Watershed-based Natural Watershed-based Natural Resource Management in Resource Management in Small-scale Agriculture: Small-scale Agriculture:

Sloped Areas of the Andean Sloped Areas of the Andean RegionRegion

SANREM CRSP Long-term research projectSANREM CRSP Long-term research projectU.S. Research Partners: Virginia Tech, Penn U.S. Research Partners: Virginia Tech, Penn

State University, University of Denver, State University, University of Denver, Florida A&M UniversityFlorida A&M University

International Partners: INIAP (Ecuador), International Partners: INIAP (Ecuador), PROINPA (Bolivia), CIP-LimaPROINPA (Bolivia), CIP-Lima

Jeffrey Alwang Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia TechDarrell Bosch, Ag. and Applied Economics, Virginia TechGeorge W. Norton Ag. and Applied Economics, Virginia TechSarah Hamilton, International Development, University of DenverCarola Haas, Fisheries and Wildlife Science, Virginia TechMary Leigh Wolfe, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech Brian Benham, Center for TMDL and Watershed Studies, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia TechPaul Backman, Plant Pathology and Biocontrol, Penn State UniversityJonathan Lynch, Plant Nutrition, Penn State UniversityWills Flowers, Entomology and Biological Control, Florida A&M University

Others:Roberto Quiroz, Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP)Victor Barrera, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), EcuadorOther Ecuador Institutions: ECOCIENCIA; Sistema de Información Geográfica Agropecuaria (SIGAGRO-MAG), ECOPARAntonio Gandarillas, Fundación Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos (PROINPA), BoliviaOther Bolivian Institutions: Programa Manejo Integrada de Cuencas (PROMIC), Programa Agro Ecológica Universidad de Cochabamba (AGRUCO), BoliviaWorld Cocoa FoundationRainforest Alliance

MotivationMotivation Throughout the AR, agriculture, agro-forestry, and Throughout the AR, agriculture, agro-forestry, and

natural resource-based products contribute to natural resource-based products contribute to income and bring economic stability to areas with income and bring economic stability to areas with fragile ecosystemsfragile ecosystems

Productive enterprises in such areas, however, can Productive enterprises in such areas, however, can have major impacts on the environment, through have major impacts on the environment, through increased soil erosion and loss of soil fertility, agri-increased soil erosion and loss of soil fertility, agri-chemical runoff, deforestation and other pressure chemical runoff, deforestation and other pressure on the resource base, and loss of biodiversity on the resource base, and loss of biodiversity

Mountainous and hillside areas are sparsely Mountainous and hillside areas are sparsely populated, characterized by high poverty, limited populated, characterized by high poverty, limited access to communications and transportation access to communications and transportation infrastructure, and with weak governing infrastructure, and with weak governing institutionsinstitutions

MotivationMotivation

Use of natural assets in productive activities is Use of natural assets in productive activities is potentially associated with resource degradation, potentially associated with resource degradation, but under certain conditions intensification of but under certain conditions intensification of agriculture and other NRM-based activities can be agriculture and other NRM-based activities can be environmentally benign environmentally benign

In AR, widespread adoption of and innovation in In AR, widespread adoption of and innovation in natural resource-intensive products are natural resource-intensive products are hampered by uncertainty about profitability of hampered by uncertainty about profitability of “new” income-earning opportunities, technical “new” income-earning opportunities, technical barriers to production, weak input supply and barriers to production, weak input supply and marketing channels, limited information and lack marketing channels, limited information and lack of institutional support for NRM-related activitiesof institutional support for NRM-related activities

MotivationMotivation

Four factors further contribute to non-Four factors further contribute to non-sustainable integration of economic sustainable integration of economic activities and sound use of natural activities and sound use of natural resources: resources:

1) lack of attention to growing markets for 1) lack of attention to growing markets for products with low environmental impact; products with low environmental impact;

2) inability to reap returns from short- and 2) inability to reap returns from short- and long-term ecological services; long-term ecological services;

3) low economic values of low-impact products; 3) low economic values of low-impact products; and 4) limited institutional support for and and 4) limited institutional support for and information about NRM alternatives. information about NRM alternatives.

Project ObjectivesProject Objectives Increase scientific knowledge about how household Increase scientific knowledge about how household

assets, the policy and social context affect the assets, the policy and social context affect the relationship between management of natural relationship between management of natural resource-based economic activities and the natural resource-based economic activities and the natural resource base in the AR;resource base in the AR;

Identify and mitigate constraints to profitability and Identify and mitigate constraints to profitability and social acceptability of alternative natural resource-social acceptability of alternative natural resource-based livelihood strategies and disseminate based livelihood strategies and disseminate information about such strategies;information about such strategies;

Understand how focused local participation in Understand how focused local participation in activities designed to increase incomes and better activities designed to increase incomes and better manage natural resources can build social capital, manage natural resources can build social capital, enhance local governance and contribute to enhance local governance and contribute to economic and social stability in resource-degraded, economic and social stability in resource-degraded, relatively remote rural areas; andrelatively remote rural areas; and

Generate information on scaling up of such efforts Generate information on scaling up of such efforts by replicating the process in the watersheds.by replicating the process in the watersheds.

Sites: Chimbo, Ecuador & Sites: Chimbo, Ecuador & Tiraque, BoliviaTiraque, Bolivia

Ecuador:Ecuador: Western Andean watersheds include the Guaranda, Western Andean watersheds include the Guaranda,

Chimbo, San Miguel and Chillanes cantons and Chimbo, San Miguel and Chillanes cantons and provide between 30 and 40% of the total water into provide between 30 and 40% of the total water into the Guayas River the Guayas River

Three distinct ecological regions (high plain, Andean Three distinct ecological regions (high plain, Andean plain and subtropical), and four distinct Holdridge plain and subtropical), and four distinct Holdridge zones (subtropical humid forest, low temperate zones (subtropical humid forest, low temperate mountain, temperate mountain and boreal)mountain, temperate mountain and boreal)

Range from 300 to 4500 meters in elevation and Range from 300 to 4500 meters in elevation and receive between 500 and 4000 millimeters of annual receive between 500 and 4000 millimeters of annual rainfallrainfall

Sub-watershed Principal income-generating activities

High/medium Guaranda

Agriculture (potatoes, pasture, cereals), livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs, others), tourism, small-scale commerce, handicrafts.

Medium/ San José de Chimbo

Agriculture (pasture, maize, beans, peas, and wheat), livestock, agro-industry (including dairy, medicinal plants, cacao and organic coffee), tourism, small-scale commerce, handicrafts.

Medium/San Miguel

Agriculture (maize, beans and lentils, citrus, banana, cane sugar), livestock, agro-industry (including dairy, medicinal plants, cacao and organic coffee), tourism, small-scale commerce, handicrafts.

Lower/Chillanes

Agriculture (maize, beans, peas), livestock, agro-industry (including medicinal plants, cacao and organic coffee), tourism, small-scale commerce, handicrafts.

Income Generation in Income Generation in ChimboChimbo

Site: Tiraque, BoliviaSite: Tiraque, Bolivia

The subwatershed of Toralapa is located in The subwatershed of Toralapa is located in southern Tirqaue Province, in the Department southern Tirqaue Province, in the Department of Cochabamba; of Cochabamba;

The watershed is comprised of 13 The watershed is comprised of 13 communities, with a population of communities, with a population of approximately 3,000, and covers an area of approximately 3,000, and covers an area of 110 km110 km22; ;

Elevation between 3700 and 3200 meters, Elevation between 3700 and 3200 meters, with slopes between 10 and 25% in areas with slopes between 10 and 25% in areas under cultivation and between 20 and 40% in under cultivation and between 20 and 40% in pastured areas. The area is arid and cold, pastured areas. The area is arid and cold, with approximately 350 mm of annual rainfall.with approximately 350 mm of annual rainfall.

Income Generation TiraqueIncome Generation Tiraque

Primary economic activities are small-scale agricultural Primary economic activities are small-scale agricultural production and livestock. production and livestock. Potato, beans and small grainsPotato, beans and small grains Most output is consumed by the household, but between 20 Most output is consumed by the household, but between 20

and 50% is sold. and 50% is sold. Women and children participate in agricultural production, with Women and children participate in agricultural production, with

men being responsible for soil preparation, while the rest of men being responsible for soil preparation, while the rest of the labor is shared. the labor is shared.

Livestock is limited to cattle, sheep and pigs, many of which Livestock is limited to cattle, sheep and pigs, many of which are sold in the local market. are sold in the local market.

Most other economic activities are linked to agriculture, Most other economic activities are linked to agriculture, such as marketing and transport and input supplies. Few such as marketing and transport and input supplies. Few communities have local suppliers of agricultural inputs; communities have local suppliers of agricultural inputs; most inputs come from the larger population centers most inputs come from the larger population centers (Tiraque & Cochabamba). (Tiraque & Cochabamba).

Activos…determinan determinan

Oportunidades &...Oportunidades &...

Actividades en la finca, Actividades Actividades en la finca, Actividades agrícolas y forestal fuera de la fincaagrícolas y forestal fuera de la finca

Actividades no agrícolas Actividades no agrícolas

Micro-empresaMicro-empresa

Migración / Recepción de remesasMigración / Recepción de remesas

Participación en asistencia social y redes Participación en asistencia social y redes de seguridadde seguridad

Ingreso & Ingreso & consumoconsumo

AhorrosAhorros

Seguridad Seguridad alimentariaalimentaria

Status de salud y Status de salud y alimentación alimentación

Auto-estimaAuto-estima

EmpoderamientoEmpoderamiento

SustentabilidadSustentabilidad ambientalambiental

Esperanza hacia el Esperanza hacia el futurofuturo

Productivo Productivo Social Social FisicosFisicos

Capital Capital humanohumano

Recursos Recursos

naturalesnaturales

Capital físicoCapital físico

Ahorros & Ahorros &

reservasreservas

Redes Redes socialessociales

Redes Redes políticaspolíticas

InfraestructuInfraestructura & ra & Servicios Servicios Distancia a Distancia a la ciudadla ciudad

Zona Agro-Zona Agro-ecológicaecológica

Marco político- Marco político- institucionalinstitucional

Existencia de Existencia de riesgosriesgos

Políticas de Políticas de economía y de economía y de comerciocomercio

Otras políticas / Otras políticas / institucionesinstituciones

Derechos de Derechos de propiedad & propiedad & contratoscontratos

Gobiernos Gobiernos nacionales & localesnacionales & locales

Protección social & Protección social & redes de seguridadredes de seguridad

Precio & mercadoPrecio & mercado

Sequías, Sequías, inundaciones, inundaciones, heladasheladas

Desastres Desastres naturalesnaturales

Enfermedades & Enfermedades & PlagasPlagas

Inseguridad físicaInseguridad física

DiscriminaciónDiscriminaciónLogros de Logros de bienestarbienestar

......en un Contexto en un Contexto dadodado

OPCIONES

para Estrategias de vida

Research ApproachResearch Approach

Analysis of NRM projects and programs in the Analysis of NRM projects and programs in the region region

Participatory appraisals and creation of an Participatory appraisals and creation of an information baseline information baseline

Identification and analysis of alternative Identification and analysis of alternative livelihood activities livelihood activities

Modeling relationship between spatial spread of Modeling relationship between spatial spread of alternative livelihood activities and environmental alternative livelihood activities and environmental quality, particularly water quality and biodiversity quality, particularly water quality and biodiversity

Monitoring and evaluation of environmental, Monitoring and evaluation of environmental, economic and social dimensions of economic economic and social dimensions of economic change (application of TMDL approach)change (application of TMDL approach)

Participatory ActivitiesParticipatory Activities A PA in the first year for each site; A PA in the first year for each site; Participation in the watershed management Participation in the watershed management

process (TMDL) throughout to define goals; process (TMDL) throughout to define goals; identify, evaluate and implement strategies; and identify, evaluate and implement strategies; and monitor outcomes; monitor outcomes;

Focus-group identification of alternative livelihood Focus-group identification of alternative livelihood activities; activities;

Bi-annual PAs to monitor progress, perceptions Bi-annual PAs to monitor progress, perceptions and impacts; and impacts;

Involvement of producers/stakeholders in field-Involvement of producers/stakeholders in field-level (and other technical) research in a CIAL-like level (and other technical) research in a CIAL-like process; process;

Involvement, through local governments, Involvement, through local governments, community organizations, local schools, etc. in community organizations, local schools, etc. in outreach and training.outreach and training.

Year 1 ActivitiesYear 1 Activities

Responsible party

# Description Accomplishment Host-country U.S. Comments

A.1 a) Participatory appraisals b) Baseline surveys

Complete assessment of existing social, economic and environmental conditions; collection of data for use in A.2

Ecuador- Barrera, ECOPARBolivia (baseline surveys start in year 2)- Barea, AGRUCO

Alwang, Norton, Hamilton, Backman, Lynch

PAs will be designed on consistent format and coordinated with Missouri. PAs will be conducted first and will be used to inform A.2 and data collection needs for baseline surveys.

A.2 Household modeling & analysis of livelihood alternatives

Identify data needs for modeling livelihood alternatives; collect household data; identify and begin to collect cost of production and other secondary data.

Ecuador- Barrera, ECOPARBolivia- Barea, AGRUCO

Alwang, Bosch, Norton, Hamilton, Backman, Lynch

Livelihood alternatives will be identified during PAs. Major household data collection effort will occur concurrently with the baseline surveys in A.1; additional cost of production data will be collected through surveys of enterprises, and from existing secondary sources

A.3 Research on soil problems, crop-specific & other constraints

Identify key crops and research needs; establish research protocol; begin experiments

Ecuador- INIAP/BarreraBolivia- PROINPA/Barea, AGRUCO

Alwang, Norton, Bosch, Backman, Lynch, Flowers

Key crops and research needs will be identified during PAs (A.1); in Ecuador, work on cocoa needs to be coordinated with IPM CRSP and Pichiligue Experiment Station

Responsible party

# Description Accomplishment Host-country U.S. Comments

A.4 Biodiversity & water quality measurement

Establish protocol for measuring land and aquatic biodiversity; identify main water quality indicators and begin measurement

Ecuador-INIAP, ECOCIENCIA

Flowers, Haas, Benham, Bosch, Backman

Limited measurement envisioned due to high costs

A.5 Watershed modeling

Identify models and data needs for watershed modeling; begin data collection; coordinate with CIP; establish GIS data bases

Ecuador- INIAP/Barrera, ECOPAR, ECOCIENCIABolivia- PROINPA/Barea, PROMIC

Benham, Wolfe, Bosch

Visit to CIP needed to coordinate watershed modeling efforts with them; main watershed modeling effort will occur at Virginia Tech

A.6 Participatory watershed planning

Identify capacity needs for local partners; establish plan for training and outreach for program

Ecuador- INIAP/Barrera, ECOPARBolivia- PROINPA/Barea, AGRUCO

Benham, Bosch, Hamilton, Alwang, Backman, Lynch

Can be done as part of PA, but coordination with TMDL in Virginia is necessary

A.7 Begin training program

Identify training needs and candidates; begin preparation; plan field visits

Ecuador- INIAP/BarreraBolivia- PROINPA/Barea,

Alwang, Wolfe, Hamilton, Backman, Lynch

Thank you!Thank you!