi gaeros komitetma rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris

mizniT daadgina, rom „moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva rasis, kanis feris, warmoma-

vlobis an erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmoSobis safuZvelze saxelmwifoTa mier

nakisri valdebulebis - uzrunvelyon moqalaqeebi maTi moqlaqeobis uflebis

aradiskriminaciuli sargeblobiT _ darRvevaa.~

Tumca, zogjer pirebs ar SeuZliaT konkretuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis

miReba masTan arsebuli mWidro kavSirebis miuxedavad _ kavSirebisa, romelnic

sxva pirebisaTvis sakmarisi iqneboda moqalaqeobis misaRebad. rasaze, kanis

ferze, warmomavlobaze, eTnikur an erovnul warmoSobaze, religiaze, sqesze,

politikur mrwamsze an sxva faqtorebze dafuZnebuli diskriminacia SesaZloa

iyos aSkara an SemTxveviT gaparuli kanonebSi an maTi danergvisas.“ kanonebi

SesaZloa CaiTvalos diskriminaciulad, Tu isini Seicaven diskriminaciuli

xasiaTis mqone debulebebs, an Tu maTi gamoyenebis Sedegi diskriminaciaa.

problemis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa:

imis uzrunvelyofa, rom diskriminaciis akrZalvis principi moqalaqeobis •

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi gamyarebuli iyos konstituciiTa da kanonebiT

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb da rom moxdeba am pincipebis danergva adminis-

traciuli da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis saSualebiT.

saxelmwifoebs moeTxovebaT, miiRon yvela Sesabamisi zoma rogorc •

43

qveynis SigniT, aseve sxva saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobisas imis uzrun-

velsayofad, rom yovel bavSvs eZleodes moqalaqeoba dabadebisTanave.

aqedan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, daqorwinebuli

mSoblebis Svilebi, qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebi da moqalaqeo-

bis armqone mSoblebis Svilebi - yvela unda sargeblobdes moqalaqeobis

Tanabari uflebiT.

gaTxovil qalTa moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1957 wlis konvencia da qalTa •

diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb 1979 wlis konvencia

miznad isaxaven moqalaqeobis SeZenis, Secvlis da SenarCunebisas qalisa

da mamakacisaTvis Tanabari uflebebis miniWebas. konvenciebis principebis

Sesabamisad, qmris moqalaqebrivi statusi ar iwvevs colis moqalaqeobis

avtomatur Secvlas, ar aqcevs mas moqalaqeobis armqone pirad da ar

aiZulebs mas qmris moqalaqeobis miRebas.

moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva an uari moqalaqeobaze

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia adgens, rom dauSvebelia vin-

mesTvis moqalaqeobis iZulebiT CamorTmeva. 1961 wlis konvencia da evropuli

1997 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb mkacrad zRudavs saxelmwifoTa

iniciativas moqalaqeobis CamorTmevis Taobaze. moqalaqeobis amgvar dakargvas

Tan unda axldes sruli proceduruli garantiebi da ar unda gadaizardos

moqalaqeobis uqonlobaSi.

denacionalizacia maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac saxelmwifo moqalaqes arTmevs

moqalaqeobas, riTac axorcielebs diskriminaciul praqtikas. rasac, Cveu-

lebriv, qveynidan piris gaZeveba sdevs Tan.

am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principis Tanaxmad, arcerT pirs ar •

CamoerTmeva moqalaqeoba, Tu es moqalaqeobis uqonlobas gamoiwvevs.

1961 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebaze •

am principTan dakavSirebiT iTvaliswinebs Semdeg gamonaklisebs:

_ mcdari meTodebiT an gayalbebis Sedegad miRebuli moqalaqeoba;

_ sazRvargareT cxovrebis gamo moqalqeobis dakargva (ixileT

zemoT);

_ qmedebebi, romlebic ar Seesabameba saxelmwifosadmi erTgulebis

valdebulebebs an mimarTulia sxva saxelmwifosaTvis samsaxuris ga-

sawevad, arRvevs specialur akrZalvas an pirovnuli damokidebulebiT

seriozul zians ayenebs saxelmwifos sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis in-

teresebs (mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxebi miTiTebuli iyo

kanonSi konvenciis xelmoweris droisaTvis);

_ fici an formaluri gancxadeba sxva saxelmwifosadmi erTgulebaze,

an uari mocemul saxelmwifosadmi erTgulebaze (mxolod im SemTx-

vevaSi, Tu es sakiTxi miTiTebuli iyo kanonSi konvenciis xelmoweris

droisaTvis).

1961 wlis konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT CamoarTvan pirs mo-

qalaqeoba zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis safuZvelze, Tu es konkretulad mi-

44

TiTebulia konvenciis xelmoweris, ratifikaciis an masTan SeerTebis dros,

an Tu kanonis Tanaxmad uzrunvelyofilia sruli proceduruli garantiebiT,

rogoricaa samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba. wevr saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia

pirs an pirTa jgufs CamoarTvas moqalaqeoba rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri

da politikuri niSniT.

evropuli 1997 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kidev ufro zRudavs •

saxelmwifoTa uflebamosilebas, rodesac saqme pirebisaTvis moqalaqeo-

bis CamorTmevas Seexeba, Tu es iwvevs moqalaqeobis uqonlobas. am kon-

venciis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva gamarTlebulia mxolod im

SemTxvevebSi, rodesac moqalaqeobis miReba ganxorcielda mcdari saSu-

alebebiT an gayalbebiT. Tumca, Tu moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva moqalaqeo-

bis uqonlobas ar iwvevs, saxelmwifos SeuZlia moqalaqeoba CamoarTvas

moqalaqes Semdegi mizezebis safuZvelze:

_ sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis nebayoflobiT miReba;

_ sxva qveynis samxedro ZalebSi nebayoflobiTi samsaxuri;

_ saxelmwifos arsebiTi interesebisTvis seriozuli zianis miyeneba;

_ mudmivad sazRvargareT mcxovrebi moqalaqis mocemul saxelmwifosTan

utyuari kavSiris ar aseboba;

_ erovnuli kanomdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli im winapirobebis Seus-

rulebloba, romlebsac saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis avtomatur miRe-

bamde mivyavarT (vrceldeba mxolod arasrulwlovanebze); an

_ Svilad ayvanili bavSvis mier erT-erTi an orive ucxo qveynis moqalaqe

mSvilebelis moqalaqeobis miReba an floba.

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvisSemcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis gaeros konvenciis

ZiriTadi debulebebi

moqalaqeobis miniWebis Sesaxeb (1-li, me-2, me-3 da me-4 muxlebi)

moqalaqeoba mieniWeba im pirs, vinc sxva SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis armqone

piri iqneboda da romelsac aqvs efeqturi kavSiri saxelmwifosTan dabadebiT

an warmoSobiT. moqalaqeoba eniWeba:

kanonis moqmedebiT, am saxelmwifos teritoriaze dabadebul pirs •

dabadebisTanave;

kanonis moqmedebiT dadgenil asakSi am saxelmwifos teritoriaze •

dabadebul pirs, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad;

am saxelmwifos teritoriaze dabadebuli piris mier ganacxadis wardgenis •

SemTxvevaSi (ganacxadis Setana SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs CamoTvlilidan

erT-erTi an erTze meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis wardgenisaTvis

dadgenili vadebi, dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi sacxovrebeli

adgilis mimarT, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul garkveul sisxlis samarTlis

danaSaulebze nasamarTleobis uqonloba da/an mtkicebuleba imis

Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone);

dabadebisTanave kanonier Svils, romlis dedasac aqvs im saxelmwifos •

moqalaqeoba, sadac daibada bavSvi;

45

memkvidreobiT, pirs, romelic ver miiRebs im wevr saxelmwifos •

moqalaqeobas, romlis teritoriazec is daibada, asakis an sacxovrebeli

adgilis mimarT wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis gamo (ganacxadis Setana

SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze

meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi,

dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi sacxovrebeli adgilis mimarT da/an

mtkicebuleba imis Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis

armqone);

wevr saxelmwifos teritoriaze napovn bavSvebs; •

moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, piris dabadebisTanave (dabadebis adgilis •

miuxedavad), Tu erT_erT mSobeli wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe iyo

bavSvis dabadebis momentSi;

erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, im piris mier ganacxadis wardgenis •

SemTxvevaSi, romelic Tumca ar aris dabadebuli mocemuli saxelmwifos

teritoriaze, magram dabadebis droisaTvis misi erT_erTi mSobeli wevri

saxelmwifos moqalaqe iyo (ganacxadis Setana SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs

CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis

wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi, dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi

sacxovrebeli adgilis mimarT, erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTul danaSaulze nasamarTleobis uqonloba da/an mtkicebuleba

imis Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone).

moqalaqeobis dakargvisa da moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis Taobaze

(me-5, me-6 da me-7 muxlebi)

moqalaqeobis dakargva an masze uaris Tqma unda efuZnebodes an sxva qveynis

moqalaqeobis flobas, an sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis miRebis garantias.

gamonaklisis daSveba SesaZlebelia mxolod naturalizirebuli piris

SemTxvevaSi, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom icis yvela formaluri

procedurisa da droSi SezRudvis Sesaxeb, cxovrobs sazRvargareT

wlebis manZilze da ar gamoxatavs moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis survils. am

SemTxvevaSi naturalizirebuli piri gaxlavT is, vinc miiRo moqalaqeoba

monawile saxelmwifosadmi ganacxadis wardgenis safuZvelze da am

saxelmwifos SeeZlo uari eTqva ganacxadis dakmayofilebaze. moqalaqeobis

dakargva SesaZloa ganxorcieldes mxolod kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad,

rasac Tan axlavs sruli procesualuri garantiebi, rogoricaa

samarTliani sasamarTlos an sxva damoukidebeli organos mier saqmis

ganxilvis ufleba.

moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva (me-8 da me-9 muxlebi)

arcerT pirs ar CamoerTmeva moqalaqeoba, Tu es moqalaqeobis uqonlobas

warmoSobs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac:

moqalaqeoba miRebulia mcdari meTodebiT an gayalbebis Sedegad;•

pirs Cadenili aqvs qmedebebi, romlebic ar Seesabameba erTgulebis •

valdebulebebs an pirovnuli damokidebulebiT seriozul zians

ayenebs saxelmwifos sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis interesebs (mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxebi miTiTebuli iyo kanonebSi konvenciaze

xelmoweris dros); an

pirs dadebuli aqvs fici an Sevsebuli aqvs formaluri deklaracia •

46

sxva saxelmwifosadmi erTgulebaze, an uari aqvs naTqvami monawile

saxelmwifos erTgulebaze.

naturalizirebuli piri, romelsac dakarguli aqvs faqtobrivi kavSiri •

monawile saxelmwifosTan da Setyobinebis miuxedavad, ver SeZlo

gamoexata moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis survili.

konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT CamoarTvan pirs moqalaqeoba

zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis safuZvelze, Tu es konkretulad miTiTebulia

konvenciaze xelmoweris, ratifikaciis an masTan SeerTebis dros an Tu

kanonis Tanaxmad miniWebulia sruli proceduruli garantiebi, rogoricaa

samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba. monawile saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia pirs

an pirTa jgufs CamoarTvas moqalaqeoba rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri

da politikuri niSniT.

teritoriis daTmobaze (muxli me-10)

xelSekrulebebma unda uzrunvelyon, rom ar warmoiSvas moqalaqeobis

uqonloba teritoriis daTmobis mizeziT. xelmowerili xelSekrulebis

ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi saxelmwifo(ebi) moqalaqeobas aZlevs im

pirebs, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi iqnebodnen

teritoriis daTmobis an miRebis Sedegad.

saerTaSoriso saagentoze (muxli me-11)

konvencia mouwodebs gaeros farglebSi iseTi organos daarsebisken, romelsac

ganacxadiT mimarTavs is piri, romelic sakuTar Tavs uflebamosilad miiCnevs

miiRos konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli SeRavaTebi da daxmareba. aRniSnulma

organom

Semdgom es ganacxadeba unda gadasces gansaxilvelad xelisuflebis Sesabamis

organoebs. generalurma asambleam es pasuxismgebloba gluks daakisra.

davebis mogvareba (muxli me-14)

monawile saxelmwifoebs Soris konvenciis interpretaciasa da cxovrebaSi

gatarebasTan dakavSirebiT wamoWrili davebi, romelTa gadaWrac ver

moxerxda sxva saSualebebiT, gaegzavneba saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos davis

monawile romelime mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze.

saboloo aqti

saboloo aqti iZleva rekomendacias, rom de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebze SeZlebisdagvarad gavrceldes igive uflebebi, romlebic vrceldeba

de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebze, raTa saSualeba mieceT maT, miiRon

faqtobrivi moqalaqeoba.

47

Tavi 4

glukis roli

gluki moqalaqeobis arqonasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi 1950 wlidan, anu

funqcionirebis dawyebisTanave CaerTo. organizacias gaerosgan miniWebuli

aqvs uflebamosileba, daicvas ltolvilebi da daexmaros maT problemebis

gadaWraSi. bevri ltolvili, romelTac aRniSnuli organizacia wlebis man-

Zilze uwevda daxmarebas, moqalaqeobis armqone piri gaxldaT. marTlac, bolo

ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze axlo kavSiri damyarda saxelmwifo dacvis

dakargvas an masze uarsa da moqalaqeobis dakargvas an masze uars Soris. axla

ukve zogadad gasagebia, rom moqmedi moqalaqeobis floba da im uflebebiT

sargeblobis SesaZlebloba, rac moqalaqeobaSi igulisxmeba, exmareba pirs

iZulebiTi gadasaxlebis Tavidan acilebaSi.

rogor CaerTo gluki moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sakiTxebSi?

wlebis manZilze glukis roli moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcire-

bisa da maTTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis saqmeSi organizaciis gafarToebasTan

erTad kidev ufro gaizarda. moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sferoSi glukis

saqmianoba xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis, gaeros generaluri

asambleis rezoluciebisa da organizaciis mrCevelTa organos - umaRlesi

komisris programis aRmasrulebeli komitetis (ExCom) rekomendaciebis

safuZvelze.

ar arsebobs dadgenileba pasuxismgebeli organos Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic

uzrunvelyofda moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis

konvenciis implementaciaze meTvalyureobas. Tumca, moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciis me-11 muxli moiTxovs

Seiqmnas „organo, romelsac SeuZlia mimarTos pirma, romelic iTxovs am

konvenciis safuZvelze raime upiratesobiT sargeblobas, raTa am organom

gadasinjos misi moTxovna an aRmouCinos daxmareba misi xelisuflebis Sesa-

bamisi organoSi wardgenis saSualebiT“. rodesac 1975 wels konvencia Sevida

ZalaSi, gaeros generalurma asambleam gluks daakisra aRniSnuli organos

roli. organizaciis pasuxismgebloba kidev ufro gamyarda mogvianebiT

miRebuli rezoluciebiT.

1995 wels umaRlesi komisris programis aRmasrulebelma komitetma yov-

lismomcveli direqtivebi miiRo moqalaqeobis uqonlobasTan dakavSirebul

sakiTxebze: daskvna moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Tavidan acilebis da aRmofx-

vris da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis Sesaxeb (daskvna # 78). (aRmas-

rulebeli komiteti Sedgeba sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenlebisagan _ 2006

wlis 25 seqtembrisTvis arsebuli monacemebiT 70 wevri qveyanaa _ romelsac

irCevs ECOSOC-i am saxelmwifoebis mier ltolvilTa problemebis mogva-

rebis mimarT gamoCenili interesis safuZvelze. aRmasrulebeli komitetis

1995 wlis daskvna moqalaqeobis arqonis Sesaxeb „mouwodebs gluks, kvlavac

gaagrZelos muSaoba moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa inetersebis dasacavad“ da

“TxovniT mimarTavs gluks, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb

1954 wlis da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb

48

1961 wlis konvenciebTan SeerTebas Seuwyos xeli.” aRmasrulebeli komite-

tis rezolucia aseve sTxovs gluks, „aqtiurad Seuwyos xeli moqalaqeobis

uqonlobis Tavidan acilebasa da aRmofxvras informaciis gavrcelebiT da

aseve TanamSromelTa da mTavrobis warmomadgeneli oficialuri pirebisaT-

vis treiningebis CatarebiT; da aseve sxva dainteresebul organizaciebTan

TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebiT“.

1996 wels gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo rezolucia (A/RES/50/152), romelic aseve mouwodebs umaRles komisars, kvlavac gaagrZelos saqmianoba

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa sasargeblod da aqtiuri popularizacia gauwios

1954 da 1961 wlebis konvenciebTan SeerTebasa da implementacias.

rezolucia aseve avalebs gluk-s, `uzrunvelyos dainteresebuli saxelmwi-

foebi Sesabamisi teqnikuri da sakonsultacio momsaxurebiT, rac dakavSire-

buli iqneba erovnuli kanonmdeblobis momzadebasa da danergvasTan.~

imave rezoluciaSi generaluri asamblea „mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, mo-

qalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis mizniT, miiRon moqalaqeobis

Sesaxeb iseTi kanonmdebloba, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneba saerTaSoriso

samarTlis ZiriTad principebTan, kerZod, ar dauSvebs moqalaqeobis ukanono

CamorTmevasa da iseTi pirobebis Seqmnas, rodesac pirs miecema moqalaqeobaze

uaris Tqmis ufleba, maSin rodesac, mas jer ar eqneba sxva saxelmwifos

moqalaqeoba. kanonmdebloba imavdroulad unda aRiarebdes saxelmwifos

uflebas, daadginos kanonebi moqalaqeobis miRebis, masze uaris Tqmisa da

moqalaqeobis dakargvis regulirebis Sesaxeb.“

samarTlebrivi dacvis programaSi, romelic daamtkica glukis aRmasrulebel-

ma komitetma (daskvna # 92 [LIII] a) da 2002 wels moiwona generalurma asambleam,

moqalaqeobis uqonloba aRiarebulia gadasaxlebisa da ltolvilTa nakadebis

warmoSobis erT-erT umTavres mizezad. samarTlebrivi dacvis programa _

saerTaSoriso dacvis Sesaxeb glukis msoflio konsultaciebis kulminacia _

Sedgeba miRwevebis, miznebisa da qmedebaTa CamonaTvalisgan, romelic kidev

ufro aZlierebs ltolvilTa saerTaSoriso dacvas. igi aRwers saxelmwifoe-

bis, mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da

ltolvilebis interesebisa da rekomendaciebis farTo speqtrs da asrulebs

saxelmZRvanelo rols konkretuli qmedebisaTvis. moqalaqeobis uqonlobis

sakiTxebis mogvareba aRiarebulia iZulebiTi gadaadgilebis Tavidan acilebis

da moqalaqeobis uflebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad.

metismetad didi iyo raodenoba moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisa, romelTa

saqmeebi wlebis manZilze mougvarebeli rCeboda. amiT SeSfoTebulma aRmas-

rulebelma komitetma 2004 wels mouwoda gluks, ufro aqtiurad emuSava

Sesabamis saxelmwifoebTan, raTa arsebuli viTarebidan gamosavali epovnaT.

aRmasrulebelma komitetma aseve daadastura glukis mier saxelmwifoebisaT-

vis teqnikuri da qmediTi daxmarebis aRmoCenis saWiroeba.

bolo xanebSi adamianis uflebebisa da moqalaqeobis iZulebiTi CamorTmevis

Sesaxeb 2005 wlis rezoluciaSi (E/CN.4/2005/L.58) gaeros adamianis uflebaTa

komisiam mouwoda gluks, kvlavac gaegrZelebina informaciis Segroveba am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da moegvarebina moqalaqeobis iZulebiTi CamorT-

mevis problema rogorc sakuTar angariSebSi, aseve am sferoSi mimdinare

saqmianobaSi.

49

ras akeTebs gluki moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problemasTan

dakavSirebiT?

gluki daxmarebas uwevs mTavrobebs moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis

Sedgenasa da danergvaSi da aseve atarebs treiningebs mTavrobis wrmomad-

geneli oficialuri pirebisaTvis. 2003 _ 2005 wlebSi glukma imuSava 40-ze

met saxelmwifosTan da daexmara maT moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb axali kanonebis

SemuSavebasa da Zveli kanomdeblobis gadaxedvaSi. glukma SesTavaza sakuTari

komentarebi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb sakonstitucio debulebebTan

dakavSirebiT im saxelmwifoebs, romlebSic mosaxleobis didi nawili an mo-

qalaqeobis armqone piria an maTi moqalaqeoba gaurkvevelia.

gluki muSaobs parlamentebTan, raTa darwmunebuli iyos, rom moqalaqeobis

Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba ar gamoiwvevs xalxTa gadaadgilebas da ar Seicavs

debulebebs, romelTac SesaZloa moqalaqeobis uqonloba warmoSvan (ixileT

me-4 danarTi, romelSic mocemulia glukis ofisebis misamarTebi msoflio

masStabiT).

rogorc dagegmili iyo samarTlebrivi dacvis programaSi, glukma Caatara

pirveli globaluri kvleva gaeros wevri saxelmwifoebis mier moqalaqeobis

arqonis Sesamcirebisa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis dacvasTan dakav-

Sirebuli saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad gadadgmuli nabijebis Sesaxeb.

gairkva, rom msoflios arc erTi regioni ar aris Tavisufali moqalaqeobis

arqonis problemisagan da rom kvlav aRiniSneba seriozuli sakanonmdeblo

da politikuri darRvevebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise erovnul doneze.

74 saxelmwifos mier mowodebuli pasuxebis analizis safuZvelze glukma

SeimuSava rekomendaciaTa srulyofili paketi.

gluki mxars uWerda moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul kampaniebs, rodesac

saxelmwifoebi uflebas aZlevdnen moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs, mieRoT im

qveynis moqalaqeoba, sadac isini did xniT mudmivad cxovrobdnen.

gluki uSualod exmareba moqalaqeobis armqone pirebsa da pirTa jgufebs

Sesabamis qveynebTan konsultaciebiT. organizacia mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs

gansazRvron Sesabamisi piris samarTlebrivi statusi da aseve xels uwyobs

kanonieri kavSirebis aRiarebas pirisa da saxelmwifos Soris, im SemTxvevebSi,

rodesac piri sxva SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis armqone iqneba.

moqalaqeobis statusis dadgenis molodinSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs

ufleba aqvT isargeblon minimaluri uflebebiT qveynebSi, sadac isini cx-

ovroben. gluki mxars uWers moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb

1954 wlis konvenciis danergvas, romelic uzrunvelyofs minimalur ufleba-

movaleobaTa pakets moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisaTvis da aseve exmareba

saxelmwifoebs moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis dacvisa da daxmarebis pro-

gramebis ganxorcielebaSi saWiroebidan da resursebis xelmisawvdomobidan

gamomdinare.

sxva romeli organizaciebi muSaoben glukTan erTad

moqalaqeobis uqonlobasTan dakavSirebuli problebemis

mosagvareblad?

gaeros ZiriTadi saagentoebi, romlebic glukTan TanamSromloben moqalaqeo-

bis uqonlobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi, gaxlavT:

50

adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris samsaxuri, gaeros bavSvTa dacvis

fondi (UNICEF) da gaeros qalTa fondi (UNIFEM). moqalaqeobis uqonlobis

gaWianurebuli problemebis mosagvareblad gluki aseve periodulad muSaobs

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan (ILO), gaeros ganviTarebis fondTan

(UNDP), msoflio sasursaTo programasTan (WFP) da saerTo ZalebiT axor-

cieleben dasaxlebis, ganaTlebis an saSemosavlo programebs, raTa daxmareba

gauwion sazogadoebis izolirebuli wevrebis integracias an reintegracias

adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi.

gaeros zemoxsenebul organizaciaTa garda, gluki mWidrod TanamSromlobs

gaeros Sesabamisi organoebis meqanizmebTan, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mo-

qalaqeobais uflebas. maT Soris arian adamianis uflebis, bavSvTa uflebebis,

rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisa da qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris

komitetebi.

gluki TanamSromlobs regionul organoebTan, rogorebicaa evrosabWo, ev-

ropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia, amerikis saxelmwifoTa

organizacia, afrikis kavSiri, arabeTis qveynebis liga, islamuri konferenciis

organizacia. gluki monawileobas iRebs evrosabWos komitetSi moqalaqeobis

sakiTxebze, romelic amuSavebs standartebis damwesebel iseT instrumentebs,

rogorebicaa evropuli konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb da oqmis proeqti

saxelmwifoTa samarTalmemkvidreobasTan dakavSirebiT moqalaqeobis uqon-

lobis Tavidan asacileblad.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi mWidrod TanamSromloben glukTan am sferoSi,

rogorc glukis programebisa da misi saqmianobas ganviTarebis mxardamWerebi.

2005 wels glukma xeli moawera qve-SeTanxmebebs 770 partniorTan, aqedan

578 arasamTavrobo organizaciaa, romlebic 424 erovnul arasamTavrobo

organizacias Seicaven.

gluki mWidrod TanamSromlobs saparlamentTaSoriso kavSirTan (IPU), raTa

aamaRlos parlametarTa informirebulobis done moqalaqeobis uqonlobasTan

dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso normebis Taobaze, gaacnos maT arsebul rekomen-

daciaTa simravle da is saukeTeso praqtika, riTac SesaZlebelia moqalaqeobis

uqonlobis Tavidan acileba. organizacia mouwodebs parlamentarebs, miiRon

kanonmdebloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, rac xels Seuwyobs moqalaqeobis uqon-

lobis aRmofxvrasa da uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeobis uflebas moqalaqeoba-

CamorTmeuli pirebisaTvis; amasTan, daexmareba imis uzrunvelyofaSi, rom

xelSekrulebebi, romlebic mravalmoqalaqeobas Seexeba, uneblieT ar aRmoC-

ndes moqalaqeobis uqonlobis mizezi.

warmatebuli gamocdileba: Sri lanka

msoflioSi cnobili Sri lankis Cais mwarmoebelTa umetesi nawili induri

warmoSobisaa. isini oficialurad iwodebian, rogorc „axali induri

warmoSobis Tamilebi“ an, rogorc maT Cveulebriv moixsenieben, „qveynisSida

Tamilebi“ _ es muSaxeli ceilonze britanuli administraciis mier

indoeTidan Camoyvanili pirebis STamomavalni arian. britanelebi kunZuls

1815_1984 wlebSi marTavdnen. 1948 wlidan Sri lankam damoukidebloba

moipova. 1948 wlamde sxvadasxva indo_Srilankurma SeTanxmebebma gansazRvres

am muSaxelis samarTlebrivi statusi. zogierT qveynisSida Tamils mieniWa

erTi an meore saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba kanonis an ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis

safuZvelze. Tumca bevri mainc moqalaqeobis gareSe rCeboda da, aqedan

51

gamomdinare, ar gaaCnda ZiriTadi uflebebi; zogierT maTgans Sri lankis

an indoeTis moqalaqeobis miRebis procesSi monawileobis miRebis uflebac

ki ar hqonda.

1982 wels indoeTis mTavrobam Sri lankis mTavrobas acnoba, rom vadis gasvlis

gamo mas aRar miaCnda moqmedad is xelSekrulebebi, romlebic qveynis Sida

TamilebTan dakavSirebiT iyo dadebuli. amis Sedegad, am droidan nebismier

moqalaqeobis armqone Tamils aRar hqonda saSualeba mieRo moqalaqeoba.

ceilonis muSaTa kongresi, profkavSiri da politikuri partia wlebis

manZilze icavda qveynisSida Tamilebis uflebebs. pasuxad Sri lankis

parlamentma SeimuSava da 2003 wels erTxmad daamtkica „induri warmoSobis

pirebisaTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebis aqti“. aqti avtomaturad aniWebs

moqalaqeobas induri warmoSobis nebismier pirs, romelic:

_ 1964 wlis 30 oqtombridan Sri lankis mudmiv macxovrebelia an

_ cxovrobs Sri lankaSi da aris 1964 wlis 30 oqtombridan Sri lankaSi

mudmivad mcxovrebi piris memkvidre.

aqtis miRebis Semdeg generaluri komisris samsaxurma, glukma da ceilonis

muSaTa kongresma daiwyes informaciis gavrceleba axali kanonmdeblobis

Sesaxeb. Tamilurma, inglisurma da sinhalurma mediis saSualebebma araerTxel

gaavrcela informacia sagazeTo statiebis, radiogadacemebis da televiziis

saSualebiT kanomdeblobasTan dakavSirebiT da aseve imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad da

rogor unda moxdes moqalaqeobaze ganacxadebis Setana.

Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da imigraciis departamentis kontrolis

palatis mier Sedgenili administraciuli procedurebi martivia, lakoniuri

da samarTliani. moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisTvis dadginda ori sxvadasxva

tipis procedura:

_ de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs, romelnic indoeTis 1982

wlis deklaraciis Semdeg vadagasul Cveulebriv indur pasportebs

floben, sTxoven gamoxaton sakuTari survili Sri lankis moqalaqeobis

nebayoflobiT miRebis Sesaxeb. amas, rogorc wesi, ojaxis Tavi wyvets.

am survilis gamomxatveli dokumenti saimigracio samsaxurma ormagi

xelmoweriT unda daadasturos. dasturis SemTxvevaSi ojaxis yvela wevrs

eniWeba moqalaqeoba.

_ de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs ar moeTxovebaT werilobiTi

gancxadebis wardgena, Tumca maT mouwodeben xeli moaweron specialur

gancxadebas, romlis ZaliTac, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis mier

xelmoweris Semdeg, gaadvildeba piradobis damadasturebeli dokumentebis

miReba.

orive procedura ufasoa da gancxadebis wardgenisTvis raime SemzRudveli

vada ar arsebobs.

2003 wlis dekemberSi glukma da ceilonis muSaTa kongresma moawyves

erTdRiani seminari 500 moxalisisaTvis. maT SemdgomSi imuSaves 50 moZrav

centrSi, romlebmac moicves Cais plantaciiis regioni, sadac moqalaqeobis

armqone pirebma Semoitanes ganacxadebi moqalaqeobaze. moxaliseebs CautardaT

treningi moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Sesaxeb arsebul ZiriTad faqtebze, 1948

wlis Semdeg gamocemul Sesabamis kanonebze, aseve axal kanonmdeblobasa da

misi sargeblianobis kriteriumebze.

2003 wlis dekemberSi 10 dRis manZilze Rebulobda ganacxadebs moqalaqeobaze

mobilur centrebSi myofi personali. glukma daafinansa kampania da

TviTon meTvalyureobda mimdinare process, raTa darwmunebuliyo,

52

rom ganmcxadeblebi informirebulebi arian da gadawyvetileba miiRes

nebayoflobiT. im Tvis bolos 190 000 ojaxis ufrosma miiRo Sri lankis

moqalaqeoba. aqedan 80 000 manamde flobda indur pasports, danarCenebi ki

de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi iyvnen.

2004 wlis ivlisSi moewyo meore, SedarebiT patara kampania qveynis

Crdilo_aRmosav leTSi. amjerad 2 000-ze metma moqalaqeobis armqone pirma

Seitana ganacxadi da miiRo moqalaqeoba. mas Semdeg qveynisSida TamilTa mx-

olod mcire raodenobam moaxerxa moqalaqeobaze ganacxadis gakeTeba raionSi

mTavrobis adgilobrivi warmomadgenlis, an dedaqalaq kolomboSi mdebare

sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis, kanonierebisa da wesrigis saministros samo-

qalaqo ganyofilebis meSveobiT.

vin afinansebs glukis saqmiaobas?

gluki gaeros erT-erTi im iSviaT saagentoTagania, romelic Tavisi saqmianobis

dasafinanseblad mTlianad efuZneba nebayoflobiT Semowirulobebs. glukis

wliuri biujetis daaxloebiT 2 procenti modis gaeros regularul biujetSi

Sesul Semowirulobebze. danarCeni ki mTavrobebis, calkeuli pirebis da

kerZo seqtoris mier nebayoflobiT Semowirulobebze.

2006 wlis dasawyisSi 20,8 milioni adamiani imyofeboda glukis mzrunvelobis

qveS da misi biujeti am wels 1,4 miliard aSS dolars Seadgenda.

1990-2005 wlebSi glukma sakuTari dafinansebis 88% miiRo 10 samTavrobo

donorisagan. 2005 wels mas kerZo seqtoridan Caericxa 30,2 milion aSS

dolarze meti, ZiriTadad evropidan, avstraliidan, iaponiasa da aSS-dan.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebsac SeaqvT TavianTi wvlili glukis wliuri

biujetis SevsebaSi, glukis zogierTi programebis mxardasaWeri sajaro

mimarTvebis meSveobiT. ukanasknel wlebSi gaizarda Semowirulobebi kerZo

seqtoridan da arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan. SeTanxmebuli Zalisxmevis

Sedegad amaRlda sazogadoebis cnobierebia done radios, televiziis, presisa

da mediis sxva saSualebebiT.

53

Tavi 5

rogor SeuZliaT parlamentarebs daxmareba

parlamentarebs TavianTi mdgomareobis gamo gansakuTrebuli SesaZlebloba

gaaCniaT, xeli Seuwyon moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis Semcirebas

da imis uzrunvelyofas, rom moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi, saerTaSoriso

kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, sargeblobdnen maTTvis miniWebuli uflebebiTa

da asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobebs. amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva

gziT: moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis gadaxedvisa da imis uzrunvely-

ofiT, rom igi Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso standartebs; aseve moqalaqeobis

armqone pirebis Sesaxeb 1954 da 1961 wlebis konvenciebTan SeerTebiT, mo-

qalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebisa da aRmofxvris mcdelobiT da

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebiT.

ra unda gaiTvaliswinon parlamentarebma moqalaqeobis

uqonlobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganxilvisas?

gadaxedon Sesabamis saerTaSoriso an regionul xelSekrulebebs, romelTa •

wevric aris saxelmwifo. gadaxedon im xelSekrulebebs, konvenciebsa da

deklaraciebs, romelsac saxelmwifo iyenebs erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi.

es daexmareba maT adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis interpretaciaSi.

vinaidan bevri saxelmwifo moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul debulebebs •

nergavs sxvadasxva samarTlebriv dokumentSi, gadaxedon konstitucias,

moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul kanonmdeblobas, gankargulebebsa da

erovnuli kanonmdeblobis wyaroebs, ramac SesaZloa naTeli mohfinos

saxelmwifos kanomdeblobas da kanonmdeblobis interpretacias.

gadaxedon ormxriv da mravalmxriv xelSekrulebebs, romlebic miRebul •

iqna saxelmwifoTa samarTalmemkvidreobis SemTxvevebSi.

Sida kanonmdeblobis gadaxedvisas gansazRvron, uzrunvelyofs Tu ara •

saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis zomebis miRebas da sistematur gamoyenebas

moqalaqeobis uqonlobis warmoSobis, moqalaqeobis CamorTmevis, masze

uaris Tqmisa da dakargvis saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad.

erovnuli kanonmdeblobis gadaxedvisas, SeecadeT pasuxi gasceT Semdgeg

SekiTxvebs:

moqalaqeobis SeZenis Sesaxeb

SeuZliaT Tu ara bavSvebs miiRon dedis moqalaqeoba, gansakuTrebiT •

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mamas ar gaaCnia moqalaqeoba an Tu is ar aris

warmodgenili?

ra adimistraciuli procedura arsebobs dabadebis registrirebisaTvis? •

gamoiyeneba Tu ara praqtikaSi? uzrunvelyofs Tu ara saxelmwifos kanon-

mdebloba moqalaqeobaze moqalaqeobis miRebis SesaZleblobas saxelm-

wifos teritoriaze dabadebuli pirebisaTvis, romebic sxva SemTxvevaSi

54

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi iqnebodnen?

exeba Tu ara diskriminaciis akrZalvis principi moqalaqeobis wesebs?•

samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos Seqnis SemTxvevaSi, miiReba Tu ara mxed-•

velobaSi utyuari da efeqturi kavSiri pirsa da saxelmwifos Soris,

piris mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos

warmoSobis dros, piris neba-survili, piris teritoriuli warmoSoba

winamorbedi saxelmwifos moqalaqisaTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebis Taobaze

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas?

moqalaqeobis dakargvis Sesaxeb

uzrunvelyofs Tu ara qorwinebis an sxva mizeziT socialuri statusis •

SecvlasTan dakavSirebuli debulebebi moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Tavidan

acilebis garantias?

rogor xdeba moqalaqeobis dakargva? SesaZlebelia Tu ara moqalaqeobis •

uqonlobis winaswar ganWvreta?

efuZneba Tu ara moqalaqeobze uari sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis miRebas •

an miRebis garantias?

ucxo qveyanaSi naturalizaciaze ganacxadis Setana cvlis Tu ara piris •

moqalaqebriv statuss im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnul pirs ar aqvs garan-

tirebuli sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis miReba?

im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mosalodnelia moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva, naT-•

ladaa Tu ara gansazRvruli moqalaqeobis CamorTmevis mizezebi? arsebobs

Tu ara proceduruli garantiebi?

moqalaqeobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb

aris Tu ara moqalaqeobis aRdgena gaadvilebuli saxelmwifos terito-•

riaze kanonierad da mudmivad mcxovrebi yofili moqalaqeebisaTvis?

SesaZlebelia Tu ara moqalaqeobis aRdgena im pirisaTvis, romelmac da-•

karga moqalaqeoba qorwinebis an sxva mizeziT statusis Secvlis gamo? am

SemTxvevaSi moxdeba Tu ara moqalaqeobis aRdgena avtomaturad Tu unda

moxdes ganacxadis gakeTeba moqalaqeobis uqonlobis periodSi? arsebobs

Tu ara proceduruli garantiebi?

naturalizaciis Sesaxeb

Tu ucxoeli ganacxads akeTebs naturalizaciaze, moeTxoveba Tu ara mas •

yofil moqalaqeobaze formaluri uaris Tqmis damtkiceba? Tu sakmarisia

garantia imisa, rom igi gaTavisufldeba yofili moqalaqeobisagan axali

moqalaqeobis miRebisTanave?

naTladaa Tu ara gansazRvruli naturalizaciis procesi da natural-•

izaciisaTvis savaldebulo moTxovnebi?

arsebobs Tu ara administraciuli praqtika - magaliTad, gaWianurebuli •

55

procedurebi, gadaWarbebuli gadasaxadebi, iseTi dokumentebis moTxovna,

romelTa wardgenac ganmcxadebels ar SeuZlia da/an ganmcxadeblisaT-

vis araxelsayreladaa SezRuduli vadebi _ rac SeiZleba moqalaqeobis

uqonlobis mizezad iqces?

ratom unda SeuerTdnen saxelmwifoebi moqalaqeobis armqone

pirTa statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa

ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciebs ?

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis Sesaxeb 1954 da 1961 wlebis konvenciebTan

SeerTeba erovnul doneze:

aZlierebs adamianis uflebaTa da pirovnebis Rirsebis dacvas;•

naTelyofs utyuari da efeqturi kavSiris aRiarebas pirovnebebsa da •

saxelmwifos Soris;

moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi aumjobesebs stabilurobis SegrZne-•

bas da maTi statusis iuridiul dadasturebas;

xelmisawvdoms xdis erovnul dacvas pirebisTvis rogorc movaleobebis •

dakisrebis, aseve uflebebis miniWebis mxriv; da

xels uwyobs erovnul erTianobas da stabilurobas.•

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebTan dakavSirebuli 1954 da 1961 wlebis konven-

ciebTan SeerTeba saerTaSoriso doneze

naTlad gamoxatavs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebasTan TanamSromlobis •

survils moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis ricxvis Semcirebisa da aRmofx-

vris sakiTxSi.

aZlierebs saerTaSoriso akrZalvebs individualuri an masobrivi gaZeve-•

bis winaaRmdeg.

aumjobesebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebsa da stabilurobas. •

naTlad gamoxatavs valdebulebas adamianis uflebaTa da humanitaruli •

standartebis dacvis mimarT.

xels uwyobs xalxis gadaadgilebis Tavidan acilebas, misi gamomwvevi •

mizezebis aRmofxvris gziT.

xels uwyobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebas, romelic exeba mo-•

qalaqeobis miRebas da moqmedi moqalaqeobis SenarCunebas

daxmarebas uwevs gluks• moaxdinos saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mobilizeba

konvenciebis debulebebis dasacavad; da

xels uwyobs moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli davebis mogvarebas.•

rogor uerTdeba saxelmwifo konvencias?

saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT SeuerTdnen 1954 da 1961 wlebis konvenciebs nebi-

smier dros gaeros generalur mdivanTan SeerTebis dokumentis wardgeniT.

SeerTebis dokumenti xelmowerili unda iyos saxelmwifos an mTavrobis

meTauris an sagareo saqmeTa ministris mier, xolo Semdeg qveynis warmomad-

56

genlis saSualebiT gadaigzavnos gaeros saTao ofisSi niu iorkSi. (SeerTebis

dokumentis nimuSebi mocemulia me-3 danarTSi).

SeuZlia Tu ara saxelmwifos gaakeTos daTqma konvenciaze?

gansakuTrebuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic SesaZlebelia gavr-

celdes calkeul saxelmwifoebze ratificirebis an SeerTebis dros, monawile

saxelmwifoebs konvenciebiT miniWebuli aqvT ufleba konvenciebSi Semaval rig

debulebebze gaakeTon daTqmebi, garda im debulebebisa, romlebic pirveli

wevri saxelmwifoebis mier miiCneva fundamenturad:

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis konvencia: daTqmebi

dauSvebelia Semdeg muxlebze: 1-li (gansazRvreba/gamomricxavi pirobebi), me-3

(diskriminaciis akrZalva), me-4 (religiis Tavisufleba), me-16 (1) (sasamarTlos

ufleba) da 33-edan 42-e muxlebamde (daskvniTi debulebebi).

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis

konvencia: daTqmebi dasaSvebia mxolod Semdeg muxlebze: me-11 (saagento),

me-14 (saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva davebis gadasawyvetad), an

me-15 (teritoriebi, romelTa mimarTac valdebuleba akisria xelSemkvrel

saxelmwifos).

TiToeuli konvenciisaTvis dasaSvebia mxolod SezRuduli raodenobis

daTqmebis gakeTeba.

rogor uzrunvelyofen parlamentarebi konvenciebis efeqtur

danergvas?

unda Seicvalos an miRebul iqnas axali erovnuli sakanonmdeblo baza, raTa

moxdes orive konvenciis debulebebis efeqturi danergva. calkeuli saxelm-

wifos samarTlebrivi tradiciebisa da resursebis saerTaSoriso valdeb-

ulebebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, gluks SeuZlia

saxelmwifoebs SesTavazos Tavisi eqspertebis rCevebi.

ra praqtikuli nabijebis gadadgma SeuZliaT parlamentarebs,

raTa waaxalison mTavrobebi, SeuerTdnen konvenciebs?

unda dadgindes, aris Tu ara saxelmwifo erT_erTi an orive konvenciis •

wevri.

Tu saxelmwifo jer ar SeerTebia am konvenciebs, saWiroa mTavrobisadmi •

werilobiTi an zepiri mimarTvis sakiTxis ganxilva an kerZo iniciativiT

SemuSavdes kanonproeqti.

Tu parlaments gonivrul vadaSi waredgina ratifikaciis an SeerTebis •

SemoTavazeba, saWiro informaciis Seswavlis Semdeg, kenWis yris dros

sakiTxi SeerTebis sasargeblod unda gadawydes.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavroba gonivrul vadaSi ver axerxebs parlamentis •

winaSe aRniSnuli sakiTxis dayenebas, saWiroa saparlamento proceduris

gamoyenebiT gairkvas, Tu ra mizeziT aferxebs mTavroba am process da

eTxovos mTavrobas dayovnebis gareSe Seudges ratificirebis/SeerTebis

process.

57

Tu mTavrobas xelmowerili aqvs erT_erTi an orive konvencia, magram •

aWianurebs ratificirebis process, saWiroa saparlamento proceduris

gamoyenebiT gairkves, Tu ratom aferxebs mTavroba procesis dasrulebas

da aseve mieces am procesis daCqarebis rekomendacia. saWiroa parlamen-

tis mier sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebis gamoyeneba da am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT kanonproeqtis wardgena.

Tu mTavroba ewinaaRmdgeba ratificireba/SeerTebas, saWiroa amis mizezis •

dawvrilebiTi Seswavla. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, parlamentma unda daex-

maros mTavrobas saeWvo da gaugebari sakiTxebis garkvevaSi da procesis

dasaCqareblad gamoiyenos mis xelTarsebuli politikuri kavSirebi.

ratificirebis/SeerTebis sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetis mizniT saWiroa

muSaoba amomrCevlebTan.

Tu saxelmwifo Seiqmna sxva saxelmwifoTa gamoyofis an daSlis Sedegad, •

xelSekrulebebi, romelTa wevric iyo adre arsebuli saxelmwifo av-

tomaturad ar rCeba ZalaSi. axal saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT SeuerTdnen

adre arsebuli saxelmwifos valdebulebebs, SeuerTdnen rogorc axali

saxelmwifoebi, an mianiSnon sakuTar ganzraxvaze, rom ar surT gaaCn-

deT adre arsebuli saxelmwifoebis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebebidan

gamomdinare valdebulebebi.

konvenciebis ratificirebisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg saWiroa darw-•

muneba imaSi, rom parlamentis mier miRebuli erovnuli kanonmdebloba

Seesabameba konvenciebSi Semaval debulebaTa moTxovnebs. saWiroa sa-

parlamento proceduris gamoyeneba, raTa mTavrobam gonivrul vadaSi

gaugzavnos parlaments axali kanonis an moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi Sesatani

cvlilebebis proeqti.

Tu mTavroba warudgens parlaments winadadebas ratificirebis Taobaze, •

romelsac Tan axlavs xelSekrulebis sagnis SemzRudveli daTqmebi,

SeniSvnebi an ganmartebiTi baraTebi da irkveva, rom amgvari SezRudvebi

usafuZvloa, saWiroa upirveles yovlisa gaTvaliswinebul iqnas zogadi

interesebi da ara calkeuli fraqciebisa, Tu sxva saxis interesebi.

Tu mTavrobis daTqmebs, SeniSvnebs, an ganmartebiT baraTebs, romlebic •

zRudavdnen konvenciebis moqmedebas, gauvida moqmedebis vada, unda mi-

emarTos saparlamento proceduras, raTa gairkves, Tu ra miznebi aqvs

mTavrobas da moxdes am SezRudvebis moxsna.

SeerTebasTan da/an im erovnuli kanonmdeblobis SedgenasTan dakav-•

SirebiT, romelic aZlierebs konvenciaSi Semaval debulebebs, rCevisa

da daxmarebis misaRebad arsebobs mocemul saxelmwifoSi ganlagebuli

an konkretul saxelmwifoze pasuxismgebeli glukis ofisTan (glukis

ofisebis sia ixileT me-4 danarTSi) dakavSirebis saSualeba.

rogor SeuZliaT parlamentarebs aamaRlon cnobierebis done

moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sakiTxebSi?

parlamentarebs, rogorc TavianTi saxelmwifos erovnuli kanonmdeblobis

Seqmnaze pasuxismgebel pirebs, saukeTeso SesaZlebloba aqvT xeli Seuwyon

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebas an aRmofxvras da uzrun-

velyon moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa uflebebis dacva. parlamentarebma ara

58

marto unda mouwodon TavianT mTavrobebs miiRon saerTaSoriso standart-

ebis Sesabamisi kanonebi, aramed amomrCevelTa mxardaWerac unda moipovon.

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gaacnobierebs moqalaqeobis

uqonlobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs, is mzad iqneba mxari dauWiros par-

lamentarebis Zalisxmevas aRniSnul problemaTa mogvarebis sakiTxSi.

parlamentarebs SeuZliaT aamaRlon cnobierebis done sakuTar amomrCevelTa

Soris moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sakiTxebis da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb srulyo-

fili kanonmdeblobis mniSvnelobis Taobaze moxsenebebis gakeTebiT, aseve

moqalaqeobis uqonlobis aRmofxvris saWiroebaze sagazeTo statiebis gamo-

qveynebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da sxva samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

warmomadgenlebTan muSaobis gziT, romlebic exmarebian moqalaqeobis armqone

pirebs da, SeZlebisdagvarad, uWeren mxars moqalaqeobis uqonlobis calkeuli

SemTxvevebis swraf mogvarebas.

parlamentarebs SeuZliaT moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problemis mogvareba

umciresobaTa da mosaxlobis sxva jgufebis uflebaTa xelSewyobis gziT,

raTa isini gaxdnen im moqalaqeTa erTobliobis nawili, romlebic Seadgenen

saxelmwifos, da sazogadoebaSi dialogis xelSewyobis gziT, romelic migviy-

vans moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis moqalaqeebad miRebamde.

ra SeiZleba parlamentarebma gaakeTon am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis xelSesawyobad?

saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba mniSvnelovania msoflios masStabiT mo-

qalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis Sesamcireblad. parlamentarebma unda

uzrunvelyon mTavrobebis srulfasovani monawileoba moqalaqeobis uqon-

lobis aRmofxvris an moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis SemcirebasTan

dakavSirebul yvela saerTaSoriso Zalisxmevasa da mcdelobaSi, romelic

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa calkeuli SemTxvevebis mogvarebas Seexeba.

parlamentarebma SesaZloa izrunon mezobeli qveynebis parlamentarebis

mowvevaze moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis regionaluri masStabiT gad-

axedvis mizniT. saxelmwifoebis mier moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis

erTmaneTTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis

Semcirebis saukeTeso saSualebaa.

59

danarTi 1

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi

ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRi: 1960 wlis 6 ivnisi

wevr saxelmwifoTa saerTo raodenoba: 60 (2006 wlis 25 seqtembris monacemi)

qveyana xelmoweris TariRi

ratifikacia (r)

SeerTeba (S)

samarTalmemkvidreoba (s)

albaneTi 2003 wlis 23 ivnisi(S)

alJiri 1964 wlis 15 ivlisi (S)

antigua da barbuda 1988 wlis 25 oqtomberi (s)

argentina 1972 wlis 1 ianvari (S)

avstralia 1973 wlis 13 dekemberi (S)

azerbaijani 1996 wlis 16 agvisto (S)

barbadosi 1972 wlis 6 marti (s)

belgia 1960 wlis 27 maisi (r)

belizi 2006 wlis 14 seqtemberi (S)

bolivia 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1983 wlis 6 oqtomberi (S)

bosnia hercogovina 1993 wlis 1 seqtemberi (s)

bocvana 1969 wlis 25 Tebervali (s)

brazilia 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1996 wlis 13 agvisto (r)

germania 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1976 wlis 26 oqtomberi (r)

guatemala 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 2000 wlis 28 noemberi (S)

gvinea 1962 wlis 21 marti (S)

dania 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1956 wlis 17 ianvari (r)

didi britaneTi 1959 wlis 16 aprili (r)

ekvadori 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1970 wlis 2 oqtomberi (r)

el salvadori 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi

espaneTi 1997 wlis 12 maisi (S)

vatikani 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi

zambia 1974 wlis 1 noemberi (s)

zimbabve 1998 wlis 1 dekemberi (s)

irlandia 1962 wlis 17 dekemberi (S)

israeli 1954 wlis 1 oqtomberi 1958 wlis 23 dekemberi (r)

italia 1954 wlis 20 oqtomberi 1962 wlis 3 dekemberi (r)

iugoslaviis

federaluri resp.

2001 wlis 12 marti (s)

kiribati 1983 wlis 29 noemberi (s)

kolumbia 1954 wlis 30 dekemberi

koreis respublika 1962 wlis 22 agvisto (S)

kosta rika 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1977 wlis 2 noemberi (r)

latvia 1999 wlis 5 noemberi (S)

lesoto 1974 wlis 4 noemberi (s)

60

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusTan dakavSirebuli1954 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi (gagrZeleba)

qveyana xelmoweris TariRi

ratifikacia (r)

SeerTeba (S)

samarTalmemkvidreoba (s)

liberia 1964 wlis 11 seqtemberi (S)

libia 1989 wlis 16 maisi (S)

litva 2000 wlis 7 Tebervali (S)

lixtenSteini 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi

luqsemburgi 1955 wlis 28 oqtomberi 1960 wlis 27 ivnisi (r)

madagaskari* [1962 wlis 20 Tebervali] (s)

makedonia (yofili

iugoslaviis respub-

lika)

1994 wlis 18 ianvari

meqsika 2000 wlis 7 ivnisi (S)

norvegia 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1956 wlis 19 noemberi (r)

rumineTi 2006 wlis 27 ianvari (S)

saberZneTi 1975 wlis 4 noemberi (S)

safrangeTi 1955 wlis 12 ivnisi 1960 wlis 8 marti (r)

senegali 2005 wlis 21 seqtembers (S)

sent vinsenti da

grenadini

1999 wlis 27 aprili s

svazilendi 1999 wlis 16 noemberi (S)

somxeTi 1994 wlis 18 maisi (S)

slovakeTi 2000 wlis 3 aprili (S)

slovenia 1992 wlis 6 ivlisi (s)

trinidadi da to-

bago

1966 wlis 11 aprili (s)

tunisi 1969 wlis 29 ivlisi (S)

uganda 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1965 wlis 15 aprili (S)

ungreTi 2001 wlis 21 noemberi (S)

urugvai 2004 wlis 2 aprili (S)

filipinebi 1995 wlis 22 ivnisi

fineTi 1968 wlis 10 oqtomberi (S)

fiji 1972 wlis 12 ivnisi (s)

Cadi 1999 wlis 12 agvisto (S)

CexeTis respublika 2004 wlis 19 ivlisi (S)

SvedeTi 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1965 wlis 2 aprili (r)

Sveicaria 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1972 wlis 3 ivlisi (r)

xorvatia 1992 wlis 12 oqtomberi (s)

hondurasi 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi

holandia 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1962 wlis 12 aprili (S)

* 1965 wlis 2 aprils generaluri mdivnis mier miRebuli Setyobinebis safuZvelze

madagaskaris mTavrobam moaxdina konvenciis denonsacia. denonsacia ZalSi Sevida

1966 wlis 2 aprils.

61

danarTi 2

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi

ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRi: 1975 wlis 13 dekemberi

wevri saxelmwifoTa saerTo raodenoba: 32 (2006 wlis 25 seqtembris

monacemi)

qveyana xelmoweris TariRi

ratifikacia (r)

SeerTeba (S)

samarTalmemkvidreoba (s)

avstralia 1973 wlis 13 dekemberi (S)

avstria 1972 wlis 22 seqtemberi (S)

azerbaijani 2003 wlis 9 ivlisi (S)

albaneTi 1983 wlis 6 oqtomberi (S)

axali zelandia 2006 wlis 14 seqtemberi (S)

bolivia 1996 wlis 13 dekemberi (S)

bosnia hercogovina 1977 wlis 31 agvisto (S)

germania 2001 wlis 19 ivlisi (S)

guatemala 1977 wlis 11 ivlisi (S)

dania 1973 wlis 13 dekemberi (S)

didi britaneTisa da

CrdiloeT irlandiis

gaerTianebuli samefo

1961 wlis 30 agvistos 1966 wlis 29 marti

dominikis respublika 1961 wlis 5 dekemberi

irlandia 1973 wlis 18 ianvari (S)

israeli 1961 wlis 30 agvisto

kanada 1978 wlis 17 ivlisi (S)

kiribati 1983 wlis 29 noemberi (s)

kosta rika 1977 wlis 2 noemberi (S)

latvia 1992 wlis 14 aprili (S)

lesoto 2004 wlis 24 seqtemberi (S)

liberia 2004 wlis 22 seqtemberi (S)

libia 1989 wlis 16 maisi (S)

nigeria 1985 wlis 17 ivnisi (S)

niderlandebi 1961 wlis 30 agvisto 1985 wlis 13 maisi (r)

norvegia 1971 wlis 11 agvisto (S)

rumineTi 2006 wlis 27 ianvari (S)

safrangeTi 1962 wlis 31 maisi

senegali 2005 wlis 21 seqtemberi (S)

svazilendi 1999 wlis 16 noemberi (S)

slovakeTi 2000 wlis 3 aprili (S)

somxeTi 1994 wlis 18 maisi (S)

tunisi 2000 wlis 12 maisi (S)

urugvai 2001 wlis 21 seqtemberi (S)

SvedeTi 1969 wlis 19 Tebervali (S)

Cadi 1999 wlis 12 agvisto (S)

CexeTis respublika 2001 wlis 19 dekemberi (S)

62

danarTi 3

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb1954 wlis gaeros konvenciasTan SeerTebis samodelo dokumenti

vinaidan, konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb miRebulia

gaeros generaluri asambleis mier aTas cxraas ormocdaToTxmeti wlis oc-

darva seqtembers da 35-e muxlis Tanaxmad Riaa SeerTebisaTvis;

da, vinaidan, zemoT naxsenebi 35-e muxlis me-3 nawili iTvaliswinebs, rom

SeerTebisaTvis saWiroa gaeros generalur mdivanTan SeerTebis aqtis

deponireba;

aqedan gamomdinare, qvemorexelmomweri [saxelmwifos meTauri, mTavrobis

meTauri an sagareo saqmeTa ministri] winamdebare SetyobinebiT acxadebs

[Sesabamisi saxelmwifo]-s konvenciasTan SeerTebis Taobaze;

xelmowerilia Cems mier _________________

-Si, aTas cxraas _________________

wlis

_________________ [ricxvi da Tve] .

[saxelmwifos beWedi da mTavrobis

meTauris sagareo saqmeTa

ministris xelmowera...]

[saxelmwifos meTauris,

pasuxismgebeli piris xelmowera,

Tu esaWiroeba...]

63

moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb1961 wlis konvenciasTan SeerTebis samodelo dokumenti

vinaidan, konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb

miRebulia uflebamosil pirTa mier aTas cxraas samocdaerTi wlis ocdaaT

agvistos da me-16 muxlis Tanaxmad Riaa SeerTebisaTvis;

da, vinaidan, zemoT naxsenebi me-16 muxlis me-3 nawili iTvaliswinebs, SeerTe-

bisaTvis saWiroa gaeros generalur mdivanTan SeerTebis aqtis deponireba;

aqedan gamomdinare, xelmomweri [saxelmwifos meTauri, mTavrobis meTauri

an sagareo saqmeTa ministri] winamdebare SetyobinebiT acxadebs [Sesabamisi

saxelmwifo]-s konvenciasTan SeerTebis Taobaze;

xelmowerilia Cems mier _________________

-Si, aTas cxraas _________________

wlis

_________________ [ricxvi da Tve].

[saxelmwifos beWedi da pasux-

ismgebeli piris xelmowera, Tu

esaWiroeba...]

[saxelmwifos meTauris,

mTavrobis meTauris, sagareo

saqmeTa ministris xelmowera...]

64

danarTi 4

glukis warmomadgenlobebi

avstraliaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

avstraliaSi, axal

zelandiaSi, papaua axal

gvineasa da mimdebare

kunZulebze avstraliaSi

15 Hunter StreetYarralumla ACT 2600Canberratel: +61 2 6273 2733

faqsi: +61 2 6273 6822

avstriaglukis warmomadgenloba

avstriaSi

Vienna International Centre(Building J, 1st fl oor)Wagramerstrasse 5PO Box 5501400 Viennatel: + 431 260604047

faqsi: + 43 1 2634115

avRaneTiglukis warmomadgenloba

avRaneTSi

PO Box 3232Kabul or41 Jadi Solh (Peace Avenue)Kabultel: +92 51 922 11 25

faqsi: +92 51 282 05 11

albaneTiglukis warmomadgenloba

albaneTSi

Rruga “Donika Kastrioti”Tiranatel: +355 42 50 207

faqsi: +355 42 28 492

azerbaijaniglukis warmomadgenloba

azerbaijanSi

3, Azer Aliyev StreetBakutel: +99 412 92 1443

faqsi: +99 412 98 1134

alJiriglukis warmomadgenloba

alJirSi

Boite Postal 444HydraAlgeror20 Rue Emile PayenHydraAlgertel: +213 21 69 1212

faqsi: +213 21 69 2374

angolaglukis warmomadgenloba

angolaSi

C.P. 1342LuandaorRua Eduard Mondlaine/SNLuandatel: +244 2332 046

faqsi: +244 2331 652

argentinaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba samxreT

amerikis samxreTisTvis

Cerrito 83610 Piso _ 1010Buenos Airestel: +54 11 4815 7870

faqsi: +54 11 4815 4352

aSSglukis warmomadgenloba

amerikis SeerTebul

Statebsa da karibis

zRvisTvis

1775 K Street, NW,

Suite 300Washington DC 20006tel: +1 202 296 5191

faqsi: +1 202 296 5660

bangladeSiglukis warmomadgenloba

bangladeSSi

PO Box 3474Dhaka 1000 orHouse N/E (N) 8, Road 90,Gulshan 2, Dhaka 1212tel: +8802 88 2 68 02

faqsi: +8802 88 2 65 57

belgiaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

belgiis, luqsemburgisa

da evropuli

organizaciebisTvis

Rue Van Eyck 11aB-1050 Bruxellestel: +32 2 649 01 53

faqsi: +32 2 627 17 30

belorusiaglukis warmomadgenloba

belorusiaSi

Prospekt Partizanskij 6 A,6th fl oorMinsk 220033tel: +375 172983335

faqsi: +375 172982369

beniniglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba beninSi

burkina faso, nigeria da

togo

Boite Postale 08-1066Lot 01 Patte d’OieCotonoutel: +229 30 28 98

faqsi: +229 30 28 90

65

bosnia hercogovinaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

UNIS Building Fra AndjelaZvizdovica 171000 Sarajevotel: +387 33 666 160

faqsi: + 387 33 290 333

bocvanaglukis misiis

xelmZRvanelis ofisi

bocvanaSi

PO Box 288GabaroneorUN House – Plot 22Khama CrescentGabaronetel: +267 35 21 21

faqsi: + 267 57 09 96

braziliaglukis warmomadgenloba

braziliaSi

Setor Comercial NorteQuadra 02, Bloco A11th Floor – Ed. CorporateFinancial CenterCEP 70712-901Brasilia – DFtel: +55 61 3038 9272

faqsi: +55 61 3038 9279

bulgareTiglukis warmomadgenloba

bulgareTSi

19 Denkoglu str,1000 Sofi atel: + 359 2 98 02 453

faqsi: + 359 2 98 01 639

burundiglukis warmomadgenloba

burundSi

B.P. 307, BujumbaraorNo. 1, Avenuedu Large4620 Bujumbaratel: + 257 22 3245

faqsi: + 257 22 95 23/24

19 87

gaboniglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba gabonSi

BP 20472LibrevilleorQuartier SotegaLibrevilletel: +241 77 8262

faqsi: +241 77 8278

gaero (niu iorki)glukis ofisi niu iorkSi

PO Box 20Grand CentralNew YorkNY 10017or220 East 42nd StreetSuite 3000New YorkNY 10017tel: +1 212 963 00 32

faqsi: +1 212 963 00 74

gambiaglukis misiis

xelmZRvanelis ofisi

gambiaSi

PO Box 4249Bakauor6th Street East Kotu LauoutBakautel: +220 4 460 850

faqsi: +220 4 464 169

ganaglukis warmomadgenloba

ganaSi

№25 sir Arku Korsah StreetRoman Ridge,Airport Residential Area Accratel: +233 21776 108

faqsi: +233 21 773 3158

germaniaglukis warmomadgenloba

germaniaSi

Wallstrasse 9 – 13

10179 Berlintel: +49 302022020

faqsi: +49 30 2022 0220

gvineaglukis warmomadgenloba

gvineaSi

B.P. 4158Coleah Corniche-SudConakrytel: +224 46 47 09

faqsi: +224 46 58 08

didi britaneTiglukis warmomadgenloba

gaerTianebul samefoSi

Stand Bridge House138-142 StrandLondonWR2R 1HHtel: + 44 20 7759 80 90

faqsi: + 44 20 7759 81 19

egvipteglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

egviptis arabeTis

respublikaSi

PO Box 1844Cairo orNo 8 el Fawakeh StreetMohandessin, GizaCairotel: +20 2 762 1570

faqsi: +20 2 762 1576

eTiopiaglukis warmomadgenloba

eTiopiaSi

PO Box 1076Addis Ababa OrBole Road, Wereda 1Kebele 23House No 1255/01-02Addis Ababatel : + 251 1 612 222

faqsi: + 251 1 611 666

ekvadoriglukis warmomadgenloba

ekvadorSi

66

Avenida Amazonas 2889y la GranjaEdifi cio Naciones UnidasPiso 2 Quitotel: +593 2 2460 272

faqsi: +593 2 2460 280

erayiglukis warmomadgenloba

eraySi

PO Box 10141 KarradaBaghdad orDistrict Number 904Hay Al-WahdaStreet Number 42Building Number 52Baghdadtel: +964 1 719 0670

faqsi: + 1 212 963 3009

eriTreaglukis warmomadgenloba

eriTreaSi

PO Box 1995, AsmaraOr House Number 108Emperor Yohanned Avenue Asmaratel: +291 1 12 61 21

faqsi: +291 1 12 72 55

espaneTiglukis warmomadgenloba

espaneTSi

Avenida General Pero 32-2ЄPO Box 36-121E-28020 Madridtel: +34 91 556 36 49

faqsi: +34 91 417 5345

venesuelaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

samxreT amerikis Crdi-

loeTisaTvis

Apartado Postal 69045Caracas 1062-A OrParque Cristal, Torre OestePiso 4, Ofi cina 4-4, 4-5 y 4-6Av. Francisco de MirandaUrbanizaciуn Los PalosGrandesCaracas

tel: +58 212 286 3883

faqsi: +58 212 286 9687

vietnamiglukis warmomadgenloba

vietnamis socialistur

respublikaSi

60 Rue Nguyen Thai HocBa Dinh DistrictHanoitel: +84 4 845 78 71

faqsi: +84 4 823 20 55

zambiaglukis warmomadgenloba

zambiaSi

P.O. Box 3254210101 Lusaka or17C Leopards Hill RoadKabulonga10101 Lusakatel: +260 1 265 619

faqsi: +260 1 265 914

zimbabvemisiis xelmZRvanelis

glukis ofisi zimbabveSi

P.O. Box 4565Harare Or2nd Floor, Takura House67-69 Union AvenueHararetel: +263 4 793 274

faqsi: +263 4 708 528

TurqeTiglukis warmomadgenloba

12. Cadde, 212. Sokak No 33 Sancak Mahallesi,CankayaAnkaratel: +90 312 409 7000

faqsi: +90 312 441 2173

TurqmeneTiglukis warmomadgenloba

TurqmeneTSi

40, Galkynysh Street744013 Ashgabattel: +993 12 425 684

faqsi: +993 12 425 691

iaponiaglukis warmomadgenloba

iaponiaSi

UNU Bldg., 6F – 5-53-70,JingumaeShibuya-ku, Tikyo 159-0001tel: + 81 33 499 20 11

faqsi: + 81 33 499 22 72

iemeniglukis warmomadgenloba

iemenis respublikaSi

PO Box 12093Sana’aorAlgeria Street, No. 38Building No 2Sana’atel: +967 1 469 771

faqsi: +967 1 469 770

indoneziaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

indoneziaSi

PO Box 6602/JKPWKJakarta 10310Menova RavindoJ1. Kebon Sirih Kav.75Jakarta Pusat 10340tel: +62 21 391 28 88

faqsi: +62 21 391 27 77

iordaniaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

iordaniaSi

PO Box 171011195 AmmanOr5 Hafez Abdul-Haija StreetDeir GhbarAmmantel: +962 6 550 20 30

faqsi: +962 6 592 46 58

israeliglukis sapatio

warmomadgenloba

israelSi

PO Box 3489

67

Jerusalem orShlomztsion Ha Malka 10Jerusalemtel: +972 2 621 4109

faqsi: +972 2 623 4392

italiaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

italiaSi

Via Caroncini 1900197 Romatel: +39 06 802121

faqsi: +39 06 802123/24

iranis islamuri respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba

iranis islamur

respublikaSi

No 5, East Emdad Street,Vanak sq.North Shiraz Ave.Tehran 19917tel: +98 21 8805 72 01

faqsi: +98 21 8805 72 12

irlandiaglukis warmomadgenloba

irlandiaSi

Suite 4Merrion House1/3 Lower Fitzwilliam StreetDublin 2tel: +353 1 631 4510

faqsi: +353 1 631 4610

kambojaglukis warmomadgenloba

kambojaSi

PO Box 539House No 2, Street No 352Beung Keng KangPhnom Penhtel: + 855 23 216005

faqsi: +855 23 216274

kameruniglukis warmomadgenloba

kamerunSi

Boite Postale 7077YaoundéOr Quartier NlongkakRue No 1032 Batiment no 46Yaoundétel: +237 20 29 54

faqsi: +237 21 35 91

kanadaglukis warmomadgenloba

kanadaSi

280 Albert Street, Suite 401OttawaOntarioKIP 5G8tel: + 1 613 232 09 09

faqsi: + 1 613 230 18 55

kviprosiglukis warmomadgenloba

kviprosSi

PO Box 16421590 Nicosia orSouth: C/O UNFICYPSecretariat UNPANicosiatel: +357 2 35 90 25

faqsi: +357 2 35 90 37

keniaglukis warmomadgenloba

keniaSi

in KenyaPO Box 43801, Nairobior Chiromo Road(next to Caltex Station)By Consulata churchWestlandsNairobitel: +254 20 444 2000

faqsi: +254 20 423 2080

kolumbiaglukis warmomadgenloba

kolumbiaSi

Calle 114 No 9-01 Offi ce 601Edifi cio Teleport Torre ABogotatel: + 571 658 06 00

faqsi: + 571 658 06 02

kongos respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba

kongos respublikaSi

BP 1093Brazzaville or6, Rue 18 Mars 1977Quartier CathedraleBrazzavilletel: +242 811 169

+242 815 763 (UNDP)

faqsi: +242 815 912

kongos demokratiuli respublikaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

centraluri

afrikisaTvis kongos

demokratiul

respublikaSi

PO Box 7248Kinshasa 1or6729 Avenue de l’OUAKinshasatel: +243 81 880 1245

faqsi: + 243 81 301 0435

kot divuariglukis warmomadgenloba

kot divuarSi

Cocody, II PlateauxAbidjan 01 0rAngle Rue Des JardinsBoulevardLatrilleCocody, II PlateauxAbidjantel: +225 22 515 577

faqsi: +225 22 515 588

koreis respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba

koreis respublikaSi

7F Kumsegi Bldg.16, Euljiro 1 GaJoong-KuSeoul 100-191tel: +82 2 773 7011

faqsi: +82 2 773 7014

68

kosta rikaglukis warmomadgenloba

kosta rikaSi

Edifi cio Torre del Este – 5єPiso Frente a la facultadde Derecho de la UCRApartado Postal 12-1009 – FECOSASan Pedrotel: + 506 225 0049

faqsi: + 506 224 4891

libaniglukis warmomadgenloba

libanSi

PO Box 7332BeirutOr Michel Bustrus StreetNasr BuildingAchrafi ehtel: +961 1 560 699

faqsi: +961 1 560 717

libiaglukis mTavari misiis

ofisi libiaSi

PO Box 80708TripoliOr Uthman Ibn Aff an StBen AshourTripolitel: + 218 21 361 9662

faqsi: + 218 21 361 9661

liberiaglukis warmomadgenloba

liberiaSi

PO Box 9077MonroviaorHaider BuildingMamba PointMonroviatel: +231 22 6233

faqsi: +231 22 6235

luqsemburgiglukis korespondentis

ofisi luqsemburgSi

1 rue Jean Pierre Brasseurb.p. 567

2015 Luxembourgtel: +352 454 018

faqsi: +352 454 303

mainmariglukis warmomadgenloba

mainmarSi

PO Box 1485, Yangonor 287 Pyay RoadSanchaung TownshipYangontel: +951 524022

faqsi: +951 524 031

mavritaniaglukis misiis ufrosis

ofisi mavritaniaSi

C/O UNDP, BP 4405,Nouakchott orIlot K No 159-160-161Route de la CornicheNouakchotttel: +222 5 257 414

faqsi: +222 5 256 176

makedonia (yofili iugoslaviis respublika)glukis warmomadgenloba

makedoniaSi, yofil

iugoslaviis

respublikaSi

PO Box 873 1000 SkopjeorZeleznicka 53 1000 Skopjetel: +389 2 31118 641

faqsi: +389 2 3131 040

marokoglukis sapatio

warmomadgenloba

marokoSi

12, Rue de Fes-HassanRabattel: +212 377 676 06

faqsi: +212 377 661 96

malaiziaglukis warmomadgenloba

malaiziaSi

PO Box 1018550706 Kuala Lumpuror 570 Jalan Bukit Petaling50460 Kuala Lumpurtel: + 60 3 2141 1322

faqsi: + 60 32 141 1780

malaviglukis warmomadgenloba

malaviSi

PO Box 30230Lilongwe 3 or 7th FloorKang’ombe BuildingCity CentreLilongwe 3tel: +265 177 2155

faqsi: +265 177 4128

meqsikaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

meqsikis, centraluri

amerikasa da kubaSi

Presidente masaryk 29sexto pisoColonia Polanco11570 Mexico, D.F.tel: +52 5 55263 9851

faqsi: +52 5 55250 9360

mozambikiglukis misiis ufrosis

ofisi mozambikSi

PO Box 1198Maputo orAvenida dos Presidentes 33Maputotel: +258 1 490 242

faqsi: +258 1 490 635

moldovaglukis warmomadgenloba

moldovis respublikaSi

31 August 1989 Street, #57

69

MD-2012 Chisinautel: +373 22 271 853

faqsi: +373 22 271 953

namibiaglukis warmomadgenloba

namibiaSi

Private Bag 13310,Windhoek or2nd Floor, Sanlam BuildingIndependence AvenueWindhoektel: +264 61 237 143

faqsi: +264 61 230 055

nigeriaglukis warmomadgenloba

nigeriaSi

UN House Plot no 617/618Diplomatic ZoneCentral Area DistrictPMB 2851, GarkiAbujatel: +234 9 461 8569

faqsi: +234 9 461 8598

nepaliglukis warmomadgenloba

nepalSi

PO Box 2374, KathmanduorDhara Marga Anil KutiMaharajgunjKathmandutel: +977 1441 2521

faqsi: +977 1441 2853

pakistaniglukis warmomadgenloba

pakistani

PO Box 1263Islamabad orNo 2 Diplomatic EnclaveQUAID-E-AZAM, UniversityRoadSector G-4Islamabadtel: +92 51 282 9502

faqsi: +92 51 227 9455

panamaglukis warmomadgenloba

panamaSi

La Ciudad del SaberGaillard Street,Building 812-BPanama Citytel: +507 317 1630

faqsi: +507 317 1633

papua axali gvineaglukis warmomadgenloba

papua axal gvineaSi

PO Box 1909, Port Moresbyor4th Floor – ADF House(Next St. Mary’sCatholic Church)Musgrave Street, TownPort Moresby.tel: + 675 321 7422

faqsi: + 675 321 5977

poloneTiglukis warmomadgenloba

poloneTis respublikaSi

2, Aleja RozPL-00 556 Warsawtel: +48 22 628 69 30

faqsi: +48 22 625 61 24

ruandaglukis warmomadgenloba

ruandaSi

BP 867KigaliorBd de L’umugandaCommune KacyiruSecteur KimihururaCellule KamukinaKigalitel: +250 58 5107

faqsi: +250 58 3485

rumineTiglukis warmomadgenloba

rumineTSi

25, Armeneasca Street,Sector 270228 Bucharest

tel: +40 1 211 29 44

faqsi: +40 1 210 15 94

ruseTis federaciaglukis warmomadgenloba

ruseTis federaciaSi

United Nations Offi ce6 Obukh PereulokMoscow 103064tel: +7 503 232 30 11

faqsi: +7 503 232 30 16

saberZneTiglukis warmomadgenloba

saberZneTSi

23 Taygetou StreetPalaio Psychico15452 Athenstel: +30 210 672 64 62

faqsi: +30 210 672 64 17

samxreT afrikaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba samxreT

afrikaSi

PO Box 12506The TramshedPretoriaor8th fl oorMetro Park Building351 Cnr. Schoaman& Prinsloo Str.Pretoria 0002Gauteng Provincetel : +27 12 354 8303

faqsi:+27 12 354 8390

safrangeTiglukis warmomadgenloba

safrangeTSi

9, rue KepplerF-75016 Paristel: +33 1 44 43 48 58

faqsi: +33 1 40 70 07 39

saqarTveloglukis warmomadgenloba

saqarTveloSi

a. yazbegis gamziri, 2a

0160 Tbilisi

70

tel: +995 32 779 612

faqsi: +995 32 441 302

siera leoneglukis warmomadgenloba

siera leoneSi

PO Box 475, FreetownOr 29 Wilkinson RoadFreetowntel: +232 22 234 321

faqsi: +232 22 234 347

somaliglukis warmomadgenloba

somaliSi

PO Box 43801, NairobiorLion PlaceWaiyaki Way(Next to St Marks Church)WestlandsNairobiKenyatel: +254 20 422 2200

faqsi: +254 20 422 2280

somxeTiglukis warmomadgenloba

somxeTSi

14 Petros Adamyan Str.Yerevan 375010tel: +37 41 56 47 71

faqsi: +37 41 56 78 17

saudis arabeTiglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba saudis

arabeTSi

PO Box 94003Riyadh 11693 orFazari SquarePension Fund CommercialComplexBlock C-13Dipomatic QuartersRiyadhtel: +966 1 482 8835

faqsi: +966 1 482 8737

sudaniglukis warmomadgenloba

sudanSi

PO Box 2560, Khartoum orMohammed Nageeb Road(North of Farouk Cemetery)Khartoum No 2tel: +249 11 47 11 01

faqsi: +249 11 47 31 01

siriis arabuli respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba

siriaSi

PO Box 30891Damascus orAl MalkiMohamed Al BazmStreet No 14Al Nabelsi BuildingDamascustel: +963 11 373 5940

faqsi: +963 11 373 6108

senegaliglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

senegalSi

BP 3125, 59 rue DocteurThezeDakartel: +221 823 66 03

faqsi: +221 823 66 00

serbeTi da montenegroglukis warmomadgenloba

serbeTsa da

montenegroSi

Krunska 5811000 Belgradetel: +381 38 308 2100

faqsi: +381 38 344 2947

slovakeTis respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba

slovakeTis respublikaSi

Sturova 6811 02 Bratislavatel: +421 2 52 92 78 75

faqsi: +421 2 52 92 78 71

sloveniaglukis warmomadgenloba

sloveniaSi

Miklosiceva Cesta 18/II1000 Ljubljanatel: +386 1 4328 240

faqsi: +386 1 4328 224

timor-lesteglukis warmomadgenloba

timor-lesteSi

PO Box 456 Dilior Estrada de BalidoDili tel: +670 33 13 547

faqsi: +670 33 13 554

tunisiglukis sapatio

warmomadgenloba tunisSi

BP 863 1035 Tunis or61 Boulevard Bab Benat1035 Tunistel: +216 715 73586

faqsi: +216 715 70168

tailandiglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

tailandis, kambojiisa da

vietnamisaTvis

PO Box 2-121Rajdamnern AvenueUnited Nations Building3rd Floor, Block ABangkok 10200tel: +66 2 288 1234

faqsi: +66 2 280 0555

tanzania (gaerTianebuli respublika)glukis warmomadgenloba

tanzaniis gaerTianebul

respublikaSi

PO Box 2666Dar-es-Salaamor

71

Plot 18 Kalenga StreetDar-es-Salaamtel: +255 22 215 00 75

faqsi: +255 22 215 28 17

tajikeTiglukis warmomadgenloba

tajikeTSi

Prospekt Drujba Naradov 106Dushanbe, 734013tel: +992 372 214406

faqsi: +992 372 510039

ugandaglukis warmomadgenloba

ugandaSi

PO Box 3813, KampalaorPlot 18 Prince Charles DriveKololo,Kampalatel: +256 41 231 231

faqsi: +256 41 256 989

uzbekeTiglukis warmomadgenloba

uzbekeTSi

14 Mahmood Torobi Str700090 Tashkenttel: +998 71 120 68 93

faqsi: +998 71 120 68 91

ukrainaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

ukrainaSi

PO Box 122Kyiv 01015 or 32A, SichnevogoPovstannya Str.Kyiv 01015tel: +380 44 573 9424

faqsi: +380 44 288 9850

ungreTiglukis warmomadgenloba

ungreTSi

Felvinci ut 271022 Budapesttel: +36 133363062

faqsi: +36 13363080

filipinebiglukis warmomadgenloba

filipinebSi

PO Box 2074 (MCPO)G. Puyat Avenue1260 MakatiMetro Manila or3rd Floor, JAKA II Building150 Legaspi Street1200 Makati, Metro Manilatel: +63 2 818 5121

faqsi: +63 2 817 4057

quveiTiglukis sakavSiro ofisi

PO Box 2874213148 SafatKuwait City orKhaitan AreaBlock No 04Al Walid Ebin Abdel MalekStreet No 206Building No 90009Kuwait Citytel: +965 476 4982

faqsi: +965 476 4257

yazaxeTiglukis warmomadgenloba

yazaxeTSi

67 Tole biAlmaty – 480091tel: +7 3272 791244

faqsi: +7 3272 583982

yirgizeTiglukis warmomadgenloba

yirgizeTSi

UN House (3rd foor)160 Chui AvenueBishkek 720010tel: +996 312 611 264

faqsi: +996 312 611 271

Sveicariaglukis sakavSiro

ganyofileba Sveicariisa

da lixtenSteinisaTvis

Case Postale 250094 Rue MontbrillantCH-1211 Geneve 2

tel: +41 22 739 8755

faqsi: +41 22 739 7379

SvedeTiglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba

skandinaviisa da

baltiispireTis

qveynebisaTvis SvedeTSi

Ynglingagatan 14 – 6th FloorS-11347 Stockholmtel: +46 8 457 4880

faqsi: +46 8 457 4887

Sri lankaglukis warmomadgenloba

Sri lankaSi

97 Rosmead PlaceColombo 07tel: +94 11 268 3968

faqsi: +94 11 268 3971

Cadiglukis warmomadgenloba

CadSi

B.P. 906 N’Djamena orQuartier Cardalй, AvenueFelix EbouéImmeuble STATN’Djamenatel: + 235 51 86 10

faqsi: + 235 51 5340

CineTis saxalxo respublikaglukis regionaluri

warmomadgenloba CineTSi

1-2-1, Tayan DiplomaticOffi ce, Building 14Liang Ma He Nan LuBeijing 100600tel: +86 10 6 532 68 06

faqsi: +86 10 6532 16 47

CexeTis respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba

CexeTis respublikaSi

Namesti Kinskych 6

72

PO Box 210150 00 Prague 5tel: +420 2 571 998 66

faqsi: +420 2 571 998 62

centraluri afrikis respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba

centraluri afrikis

respublikaSi

Boite Postale 950Bangui orRue Joseph Degrain(Route de Sofi tel)Bangui

tel: + 236 61 40 76

faqsi: + 236 61 98 34

jibutiglukis warmomadgenloba

jibutSi

BP 1885DjiboutiOrRue Abdoulkader Waberi,HeronLot # TF 1148Quartier MaraboutDjiboutitel: + 253 35 22 00

faqsi: + 253 35 86 23

xorvatiaglukis warmomadgenloba

xorvatiaSi

3rd fl oor24 Slovenska Ulica10000 Zagrebtel: +385 1 3713 555

faqsi: +385 1 3713 588

+385 1 3713 565

73

mokled glukisa da parlamentTaSorisi kavSiris Sesaxeb

gluki

gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati. (gluki) uflebamosilia uxelmZ-

Rvanelos da kooordinireba gauwios saerTaSoriso saqmianobas ltolvilTa

dacvisa da ltolvilTa problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi msoflios masStabiT.

gluki miiswrafis imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom yovelma pirma isargeblos

usafrTxo TavSesafris Ziebis uflebiT sxva saxelmwifoSi da nebayoflo-

biT daubrundes saxls. ltolvilebi sakuTar qveyanaSi dabrunebiT an sxva

qveyanaSi gadasaxlebiT gluki cdilobs problemebis grZelvadian mogvarebas.

glukis aRmasrulebelma komitetma da gaeros generalurma asambleam aseve

ufleba mianiWa organizacias, daxmareba gauwios sxva jgufebs da maT Soris

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs da iseT pirebs, romelTa moqalaqeobac sadavod

rCeba da aseve konkretul SemTxvevebSi qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadg-

ilebul pirebsac. gluki cdilobs, moiZios gzebi iZulebiTi gadaadgilebis

SemTxvevebis Sesamcireblad, mouwodebs saxelmwifoebsa da institutebs

Seqmnan pirobebi, romelic Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa dacvas da davebis

mSvidobian mogvarebas.

organizacia mikerZoebis gareSe sTavazobs dacvasa da daxmarebas ltolvi-

lebs da sxvebs maTi saWiroebebis safuZvelze rasis, kanis, feris, religiis,

politikuri msoflmxedvelobis an sqesis ganurCevlad. gluki monawileobis

principis erTgulia da awarmoebs konsultaciebs ltolvilebTan yvela im

gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac gavlenas axdens maT cxovrebaze. gluki

TanamSromlobs mTavrobebTan, regionul, saerTaSoriso da arasamTavrobo

organizaciebTan.

parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri

1889 wels Seqmnili parlamentTaSoriso kavSiri saerTaSoriso organizaciaa,

romelic aerTianebs suverenuli saxelmwifoebis parlamentebis warmomad-

genlebs. 2006 wlis seqtemberSi parlamentTaSoris kavSirSi warmodgenili

iyo 146 qveynis parlamenti parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri muSaobs xalxTa

Soris mSvidobisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis warmomadgenlobiTi institute-

bis gaZlierebis mizniT. am mizniT parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri xels uwyobs

urTierTobis damyarebsa da gamocdilebis gacvlas qveynebis parlamentebsa

da parlamentarebs Soris, ganixilavs saerTaSoriso interesis sakiTxebs

da gamoxatavs sakuTar azrs am sakiTxebze, xels uwyobs adamianis ufle-

baTa dacvasa da popularizacias da aseve zogadad zrdis sazogadoebis in-

formirebulobis dones warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri iziarebs gaeros miznebs da mWidrod muSaobs

gaeros sxva saagentoebTan. aseve msgavsi idealebiT motivirebul regionul

parlamentTaSoris da saerTaSoriso, samTavrobaTaSoriso da arasamTavrobo

organizaciebTan.

74

© parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri 2005

gamocemulia parlamentTaSorisi kavSiris mier

gaeros ltolilTa umaRles komisarTan erTad

yvela ufleba daculia. dauSvebelia am publikaciis romelime nawilis gamo-

cema, Senaxva aRdgeniT sistemaSi an raime formiT da saSualebiT gadacema

– eleqtronuli, meqanikuri, fotoasliT, CaweriT an sxva gziT – parla-

mentTaSorisi kavSiris an gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisris winaswari

nebarTvis gareSe.

publikacia vrceldeba im pirobiT, rom igi aranairi saxiT ar iqneba gayiduli,

gaqiravebuli an raime sxva formiT gavrcelebuli gamomcemlis winaswari

Tanxmobis gareSe. dauSvebelia pirvandeli ydis dizainis an garekanis Secvla.

igive pirobebi vrceldeba yvela Semdgom gamomcemelze.

ISBN 92-9142-284-3 (IPU)

parlamentTaSorisi kavSiris

saTao ofisi

parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri

Chemin du Pommier 5safosto yuTi 330

CH-1218 Le Grand SaconnexJeneva

Sveicaria

tel: +41 22 919 41 50

faqsi: +41 22 919 41 60

el-fosta:

postbox@mail.ipu.orgveb-gverdi: www.ipu.org

parlamentTaSorisi mudmivi

damkvirvebeli gaeroSi

Inter-Parliamentary Union220 East 42d StreetSuite 3002New York, N.Y. 10017USATel: +1 212 557 58 80Fax: +1 212 557 39 54E-mail: ny-offi ce@mail.ipu.org

gaeros ltolilTa umaRlesi

komisari

safosto yuTi 2500

1211 Jeneva 2

Sveicaria

tel: +41-22-739-8111

faqsi: +41-22-739-7353

veb-gverdi: www.unchr.org

qarTuli versia iTargmna da daibeWda

glukis warmomadgenlobis mier

saqarTveloSi

yazbegis gamziri 2a

0160 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

tel.: (+995 32) 386202

faqsi: (+995 32) 385422

el. fosta: GEOTB@unhcr.orgwww.unhcr.org