Sample of Structural analysis proposal with strusoft

7/25/2019 Sample of Structural analysis proposal with strusoft

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Research Topic: Structural Optimizationand Investigation of a Multi-storey

Building

(Adopting Finite Element Methods enhance by StruSoft FEM-Design package)

Compiled by

Super!ised by

Submitted "n

Table of onten

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Abstract...............................................................................................................................................3

1 Introduction and Research Background......................................................................................4

1.1 Research Aim.......................................................................................................................51.2 Research Objectives.............................................................................................................5

1.3 Methodoog!........................................................................................................................"

1.4 #ontent o$ %hesis................................................................................................................."

2 &iterature Revie'........................................................................................................................(

2.1 )arier methods used $or structura ana!sis and design o$ indeterminate structures..........(

2.1.1 *istorica conce+t o$ ana!tica a++roach $or civi engineering structures..................(

2.1.2 #ommon sim+i$ied *and #acuation method $or structura ana!sis......................12

2.1.3 2., c- o+e/0e$ection Method 0is+acement method-...........................................15

2.1.4 Moment/ 0istribution Method....................................................................................1

2.1.5 Method o$ #oumn Anaog!.......................................................................................1"

2.1. Insu$$icienc! o$ the manua sim+i$ied *and #acuation method $or structura

ana!sis 1,

2.2 Advanced com+utationa method numerica simuations- used $or structura ana!sis and

design o$ indeterminate structures................................................................................................1,

2.2.1 %echnoogica innovation in tructura engineering...................................................1,

2.3 2.2 Reevance o$ In$ormation %echnoog! to )ngineering................................................1,

2.3.1 inite eement Methods $or numerica simuation $or com+e ana!sis...................2

2.4 ummar! o$ #ha+ter 2.......................................................................................................22

3 tructura o+timisation o$ )M structura ana!sis and design................................................23

3.1.1 0iscuss $o' chart.......................................................................................................23

3.1.2 #ommon *ighight methods $or structura o+timisation............................................23

4 Resuts +resentation6 Inter+retation and 7aidation...................................................................24

A++endi A.......................................................................................................................................25

A++endi B.......................................................................................................................................2

Risk Assessment............................................................................................................................2

Re$erences.........................................................................................................................................2"

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!bstract%his +a+er intends to +resent the structura investigation and o+timi8ation o$ a three store! buid

$or both concrete and stee design in accordance to )urocode +rescri+tion. %he truo$t )

simuations 'oud be use to accom+ish the investigation and o+timi8ation6 e+oring the suitabe

techni9ues o$ im+roving structura e$$icienc! in modeing and ana!8ing modern da! structures.

Both tatic and d!namic &oading conditions 'oud be use to test the modes to $aiure and then

o+timi8e the mode structura arrangement to achieve o+tima satis$action on the conditions

name!: structura integrit! +rogressive coa+se6 atera stabiit!-6 aesthetics6 intend +ur+ose o$

structure and ast! economics.

Resuts obtained $rom the simuations 'oud be vaidated 'ith manua cacuations o$ sim+i$ied

structura ana!sis methods.

&ast!6 the research aims are remarking on the +ro$icienc! in ado+ting truo$t ) $or structura

investigation and o+timisation.

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" Introduction and Research Bac#ground

%he conce+t o$ stud!ing the structura +er$ormance o$ a civi engineering structure has deviate

$rom conducting arge scae aborator! e+eriments 'hich are ver! e+ensive to the ado+tion o$

numerica simuations &iang6 24-.

In recent engineering industries6 the use o$ numerica simuations has serve as an o+timi8ation too

to +redict the structura +er$ormance o$ various civi engineering structures. %his advancement o$

structura ana!sis has gro'n ra+id! 'ith the ca+acit! rate o$ com+uter aided a++ications s+eed

o$ iterating mathematica e9uations &i and #hen6 2(-. %hus6 the rigor in $ormuating severamathematica e9uations to sove a design +robem is o+timi8ed b! eiminating error caused b!

manua design: des+ite the com+uter is a cabbage in6 cabbage out s!stem. inite eement method

)M- is a +o+uar structura ana!tica a++roach ado+ted b! most o$ these structura engineering

so$t'are +ackages Arora6 212-.

urthermore6 the conce+tive ideoog! o$ design o+timi8ation b! ;a+aambros and imon 1(55-.

#onsidering a t!+ica modern o$$ice 'ith its design $eatures having beams su++orted b! coumns

arrange in ba!s in ro's and coumn 'ise. %he buiding must be ca+abe to resist static oading

dead and 9uasi/ive oads- and d!namic oading earth9uakes and storms- and modest +roject

eecution cost Bertsekas6 1(((-. %he main concern o$ the governing the design o$ the buiding

'oud be $aiure o$ the buiding structura eements. or instance6 a designer 'oud +re$er the

structura $aiure o$ the buiding to be re+airabe: more 'oud +re$er an in'ard coa+se to a

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to++ing coa+se. Another t!+ica eam+e is designing o$ a rein$orced beam as an under rein$orce

to over/rein$orced $or ductiit!6 that is enough redistribution o$ oad be$ore sudden $aiure.

In regards to the di$$erent modes o$ $aiure that coud be ehibited b! a structura member in the

buiding6 this su++orts the $act o$ tr!ing to o+timi8e the design b! considering di$$erent etreme

oading on a de$ine mode o$ the buiding6 there$ore a structura engineering so$t'are 'oud be

ca+abe o$ doing justice to this concern. =ot'ithstanding6 the non inear behavior o$ the entire

structura eements usua! a++roimated b! conversant e+eriences $rom +ractice and rue o$

thumb are overcome Bends?e and igmund6 23-. ;robems such as beam bucking6 initia

boundar! conditions6 and automated seection o$ members to standard $rom di$$erent cataogues

are +recise! and $riend! de$ined in most structura engineering so$t'ares.

%hus6 the research $ocuses on the design investigation and o+timi8ation o$ the numerica

simuation +ackage6 truo$t )M. *ence6 the aim and objectives these thesis is isted in the net

sections.

"$" Research !im

%o investigate the structura +er$ormance and o+timi8ation o$ the structura con$iguration o$ a 5

store! rein$orced concrete and a 5 store! stee structure o$$ice buiding 'ith truo$t )M.

"$% Research Ob&ectives 0eveo+ a detaied mode o$ a 3 store! rein$orced concrete buiding and stee structures

'ith detaied bracings

0e$ined etreme oading combination intended to test the structures to $aiure

=et6 investigate the structura +er$ormance o$ each structura eements and then carr!out

+arametric stud! $or the most robust and e$$icient sections.

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'igure " (levation of proposed model) * storey o+ce building

Itemi8ed the +art o$ the modes such as the shear 'a and evauate to investigate the

additiona sti$$ness to structure.

Accidenta oading condition 'oud be investigated in res+ect to +rogressive coa+se.

'igure % Typical 'loor ,lan of the proposed models

urthermore6 the soi interaction o$ the o$$ice buiding substructure and resting earth 'oud

be investigated 'ith a di$$erent de$ine bearing soi conditions.

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Resuts 'oud be vaidated 'ith sim+i$ied hand cacuation $or singe structura eements

in the mode $or the stress enveo+es com+uted $rom the .) simuation.

"$ Methodology

As stated earier6 the $inite eement method 'oud be use as the structura ana!tica method to

conduct this investigation and o+timsation. %he summar! o$ the +rocedure are isted beo'@

0eveo+ both the concrete and stee modes on di$$erent $ies in truo$t ). Methods o$

im+ort #A0 $ies $rom other a++ication 'oud be e+ored in the so$t'are to check $or

modeing e$$icienc!.

0e$ine di$$erent oad cases and oading combinations in accordance to )urocode6 )= 1((1.

%he entire design 'oud be done to )urocode 2 $or the concrete design and )urocode 3 $or

the stee design. &oad cases to be taking account $or are 'ind oad6 gravit! oad and

d!namic oading.

A++ication o$ the di$$erent oad combination on both modes and investigates both oca

$aiures and goba $aiures o$ structure members. )ach oading combination 'oud be

identi$ied 'ith the mode o$ coa+se mechanism o$ the modes

=et6 concurrent! 'ith vaidation o$ the stress enveo+es obtained $rom each oading

combinations6 o+timsation o$ the structure 'oud be carr! out. =e' members and

modi$ication o$ the initia mode structura arrangement 'oud be done as 'e.

%he o+tima resoution o$ the both mode 'oud be on the basis o$ structura integrit!6

aesthetics6 buiding re9uired $unctions and economics.


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o$ +revious methods o$ structura ana!sis such as static to indeterminate structures ana!tica

+robems.

Chapter 3+resents detais e+anation o$ the +rocess o$ investigating and o+timi8ing both the

concrete and stee 3 store! o$$ice buiding modes.

In chapter 46 vaidation o$ the critica stressed members $rom the ) simuations are eecuted b!

com+aring resuts 'ith sim+! $ind hand methods. 0etaied eam+es o$ each critica stressed

structura eement 'oud be sho'n. #om+arison o$ o+timi8ed modes $or both the concrete and

stee structure 'oud be tabuated as 'e.

Chapter 5 #oncusion regard to the outcomes o$ using truo$t ) $or structura $aiure

investigation and o+timi8ation 'oud be em+hasi8ed 'ith recommendation and $uture research

+ro+osas.

% /iterature Revie0

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Ac9uisition o$ su$$icient kno'edge $rom iteratures o$ reated subjects to this research 'oud be

e$$icient $or a grounded understanding to attain the aims and objectives earier stated in +revious

cha+ter. %he $oo'ing subjects 'oud be revie'ed:

)arier methods used $or structura ana!sis and design o$ indeterminate structures Advanced com+utationa method numerica simuations- used $or structura ana!sis and

design o$ indeterminate structures.

%$" (arlier methods used for structural analysis and design of

indeterminate structures

%$"$" 1istorical concept of analytical approach for civil engineering

structures

cienti$ica!6 the conce+ts o$ structura ana!sis are rues or theories a++roimate! ado+ted $or

structura modes 'hich coud be more or ess accurate- and oads that are reative! +ro+ortion

ensuring sa$e transmission o$ the im+osed oads. %his $act can be concise into di$$erent subjects

'hich are numerica methods6 materia mechanics and engineering modeing Cac9ues6 1(((-.

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'igure the olosseum in Rome 2 Italy

Iconic civi engineering structures ana!se and design in accordance these scienti$ic rues and

theories are sti $unctiona and maintainabe $or their design +ur+osed. )vidence to +roo$ such are

name! %he #oosseum and the ;antheon in Rome6 the Dreek tem+es6 the A!a o$ia in Istanbu6

the eotic architectura ancient gothic cathedra 'hich 'ere buit 'ithout com+utationa

a++ications.

'igure . !ya So3a in Istanbul2 Tur#ey

'igure * Imperial athedral2 'ran#furt$

%hese rues and theories o$ +ro+ortion 'ere estabish base on through e+erience and +ractica

training b! the ear! the earier medieva master 'hom norma! oversee the both the aesthetics

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and architectura design. %his on! change during the medieva Renaissance 'hen man! detais are

then given to the structura ana!sis a++roach and architectura design Cac9ues6 1(((-.

%he beginning renaissance on the histor! o$ structura ana!sis coud be divided in $ive di$$erent

+eriods 'hich are the preparation time 15"5/1,25-6 Discipline Creation 1,25/1(-6

Consolidation period 1(/1(5), the Integration 1(5/1("5- and the diffusion era 1("5 ti

+resent- Eurrer6 22-.

The preparation timestarted 'ith the conce+t o$ strength o$ materia 'here 0iscorsi Daieo

13,- evauate the strength o$ a cantiever 'ooden beam $ied in a masonr! 'a to be

+ro+ortiona to the 'idth and s9uare the height 6 $urthermore observing the structura +er$ormance

as the oad increases. *o'ever the initia resut 'as noticed to be 'rong in regards to the

assum+tion o$ uni$orm stress. Other researchers at this time Robert *ooke 'as base the ana!tica

a++roach 'as based on easticit! o$ the materia $or sa$e oad imits. %he earier researchers $orms

the basis o$ structura ana!sis 'hich 'as $urther 'orked on b! recognised mathematicians 'hich

are 0anie and Cacob Bernoui 14/1"1- 6continuation o$ Daieo $indings on bending and

&eonard )uer.

Fet6 sti 'ith these avaiabiit! o$ kno'edge6 structura ana!sis i$ com+e structura eement

'ere imited. %he cause the curiosit! o$ the mathematica brothers in ado+ted the in$initesima

cacuus to evauate the beam strength about 5 !ears ater. %his brought ight into engineering that

a state/o$/art 'as the created $or civi engineering.

urthermore the Discipline eraas research interest increases in in design s+eci$ic oad to a

considerabe geometr! structura eements6 *ent! =aiver 1",5/1,3- 'orked on the strength o$

'ood and stee construction materia using di$$erent oading conditions and measuring the stresses

at eastic imits o$ the oaded structura eements. %his 'as done o$ determinate structure su++orted

b! e9uiibrium e9uations. %he e9uiibrium e9uation de$ines the interna $orces in the structura

eement is e9ua to the eterna $orces. evera e+erimenta modi$ications 'as carried to obtained

accurac! and o+timisation resuts using +ractica e+eriences but di$$erent researcher on the basis

o$ *ookeGs a' easticit! conce+t $or beams.

Other researcher ike Ear #uman 1,21/1,,1- then s+eciaised on truss theor! b! deveo+ing a

gra+hica method o$ ana!sing the stresses on the truss members. &ater on Ma'e6 #astigiano6

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Otto Mohr and MHuer/Bresau ater deveo+ sim+i$ied a++roaches $or ana!sis com+e structure

on the basis o$ sim+e beam theor! and to reduce the rigor mathematica derivations using

in$initesima cacuus. Ma'e a++roach can be highighted as a reci+roca theorem 'hich ess

cumbersome to in$initesima cacuus 6 'hie #astigiano a++roach is based on a so+e/de$ection

method 'hich is sti has series o$ cumbersome com+atibiit! e9uations but +re$erabe to the

in$initesima cacuus. MHuer/Bresau 1,51/1(25- deveo+ed the $orce/dis+acement method b!

detaching the indeterminate structura s!stem and ana!sis b! $irst a virtua $orce and the eterna

oad. %he stresses are obtained b! su+er+osition o$ both oading conditions and integration o$ the

broken structura s!stem.

The consolidation era,ne' theories 'here deveo+ in regards to the structura +er$ormance

o$ structure. %he discovered o$ rein$orced concrete 'as $ound in Derman! 'hich move the civi

engineering construction to $rame t!+e o$ structure. %hus the need o$ ana!sing the structure in

t'o dimension $orms 'as necessar! such as she6 +ates and indeterminate structure. %he *ard!

cross method 'as deveo+ 'hich coud be used to evauate the bending stresses aong at

connection o$ structura members to desire degree o$ accurac! 'hich is sti a ver! use$u

ana!tica method $or checking com+utationa resuts. Moreover6 the stee construction also

deveo+s6 b! incucating the +astic hinges into the static e9uiibrium $or +astic design. %he British

stee industr! 'as the $irst to $ind to ado+t the in$uence o$ +astic design on stee construction.

%his a++roach 'as encouraged as an economica a++roach o$ o+timising the stee materia.

%$"$% ommon simpli3ed 1and alculation method for structural analysis

%he! are various methods o$ ana!sing the structura members o$ a structure. %his enabes

structura engineers to have a good and accurate data in their structura ana!sis resuts. %hese

methods aso aid as a check method $or structura ana!sis resut resoved b! another method o$

ana!sis b! another structura engineer. *ence some o$ these methods have their imitations and

bene$its de+ending on the t!+e o$ structure that is to be ana!sed.

%he common methods o$ structura ana!sis are as $oo's@

a- Ana!sis o$ statica! indeterminate beams and $rames b! the method o$ consistent

0e$ormation

b- %he three/moment )9uation

c- %he so+e/de$ection method

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d- %he moment/ distribution method

e- %he method o$ coumn Anaog!

In accordance to the sco+e o$ the +roject 'hich $ocuses on continuous beams and rigid $rame6

these various methods o$ ana!sis 'oud be concern 'ith these structura members. Moreover

these structura $rame'orks continuous beams and rigid $rame- are indeterminate structures.

2.1.2.1Analysis of statically indeterminate beams and frames by the

method of consistent Deformation (force method)

%he method o$ consistent de$ormation is the most genera method o$ ana!sing statica!

indeterminate structures. #onsider a structure 'hich is statica! indeterminate because it has more

than ade9uate eterna su++orts $or static stabiit!. %he number o$ eterna reaction com+onents

one $or each roer su++ort6 t'o $or each hinge su++ort6 and three $or each $ied su++ort- 'hich

are necessar! and su$$icient $or static stabiit! is e9ua to the number o$ conditions $or static

e9uiibrium. I$ the ecess su++orts are removed and re+aced b! unkno'n $orce or moment-

reactions6 a basic determinate structure must nevertheess sti satis$! the +h!sica re9uirements at

the ocation o$ the ecess su++orts no' re+aced b! redundant reactions. I$ a roer su++ort has

been removed at a certain +oint6 the re9uirement is that the de$ection in the direction

+er+endicuar to the su++orting sur$ace must be 8ero: i$ a hinge su++ort has been removed6 the t'o

re9uirements are that the hori8onta and vertica de$ections at the +oint must both be 8ero: i$ a

$ied su++ort has been removed6 the three re9uirements are that the rotation and hori8onta and

vertica de$ections at the +oint must be 8ero.

%hus there are a'a!s as man! +h!sica condition o$ geometr! as there are redundant reactions.

A$ter the redundant reaction com+onent are $ound b! using the condition o$ geometr!6 the

remaining t'o or three reaction com+onents can be resoved b! the e9uation the e9uations o$

statics #hu/kia 1(5-.

2.1.2.2 Three-Moment Eqation (force method)

%he three/moment e9uation e+ress the reation bet'een the bending moments at three successive

su++orts o$ a continuous beam6 subjected to a certain a++ied oading on the various s+ans6 'ith or

'ithout une9ua settements o$ su++orts. %his reaction can be derived on the basis o$ the continuit!

o$ the eastic curve over the midde su++ort: that is6 the so+e o$ the tangent at the right end o$ the

e$t s+an o$ the e$t s+an must be e9ua to the so+e o$ the tangent at the e$t end o$ the right s+an.

#hu/kia6 1(5-

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%his three moment e9uation e+resses the reation bet'een the bending moments at three

successive su++orts o$ a continuous beam subjected to oading on the various s+ans 'ith or

'ithout settement o$ su++orts. *ere moments at the su++orters are taken as unkno'ns. It is a $orce

method o$ ana!sis. A statica! determinate soution is $irst assumed satis$!ing the e9uiibrium

re9uirements. %he com+atibiit! condition is then im+osed. In the case o$ continuous beam the

com+atibiit! condition is continuit! o$ the beam over intermediate su++ort6 'hich is the so+e o$

the tangent at the e$t end o$ the right s+an6 is e9ua to the so+e o$ the tangent o$ the right end o$

the e$t s+an Ro! et a6 23-.

Ma(L1I

1)+2Mb(L1I

1

+

L2

I2)+Mc(L2I

2)=6 A1a1I

1L

1

6A

2a2

I2L

2

+6Eha

L1

++6Ehc

L2

%he above e9uation is kno'n as three/moment e9uation.


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%$"$ Slope-4e5ection Method 64isplacement method7

%he so+e de$ection method can be used to ana!se a t!+es o$ statica! indeterminate beams or

rigid $rames. In this method a joints are considered rigid: i.e.6 the anges bet'een members at the

joints at the interior su++orts o$ statica! indeterminate beams can be considered 1,L rigid joints:

and ordinari! the joints in rigid $rames are (L rigid joints.


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iv. ove $or the rotations at a su++orts.

v. ubstitute the rotations back into the so+e/de$ection e9uations6 and com+ute the end

moments.

vi. 0etermine a reactions6 dra' shear and moment diagrams6 and sketch eastic curve.

It can no' be summari8ed that the so+e de$ection method is a dis+acement sti$$ness- method

that em+o!s the e9uation o$ e9uiibrium in the direction o$ the degrees o$ $reedom o$ the structure

in terms o$ the joint rotations and dis+acement +er+endicuar to each member. %his method is the

$orerunner o$ the matri sti$$ness method but is not easi! +rogrammed and hence has imited use.

or sma structures it can serve as an e$$icient hand method Ro! et a6 23-.

%$"$. Moment- 4istribution Method

%he moment/distribution method can be used to ana!se a t!+es o$ statica! indeterminate beams

or rigid $rames. )ssentia! it consists in soving the simutaneous e9uations in the so+e/de$ection

method b! successive a++roimations. %hus the moment/distribution method consists in

successive! ocking and reeasing the joints: the $irst ocking moment is the $ied/end moment

due to a++ied oading6 a$ter the $irst baancing: the successive ocking moments are carr!/over

moments 'hich are induced to act at the other ends o$ the res+ective s+ans b! the baancing

moments. In a++!ing this method6 it is advisabe to $irst +ut do'n the signs in an! one at the same

time and then the numerica vaues. %his he+s the com+uter to concentrate on one o+eration at a

time #hu/kia 1(5-.

In $act essentia! it consists o$ soving the simutaneous e9uations o$ the so+e de$ection method

b! an interactive techni9ue. It is not an a++roimate method but a method o$ successive

a++roimation 'here an! degree o$ accurac! can be obtained b! re+eated iteration. %he moment

distribution is not a'a!s recogni8ed as a de$ormabe variabe method because the com+utations

are carried out in terms o$ moments +roduced b! the changes in the de$ormabe variabe. %his is a

advantageous because in structura +robems 'e are interested in $inding the bending moments

rather than so+es and de$ections. Be$ore the advent o$ com+uters6 this method deveo+ed b!*ard! #ross 1(3- 'as ver! +o+uar. )ven in this age o$ com+uter6 the method 'i method 'i

be use$u in +reiminar! designs and checking o$ com+uter resuts Ro! et a6 23-.

In checking the end moments in this method o$ ana!sis6 the moment/distribution tabe begins 'ith

reative sti$$ness and $ied/end moments and ends 'ith $ina end moments. A check can be made to

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that the correct end moments have been obtained on the basis o$ the reative sti$$ness and $ied/end

moments at the head o$ the tabe #hu/kia 1(5-.

%he im+ortant ste+s in moment distribution method are@

0etermination o$ $ied end moments

0istribution o$ unbaanced moment in +ro+ortion to sti$$ness o$ the members at a joint

%o carr! over ha$ the moment to the $ar end o$ the member assuming it to be

%$"$* Method of olumn !nalogy

#oumn anaog! method 'as deveo+ed b! ;ro$ *ard! #ross in 1(3: it is used $or soving

statica! indeterminate structures ike indeterminate beams and $ied arches. It is aso use$u in

cacuating sti$$ness and carries over $actors $or beams +articuar! 'ith variabe section. Denera

soution o$ a statica! indeterminate structure o$ 3rd

degree invoves soution o$ three simutaneouse9uations 'hich is ong and tedious. #oumn anaog! method trans$orms the +robem to routine

cacuation o$ +ressures in a short biaia eccentric oad Ro! et a6 23-.

%he method o$ coumn anaog! is most use$u in the ana!sis o$ beams and curved 'ith t'o $ied

su++orts and o$ rigid $rames6 either 'ith t'o $ied su++orts JcosedK 'ith one ceK inside. %he

ana!sis o$ these structures6 'hich are statica! indeterminate to the third degree6 b! the method o$

consistent de$ormation invoves the soution o$ three simutaneous e9uations.

In the method o$ coumn anaog!6 ho'ever6 the moment at an! +oint in the given structure can be

com+uted direct!. ;robab! the most etensive use o$ the method is in the com+utation o$ sti$$ness

and carr!/over $actors $or members 'ith variabe cross sections and in the ana!sis o$ cosed rigid

$rames and $ied arches.

%his method cabe to determine the $ied moment o$ a +rismatic member due to the a++ied

oading 'i no' be deveo+ed. Aso6 the method can be used to determine the $ied/end moments

on a straight member 'ith variabe cross sections6 'hen it is subjected to a++ied oads in the

transverse direction #hu/kia 1(5-.

%$"$8 Insu+ciency of the manual simpli3ed 1and alculation method for

structural analysis

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It coud be cear! seen the transmission o$ curious structura investigation to attaining accurac!

and o+timisation o$ structura ana!sis and design methods $rom the earier 1th centur!. *o'ever6

sti in in$uence o$ com+utationa a++roach a have enhance these a++roaches 'ith ne' numerica

soution +ro$$ered. More detais to be discussed in section 2.2

%$% !dvanced computational method 6numerical simulations7

used for structural analysis and design of indeterminate

structures

%$%$" Technological innovation in Structural engineering

%he term I#% means in$ormation6 #ommunication and %echnoog!. %aken se+arate!6 in$ormation

im+ies $act tod6 heard or discovered about a thing or +erson6 +ace6 events6 issues6 etc.

#ommunication6 on its +art6 means the +rocess or action o$ +assing on in$ormation6 'hie

%echnoog! is the scienti$ic stud! and the use o$ a++ied sciences to +ractica tasks in industr!

Atkinson et a6 1((-.

On their o'n6 each o$ these conce+ts does not make meaning$u im+act nor e+ains the

signi$icance o$ the term6 I#%. %he use o$ the I#% is the integration o$ the three se+arate 'ords6

in$ormation6 #ommunication and %echnoog!. %his integration he+s in achieving greater ca+acit!

to make in$ormation more readi! avaiabe to users in more e$$icient and e$$ective manner. In

other 'ords6 in$ormation and communication have come to have greater meaning and im+act 'ith

the ra+id deveo+ment in technoog!. %echnoog! has made it +ossibe $or the transmission o$

variet! o$ communication devices incuding voice6 data6 visuas6 etc over ong distances and

simutaneous! through the internet Adu6 24-.

2.3 2.2 Relevance of Information Technology to Engineering

I#%s make it +ossibe to ac9uire6 store6 and transmit in$ormation in a common digita $ormat.

#ommon standards $or com+uter so$t'are can be designed to mani+uate this in$ormation so that it

becomes 'ide! accessibe.

o$t'are based on de$ined and agreed standards +rovides a basis $or universait! in the

mani+uation o$ codi$ied in$ormation. ;revious! the echange o$ in$ormation had to be based on a

common inguistic contet that 'as de+endent on a common! understood anguage. o$t'are

+ermits some anguage barriers to be overcome b! +roviding a common contet in 'hich codi$ied

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in$ormation can be stored and mani+uated. In this sense6 so$t'are/based s!stems are becoming

tru! goba technoogies #om+uter Integrated 0esign And #onstruction6 1(((-.

%he $ast/moving 'ord o$ in$ormation technoog! con$ronts the civi engineer 'ith constant

change. %his creates chaenges $or educators and students because

ra+id change re9uires curricua

to be $eibe and educators to gain com+etenc! and access to ne' e9ui+ment and so$t'are.


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%$$" 'inite element Methods for numerical simulation for comple9 analysis

%his method is the most advance method o$ structura ana!sis. It ana!ses the stress and strain

structura members in $inite +artices6 hence +roducing a more accurate and a++roimate vaue

com+ared to other method o$ ana!sis discuss above. But6 the moment distribution method o$

ana!sis +roduce is a ver! cose ana!sis resut 'hen com+ared 'ith $inite eement method. It is a

good aternative to $inite eement ana!sis i$ the structura members are to be ana!sed manua.

(ig)re * (inite element analy!e! +ith Str)Soft !ho+ing me!h pattern! on floor and +all!

%his method o$ ana!sis is ver! so+histicating i$ to be ana!sed manua6 hence6 this method is

suitabe 'ith the use o$ com+uter. %he ana!sis is done 'ith matri e9uation 'hich the sti$$ness

matri is derived $rom the +h!sica conditions o$ the structura members. %he reative sti$$ness

matri is the $undament e9uation $or the ana!sis o$ the structure member.

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(a)

(b)

(ig)re , a and *b (inite element analy!e! +ith Str)Soft !ho+ing !tre!! di!trib)tion on floor and +all!

igure a and b sho's the use o$ ) ana!sis to evauate the stresses $or a concrete $oor and'a. Obvious!6 the +rogramme is sensitivit! that the meshes are $iner at su++ort region 'ere

ike! stresses are o+tima.


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ii. Resut +roduce $rom ana!sis is more re$ine and not a++roimated vaves ike others

iii. More com+atibe and ess tedious to +rogram 'ith man! +rogramming anguages.

%$. Summary of hapter %

%he eariest section o$ cha+ter +recise! stated the subject o$ interest to be revie' $or success$u

justi$ication o$ the research aim. %he historica conce+t o$ structura engineering 'as revie'ed

more reative in concern to ho' the structura ana!sis and design have been o+timise $rom the

+re+aration time preparation time 15"5/1,25 to the Consolidation period 1(/1(5). %he

contribution o$ great mathematicians 'hom articuated the in$initesima a++roach $or ana!sing

structura +robem describes the initia stages o$ structura o+timisation $rom the basic Robert

*ookeGs &a' o$ easticit!. ndoubted!6 it coud not be disagreed that the +er9uisite o$ structura

ana!sis is materia mechanics 'hereb! the designer design $or a sa$er oad to resistance b! the

structure. %hus6 $ather eaboration 'here discussede+aining the Integration1(5/1("5- and the

diffusion era 1("5 ti +resent- com+uter +rograms buit 'ith mathematica e9uations are used to

$aciitate the s+eed and accurac! o$ o+timisation o$ more com+e structura engineering +robems.

im+i$ied ana!tica method initia deveo+ed b! man! other researchers common! used $or

indeterminate structure 'hich is a subject o$ this research conce+ts 'here e+ained. %he reevance

o$ this sim+i$ied ana!tica method 'as sti em+hasi8ed in the cha+ter to be $ound use$u $or

vaidation o$ com+utationa resuts.

&ast!6 inite eement method ado+ted $or carr!out out numerous numerica simuation 'as

revie'ed6 more on the ) +ackage to be used $or this research truo$t. %he ben$its o$ using the

truo$t ) +ackage in regards to sim+i$ied ana!tica methods 'ere highighted and $riend!

gra+hics inter$ace $or visua sensation $or o+timisation o$ a muti/store! $ramed structure o$

eements.

Structural optimisation of '(M structural analysis and

design

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$"$" 4iscuss 5o0 chart

$"$% ommon 1ighlight methods for structural optimisation

Boundar! conditions6

mesh sensitivit!

+er$ormance method on the basis o$ +h!sica de$ormation6

materia +ro+erties

. Results presentation2 Interpretation and alidation

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!ppendi9 !

Table 2 Re!earch #nat Chart

Months


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!ppendi9 B

Ri!- !!e!!ment

Table 3 Ri!- !!e!!ment Table

;ossibe Risks RemediesRisk

;robabiit!Rating

1 )ectrica shocksAvoid i9uid substances

around 'orking area

1 out 1

sittingso'

27entiation in 'orking

environment

)nsure su$$icient o!gen

and cean air circuates b!'orking cose to the

'indo'.


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References Adu6 M.E 24-6 #om+uter Basis6 A++ication and ;rogramming6 Onibonadua ;ubisher6

Akure

Arora6 C 212-. Introduction to O+timum 0esign 3rd )d-6 )sevier6 ,( ++

Atkinson6 R.#. and


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;a+aambros6 ;.F.6

Sample of Structural analysis proposal with strusoft

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