samoqalaqo sazogadoeba: SedarebiTi analiziold.ucss.ge/publication/007 Samoqalaqo Sazogadoeba... ·...

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba:

SedarebiTi analizi

saleqcio kursi

marina musxeliSvili

Tbilisi

2006

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis


mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 6 - 9

1995, Chapter 5: The Globalization of Communication, pp. 149-178 Marc Morjй Howard The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe Cambridge University

Press; (2003) John Keane (Author), Global Civil Society? Cambridge University Press; (2003) m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi demok-

ratizaciis Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul ganxorcielebaSi. `epoqa~,

3, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri, 2003

J. J.Linz, A. Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Concolidation. Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. The John Hopkins University Press, 1996

Charlese E.Lindblom The Policy-Making Process. Foundations of Modern Political Science Series, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1968, chapter 8: Interest-Group Leaders.

Robert D. Putnam, Bowling alone: America’s Declining Social Capital, Journal of Democracy 6:1, Jan 1995, 65-78

Richard Rose, Postcommunism and the Problem of Trust, Journal of Democracy, V.5, N.3, 1994 Stephen P Turner Liberal Democracy 3.0 : Civil Society in an Age of Experts: Sage Publications; (2003) Стивен Холмс, Чему Россия учит нас теперь? Как слабость государства угрожает свободе,

www.carnegie.ruHernando de Soto. “The Mystery of capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere

Else” Basic Books, 2000 Джордж Сорос, Мыльный пузырь американского превосходства. На что следует направить

американскую мощь. Альпина Бизнес Букс, Москва 2004 Mancur Olson, The Logics of Collective action. (Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis qrestomatiaSi) g.JorJoliani, T.berekaSvili, m. musxeliSvili. demokratia gardamaval sazogadoe-

bebSi, saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2002

Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cornwall M.Muskhelishvili, The Mass Media, in: “Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7,

International IDEA, 2003 Przeworski, et. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 1995

123

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris~ (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: M.Muskhelishvili, Democracy as Communism: Methodological Limitations in Democratization Studies and

democratization Policies, “Epoch”, N 3, CSS, 2003 (in Georgian) M.Muskhelishvili, The Mass Media, in: “Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7,

International IDEA, 2003 (in Georgian), 10 pages dominik kola, politikuri sociologia. Tbilisi, 1999, Tavi X: saxelmwifo da

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, gv. 205-228

Jean L. Cohen, Andrew Arato, 1999, Civil Society and Political Theory, the MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, pp.131-177 (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT)

Robert Fine, Civil Society Theory, Enlightment and Critique, Democratization, Frank Cass, 1997, pp.7-28 Алексис де Токвиль, Демократия в Америке, gv. (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT) 158-159, 177-178, 190-

203, 222-228, 322-324, 371-388 Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty : civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y. : Penguin Books

chapters 10, 11,12,29 A.B. Seligman. 1997 The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, chapter 4: Public and private in

political thought: Rousseau, Smith and some contemporaries. pp.103-123 Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi kontraqti, Tbilisi, 1997, SerCeva wigni 1, wigni 2-dan Adam Smith. The Theory of Moral Sentiments Ханна Арендт Vita Activa или о деятельной жизни. «Алетейя», С-Пб, 2000 Habermas J. 1994. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of

Bourgeois Society. N.Y. (ed. C. Calhoun), Habermas and the Public Sphere, The MIT Press, 1994 John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses Across

Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia Elster John, 1997 The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative

democracy: essays on reason and politics ed.Bohman Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press Simone Chambers. A critical theory of civil society, in: Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society, Princeton

University Press, 2002, pp90-112 vaclav haveli, Zala uZaloTa, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri

instituti, Tbilisi, 1995

Robert D.Putnam, Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press, 1994 pp. 86-162

Diamond L. Towards Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy, v.5, N.3, 1996, pp. 4-18 Thomas Carothers, Civil Society, Foreign Policy, Winter 1999-2000, Issue 117 Michael W.Foley, Bob Edwards, The Paradox of Civil Society, Journal of Democracy, V.7, N.3, 1996, 38-52 m. musxeliSvili. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. broSura, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri,

Tbilisi, 2000, gv.37-47

m. musxeliSvili. `demokratizaciis~ avangardi. broSuraSi `arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis sazogadoebrivi imiji saqarTveloSi~, sadiskusio naSromebi, 2(8) CI,

C, Tbilisi, 2003, 12 gv.

Волков В. 1998. Общественность: забытая практика гражданского общества. - Pro et Contra: www.carnegie.ru. 21pp.

Media Systems and Politics by Daniel C. Hallin (Author), Paolo Mancini (Author), W. Lance Bennett (Editor), Robert M. Entman (Editor) Cambridge University Press; (2004). Chapter 5: The Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, pp117-132

Peter Gross, 2002 Entangled Evolution – Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, chapter 5: The media, civil society, political democracy and the market; chapter 6 conclusions: The media, journalism and democratization, pp. 124-174

Hallin, D., S Papathanassopoulos 2002, Political clientelism and the media: southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective Media, Culture and Society,v.24, N 2, pp.175-195

M.Muskhelishvili, Free but Not Liberal: Media and a Particularistic Social Context, conference papers, CMI, Yerevan, Armenia (in Russian)2004, 15 gv.

Larry Diamond, Promoting democracy in the 1990s: actors, instruments and issues. in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp.311-370

John B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity. A social theory of the media, Stanford University Press,

122

sarCevi

1. Sesavali, institucionaluri midgoma samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis cnebis ganmartebisadmi 4

2. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo:

cnebis evolucia istoriaSi 13

3. patnemi: sazogadoebrivi kapitali 19

4. tokvili: demokratia amerikaSi 27

5. Tanamedrove Teoriebi samoqalaqo

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

(respublikuri midgoma liberaluris sapirispirod) 31

6. demokratia: sami politikuri tradicia 43

7. sami politikuri tradicia, politikuris

diskursuli ganmarteba da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 49

8. habermasi: sajaro sivrcis struqturuli transformacia 57

9-10. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi 66

11. masmediis sistemebi: mediis sami sistema da

diskursuli eTikis sami tipi 84

12. saqarTvelos masmedia 94

13. globalizacia: globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 101

bibliografia 109

CIVIL SOCIETY – COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE 112

komentari: saleqcio kursi Sedgeba 32 saauditorio saaTisgan (16 mecadineoba).

maT Soris 13 eTmoba warmodgenili sakiTxebis Seswavlas (1 saaTi - leqcia, 1 saaTi —

garCeva da diskusia), xolo bolo 3 mecadineoba eTmoba studentebis mier warmod-

genili naSromebis prezentacias da ganxilvas.

studentebs moeTxovebaT daswreba da aqtiuri monawileoba (Sefasebis 40%), re-

feratis momzadeba da prezentacia (30%) da damoukidebeli muSaoba literaturas-

Tan, romlis codnisa da gagebis demonstrireba unda moaxdinon gamocdaze (30%).

3

leqcia 1

Sesavali, institucionaluri midgoma samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

cnebis ganmartebisadmi

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba didi Teoriuli debatebis sagans Seadgenda gasuli

ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi (am debatebis gadevneba SeiZleba lokis, adam fergiusonis,

adam smitis, hegelis, tokvilis, marqsis naSromebSi), magram meoce saukuneSi igi

praqtikulad daiviwyes da am cnebisadmi xelaxali interesis gaRviveba mxolod 1980-

iani wlebidan, postkomunistur tranzitebTan dakavSirebiT xdeba (magram amasTanave

ganaxlebuli mniSvnelobiT). swored postkomunisturi qveynebis socialurma

moZraobebma, garkveulwilad postmarqsistuli ideebiT STagonebulebma (gramSi,

rogorc yvelaze cnobili magaliTi) aiRes lozungad es cneba politikur reJimebTan

sabrZolvelad.

komunisturi sistemis kraxis Semdeg samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, damoukidebeli,

arasamTavrobo nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis sferos mniSvnelobiT, dawyebuli

samezoblo kavSirebiT da damTavrebuli yvela saxis interesTa jgufebiTa da

saqvelmoqmedo fondebiT, xdeba farTo msjelobis sagani da ganixileba fuZemdeblur

komponentad, romlis formireba aucilebelia rogorc demokratizaciisTvis, aseve

damkvidrebuli demokratiis sijansaRisTvis. am fonze miT ufro saocaria Seusabamoba

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebis farTo aRiarebasa da mis Sinaarsobriv bundovnebas

Soris. SesaZloa, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom ara marto samoqalaqo sazogadoeba,

aramed gacilebiT ufro damkvidrebuli terminebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

demokratia, bolo aTwleulebis gardaqmnebis Suqze mkvlevrebs sul ufro sakamaTod

da arasakmarisad gaazrebulad eCvenebaT. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebas Cven aq da

qvemoT sxva, masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebis ganxilvis Suqze SeviswavliT.

Tu samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi vigulisxmebT ubralod `samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis

xSir qsels~, masTan dakavSirebuli bevri kiTxva upasuxod dagvrCeba. zogierTi es

kiTxva ubralod ganmartebiTi xasiaTisaa da ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor

gamoiyeneboda da gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba ama Tu im viTarebaSi da

ama Tu im dros. Sedis Tu ara `bazari~, biznesi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sferoSi, Tu

igi Seadgens saqmianobis sxva, `kerZo~ sferos? Tu es asea, xom ar unda gamovricxoT

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sferodan biznesis asociaciebi, profesiuli gaerTianebebi

da sxva? ra mimarTebaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da politikas Soris? sad Tavdeba

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da iwyeba politikuri sazogadoeba? miekuTvneba Tu ara

politikuri gaerTianebebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sferos, da Tu ara, sad gadis

zRvari interesTa jgufsa da politikur partias Soris? aris Tu ara nebayoflobiTi

gaerTianebebis arseboba TavisTavad mniSvnelovani, Tu igi aris raRac ufro Rrma,

arsobrivi sazogadoebrivi mowyobis arsebobis garegani gamomxatveli niSani?

sxva kiTxvebi ukavSirdeba ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganmartebas, aramed mis

arss da mniSvnelobas. ra funqcionaluri, normatiuli da struqturuli wanamZRvrebi

ganapirobebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, rogorc cnebisa da rogorc fenomenis,

arsebobas? da ras ganapirobebs, Tavis mxriv is, rasac SeiZleba samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba vuwodoT? da saerTod, ras SeiZleba vuwodoT samoqalaqo sazogadoeba —

arsebobs Tu ara mis ukan raime garkveuli normatiuli ideali, rogorc es demokratiis

cnebasTan mimarTebaSi xdeba, Tu es mxolod empiriuli, normatiuli datvirTvisgan da

Sinagani logikisgan gamoclili movlenaa? samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba Tuki

marTlac warmoadgens demokratiuli sistemis funqcionirebis aucilebel komponents

4

legislation. Local civil societies and local markets, thus, should develop on a basis of social contracts, emerging from real -life context of these countries. This is a bit controversial receipt, but it addresses the most crucial aspect of globalization: legitimation of local civil societies through neoliberal ideology, or legitimation through local social contract. This is political agenda of development for Georgian civil society in coming years. Literature: Larry Diamond, Promoting democracy in the 1990s: actors, instruments and issues. in:

Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp.311-370

John B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity. A social theory of the media, Stanford University Press, 1995, Chapter 5: The Globalization of Communication, pp. 149-178

John Keane (Author), Global Civil Society? Cambridge University Press; (2003) Thomas Carothers, Civil Society, Foreign Policy, Winter 1999-2000, Issue 117 Hernando de Soto. “The Mystery of capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails

Everywhere Else” Basic Books, 2000 Przeworski, et. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 1995

121

ethics. Polarized pluralist model is highly politicized. In this model both political parties and mass media are ideological and radical, aiming to win majority and to get full access to power in order to change system, rather than to make piecemeal improvements. This is legitimation by majority, instrumentalizing media into tool of struggle for power. Literature: Media Systems and Politics by Daniel C. Hallin (Author), Paolo Mancini (Author), W. Lance

Bennett (Editor), Robert M. Entman (Editor) Cambridge University Press; (2004). Chapter 5: The Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, pp117-132



LECTURE 12. MASS MEDIA IN GEORGIA In this chapter Georgian media system is described in details. Several aspects are highlited, such as newspapers circulation, political biases, internet development, broadcasting development, economic enviroment, etc. Georgian media has achieved relatively high level of freedom, but did not develop high ethical standarts of writing. In its essence it remains Soviet-styled propagandistic tool, with the only difference that monopoly on this propaganda do not exist any more. Chage of generation of jopurnalists did not made difference in these respect, except rethorics and language of publications. Literature:

M.Muskhelishvili, The Mass Media, in: “Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7, International IDEA, 2003

LECTURE 13. GLOBALIZATION, GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY a. Modernization through internationalization. Democratization of the third wave democracies here is represented in light of common strategy of modernization, applied by these countries – modernization through internationalization of economic relations, opening borders and including countries into globalization process. Globalization, thus, is a major contextual factor of transformation for these countries, including civil society development. b. Development of global civil society is both empirical reality of late twenties century, and normative ideal of globalizing social movements, aiming at bringing world societies together. It is even more difficult to define, than local civil societies, and is different in terms that it depends primarily on communication through media, mostly excluding face-to face communication. INGOs and global media play extremely significant role in this development, and this makes many to complain on conflicts between local and global civil societies, saying that global civil society talks with the western accent. c. Global capitalism has to be inevitably discussed in a content of global civil society. Here we rely on Hernando de Soto, who talks of global industrial revolution, which happens in a third world countries through the development of shadow economies and extralegal transactions. According to De Soto poor countries have possessions, which they cannot transform into capital, because property law in these countries is not based on a social contract, but rather on copying western

120

- ratom xdeba es, romel meqanizmebs eniWeba am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba?

asustebs Tu ara samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saxelmwifos zegavlenas mosaxleobaze, Tu

piriqiT - emsaxureba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis legitimizacias? ratom aris miCneuli,

rom nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis arseboba demokratiis xelSemwyobi faqtoria?

imisda mixedviT, Tu ras gulisxmoben samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebaSi, sxvadasxva

avtorebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobis areals gansxvavebuli geografiuli da

droiTi sazRvrebiT Semofarglaven. erTi mxriv, SeiZleba Segvxvdes gamoTqma

`samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iranSi~, meore mxriv ki, gelneri amtkicebs, rom

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba arsebobs mxolod dasavlur individualistur

sazogadoebebSi, Tanac savaraudod 1945 wlis Semdeg. erTi nawili mkvlevrebisa

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirebs Tanamedroveobas, sxvebi miuTiTeben

am terminis gamoyenebaze jer kidev Zvel saberZneTSi. erT naSromSi SeiZleba SexvdeT

mtkicebas, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebebma daamarcxes komunisturi reJimebi

aRmosavleT evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, xolo meoreSi - rom samoqalaqo

sazogadoebebi am qveynebSi ar arsebobda da mxolod amJamad yalibdeba TandaTanobiT

demokratiuli gardaqmnebis Sedegad.

minimaluri da liberaluri demokratia,

minimaluri da srulyofili samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

rTuli sazogadoebrivi struqturebis gaigiveba am sazogadoebaSi moqmed

institutebTan, anu struqturis yvelaze TvalsaCino da saanalizod martiv

niSnebTan, normatiuli datvirTvis da socialuri konteqstis ganxilvis gareSe,

arsobrivi maxasiaTeblebis dakargvis garkveul saSiSroebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. es

problema gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa cneba `demokratiis~ magaliTze.

msoflioSi demokratiis mzardi aRiarebisa da swrafi gavrcelebis fonze

aqtualuroba SeiZina Semdegma sakiTxma - riTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan

demokratiuli da arademokratiuli reJimebi? rogor unda iyos mowyobili

politikuri sistema, rom mas demokratiuli ewodos? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad

Camoyalibda demokratiis e.w. institucionaluri (Sumpeteriseuli) gansazRvreba,

romlis Tanaxmad (uxeSi miaxloebiT) demokratia aris konkurentul arCevnebze

dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba; konkurentuli arCevnebi ki gulisxmobs iseTi

Tavisuflebebis arsebobas, rogoricaa sityvis da azris Tavisufleba, politikuri

gaerTianebis Tavisufleba da sxva (aq es ganmarteba srulad ar aris asaxuli, misi

variaciebi sxvadasxva institutebis nakrebia sxvadasxva avtorebis naSromebSi, ix.

bibliografia, romelic `demokratizaciis~ saxelmZRvaneloSia moyvanili).

magram am gansazRvrebis misadagebiT politikuri sistemebis

klasificirebisaTvis, male aRmoCnda, rom is politikuri reJimebi, romlebic

formalurad jdebian am ganmartebis CarCoebSi, xSirad arsebiTad gansxvavdebian

Zveli dasavluri demokratiebisgan. zogierTi maTgani ver uzrunvelyofs Tavisi

moqalaqeebis uflebebis srulyofil dacvas, demokratiis sxva idealebis

realizebas. sxva sityvebiT, zogi maTgani aris naklebad liberaluri, vidre

dasavluri demokratiebi; pirovneba yovelTvis ar aris am sistemebis arsebobis

amosavali wertili. Sedegad dResdReobiT asxvaveben e.w. minimalur da liberalur

demokratiebs, Tumca ki erTic da meorec xelisuflebis arCevis weszea

dafuZnebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, demokratiis niSnebi, mocemuli mis

institucionalur gansazRvrebaSi, warmoadgenen liberaluri demokratiis

arsebobis aucilebel, magram arasakmaris komponentebs.

5

cxadia, rom metad sasurvelia rTuli da kompleqsuri movlenis arseboba-

ararsebobis kriteriumebi davafuZnoT xelSesaxeb, Semowmebad, TvalsaCino da

`gazomvad~ parametrebze (maT magaliTs warmoadgenen konkurentuli arCevnebi),

magram ama Tu im cnebis gansazRvris metismetma formalizebam, Tumc ki sasargeblom

wminda pragamatuli TvalsazrisiT, ukritiko gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

mcdar daskvnebamde migviyvanos, rogorc amas zemoT moyvanili magaliTi

adasturebs. es saSiSroeba naTlad Cans samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSic,

vinaidan Tu mas ubralod `damoukidebeli, arasamTavrobo nebayoflobiTi

gaerTianebebis erTobliobad~ ganvixilavT (rac iolad Semowmebadi, TvalsaCino da

`gazomvadi~ parametria) Sedegad SeiZleba miviRoT iseTive `arasrulyofili~

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, rogori `arasrulyofilicaa~ minimaluri demokratia

liberalur demokratiasTan SedarebiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela Sexeduleba samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze SeiZleba

kamaTis sagnad gavxadoT, albaT upriania dasawyisSive davafiqsiroT erTi

gavrcelebuli midgoma, romelic garkveul gezs miscems momdevno msjelobas da

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionaluri, institucionaluri da istoriuli

sawyisebis ufro Rrma gaazrebas. es aris institucionaluri gageba, romelic

farTodaa gavrcelebuli da romelic sakmaod detalurad aRwers samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis mTel rig institutebs.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba: institucionaluri midgoma

cnobili amerikeli mecnieris, lari daimondis statiaSi mocemulia erT-erTi

yvelaze konkretuli da mravalmxrivi mimoxilva imisa, Tu ra institutebi miekuTvneba

samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, da ra saqmianobas axorcieleben isini.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, daimondis mixedviT, aris organizebuli sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis sfero, romelic nebayoflobiTia, TviTwarmoqmnadi, (farTod)

TviTganviTarebadi, saxelmwifosgan avtonomiuria da Sekrulia sakanonmdeblo

wesrigiT an gaziarebul wesTa erTobliobiT. zogadad, is gansxvavdeba

`sazogadoebisgan~ im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi individebi moqmedeben koleqtiurad

sazogadoebriv sferoSi sakuTari interesebis, miswrafebebis da ideebis

gamosaxatavad, informaciis gasacvlelad, saerTo miznebis misaRwevad, saxelmwifos

winaSe moTxovnebis wamosayeneblad da saxelmwifo moxeleTa angariSvaldebulebis

uzrunvelsayofad. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris Sualeduri warmonaqmni, romelsac

ukavia adgili kerZo cxovrebis sferosa da saxelmwifos Soris. amgvarad, is ar moicavs

pirad da ojaxur cxovrebas, sargeblis miRebisken mimarTul jgufur aqtiobas (mag.,

dasvenebaze, garTobaze, sulier dakmayofilebaze zrunvas), calkeuli firmebis

komerciul wamowyebebs da saxelmwifoze kontrolis misaRwevad warmoebul

politikur qmedebebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi moqmed pirebs esaWiroebaT

institucionalizebuli samarTlebrivi wesrigi maTi avtonomiurobisa da moqmedebis

Tavisuflebis dasacavad. amgvarad, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ara marto zRudavs

saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, aramed legitimur xasiaTsac aniWebs mas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

es xelisufleba dafuZnebulia kanonis uzenaesobaze. iq, sadac sakuTriv saxelmwifo

arRvevs kanonierebis CarCoebs da ugulvebelyofs individualur da jgufur

avtonomiurobas, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba SeiZleba mainc arsebobdes, (Tumca ki

`Canasaxovani~ an `damaxinjebuli~ formiT) Tu misi Semadgeneli elementebi moqmedeben

6

expected to be produced by society itself. This creates asymmetry between liberal and republican components of democracy, and tension between global and local civil societies. d. Substantial or procedural: two concepts of civil society. Finally, one can say, that there are two main approaches towards thinking of civil society in Georgia: according to one, civil society is mostly NGO community; according to other, civil society is all society, producing political and civic discourses in a somehow non-institutionalized form. These two approaches represent important political division, according to which major political perceptions and struggles in political realm can be traced. e. Political perceptions of Georgian population. In this chapter are presented results of research, carried out by the author in 2004. This research identified, that there exist 4 ideal-type political discourses in Georgia, which can serve as a good basis for pluralist civil society development. These discourses reflect “civil”, rather than “political” perceptions, in a sense that they are general and basic. They correspond to the two basic dichotomic divisions: one is traditionalis-antitraditionalis division, and other is procedural –substantional division. Literature: John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses

Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia m. musxeliSvili. “demokratizaciis” avangardi. broSuraSi “arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

sazogadoebrivi imiji saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio naSromebi, 2(8) CIPDD, CAP, Tbilisi, 2003, 12 gv.

m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi demokratizaciis Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul ganxorcielebaSi. “epoqa”, N 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri, 2003

Джордж Сорос, Мыльный пузырь американского превосходства. На что следует направить американскую мощь. Альпина Бизнес Букс, Москва 2004

Marc Morjй Howard The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe Cambridge University Press; (2003)

M.Muskhelishvili, Civil Society (in Georgian), brochure, Center for Social Studies, Tbilisi, 2000, pp.37-47

LECTURE 11. MASS MEDIA SYSTEMS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSES, THREE IDEAL TYPES OF SYSTEM AND THREE IDEAL TYPE DISCOURSES Mass Medias systems, as well as political institutions of developed democracies are not identical. Using comparative analyses, one can identify groups of countries, having similar systems. Developed democracies of Europe and North America, according to their media systems, can be classified into three groups, with the following models of media: liberal, democratic corporativist and polarized pluralist. Southern Europe has polarized pluralist model of media, in which politization of media is high, press circulation low, state influence strong and journalists professionally not protected from manipulation and instumentalization. New democracies in Latin America and Eastern Europe have similar models, and Georgia can be to some extend be attributed to the same model of media. Three institutional models of media correspond, as it is shown, to the three predominant discursive ethics, discussed above. Liberal media system has neutral, fact-based normative ideal of journalism, in which it is expected that media is producing empirical and analytical information, something, that can be evaluated by single critical mind of consumer. Democratic corporativist model provides auditory not only with information, but also with political vision. However this political standpoint is to some extend tolerant, because its legitimation is based on representation of the part of society, which means, that other parts of society are equally legitimate. In this model consensual aspects of governance are important, leading to the legitimation by all, i.e. republican

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LECTURE 8. HABERMAS: STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE This work by Habermas is both important for understanding present-day discursive approaches to civil society concept, and difficult to read for students. That’s why this lecture provides students with the story of content of this book, with the emphasize on the key problems. Habermas wrote this book in a context of recently democratized Germany, and this work is his way of addressing the same problem, which is familiar for third wave democracies – overload with the political discursive ethics, while two other ethics (liberal and republican) are weak and manipulated. Public sphere in a realm of letters and public political sphere of bourgeoisie civil society are those realms, in which two social roles of man – private person and a citizen – are linked to their liberal and republican versions. Emergence of the third social role of the man – voter – transforms the first two, creates one-dimensional mass society (instead of civil one) and brings to the fore non-public opinion, which is most important for ruling elites and is heavily manipulated by politicians. Democracy, according to the Habermas, can only be liberal constitutional democracy, if everybody has equal access to public deliberation. Participation in voting is not enough for this. But does modern mass media provide citizens with the adequate means of such participation? Habermass is pessimistic about it, and this pessimism is very much reflecting feelings of Georgian society, concerned with the strong politization of media. Literature: Habermas J. 1994. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category

of Bourgeois Society. N.Y. (ed. C. Calhoun), Habermas and the Public Sphere, The MIT Press, 1994 Simone Chambers. A critical theory of civil society, in: Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society,

Princeton University Press, 2002, pp90-112 LECTURES 9-10. CIVIL SOCIETY IN GEORGIA a. Non-governmental organizations. First part of lecture concentrates on newly established NGOs and their institutional arrangement. The question is asked – are they civil society institutions? Answer is not unanimous, because during the period of 15 years of development, these institutions developed as a narrow, strategically acting exclusive establishments, rather than open, inclusive, mass membership oriented organizations. This is linked to the strong politization of society, which is oppositional to any government, rather than independent from it. So all institutions, produced by this society (NGOs and Mass Media), tend to play role of political opposition, rather than civic initiative. b. Discursive ethics: is this social movement? Other way to think of Georgian NGOs is to study dynamics of their development. This approach leads us to a conclusion, that they can better be described in terms of social movements. During 15 years the sector underwent three-stage development. Each stage was based on specific discursive ethics, and matched with the correspondent structure of funding from donor organizations. First was grassroots stage of mass mobilization. This was followed with the development of professional, expert narrow groups. And, finally, the movement ended up in politics, having crucial input in a “Rose revolution”. All these resemble dynamics of modern social movements, rather than institutionalized civil society. c. Dominant of pluralist: critical vision of Georgian civil society. Formed as a part of transitional paradigm, current NGOs are part of global civil society, and base on one ideology of transition, rather than reflect free flow of ideas, existing in Georgian society. Being product of international assistance, they can only be reflecting one – liberal discursive ethics, while republican ethics is

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garkveuli gaziarebuli wesebis Sesabamisad (romlebic, magaliTad, uaryofen

Zaladobas da pativs scemen pluralizms). gaziarebuli wesebis arseboba aris

aucilebeli piroba imisaTvis, rom es urTierTobebi `samoqalaqod~ CaiTvalos.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba SeiZleba moicavdes organizaciaTa mraval formas, maT

Soris formalurebs da araformalurebs. es jgufebi SeiZleba iyos: 1. ekonomikuri

(samewarmeo da komerciuli asociaciebi da qselebi); 2. kulturuli (religiuri,

eTnikuri, komunaluri da sxva asociaciebi da institutebi, romlebic icaven

koleqtiur uflebebs, Rirebulebebs, Sexedulebebs, rwmenasa da simboloebs); 3.

informaciuli da saganmanaTleblo (romlebic awarmoeben sazogadoebrivi codnis,

ideebis, axali ambebisa da informaciis warmoebas da gavrcelebas); 4. interesebze

dafuZnebuli - (Seqmnili Tavisi wevrebis saerTo materialuri an funqcionaluri

interesebis dasacavad; es wevrebi SeiZleba iyon muSebi, veteranebi, pensionerebi,

profesionalebi da a.S.); 5. orientirebuli ganviTarebaze (organizaciebi, romlebic

Tavs uyrian individualur resursebs adgilobriv doneze infrastruqturis,

institutebis da cxovrebis donis gasaumjobeseblad) 6. garkveul problematikaze

orientirebuli (garemos dacvis moZraoba, qalTa uflebebis dacva, miwis reforma,

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva) 7. moqalaqeobrivi (romlebic cdiloben

arapolitikuri gziT gaaumjobeson politikuri sistema da gaxadon is ufro

demokratiuli adamianTa uflebebze monitoringiT, amomrCevelTa mobilizebiTa da

ganaTlebiT, arCevnebis procesebze Tvalyuris devnebiT, antikorufciuli

saqmianobiT da a.S.).

am organizaciebTan erTad samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi is institutebic Sedis,

romlebic uzrunvelyofen sazogadoebaSi `ideologiuri bazris~ arsebobas da

informaciisa da ideebis daubrkolebel gacvlas. am institutebis ricxvSi Sedis ara

mxolod damoukidebeli masmedia, aramed, agreTve, is institutebic, romlebic

ganekuTvneba avtonomiuri kulturuli da inteleqtualuri saqmianobis ufro farTo

sferos - universitetebi, samecniero institutebi, gamomcemlobebi, Teatrebi,

kinofirmebi, da a.S.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan Cans, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aris ubralod

raRac naSTi, romelic miiReba `sazogadoebisgan~ im yvelafris gamoklebiT, rac

miekuTvneba saxelmwifos an formalur politikur sistemas. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

organizaciebi gansxvavdeba sxva sazogadoebrivi jgufebisgan ramdenime aspeqtiT

(garda imisa, rom unda iyvnen nebayoflobiTi, TviTwarmoqmnadi, avtonomiuri da

garkveuli wesebis farglebSi moqmedi): 1. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba isaxavs miznebs,

romlebic sazogadoebrivia, da ara piradi. produqti, romelic iqmneba samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis institutebis mier warmoadgens sazogadoebriv sikeTes (public good);

2. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebi saqmianobis procesSi ama Tu im gziT

amyareben kavSirebs saxelmwifosTan, magram ar cdiloben mis CarCoebSi formaluri

postis an Zalauflebis mopovebas. amis sanacvlod samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

organizaciebi cdiloben saxelmwifosagan miiRon materialuri sargebeli,

politikuri kursis cvlileba, Tanadgoma, kompensacia an angariSgeba. moqalaqeobrivi

organizaciebi da sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi, romlebic cdiloben saxelmwifos

bunebis Secvlas SeiZleba mainc mivakuTvnoT samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu maT Zalisxmevas warmarTavs sazogadoebrivi sargeblis motanis survili da ara

TviT jgufisTvis saxelmwifo Zalauflebis mopoveba. magaliTad, demokratiuli

gardaqmnebis mxardamWeri mSvidobiani moZraobebi, rogorc wesi, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebidan warmoiqmneba.

7

Semdegi ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris is, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba

pluralizmiTa da mravalferovnebiT. Tuki romelime organizacia - iqneba es

religiuri fundamentalistebi, revolucionerebi an sxva - cdilobs moaqcios

politikuri an funqcionaluri sfero Tavisi monopoliis CarCoebSi - dauqvemdebaros

sazogadoeba erTaderT aRmsareblobas, an politika - erTaderT ideologias - imis

mtkicebiT, rom erTaderTi legitimuri gza swored mis mieraa dasaxuli, is

upirispirdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pluralistur da bazarze orientirebul

xasiaTs. amas ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meoTxe ganzomileba,

danawevrebuloba, romelic migvaniSnebs, rom masSi arc erTi jgufi ar cdilobs

individis an Temis interesTa mTeli speqtris asaxvas. sanacvlod, sxvadasxva jgufebi

gamoxataven sxvadasxva interesebs, xolo individs SeuZlia gawevrianeba erTdroulad

mraval sxvadasxva jgufSi, romelic gansxvavebul miznebs isaxavs.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gansxvavebulia da avtonomiuria ara mxolod

saxelmwifosgan da mTeli sazogadoebisgan, aramed, agreTve, sazogadoebrivi

qmedebebis meoTxe arenisgan - politikuri sazogadoebisgan (romelic upirvelesad

partiebis sistemas niSnavs). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebma da kavSirebma

SeiZleba Seqmnan aliansebi partiebTan, magram Tu partiebi moaqceven maT Tavisi

gavlenis qveS, an sulac warmarTaven maT saqmianobas, am SemTxvevaSi kavSirebis

moRvaweobas ukve politikuri xasiaTi eZleva, isini gadadian politikur sferoSi da

ZiriTadad kargaven unars ganaxorcielon garkveuli, mxolod maTTvis

damaxasiaTebeli funqciebi adamiansa da saxelmwifos Soris Suamavlobisa da

demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis sferoSi.

lari daimondi gamoyofs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aT demokratiul funqcias.

pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris `saxelmwifo Zalauflebis SezRudvis

bazisis uzrunvelyofa~. am funqcias aqvs ori ganzomileba: demokratiul

saxelmwifoSi - saxelmwifos mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis monitoringi da

SezRudva, xolo avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi - maTi demokratizeba.

meore - sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis maRali aqtivoba avsebs politikuri

partiebis saqmianobas iseT sakiTxebSi, rogorebicaa politikuri monawileobis

stimulireba, moqalaqeTa politikuri efeqturobis da kvalifikaciis amaRleba, da

demokratiuli moqalaqeobriobis movaleobaTa da uflebaTa aRiareba. rogorc

tokvili aRniSnavda, nebayoflobiTi `asociaciebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT did

sayovelTao skolad, romelsac eswreba yvela mcxovrebi gaerTianebis zogadi Teoriis

Sesaswavlad.`

mesame - samoqalaqo sazogadoeba SeiZleba gaxdes iseTi demokratiuli

Rirebulebebis da praqtikis damkvidrebis adgili, rogorebicaa tolerantoba,

Tanxmoba, kompromisis monaxvis survili, sawinaaRmdego azris pativiscema. es

Rirebulebebi da normebi yvelaze stabiluri xdeba maSin, rodesac isini warmoiqmneba

gamocdilebidan, da samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi organizaciuli monawileoba am mxriv

did gamocdilebas iZleva.

meoTxe - samoqalaqo sazogadoeba emsaxureba demokratias imiT, rom qmnis

politikuri partiebisgan gansxvavebul arxebs interesebis gamosaTqmelad,

dasabalanseblad da warmosaCenad. es funqcia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens

maSin, rodesac exeba politikisgan tradiciulad gaTiSul jgufebs - rogorebicaa

qalebi an rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobebi. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

8

LECTURE 6. DEMOCRACY: THREE POLITICAL TRADITIONS Modern liberal democracy in this lecture is presented as a product of uneasy tension of three political traditions: republican, liberal and democratic. This is important for new democracies to realize, that electoral rights and periodic change of government are not the only necessary elements of democracy. Fareed Zakaria points out that, in differ from third wave democracies, liberal constitutional state was introduced in core democracies before universal suffrage, while Guillermo O’Donnell reminds, that elections are much easier to establish in new democracies, than liberal and republican components. These issues are especially well presented by Guillermo O’Donnell. So, democratic legitimation of political is not the only one that exists in old established democracies. This is particularly salient in a notion of representation. Democracy, which is devoted of liberal and republican components, will have problems with representative governance, because democracy itself is not enough for the creation of public representation, public sphere effective functioning. Lack of liberal component can lead to oligopolic governance, and encroachment of power, which destroys constitutions limits of governance, while lack of republican component will lead to plutocracy and corruption. In a new democracies both emerge, while presidents of these countries tend to struggle with corruption using extralegal and extra constitutional methods that in turn promote new waves of corruption, and create vicious circles of bad governance. Literature: M.Muskhelishvili, Democratization. Societies in Transitional periods - Democratization in a Modern

World (co-author, with G.Jorjoliani and T.Berekashvili). Textbook, OSGF, Tbilisi, 2001 (in Georgian), Chapter 5: demokratizaciis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi

LECTURE 7. THREE POLITICAL TRADITIONS, DISCURSIVE NOTIONS OF THE POLITICAL AND CIVIL SOCIETY This lecture provides students with easy and salient scheme, describing three ideal-type political discursive ethics. These three political realms are distinguished by the ethics of legitimation: legitimation by majority (political decisions), legitimation by one (knowledge, court procedure), legitimation by all (social contract, basic norms of justice). Correspondingly, these discourses have different actors (politicians, experts, elites), agencies (persuasion, prove, transformation), time horizons (short, middle, infinite), etc. All these types of legitimation can be found in day-to day political aspects of social interaction. Suppose, group of students is going to spend weekend in countryside together. First they will have to decide where to go (to the beach, to mountains, to the river, etc., decision made by majority), then they will have to avoid such routs, which can be dangerous for one of them (i.e. somebody cannot climb mountains because of health problems, decision by all), and, finally, they need somebody knowledgeable, who knows, which road they should choose, and which side to go (i.e. has a map, or experience, decision made by one). Students will learn that not all political decisions are made by majority vote, and will realize, on an example of real-life situation, how ethical conflicts can emerge, if one discursive ethics is substituted by the different one. Literature:

M.Muskhelishvili, Free but Not Liberal: Media and a Particularistic Social Context, conference

papers, CMI, Yerevan, Armenia (in Russian)2004, 15 gv.

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Democratic societies, according to Toquevillle, place higher value on equality, while freedom is less important for them, that’s why equality can easily produce tyranny of majority. This can become especially dangerous, if everybody are equally deprived of political rights. American democracy does avoid tyranny of majority not only because everybody participate in elections, but also because Americans constantly participate in governance, create associations and form public opinion, which governs. Participation in governance which is not confined to voting – this is a Toquevillian receipt for liberal democracy, which is important for post-totalitarian societies. Literature: Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America pp.158-159, 177-178, 190-203, 222-228, 322-324,

371-388 Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty: civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y.: Penguin

Books (selections, about 30 pages) LECTURE 5. MODERN THEORIES OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE STATE. (REPUBLICAN VS. LIBERAL CIVIL SOCIETY) Civil society historically developed in frames of two political traditions – republican and liberal. These two traditions both distinguish between public and private realms, but attach different values on them. Norberto Bobbio describes public in terms of relations among parts and a whole, and private – as relations among parts. Adam Seligman links this distinction to republican and liberal approaches to the creation of public sphere, as distinguished from the private one. Civic virtue is more ancient tradition, reflected in writings of such authors as Rousseau, while civil society is more recent, Anglo-Saxon, and is more adequate to Adam Smith writings. This approach by Seligman in this lecture is deepen by the analyses of two authors: Rousseau, representing republican version of civil society, and Gellner, representing liberal version. Despite that Rousseau do not represent modern thought, but is classical writer, is presented in this lecture because of importance of his thought for the current debates on the issues. Hanna Arendt is mentioned in brief, but not considered in details in this lecture, and is offered for students as an additional reading. Three notions of “the political” by John Elster are introduced in this lecture, because they serve as an appropriate starting point for continuation of the theme, highlighted later through the whole following discussions: three concepts of political will then be linked to the three components of liberal constitutional democracy: democracy, liberalism and republicanism. Accordingly, three basic rules of legitimation are identified in following lectures, as a correspondent discursive ethics of political discourse. Literature: Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty : civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y. : Penguin

Books chapters 10, 11,12,29 A.B. Seligman. 1997 The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, chapter 4: Public and

private in political thought: Rousseau, Smith and some contemporaries. pp.103-123 Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi kontraqti, Tbilisi, 1997, SerCeva wigni 1, wigni 2-dan, 10 gv. Adam Smith. The Theory of Moral Sentiments Ханна Арендт Vita Activa или о деятельной жизни. «Алетейя», С-Пб, 2000 Elster John, 1997 The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative

democracy: essays on reason and politics ed.Bohman Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press

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gansakuTrebiT maSin uwyobs xels demokratias, rodesac igi qmnis mmarTvelobaSi

monawilebis SesaZleblobebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze. adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobis demokratizacia mWidrod ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

ganviTarebas.

mexuTe - pluralisturi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul

qveynebSi, amcirebs klasobrivi konfliqtisa da politikuri dapirispirebis safrTxes,

vinaidan igi mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos mravalferovani interesebis warmoqmnas.

ramdenadac individebi erTiandebian sxvadasxva organizaciebiSi sakuTari

mravalferovani interesebis dasacavad da dasakmayofileblad, ufro savaraudo xdeba

maTi urTierToba sxvadasxva politikuri Sexedulebebisa da interesebis mqone

adamianebTan. am urTierTgadamkveTma zemoqmedebam unda Seamciros maTi sakuTari

politikuri Sexedulebebis kategoriuloba da xeli Seuwyos ufro vrceli da

mravalmxrivi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas, rac uzrunvelyofs tolerantobasa

da met mzadyofnas kompromisebisaTvis.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meeqvse funqcia aris axali politikuri liderebis

rekrutireba da swavleba. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmatebuli

funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi maTi liderebi da aqtivistebi iZenen unar-Cvevebsa da

praqtikas, romelic saWiroa mTavrobaSi da partiul politikaSi moRvaweobisaTvis.

isini swavloben, Tu rogor moaxdinon adamianebis mobilizeba da motivireba,

sakiTxebis ganxilva, fondebis mopoveba da marTva, biujetebis Sedgena, programebis

gamoqveyneba, personalis marTva, SeTanxmebebis miRweva da koaliciebis Seqmna.

meSvide - arasamTavrobo organizaciebma SeiZleba pirdapiri roli iTamaSon

demokratiis gamtkicebais saqmeSi. gardamaval periodSi maT SeiZleba Tvalyuri

adevnon arCevnebs, imuSaon saarCevno sistemis reformis mizniT, SeimuSaon

xelisuflebis decentralizebis da politikuri partiebis demokratizebis gegmebi da

a.S. demokratiuli gardaqmnebis warmatebis Semdeg adamianTa uflebebis damcavi

organizaciebi agrZeleben mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebas samarTlebrivi

reformebis CatarebaSi, cixeebSi adamianTa uflebebis dacvaSi, da umciresobebis

interesebis warmoCenaSi.

merve - samoqalaqo sazogadoeba avrcelebs informacias da amiT emsaxureba

moqalaqeebs maTi interesebis koleqtiur dacvasa da miRwevaSi. Tavisufali presa aris

infromaciiTa da alternatiuli SexedulebebiT sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofis erT-

erTi instrumenti. damoukidebel organizaciebs aseve SeuZliaT miawodon

sazogadoebas Znelad mosapovebeli informacia mTavrobis saqmianobis Sesaxeb,

romelic ar iqneba damokidebuli imaze, Tu ras acxadebs mTavroba sakuTari

saqmianobis Taobaze.

mecxre - axali informaciisa da ideebis gavrceleba arsebiTia demokratiis

pirobebSi ekonomikuri reformebis Casatareblad. rogorc wesi, ekonomikis

stabilizebis programebi unda ganxorcieldes swrafad, Zalismierad da erTbaSad

arCeuli xelisuflebis mier krizisul situaciaSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ufro

struqturuli ekonomikuri reformebi - privatizeba, ekonomikuri da savaWro

liberalizeba - im SemTxvevaSi iReben ufro mdgrad da srulyofil formas, Tu isini

miiRweva demokratiuli procesis CarCoebSi. ekonomikuri reformebis warmatebisaTvis

aucilebelia farTo mxardaWera, rac saWiroebs specialuri muSaobis Catarebas.

marTlac, im interesebs, romlebisTvisac reformebma SesaZloa arasasurveli Sedegi

moitanon rogorc wesi bevrad ufro organizebuli saxe aqvT, vidre im adamianTa

interesebs, romelTaTvisac reformebi potenciurad mogebis momtania. am jgufSi

Sesuli adamianebi - fermerebi, wvrili mewarmeebi, momxmareblebi - rogorc wesi,

9

gaTiSulebi da cudad informirebuli arian.

meaTe funqcia damokidebulia pirveli cxra funqciis warmatebul

ganxorcielebaze. politikuri sistemis pasuxismgebluri xasiaTis, misi efeqturobis,

masSi adamianebis CarTulobis gazrdiT da amdenad sistemis legitimurobis

xelSewyobiT samoqalaqo sazogadoeba amkvidrebs moqalaqeebSi saxelmwifos

pativiscemas. is aumjobesebs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobiT potencials da zrdis mis

SesaZleblobas daeyrdnos moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiT morCilebas.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis demokratiuli funqciis farglebi

yvelaze TvalsaCino, rac SeiZleba aRiniSnos demokratiisa da samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis analizisas aris is, rom liberalur demokratiebs,

rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT sicocxliT savse samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba. Tumca

es, pirvel rigSi, exeba dasavlur demokratiebs; maTgan gansxvavebiT, magaliTad,

iaponiaSi, miuxedavad am qveyanaSi ndobis maRali donisa, arasaxelmwifo asociaciebi

wevrebis mcire raodenobas iTvlian.

magram, cxadia, swori ar iqneboda im metad Sorsmimavali daskvnis gakeTeba, romlis

Tanaxmadac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, gagebuli rogorc `arasamTavrobo asociaciebis

xSiri qseli~, warmoqmnis demokratias. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli

kulturuli da ekonomikuri konteqsti xelSemwyobia rogorc demokratiis, aseve

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis. demokratiisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

urTierTmimarTebis ufro siRrmiseuli analizi ubiZgebs bevr avtors, rom

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ganxilul iqnes ara ubralod rogorc arasamTavrobo

asociaciaTa erToblioba, romelic sxvadasxva qveynebSi SeiZleba arsebobdes, aramed

rogorc sazogadoebis garkveuli tipi, rogorc socialuri kategoria, romelic

gansazRvravs demokratiis sazogadoebriv safuZvlebs da aniWebs demokratias mis

WeSmarit xasiaTs.

~. . . sinamdvileSi yvelaze arsebiTia is institutebi da is konkretuli socialuri

konteqsti, romelic mas (demokratias) warmoSobs. am institucionaluri pirobebis

miRma `demokratiis~ arsi bundovani rCeba, xolo Tavad is - miuRweveli. . . `samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba~ ufro seriozul lozungad meCveneba, vidre `demokratia~, vinaidan igi

miuTiTebs konkretul institucionalur pirobebze da aucilebel istoriul

konteqstze~ (gelneri)

cxadia, amgvari midgoma ufro zogad xasiaTs atarebs, vidre is, romelzedac zemoT

iyo laparaki. igi swavlobs sazogadoebrivi institutebis garkveuli tipis

(arasamTavrobo organizaciebis) Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebs yvela sxva faqtorTan

mimarTebaSi -ekonomikasTan, kulturasTan, politikasTan da istoriul

gamocdilebasTan, da sulac ar gamoyofs am erTobliobidan mxolod erTs -

asociaciur cxovrebas.

amdenad, lari daimondi da gelneri miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsa da imave termins

iyeneben, sxvadasxva Sinaarss deben masSi. erTi laparakobs arasamTavrobo

organizaciebze, romlebic ama Tu im doziT SeiZleba arademokratiul qveynebSic

arsebobdes (da demokratizaciasac uwyobdes xels), xolo meore - garkveul socialur

wesrigze, romelic warmoSobs rogorc arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, aseve TviT

demokratiasac.

am konteqstidan gamocalkevebiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganxilva asociaciebis

erTobilobis saxiT qmnis imis STabeWdilebas, rom sakuTriv arasamTavrobo

10

is presented with the work by Vatslaw Havel. According to this vision, civil society should oppose itself to political one, and dominate it. This brief overview of number of classical visions, theories and approaches is based mostly on a book by Dominique Colas, with the references to the paper by Robert Fine. Literature: Dominik Colas, Political Sociology (in Georgian), Tbilisi, 1999, chapter X: State and Civil Society,

pp205-228 Jean L. Cohen, Andrew Arato, 1999, Civil Society and Political Theory, the MIT Press, Cambridge,

Massachusetts and London, England, chapter 2: Conceptual history and theoretical Synthesis, pp.83-116

Robert Fine, Civil Society Theory, Enlightment and Critique, Democratization, Frank Cass, 1997, pp.7-28

Vatslaw Havel, Power of powerless. (in Georgian) CIPDD, Tbilisi, 1995

LECTURE 3. ROBERT PUTNAM: SOCIAL CAPITAL This work links concept of civil society to its social origins and is important for Georgian students because of parallels that can be traced in comparative perspective between Georgia and South Italy. Robert Putnam, on a basis of broad empirical data, demonstrated, that institutions of democracy work better, if the social capital, existing in society, is rich. Efficiency of democracy depends on civil society; weak civic component of society and strong vertical relations, clientelizm and “amoral familizm” have negative effect on a performance of both -political and economic institutions. This influence is pass dependant. History matters, and Putnam traces this history up to 12th century, comparing North Italian civic republican traditions with the feudal, Sicilian Kingdom dominated tradition of South Italy. Concept of “trust” is introduced, with the broad comments and parallels, including critiques of Fukuiama by A.Seligman, reminding students of Tunnies concepts of Gezellshaft and Gemainshaft, etc. Literature: Robert D.Putnam, Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University

Press, 1994 chapter 5: Tracing the Roots of the Civic Community; chapter 6: Social Capital and Institutional Success, pp. 121-186

LECTURE 4. TOCQUEVILLE. DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA Alexis de Tocqueville’ s account of American democracy is important for the course in two aspects. First, Tocqueville compares two types of society –aristocratic and democratic, as a sociological phenomena, rather than political regimes. This is quite different from the mainstream democratization paradigm, and resembles very much Putnam’s work with his socio-cultural approach. Second, Toqueville makes clear distinction between despotic and liberal forms of democracy, which is especially important for egalitarian, but not enough liberal post-Soviet space.

115

LECTURE 1. INTRODUCTION. INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TOWARDS DEFINITION OF CIVIL SOCIETY Concept of civil society returned into political discourse after long period when it was somehow attributed mostly to classical thinkers, rather than actual politics. Transitions to democracy and reintegration of Soviet Union, led by the people, aware of neo Marxist theories of civil society (such as Gramshi theory), brought this concept back to actual social life and politics, and made it once again subject of theoretical debates. In this new reincarnation the concept, however, acquired new meanings and dimensions, which are far from being uncontroversial. Common speech usage of this term in Georgia associates it with the network of newly emerged non-governmental organizations and media. This understanding steams from the attempt to define civil society in terms of its institutions, and link civil society development with the democratization of political system. Suppose one relies mostly on this approach. Then, despite that this definition itself lives many questions unanswered (what type of institutions should be attributed to civil society, and which – not), even more important questions arise. Can we talk of “civil society in Iran”, having in mind number of non-governmental organizations, functioning there? Or is civil society concept linked to a specific social context, existing in predominantly western countries, having long history of market economy and democratic development? As an introduction to the institutional definition of civil society, paper by Lari Diamond is presented in this lecture. In this paper is given very detailed account of the civil society institutions, as seen from the mainstream political science perspective (tranzitology sub-field). This account of formal civil society institutions is contrasted with the sociological vision by Gellner, who attributes “civil society” to a specific type of social fabric (“modular men”), existing only in western societies, and being very recent phenomenon. So, what is civil society - institutions, which can exist everywhere, or social structure, which is culturally bound to specific context? Parallel to the distinction between minimal and liberal democracies is made as an introduction to the further deeper considerations. Literature:

Diamond L. Towards Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy, v.5, N.3, 1996, pp. 4-18

Michael W.Foley, Bob Edwards, The Paradox of Civil Society, Journal of Democracy, V.7, N.3, 1996, 38-52


Стивен Холмс, Чему Россия учит нас теперь? Как слабость государства угрожает свободе, www.carnegie.ru

LECTURE 2. CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE STATE: EVOLUTION OF NOTION IN HISTORY Evolution of notion of civil society reflects evolution of development of modern state and modern political system as well. The first great dichotomy is distinction between political society and barbarians, unable of creating politeia (Aristotel). History of Civil society as synonymous of the state, leads through secularization of political authorities (st. Augustine), positivist account of the state order, preventing the war of all against all (Hobbes), social contract (Rousseau), till Scotch moralists, who first, start to describe civil society as autonomous from the state. Civil society as a sphere between state and developing market economy and private man is followed through writings of Hegel, Marx, and then traced in a practice of totalitarian Soviet reality. The post-Soviet radical vision of civil society, which is completely different from the classical ones,

114

organizaciebis Seqmna aris demokratiis ganmsazRvreli elementi. es, Tavis mxriv,

xSirad xels uwyobs imgvari arajansaRi praqtikis damkvidrebas, rodesac

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis funqcionirebas damaxinjebuli, ideologizirebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba.

erT ukiduresobaze Cven ukve gvqonda saubari, rodesac vixilavdiT samoqalaqo

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aZlevs

Zlier saxelmwifos SesaZleblobas daamyaros diqtati sazogadoebaze. magram Tu

saxelmwifo sustia, misi gaZliereba gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani amocanaa, vidre

laparaki misi SezRudvis Taobaze. Zlieri saxelmwifos gareSe SeuZlebelia im ZiriTad

uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelyofa, romelTa damcvelad samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba gvevlineba. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZliereba ukavSirdeba

saxelmwifos gaZlierebas, da ara piriqiT mis dasustebas. ,

Tu samoqalaqo sazogadoebas ganvsazRvravT tradiciuli gagebiT, rogorc

`istoriul warmonaqmns, romelSiac erTobebi, individTa Soris kavSirebi,

sazogadoebrivi institutebi da erovnuli kultura iqmneba drois xangrZlivi

periodis ganmavlobaSi da mdgradi xdeba politikuri Zalauflebis yvelaze mZlavri

zewolis mimarT~ (ix. zemoT), SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom amgvari samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

xelis Sewyobis magier dabrkolebebs uqmnis demokratizebis procesebs, vinaidan es

procesebi SeiZleba swored istoriulad damkvidrebuli kavSirebis da institutebis

gardaqmnas moiTxovdnen.

gadaWarbebuli yuradReba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mimarT aseve SeiZleba

gadaizardos saxelmwifos da politikis ignorirebaSi, rac gamoixateba demokratiul

procesSi politikuri partiebis rolis dakninebaSi. magaliTisaTvis, patnemis Teoriis

(ix. leqcia 4) kritikisas aRiniSna, rom CrdiloeT italiaSi mravali sazogadoebrivi

asociacia Seiqmna swored politikuri partiebis iniciativiTa da mfarvelobiT.

amasTan, xSirad zRvari politikur partiasa da interesTa jgufs Soris aris sakmaod

bundovani da araerTmniSvnelovani. interesTa jgufebi SeiZleba iRebdnen mcire

partiebis formas, romelTa programebi erT prioritetul sakiTxzea orientirebuli

(magaliTad, ekologiuri moZraoba) da iRebdes monawileobas arCevnebSi taqtikuri

mizniT - sakuTari ideebis popularizebisTvis.

amave dros politikis da saxelmwifos ignorireba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

sasargeblod xSirad gamoixateba TvalsazrisiT, romlis mixedviTac politikuri

sakiTxebis ganxilva da maTze msjeloba araa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqme, igi unda

iyos depolitizirebuli da ar ereodes politikur brZolebSi, rac mxolod

politikosebis da saxelmwifo moxeleebis samoqmedo asparezia. aseTi

depolitizebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis fonze masobrivi informaciis

saSualebebi politikuri sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas xdebian metismetad damokidebulni

politikosebis Sexedulebebze, rac gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia postsabWouri

sivrcisTvis - gansxvavebiT demokratiuli qveynebisgan, sadac masobrivi infromaciis

saSualebebi bevrad ufro kargad axerxeben swored politikaze da saxelmwifo

sakiTxebze damoukidebeli, sazogadoebrivi azris gamoTqmas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT

zurgs ar umagrebs samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi

ukeTes SemTxvevaSi asrulebs komunikaciur funqcias xelisufleba - xalxi, magram ver

asruleben sxva funqciebs xalxi - xelisufleba da xalxi - xalxi. politikuri dRis

wesrigi demokratiul qveynebSi nawilobriv mainc masmediis gavleniT yalibdeba, rac

demokratiis mniSvnelovani elementia. politikuri ideebi da Rirebulebebi swored

samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi unda iRebdnen saTaves, Tuki laparakia demokratiis

xelSewyobaze samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mier. depolitizirebuli samoqalaqo

11

sazogadoebis fonze masmedia ver itvirTavs meoTxe xelisuflebis funqcias.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis depolitizebis survili xSirad ganpirobebulia imiT,

rom postsabWour sivrceSi sazogadoebrivi konfliqti politikuri sferos

maxasiaTebladaa warmodgenili, rac Sors dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoebisagan, romelic

xSirad undaT warmoidginon Tbili, ukonfliqto urTierTobebis sferod.

sinamdvileSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmoqmnis TavidaTavi swored konfliqtis

arsebobaa (pirvel rigSi ekonomikuris). Tu sazogadoebaSi ar Camoyalibda

konfliqtebis (konkurenciis) pirobebSi erToblivi moqmedebis kultura, nebismieri

konfliqtis gadaWra avtomaturad gadainacvlebs saxelmwifos kompetenciis sferoSi,

rac asustebs, da ar aZlierebs demokratias, zrdis saxelmwifos mier Zalismieri

meTodebis gamoyenebis saSiSroebas.

literatura:

Diamond L. Towards Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy, v.5, N.3, 1996, pp. 4-18 Michael W.Foley, Bob Edwards, The Paradox of Civil Society, Journal of Democracy, V.7, N.3, 1996, 38-52 Волков В. 1998. Общественность: забытая практика гражданского общества. - Pro et Contra:

www.carnegie.ru. 21pp. Стивен Холмс, Чему Россия учит нас теперь? Как слабость государства угрожает свободе,

www.carnegie.ru

12

13. Globalization, Global Civil Society 14-16 Are devoted to student’s presentations and joint discussions. Criteria for evaluation At the beginning of the semester students have to choose topic for term paper (case study). The paper and its presentation (that takes place at the end of semester) are evaluated. At the end of semester students are examined. Scores are distributed as following: participation – 40%, paper and presentation – 30%, independent reading of literature and demonstrated comprehension at exam – 30%.

113

Marina Muskhelishvili Centre for Social Studies

CIVIL SOCIETY – COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Course of lectures Duration: one semester, 2 hours twice a week Description of the course Concept of Civil Society is highlighted from various perspectives: civil society in its historical development – both theory of concept and transformation of socio-political reality; place and importance of the concept for Western societies and its return into theory and practice in a third wave (especially post-soviet) democracies. Classical theories of civil society are devoted relatively less time as compared to the contemporary debates on civil society. When describing contemporary debates on civil society main focus is done on comparison and critical analyses of competing approaches and standpoints. Special attention is devoted to specifics of civil society development in countries of late capitalist and democratic development (particularly in Georgia). In this respect mostly two aspects are analyzed in depth: discursive aspects of civil society in their relation with the structural formation of mass media; and institutional development of civil society in a context of global civic institutions, market economy development and international support for democracy development worldwide. Course objectives Course main objective is studying and analyzing those approaches, which exist in civil society theory and analyses. After studying this course students should get deep understanding of theories of civil society and should be able to analyze critically writings of various authors on civil society. Students should be able to use the acquired knowledge for critical analyses of situation in Georgia, should apply this knowledge to the empirical reality and work out their own vision of this reality. Students should get practice of written and oral analytical deliberation on the subject. Course structure (each topic – 2 hours) Each lecture starts with the about 15 minutes discussion and questions on a previous lectures topics and issues. After that follows about 1-hour lecture, which is, in its turn, followed with the 45 minutes of questions and general discussion. Students are required to read literature before the lecture. 1. Introduction. Institutional approach towards definition of Civil Society 2. Civil Society and the State: evolution of notion in history 3. Robert Putnam: Social capital 4. Tocqueville. Democracy in America 5. Modern theories of Civil Society and the State. (Republican vs. liberal civil society) 6. Democracy: Three political traditions 7. Three political traditions, discursive notions of the Political and Civil Society 8. Habermas: Structural transformation of the Public Sphere 9-10. Civil Society in Georgia 11. Mass Media systems: comparative analyses, three ideal types of system and three ideal type

discourses 12. Mass Media in Georgia

112

leqcia 2

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi: cnebis

evolucia istoriaSi

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba axali ar aris, magram man droTa ganmavlobaSi

ramdenjerme Seicvala mniSvneloba. cnebis evoluciis istoriis gacnoba sasargeblo

iqneba mis dRevandel SinaarsSi ukeT garkvevisTvis.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebas anda ideas, Zvel berZnul civilizaciaSi, an

Tundac ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, dRevandelTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro farTo

Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva hqonda. am ganxilvisas Cven mivyvebiT dominok kolas

`politikuri sociologiis~ saxelmZRvanelos.

aristotelesTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba igive iyo, rac `politikuri erToba~.

is, rasac aristotele uwodebs Polis (qalaqi-saxelmwifo) da rasac warmoadgenda aTeni

Zv. w. V saukuneSi, berZeni filosofosisaTvis iyo imavdroulad `politikuri erToba",

an `politikuri sazogadoeba~, anda `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba". aristoteles mixedviT,

adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli ("zoon politikon"), vinaidan mas SeuZlia icxovros

samoqalaqo, anu politikur sazogadoebaSi; is aris moqalaqe, an, ufro sworad,

misTvis damaxasiaTebelia organizebuli politikuri erTobliobis wevroba,

saxelmwifos (anu qalaqi-saxelmwifos) wevroba, romelic Sedgenilia moqalaqeebisagan.

rasakvirvelia, aristoteles drois yvela adamiani ar cxovrobda politikur

erTobaSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, qalaqSi anu saxelmwifoSi; arsebobdnen

barbarosebi, romlebic erTiandebodnen eTnosebis (xalxebis) saxiT. magram maTi

TviTorganizebis es forma polisTan SedarebiT ufro dabal doneze iyo da ar

atarebda `politikuri erTobis~ niSnebs. magram adamiani sxva cocxali arsebebisgan

gansxvavdeba Tavisi bunebiT, im TaviseburebiT, rom adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli

anu aqvs unari icxovros politikuri sazogadoebis saxiT.

aristotelesTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, qalaqi, nebismieri sxva saxis

asociaciaze maRla dgas, vinaidan moicavs yvela sxva asociacias (ojaxi, saZmo, samuSao

jgufi) da isaxavs ara gansakuTrebul, kerZo, aramed yvelasaTvis saerTo mizans.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizani aris yvelas interesi da es mizani maRla dgas yvela

danarCen mizanTan SedarebiT. amasTan qalaqi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris is adgili,

sadac xdeba samarTlianobis gamijvna usamarTlobisgan. amgvarad, swored aq

warmoCindeba adamiani yvelaze didi simaRliT.

dawyebuli aristoteledan da damTavrebuli rusoTi, es ori termini, romelic dRes

esoden xSiradaa dapirispirebuli - `saxelmwifo~ da `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~ -

didxans sinonimebs warmoadgendnen, sanam ar moxdeboda am cnebebis daSoriSoreba.

Tumca, Tanamedrove epoqamde `saxelmwifosac~ dRevandelisgan sakmaod

daSorebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnda. saxelmwifo, misi Tanamedrove, universalisturi

gagebiT, anu eri-saxelmwifo, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, ekonomikisgan da

religiisgan calke mdgomi instituti, kacobriobis istoriis SedarebiT gviandeli

epoqis produqtia. mxolod reformaciis periodSi xdeba legitimuri saxelmwifo,

romelic gamoyofilia eklesiisgan, rac SemdgomSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

ideologiuri pluralizmis damkvidrebis sawindari gaxda. netari avgustinesTvis

amqveyniuri sazogadoeba upirispirdeba RvTis qalaqs. gamomdinare iqidan, rom

13

adamianebi arian codvilebi da borotebisken midrekilni, maT sWirdebaT saxelmwifo,

anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (RvTis samflobelosa da eklesiis sapirispirod),

romelic daamyarebs wesrigs da daicavs mSvidobas. da Tumca RvTis qalaqs upirobo

prioriteti eniWeba, dedamiwaze RvTis qalaqis dafuZnebis SeuZlebloba legitimurs

xdis amqveyniuri politikisa da saxelmwifos arsebobas.

SemdgomSi, rodesac Cndeba saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sakontraqto

Teoria (politikuri erToba iqmneba adamianTa SeTanxmebis, kontraqtis safuZvelze),

hobsi asabuTebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis anu politikuri wesrigis saWiroebas im

varaudidan gamomdinare, rom adamianebi `bunebriv mdgomareobaSi~ midrekilebi arian

destruqciuli konfliqtebisken. Tu adamianebma ar Seqmnes samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, maT

moeliT `yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg~. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iZleva saSualebas

damyardes yovlisSemZle politikuri Zalaufleba, romelic amave dros ver waarTmevs

adamianebs maT uflebebs. amgvarad, aq ukve laparakia adamianTa bunebriv uflebebze,

romelTa dacvasac emsaxureba saxelmwifo. qvemoT, rodesac Cven ganvixilavT samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis gavrcelebul Tanamedrove xedvas - rogorc saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebuli

Sualeduri warmonaqmnisa, romelic icavs adamianis Tavisuflebas saxelmwifos

Zalauflebis gadametebuli zrdisgan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom swored saxelmwifo aris

am uflebebis realizebis mTavari garanti, da rom saxelmwifosgan avtonomiuri

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba, mravali avtoris azriT, SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod

Zlieri saxelmwifos arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

rusoc, hobsis msgavsad xazs usvamda sakontraqto urTierTobebis mniSvnelobas

politikuri erTobis formirebaSi da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas bunebriv

mdgomareobas upirispirebda. magram misTvis bunebrivi mdgomareoba ar aris

konfliqturi arseboba. piriqiT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ganmartoebuli adamiani

bednieri iyo. adamiani iZulebulia mimarTos sxva adamianebs TanamSromlobisaTvis,

dados maTTan kontraqti da Seqmnas samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, vinaidan es mas

gadasarCenad sWirdeba, magram swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi swavlobs igi

agresiasa da konfliqts. rusos mixedviT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnaze

SeTanxmebis miRweviT adamianebi Tmoben Tavisi individualizmis da Tavisuflebis

nawils koleqtivis sasargeblod, emorCilebian mas. rusos `kargi moqalaqe~ `Tavis

kerZo survilebs uqvemdebarebs saerTo moswrafebebs~, warmoadgens mTlianobis

ganuyofel nawils. `kargi moqalaqis~ amgvari, erTgvarad koleqtivisturi Teoria

meTvramete saukunis meore naxevarSi Sotlandieli moralistebis adam smitis, adam

fergiusonis da sxvebis naSromebSi TandaTan icvleba Tanamedrove samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis liberalur-individualisturi koncefciiT.

adam fergiusonis naSromi aris erT-erTi pirveli, romelSiac samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba warmoCindeba saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebaSi. gelneris mixeviT,

fergiusoni aRwerda imas, rac mis Tvalwin xdeboda - aristokratiuli sazogadoebis

gardaqmnas komerciul sazogadoebad, da adamianis da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis

cvlas. fergiusons awuxebda kiTxva - rogor SeiZleba am axal wesrigSi, romelic

dafuZnebulia Sromis ganawilebaze, moqalaqe ar aRmoCndes damonebuli saxelmwifos

mier? rodesac adamianebis erTma nawilma - moqalaqeebma ician mxolod fexsacmlis

kerva an sxva xeloba, xolo sxvebs - politikosebs da meomrebs evalebaT maTi dacva, xom

ar daimorCileben es ukanasknelebi maT, visi dacvac Seadgens maT movaleobas?

es axali ekonomikuri da socialuri konteqsti, romelic aqtualurs xdis samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis arsebobas, istoriulad da Teoriulad ukavSirdeba meTvramete saukuneSi

(da Tanamedrove kapitalisturi kulturis warmoqmnaSi) kerZo da sazogadoebrivi

sferoebis, ekonomikisa da saxelmwifos erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebas.

14

Pippa Norris

Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cornwall

M.Muskhelishvili, The Mass Media, in: `Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7, International IDEA, 2003

Przeworski, et. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 1995

G. O'Donnell. Illusions about Concolidation. Journal of Democracy, v. 7, N.2, 1996

G.O'Donnell. Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998

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www.carnegie.ru. 21pp.








John Keane (Author), Global Civil Society? Cambridge University Press; (2003)

m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi

demokratizaciis Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul ganxorcielebaSi.

`epoqa”, 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri, 2003




Richard Rose, Postcommunism and the Problem of Trust, Journal of Democracy, V.5, N.3, 1994

Stephen P Turner Liberal Democracy 3.0 : Civil Society in an Age of Experts: Sage Publications; (2003)


Hernando de Soto. `The Mystery of capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else” Basic Books, 2000


Mancur Olson, The Logics of Collective action. (Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis

qrestomatiaSi)

g.JorJoliani, T.berekaSvili, m. musxeliSvili. demokratia gardamaval

sazogadoebebSi, saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2002

110

Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi evropis Sesvlis procesi ukavSirdeba adgilobrivi,

teritoriuli da ZirZveli kavSirebis rRvevas, tradiciuli ierarqiuli socialuri

struqturis moSlas. naTesaur-megobruli, teritoriuli da adgilobrivi Cveulebebi,

romlebic gansazRvravda da akavSirebda dasavlur evropul sazogadoebebs veRar

axorcieleben adrindel SemakavSirebel rols axal sabazro urTierTobebSi,

romlebic agebulia gaTvlaze, interesze, kontraqtze da axal idustriul warmoebaze,

romelic Sromis danawilebas moiTxovs.

kapitalisturi suliskveTeba da industriuli revolucia, Sromis ganawileba da

sabazro ekonomikis ganviTareba, tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis rRveva da

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis racionalizacia da formalizacia, saboloo jamSi

ayalibebs erTi mxriv, erovnul saxelmwifoebs maTi dRevandeli formiT, xolo meore

mxriv - saxelmwifosgan gamoyofil samoqalaqo sazogadoebas. ras warmoadgens es axali

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic, rogorc zemoT iTqva, Tanamedrove epoqam

warmoqmna, da ra mimarTebaSia igi saxelmwifosTan?

ganmanaTlebluri azrovnebis didi miRweva iyo imis gaazreba, rom samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba istoriulad Camoyalibda rogorc Sualeduri warmonaqmni pirad

cxovrebasa da politikur saxelmwifos Soris. es xedva ar iyo wminda Teoretizebis

Sedegi, aramed asaxavda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis im sferos zrdas, romelic

faqtobrivad damoukidebeli iyo politikuri sazogadoebisgan da efuZneboda

Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi komerciis, gacvlisa da Sromis danawilebaze dafuZnebuli

warmoebis burJuaziul samyaros. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sferoSi individi moRvaweobs,

pirvel rigSi, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis damoukidebeli mepatrone (rogoric ar unda

iyos es sakuTreba - kapitali, miwa, fuli, kerZo qoneba, samuSao Zala an sakuTari Tavi). es

adamiani iRvwis piradi miznebis misaRwevad, risTvisac Tavisuflad amyarebs

urTierTobebs sxva adamianebTan, TviTonve ayalibebs am urTierTobebs.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba am xedvs Sesabamisad moqceulia or poluss - kerZo sakuT-

rebasa da saxelmwifos - Soris. kerZo sakuTreba aq ganixileba rogorc bunebrivi Tavi-

suflebis realizeba, rogorc kacobriobis emansipacia da ganTavisufleba pirovnuli

damokidebulebisgan, wodebrivi uTanasworobisgan da sxva usamarlobebisgan, romle-

bic Zvel politikur wesrigs axasiaTebda rogorc Tanamedrove samyaroSi Tavisufle-

bis winapiroba. kerZo sakuTreba aq Cndeba rogorc pirovnuli uflebebis, universa-

luri Tanasworobisa da sxvebis uflebaTa pativiscemis materialuri safuZveli.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iqmneba rogorc `moqalaqe (biurgeri) individebis~

sazogadoeba, romelic ar aris Tavisufali konfliqtebisgan; am konfliqtebs

ganapirobebs klasobrivi uTanasworoba kapitalis, miwis da Sromis mflobelebs Soris,

bazris anarqiuli xasiaTi, ekonomikuri krizisebi da sxv. amgvarad, saWiroa

saxelmwifo, romelic moagvarebs am konfliqtebs, SezRudavs bazris negatiur

gamovlinebebs da sazogadoebis arsebobas daafuZnebs im universalur principebze,

romlebic aklia samoqalaqo sazogadoebas.

ori polusi, saxelmwifo da bazari, romelTa Sorisacaa moqceuli samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba, gansxvavebulia Tavisi bunebiT. saxelmwifo aris centralizebuli

warmonaqmni, maregulirebeli organizacia, romelic Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi

Camoyalibda rogorc erovnuli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Zala, romelic `flobs

Zaladobis gamoyenebis legitimur monopolias mocemul teritoriaze~ (veberi). amave

dros Tanamedroveobis epoqa - es aris decentralizebuli industriuli sabazro

ekonomikis epoqa. es ekonomika ar SeiZleba iyos centralizebuli, Tuki gvsurs, rom is

iyos efeqtiani. mzardi ekonomikuri ganviTareba gulisxmobs Tavisufal ekonomikur

subieqts, mesakuTres, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli saxelmwifos mier. rogor unda

15

CairTos es individualuri, egoisturi elementi mTlian erTobaSi ise, rom ar moxdes

misi piradi Tavisuflebis sruli CamorTmeva mTlianis, saxelmwifos mier?

hegelis azriT, korporaciebis Seqmna, rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struq-

turirebas axdens da icavs adamianebs socialuri danawevrebisgan (romelic SeiZleba

gamoiwvios TiToeuli individis mier mxolod sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare

moqmedebam), SesaZlebeli xdeba swored universaluri saxelmwifos pirobebSi. swored

saxelmwifo aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobis winapiroba. saxelmwifos gareSe

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba daiSleba, vinaidan Tanamedrove ekonomikur urTierTobebis

arsebobis realobidan gamomdinare mas veRar akavSireben tradiciuli, ojaxuri,

patriarqaluri socialuri urTierTobebi.

marqsma kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara hegelis Teoria. marqsis mtkicebiT,

saxelmwifo ar warmoadgens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris

arsebul konfliqtze maRla mdgom warmonaqmns; piriqiT, saxelmwifo eqceva

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi jgufis, gabatonebuli klasis, burJuaziis

gavlenis qveS da iqceva mis iaraRad sxva klasebis damorCilebis saqmeSi. swored

amitom, marqsis SexedulebiT, klasTa Soris brZolis dasrulebiT, kapitalizmidan

komunizmze gadasvliT unda moxdes saxelmwifos sikvdili.

marqsis Teoriis leniniseuli interpretaciis cxovrebaSi gatarebis Sedegad

saxelmwifo ar gamqrala, aramed gadaiqca partia-saxelmwifod da saboloo jamSi

sruliad STanTqa samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (romelic, marqsis mixedviT, ruseTSi arc

arsebobda). saboloo jamSi moxda saxelmwifos `totalitarizacia~. totalitarizmi

ki, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, xasiaTdeba swored saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis SerwymiT.

totalitarizmi

totalitarizmis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli daxasiaTeba

ekuTvnis karl fridrixs. misi SexedulebiT, totalitaruli sazogadoeba

xasiaTdeba eqvsi niSniT, romelTagan yvela unda iyos warmodgenili, raTa cneba

gamoyenebuli iyos mTeli Tavisi mniSvnelobiT.

1/ oficialuri ideologia, romelic Sedgeba oficialuri doqtrinisagan da

moicavs adamianis arsebobis yvela sasicocxlo aspeqts; mas unda daeTanxmos yvela,

vinc cxovrobs sazogadoebaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi pasiurad mainc; es ideologia

mimarTulia aTaswlian amocanebze, rogorc adamianis saxeobis umaRlesi

`srulyofili~ sazogadoebis momavalze.

2/ masebis erTaderTi partia, romelic aerTianebs mTliani mosaxleobis,

kacebisa da qalebis SedarebiT mcire ricxvs (ara umetes 10%-isa), romlebic

mxurvaled da uyoymanod uWeren mxars ideologias da nebismieri saSualebiT

cdiloben gamoavlinon sruli Tanxmoba mis mimarT. msgavsi partia organizebulia

mkacrad ierarqizirebuli da oligarqiuli wesiT. aq, rogorc wesi, erTaderTi

xelmZRvanelia. is an yvelaze maRla dgas an gaigivebulia samTavrobo

biurokratiul organizaciasTan.

3/ xelisuflebis kvazimonopolia (teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis farglebSi)

efeqtur samxedro sabrZolo saSualebebze. es monopolia partiisa da misi kadrebis

xelSia, anda sxvanairad rom iTqvas, biurokratiisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

xelSia.

4/ xelisuflebis kvazimonopolia (teqnikur SesaZleblobaTa farglebSi)

komunikaciis efeqtur saSualebebze, rac aseve partiis xelSia moqceuli.

16

bibliografia

dominik kola, politikuri sociologia. Tbilisi, 1999, Tavi X: saxelmwifo da




Алексис де Токвиль, Демократия в Америке, gv. (rusuli gamocemis mixedviT) 158-159, 177-178, 190-203, 222-228, 322-324, 371-388

Gellner Ernest, 1996 Conditions of liberty : civil society and its rivals. New York, N.Y. : Penguin Books chapters 10, 11,12,29

A.B. Seligman. 1997 The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, chapter 4: Public and private in political thought: Rousseau, Smith and some contemporaries. pp.103-123

Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi kontraqti, Tbilisi, 1997, SerCeva wigni 1, wigni 2-dan, 10

gv.

Adam Smith. The Theory of Moral Sentiments

Ханна Арендт Vita Activa или о деятельной жизни. «Алетейя», С-Пб, 2000

Habermas J. 1994. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. N.Y.

(ed. C. Calhoun), Habermas and the Public Sphere, The MIT Press, 1994

John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia

Elster John, 1997 The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative democracy: essays on reason and politics ed.Bohman Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press

Simone Chambers. A critical theory of civil society, in: Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society, Princeton University Press, 2002, pp90-112

vaclav haveli, Zala uZaloTa, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri




Thomas Carothers, Civil Society, Foreign Policy, Winter 1999-2000, Issue 117


m. musxeliSvili. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. broSura, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri,

Tbilisi, 2000, gv.37-47

m. musxeliSvili. `demokratizaciis” avangardi. broSuraSi `arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis sazogadoebrivi imiji saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio naSromebi, 2(8)

CIPDD, CAP, Tbilisi, 2003, 12 gv.

Волков В. 1998. Общественность: забытая практика гражданского общества. - Pro et Contra:

109

axali migrantebi da mosaxleebi, romlebic ikavebdnen miwas amerikaSi, Zlier

TviTmmarTvelobiT jgufebs qmnidnen. amerikuli mmarTvelobis sistema marTlac, rom

qvevidan zeviT viTardeboda. anu jer araformalur doneze cnobili xdeboda

garkveuli wesebi, romlebiTac adamianebi adgendnen erTimeoris uflebebs, rac maT

mudmivi sisxlisRvrisgan da qiSpisgan icavda, xolo Semdgom koleqtiurad icavdnen am

erToblivad dadgenil wesebs. anu ideboda patara sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebi,

romlebic Semdgom kargad muSaobda wesrigisa da uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad.

SesaZloa, sxva qveynebSi, sadac araformaluri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ukve

damkvidrebuli saxelmwifoebis CarCoebSi viTardeba, amgvari SeTanxmebebis miRweva da

institucionalizeba Zneli saqme iyos. samagierod amerikis ekonomika yvelaze swrafad

da efeqturad ganviTarda swored misi amgvari principuli mowyobis Sedegad. kanonis

legitimaciaSi sazogadoebrivi kontraqtis mZlavrad gamoyenebam kanonebi gaxada

efeqturi, da ara ubralod, abstraqtulad `samarTliani~.

kanonSemoqmedeba axal demokratiebSi da mesame samyaros sxva qveynebSi samwuxarod

zedmetad xSirad atarebs ideologiur xasiaTs. es ideologiuroba mdgomareobs

kanonebis abstraqtul `SemuSavbaSi~, im imediT, rom sazogadoeba moergeba kanons, da

ara piriqiT. am dros xdeba realurad arsebuli da sazogadoebis mier daculi

urTierTobebis, anu moqmedi sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ignorireba, da Sedegad

kanonebi ar muSaobs, xolo ekonomika cudad viTardeba. rusos `sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis~ idea ar aris sruli abstraqcia, aramed politikuri (da ara

iuridiuli) samoqmedo gegma. kanoni, rogorc amas ruso amtkicebs, ar arsebos kargi an

cudi. kanoni unda Seesabamebodes im sazogadoebas, romlisTvisac is iwereba.

vinaidan am qveynebSi politikosebi zedmetad did yuradRebas aqceven globaluri

ekonomikis kanonmdeblobasTan morgebas, da naklebs — sakuTari qveynis realobis

gaTvaliswinebas, globalizacia xSirad sargeblis momtani xdeba mxolod mcire

nawilisTvis, xolo msoflios mosaxleobis didi nawili masTan dapirispirebaSi

vardeba, vinaidan uflebrivad daqvemdebarebuli xdeba. iqmneba, brodelis gamoTqmiT,

globalizaciiT Seqmnili daxuruli areebi (`bell jars`), romelTa SigniT raRaca

viTardeba, magram romelTa miRma rCeba yvela danarCeni, romlebisTvisac

globalizaciis am `privilegirebuli klubis~ SeuRwevloba mxolod uTanasworobas

niSnavs. Sedegad globalizaciisa da sabazro ekonomikis advokatebi aRiqmebian

rogorc mikerZoebuli, viwro klasis an saerTod `ucxo agentebis~ uflebebis

damcvelebi. isini xSirad ar aqceven yuradRebas imas, rom maT mier SemoTavazebuli

reformebi realurad yvelas sasargeblod ar moqmedeben.

es analizi saocrad waagavs im problemebs, romlebsac vawydebodiT saqarTveloSi

globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da, zogadad, mosaxleobis urTierTmimarTebis

analizisas. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis globalizaciam saqarTveloSi Seqmna

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic ufro kunZulebia sazogadoebaSi, vidre Ria

inkluziuri xelSekrulebis damcveli organoebi. maT qmnis ufro moZroba `zevidan

qvemoT~, da ara `qvemodan zeviT~. es ki qmnis gaTiSulobas da daZabulobas globalur

samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da lokalur, araformalurad arsebuli sazogadoebriv

xelSekrulebebs Soris, romlebic rCeba `arakodificirebuli~, arareprezentatiuli,

araartikulirebuli, da, saboloo jamSi, politikurad represirebuli.

globalizacia adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze Tu misi

neoliberaluri konkurenti — globalizacia saeqsperto da universalisturi,

moduliri institutebis safuZvelze — es aris Tanamedrove msoflios politikuri

gamowveva, romelic ayalibebs momavali msoflio globaluri samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis saxes, Tuki am termins gamoviyenebT.

108

5/ mTeli sawarmoo da ekonomikuri saSualebebis kvazimonopolia, romelic

eqvemdebareba centralizebul dagegmarebas.

6/ represiuli policiuri Zalauflebrivi sistema, dafuZnebuli Zaladobis

da sakomunikacio saSualebebis monopoliaze, romelic ara mxolod reJimis

`mtrebis~ winaaRmdeg, aramed, agreTve, mosaxleobis TviTneburad arCeuli

kategoriebis winaaRmdegacaa mimarTuli; amgvari TviTneburi seleqcia reJimis

gadarCenis moTxovnaa.

totalitarizmis sabWouri varianti, garda am niSnebisa, xasiaTdeboda adamianis,

rogorc kerZo mesakuTris, sruli mospobiT. rogorc Cans, es ar iyo sakmarisad

gaazrebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis im Teoretikosebis mier, romlebic sabWoTa

wyobis damxobas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmatebas ukavSirebdnen. samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis ganxilva postsabWour sivrceSi am ekonomikuri ganzomilebi-

dan mowyvetilad SeiZleba zogierTi Tanamedrove Teoriis sisustes ganapi-

robebdes. tipuri postsabWoTa midgoma samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebi-

sadmi aris vaclav havelis qvemoT aRwerili xedva.

wyaro: dominik kola, politikuri sociologia

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da postkomunizmi; vaclav haveli

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ideis win wamoweva, rac gaigivebuli iyo

oficialuri komunizmis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan 1980-ian wlebSi centralur da

aRmosavleT evropaSi, akavSirebs am cnebis yuradRebis centrSi moqcevas am qveynebSi

Seqmnil politikur konteqstTan - mtrul ganwyobasTan ara marto oficialuri komunizmis

mimarT, aramed marqsisa da marqsizmis mimarT. marqsizmi ganixileboda ZiriTad mtrad,

vinaidan is iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvelaze gavleniani gacxadebuli mowinaaRmdege.

am politikurma konteqstma daRi daasva samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tanamedrove Teorias,

romliTac, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebisa, xdeba samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis romantizacia, igi yvela sxva sferosTan -saxelmwifosTan, ekonomikasTan,

ojaxTan SedarebiT win aris wamoweuli da centraluri adgili uWiravs.

am Teoriis mixedviT, Tanamedrove samyaroSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris

Tavisuflebis fuZemdebluri wyaro. saWiroa samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dacva yvela im

agresiuli Zalisgan, romelic mas Trgunavs: erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos politikuri Za-

lauflebisgan, xolo meore mxriv - fulis ekonomikuri Zalisgan. samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebis es Teoria aTavsebs mas barikadebis erT mxares moqmedebasTan, Semoqme-

debiTobasTan, iniciativasTan, produqtiulobasTan, TavisuflebasTan, gaerTianebasTan,

Tavad sicocxlesTan erTad. maT sapirispirod ekonomikuri da politikuri sistema

aRiwereba iseTi terminebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa damorCileba, momxmarebloba,

pasiuroba, privatizeba, Zalismiereba, gansazRvruloba, aucilebloba da sxv.

sicocxlisa da sikvdilis, aqtiurobisa da pasiurobis, moqmedisa da struqturis am

dapirispirebiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tanamedrove xedva amarTlebs samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis pirveladobas politikasTan da ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi.

rodesac `perestroikis~ dasawyisSi totalitarizmis winaaRmdeg demokratiisTvis

warimarTa brZola, am demokratiaSi, pirvel rigSi, Tavisufleba igulisxmeboda.

Tavisufleba ki, misi sruli saxiT, miuRwevelia Tuki arsebobs raime saxis politikuri

Zalaufleba, Tundac demokratiuli da raime saxis fuladi ekonomika, Tundac

17

sabazro. sinamdvileSi, albaT, demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis lozungebi zustad

ar asaxavdnen Tavisuflebis im wyurvils, romelic totalitarizmis msxvrevas

ukavSirdeba da romlis saprotesto talRa mimarTuli iyo ara ubralod sabWouri

sistemis gardaqmnisken, aramed saerTod Tanamedroveobis politikuri da ekonomikuri

institutebis uaryofisken, ramdenadac es institutebi usaxo, mkacri da momTxovnia.

zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, amgvari ganwyoba ara masiuri, aramed elitaruli iyo da

momdinareobda perestroikis disidenti liderebis msoflmxedvelobidan. aRmosavleT

evropaSi totalitarizmis winaaRmdeg brZola, maTi azriT, dasawyisidan disidenti,

inteleqtuali liderebis da maTi Sexedulebebis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida. maTTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo prioritetis miniWeba ara brZolisaTvis politikuri

Zalauflebis mosapoveblad, aramed mtruli damokidebuleba nebismieri saxis

politikis mimarT, nebismieri Zalauflebis maqsimaluri SezRudvis survili.

sazogadoebriv saqmeebTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri saxis iniciativa unda modiodes

qvemodan, xalxisagan, da ara saxelmwifos institucionaluri struqturebidan. es

Tvalsazrisi yvelaze gamokveTilad vaclav havelis naSromebSia Camoyalibebuli.

anti-politikuroba, romlis qvakuTxeds oficialuri partiuli politikisadmi

undobloba Seadgens, miiCneoda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mamoZravebel Zalad, xolo

politika iyo uaryofili rogorc Zalauflebis survilis gamoxatuleba.

cxovreba, romlis mizania sakuTari Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba, mravalfe-

rovneba, pluralizmi da TviTorganizeba, vaclav havelis mixedviT, upirispirdeba

nebismier sistemas, romelic unificirebas moiTxovs. aqedan gamosavali aris ara erTi

sistemis Secvla meoreTi, aramed saWiroa TviT cxovrebisken Semobruneba. am SemTxv-

evaSi post-totalitaruli sistemis struqturebi `ubralod mokvdeba da gauqmdeba da

maT adgils daikavebs axali struqturebi, romlebic `qvevidan~ aRmocendeba~.

havelis es proeqti waagavs axladaSenebuli saxlis win mwvane gazonis mowyobas

Semdegi xerxiT. saxlis win unda daiTesos balaxi ise, rom bilikebis gasayvani adgili

ar moiniSnos, xolo SemdgomSi, rodesac saxlis mcxovreblebi ivlian am balaxze da

bunebrivad gakvalaven bilikebs iq, sadac maT ufro awyobT, es gakvaluli bilikebi

dafiqsirdes betoniT. am gziT saxlis mcxovreblebi Tavad gansazRvraven im

institutebs (bilikebs), romlebiTac maT uwevT sargebloba.

amdenad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis es Teoria aris garkveuli amboxeba Tanamed-

roveobis, misi institutebis da teqnologiebis winaaRmdeg. politikis uaryofasTan

erTad igi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisaTvis eZebs sxva, ufro siRrmiseul gamosavals,

vidre saparlamento demokratiaa, romelsac Tavisi partiuli xasiaTis gamo, ar

SeuZlia gadaWras saxelmwifos funqcionirebaSi moqalaqeTa farTo CarTvisa da

monawileobis amocana. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cxovrebis samyarom unda Secvalos

Tanamedroveobis institutebi, maT Soris saxelmwifoc.

literatura:




Robert Fine, Civil Society Theory, Enlightment and Critique, Democratization, Frank Cass, 1997, pp.7-28 vaclav haveli, Zala uZaloTa, mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis

kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi, 1995

18

sakuTrebis mflobelis dadgenis SesaZleblobas. sakuTrebad gadaqcevis es procesi

metad rTulia da mravali nawilisgan Sedgeba, romlebic mimofantulia

kanonmdeblobis sxvadasxva nawilebSi da sistemis sxvadasxva elementebSi. (komentari:

cxadia, ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, rom garda am sistemisa, unda arsebobdes

saxelmwifo, romelic avlens unars da keTil nebas raTa werilobiTi ufleba realobad

aqcios. de soto kanonSemoqmedebiT procesze ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas, vidre

kanonaRsrulebaze. orive mniSvnelovania, raTa samoqalaqo sazogadoebamac da

ekonomikamac samarTlebriv regulirebas daeyrdnos).

mesame samyaros da postkomunisturi samyaros qveynebSi xdeba uprecedento

siswrafis gardaqmnebi, socialuri, ekonomikuri da industriuli, romlebic sruliad

cvlian iq arsebul urTierTobebs. samarTlebrivi cvlilebebi ubralod ver ewevian am

swraf process. adamianebi moZraoben, gadaadgildebian, qmnian axal biznesebs da

dovlaTs, da es xdeba nacnobobis, viwro wreebis da araformaluri urTierTobebis

meSveobiT, romlebic jamSi Seadgenen uzarmazar eqstralegalur sistemas, romelsac

formaluri kanoni ar faravs. es eqstralegaluri (araformaluri) seqtori aris

uzarmazari, da sul ufro mzardi. mis CarCoebSi msoflioSi mimdinareobs axali

industriuli revolucia, romelic ar aris saTanadod gaazrebuli da Seswavlili.

iqmneba uTanasworoba, rodesac mosaxleobis udides nawils ara aqvs samarTlebriv

sivrceSi SeRwevis SesaZlebloba, rodesac Cndeba barieri, romelsac saxelmwifo ver

spobs (an, piriqiT, qmins) da romlis miRma arsebobs qveynis mosaxleobis udidesi

nawili, pirvel rigSi did qalaqebs miRma, migrantebi, da sxva.

Tuki xelisuflebam Seigno, rom qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili afuZnebs Tavis

cxovrebas saqmianobaSi, romelic ar jdeba daweril kanonebSi, es ukve kargia. maSin mas,

Tuki ar unda rom yovelTvis arsebobdes konfrontacia oficialur samarTlebriv

urTierTobebsa da araoficialur cxovrebas Soris, unda Seswevdes unari moaxdinos

araformaluri urTierTobebis legalizeba da samarTlebrivi kanonebi misadageba

realurad arsebul viTarebasTan. es gza gaiares Tavis droze evropulma qveynebma,

romlebmac, industriuli revoluciis kvalobaze, aRiares, rom problemas

Seadgendnen ara adamianebi, romlebic araformalurad moqmedebdnen, aramed kanonebi.

saboloo jamSi is qveynebi, romlebmac moaxdines samarTlebrivi reformebi

araformaluri seqtoris formalur ekonomikaSi integrirebis mizniT ganviTardnen

ufro swrafad, vidre isini, vinc es ar gaakeTa.

rogorc Cans, ganviTarebuli qveynebis istoria arasdros yofila gaazrebuli procesis

(proceduris) kuTxiT imis Taobaze, Tu rogor Seiqmna sakuTreba, rogorc instituti, am

qveynebSi. `aTasobiT furclis kiTxvam mimiyvana fundamentur daskvnamde, rom Sekrul

samarTlebriv sakuTrebiT sistemaze gadasvla ar ukavSirdeboda raime teqnologiebs. . .

sakvanZo cvlileba ukavSirdeboda kanonebis misadagebas mosaxleobis umravlesobis

socialur da ekonomikur moTxovnebTan. TandaTanobiT, dasavlurma erebma SeZles imis

gacnobiereba, rom sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebi, romlebic oficialuri samarTlis

miRma warmoiqmna, kanonis legitimur wyaros warmoadgenda. maT ipoves gzebi am

kontraqtebis samarTlebriv sferoSi integrirebisa. kanonebi gaxda saSualeba kapitalis

warmoqnisa da ekonomikuri zrdis. es aris is, rac sicocxlis Zalas aZlevs dasavleTSi

arsebul sakuTrebis instituts. metic, es sakuTrebiTi revolucia yovelTvis iyo

politikuri gamarjveba. yvela qveyanaSi is momdinareobda ramdenime ganaTlebuli

adamianisgan, romlebmac CaTvales, rom oficialur kanons azri ar hqonda, Tuki

mosaxleobis didi nawili mis miRma cxovrobda~ (gv. 106).

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoria, romelsac aRwers de soto miwaze

sakuTrebis uflebis damkvidrebis kuTxiT, SesaZloa, swored imiTaa saintereso, rom

107

ubralod kulturuli faqtorebiT da sazogadoebebis CamorCenilobiT ara marto

arahumanuri, aramed aradamajerebelic iqneboda. yvela am qveynanaSi arsebobs didi

raodenoba adamianebisa, romlebsac aqvT unari awarmoon biznesi, gaswion riski da

CaerTon samewarmeo saqmianobaSi. ratom ver xerxdeba sabazro meqanizmebis mier am

qveynebSi simdidris Seqmna, maSin roca dasavleTSi mas ayvaveba moaqvs?

pasuxi, gacemuli de sotos mier, saocrad waagavs patnemis pasuxs imaze, Tu ratom

ar muSaobs demokratiuli institutebi efeqturad iq, sadac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

ar arsebobs. àm wignSi me vapireb vaCveno, rom ZiriTadi barieri, romelic ar aZlevs

danarCen samyaros SesaZleblobas sargebeli naxos kapitalizmisgan, aris am samyaros

uunaroba warmoqmnas kapitali. kapitali aris is Zala, romelic zrdis Sromis

nayofierebas da qmnis erebis simdidres. is aris kapitalisturi sistemis sasicocxlo

sisxli, progresis safuZveli, da is aris is, rasac Raribi qveynebi TavisTvis rogorc

Cans, ver qmnian, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad surs mis mosaxleobas CaerTos yvela

danarCen saqmianobaSi, rac kapitalistur ekonomikas Tan axlavs.” (gv.5).

de soto amtkicebs, faqtebiT da cifrebiT, rom mraval mesame samyaros qveynebSi

Raribebi xSirad floben im qonebas, romelic maT sWirdebaT raTa kapitalizmisgan

sargebeli naxon. `yvelaze Rarib qveynebSic ki Raribebi akeTeben danazogebs. am

danazogebis odenoba ormocjer aRemateba mTel im ucxour daxmarebas, romelic am

qveynebs miuRiaT 1945 wlidan.”. magram mokled rom vTqvaT, es resursebi maT aqvT ara

sabazro qonebis saxiT. maTi qoneba ar aris adekvaturad dokumentirebuli, xSirad

Crdilovania, misi gadaqceva kapitalad, yidva-gayidva viwro nacnobobis wris gareT,

sesxis aRebisTvis gamoyeneba da a.S. ar xerxdeba.

amdenad, mesame samyaros qveynebis mosaxleobas aqvs maT mflobelobaSi myofi

fizikuri simdidre, magram maT ara aqvT sakuTreba. Sedegad is, rac maT gaaCniaT, aris

mkvdari kapitali, romelic ar muSaobs saTanadod ekonomikaSi. maTi Sinauri kapitali

ar muSaobs.

Tu gavixsenebT sxvaobas or gamonaTqvams Soris: `me maqvs fanqari” da ès fanqari

Cemia”, romelTagan erTi gamoxatavs mflobelobas, xolo meore —sakuTrebas, de sotos

azri xdeba gasagebi. fanqari, romelsac axlavs reprezentacia mis legendaSi,

dokumentSi an zepir codnaSi misi mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb aris gacvlis obieqti.

mepatrone mas advilad miscems sxvas, Tuki misi dabruneba ganpirobebulia misi

mflobelis vinaobis gacxadebulobiT. fanqari, romlis mflobeli ar aris dadgenili,

ver ìtrialebs”. reprezentacia virtualur sivrceSi qmnis mflobelobidan

sakuTrebas, da es ver xerxdeba Rarib qveynebSi. ratom?

amis gasagebad unda gavixsenoT dasavleTis istoria, SeviswavloT, Tu rogor

damkvidrda sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebi iq, da ar movelodoT, rom `do as we say, not as we do” moutans raime sikeTes samyaros sxva qveynebs. ganviTarebul qveynebs aqvT gavlili

sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis rTuli gza, da am gzis gameorebis gareSe

warmatebis miRweva Zneli iqneba.

“mecxramete saukuniT dawyebuli qveynebs gadmohqondaT TavisTan dasavluri

kanonebi, raTa produqciis sawarmoeblad samarTlebrivi CarCoebi SeeqmnaT. isini

dResac agrZeleben amgvari kanonebis kopirebas, da cxadia, isini ar muSaoben.

moqalaqeTa umravlesobas kvlavac ar SeuZlia kanonis gamoyeneba da sakuTari

danazogebis gadaqceva sakuTrebad.” (gv.12).

dasavleTSi kapitalis, anu, faqtobrivad, abstraqciis, mier Tavisi potencialis

gamovlena ukavSirdeba sakuTrebis uflebebis mravalnairi xerxebiT dacvas, ufro

SesaZloa rTuliT da mravalricxovaniT, vidre materialuri mflobelobis dacva

moiTxovs. esenia formalizebuli Canawerebi da sxva, romlebic aregulireben

106

leqcia 3

patnemi: sazogadoebrivi kapitali

robert patnemma gamoikvlia samxreT da CrdiloeT italiaSi samoqalaqo cxovrebis

Taviseburebebis mimarTeba am regionebis politikur da ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan.

mdidar faqtobriv da raodenobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT man aCvena, rom sazo-

gadoebrivi kapitali aris is simdidre, romelic ar iqmneba erTbaSad da romelic

sazogadoebis warmatebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri winsvlisa da ganviTarebis

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.

patnemi svams kiTxvas - ra kavSirSia ama Tu im demokratiuli politikuri insti-

tutebis warmatebuli funqcionireba im socialur konteqstTan, romelic sazo-

gadoebas axasiaTebs?

1860 wels italiis erTiani saxelmwifos gamocxadebis Semdeg, qveynis uaRresad

centralizebuli mmarTvelobis modeli ganixileboda rogorc aucilebeli saSualeba

sustad integrirebuli, mravalferovani da ukiduresad gansxavebuli geografiuli

regionebis gasaerTianeblad da erTiani eris Camosayalibeblad. mxolod meore

msoflio omis Semdeg, qveynis demokratiuli mowyobis pirobebSi, gaxda SesaZlebeli

1948 wlis axal konstituciaSi regionebSi pirdapiri arCevnebiT arCeuli xeli-

suflebis arsebobis dafiqsireba. Tumca ki, konstituciis es muxli sruli saxiT 1970

wlamde ar amoqmedebula da SemdgomSic axladSeqmnil regionul xelisuflebas

garkveuli dro dasWirda imisTvis, raTa regionebis TviTmmarTveloba formaluridan

realurad gadaqceuliyo.

1970 wels italiis mTavrobam daiwyo qveynis mmarTvelobis decentralizeba da

moaxdina Zalauflebisa da resursebis mniSvnelovani delegireba axladSeqmnil

regionul warmomadgenlobiT xelisuflebaze.

ra moutana reformam italiis regionebs? gaumjobesda Tu ara mis Sedegad mmar-

Tvelobisa da politikis xarisxi? ramdenad warmatebulad amuSavda axladSeqmnili

warmomadgenlobiTi politikuri institutebi? xelisuflebis saqmianobis dawvrile-

biTi Seswavlis safuZvelze mecnierebma `niSnebi dauweres~ regionebis axladSeqmnil

institutebs imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad kargad axorcielebdnen isini maT winaSe

mdgar amocanebs - aumjobesebdnen kanonmdeblobas, droulad amtkicebdenen biuje-

tebs, aumjobesebdnen biurokratiis muSaobas, janmrTelobis dacvas da sxv.

gamokvlevidan gamoCnda, rom zogi regionis xelisufleba stabilurad kargad

muSaobda, xolo sxvebis ki, stabilurad dabal doneze iyo. es obieqturi maCveneblebi

zedmiwevniT srulad asaxavda mosaxleobis warmodgenebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad

damakmayofilebelia ama Tu im regionuli xelisuflebis saqmianoba.

mokled, zogi regionebis xelisuflebis moRvaweoba ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda,

vidre sxvebisa. maT ufro efeqturad warmarTes Sida procedurebi, politikuri

iniciativebis gamoCenisas meti SemoqmedebiToba gamoavlines, ufro efeqturad

ganaxorcieles es iniciativebi. es gansxvavebebi kargad iyo gaTviTcnobierebuli

regionebis mosaxelobis mier.

Tu yvela regions gaaCnda identuri mmarTvelobis struqturebi, da analogiuri

sakanonmdeblo da ekonomikuri resursebi, maSin ram ganapiroba es gansxvaveba?

Tu davxedavT italiis rukas, davinaxavT, rom CrdiloeTis regionebis mmar-

Tveloba saerTo jamSi ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre samxreTis regionebisa.

vinaidan sufTa politikuri xasiaTis parametrebi identuria, am gansxvavebis axsna

SeuZlebelia sxva tipis, arapolitikuri faqtorebis moSveliebis gareSe. amgvari

19

faqtorebi ori saxis SeiZleba iyos: a) socialur-ekonomikuri - socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, romelic ukavSirdeba industrializaciis dones; da b)

socialur-kulturuli: `samoqalaqo urTierTobebis~ Taviseburebebi - samoqalaqo

urTierTobebis xasiaTi da socialuri solidarobis done.

industriuli revolucia ukanaskneli saukuneebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena

iyo dasavleTis istoriaSi, romelmac radikalurad Secvala dasavluri

sazogadoebebis cxovreba. industrializaciasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri da

ekonomikuri transformacia mecnierebis mier xSirad ganixileba qveynis stabiluri

demokratiuli ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad. industrializacia, romelic

italiaSi gasuli saukunis miwuruls daiwyo, bevrad ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda

qveynis CrdiloeT regionebSi, vidre samxreT nawilSi. magram daskvna, romelic

mecnierebma gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT gaakeTes, iyo is, rom savaraudod orive -

Tanamedrove ekonomikis damkvidreba da demokratiuli institutebis warmateba

CrdiloeT italiaSi ukavSirdeba mesame faqtoris zegavlenas - am regionSi

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowyobis xasiaTs.

ra aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis am or models Soris gansxvavebis arsi?

gansxvaveba CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mcxovrebTa Soris daaxloebiT Seesabameba

sxvaobas moqalaqesa da qveSevrdoms Soris. moqalaqe aqtiurad monawileobs

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. es ar niSnavs, rom is uangaro altruistia, romelic ar

zrunavs sakuTar interesebze, aramed Tavis interesebs is iazrebs ufro farTo

sazogadoebrivi interesebis konteqstSi. moqalaqeTa erToba xasiaTdeba yvelasaTvis

erTnairi uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT. amgvari erToba Sekrulia kooperirebis da

`misvla-mosvlis~ horizontaluri urTierTobebiT, da ara zemdgomisa da masze

damokidebulis urTierTobebiT, rogorc es baton-qveSevrdomTa Soris xdeba.

moqalaqeebi urTierToben rogorc Tanasworebi, da ara rogorc patroni da klienti.

moqalaqeTagan Semdgari sazogadoebis Rirebulebebi da normebi vlindeba am

sazogadoebebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. amgvar sazogadoebaSi adamianebi ufro

advilad qmnian kavSirebs, xolo es kavSirebi, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs warmatebul

sazogadoebriv urTierTqmedebas. iq, sadac moqalaqeobrivi ganwyobebi sustia, ada-

mianebs uWirT erTad moqmedeba saerTo miznebis misaRwevad an nebismieri miznisTvis,

romelic scildeba maTi ojaxis materialur keTildReobaze uSualo zrunvas.

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT meti daintereseba vlindeba, magaliTad, imaSi, rom

moqalaqeTagan Semdgari sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia meti daintereseba

gazeTebis kiTxviT. moqalaqeebi, qveSevrdomebisgan gansxvavebiT, interesdebian imiT,

Tu ra iwereba gazeTebSi da ufro xSirad yiduloben maT.

ar unda vifiqroT, rom naklebi moqalaqeobrivi cnobierebis mqone mosaxleoba

asocialuri an apolitikuria. ubralod masSi gamjdari vertikaluri, arasimetriuli,

patron-klientis urTierTobebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebas sxva elfers aniWebs.

rodesac italiis samxreTi regionebis mcxovrebs eqmneba problema (magaliTad,

sWirdeba licenzia, samsaxuri da sxva), igi gacilebiT ufro xSirad cdilobs moZebnos

politikosi, romelic mas pirovnulad daexmareba, vidre es xdeba CrdiloeT

regionebSi. SeiZleba amitomacaa politikuri cxovreba iq ufro personificirebuli,

ufro orientirebuli politikosebze, rogorc pirovnebebze, vidre maT programebze.

CrdiloeT regonebSi politikosebi ufro iSviaTad xvdebian mTxovnelebs, Tanac maT

ufro xSirad mimarTaven politikis gansazRvrasTan da kanonebis miRebasTan

20

erTmaneTs upirispirebs mis momxreebsa da kritikosebs.

kritikosebis gancdas warmoadgens is rom globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

laparakobs `dasavluri aqcentiT~. globaluri vesternizaciisa da lokaluri

sazogadoebebis dapirispirebis negatiur magaliTad avtors moyavs TurqeTis

modernizaciis gamocdileba, rodesac modernizatorma saxelmwifom, aRWurvilma

islamuri qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli avtoritaruli atributebiT, moaxdina pro-

dasavluri reformebi. amgvar gardaqmnebs, rogorc wesi, mohyveba pre-socialuri

urTierTobebis, socialuri institutebi da da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

kompleqsis ngreva an deformireba, xolo warmoqmnili vakuumi ivseba etatisturi

struqturebiT. `axali qemalisturi TurqeTi (1923-38) amis naTeli magaliTia:

saxelmwifos nacionalisturma mSeneblobam, romelsac mustafa qemali awarmoebda

(SemdgomSi aTa Turqad, anu Turqebis mamad wodebuli) mospo religiuri skolebis

mTeli sistema, rasac ganaTlebis saministro uZRveboda. italiur, Sveicariul da

germanul precedentebze dafuZnebuli sekularuli samarTlebrivi kodeqsebi

mtkiced damyarda samoqalaqo sisxlis samarTlisa da komerciul samarTalSi. arabul

da sparsul enebze dabeWdili masalebi aikrZala, da mxardaWeril iqna

fundamentalist muslimTa mier dagmobili yuranis Turquli Targmani. aikrZala

religiuri wignebi da maTi gamoyeneba. derviSebis organizaciebi daixura. propaganda

gaewia dasavluri tansamclis tarebas; kvira dRe gamocxadda dasvenebis oficialur

dRed muslimuri paraskevis sanacvlod. adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris Zveli sistema,

romelic mibmuli iyo moednebTan, Seicvala saxlebisa da nagebobebis danomvriT da

yvela quCisTvis saxelis darqmeviT, evropuli tradiciis Sesabamisad. Catarda

pirveli Turquli silamazis konkursi, daSvebul iqna alkoholis moxmareba;

samoqalaqo qorwineba gaxda yvelasaTvis aucilebeli. da yovelive amis fonze, rac

samxedroTa muqaris fonze mimdinareobda, aTaTurqis qandakebebi da portretebi

ganTavsda yvelgan — rac arRvevs muslimur tradicias, romlis Tanaxmadac cocxal

arsebaTa gamosaxva dauSvebelia.`

keani globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirebs e.w.

turbokapitalizmis ganviTarebas. ekonomikuri aqtorebi dasavleTidan inacvleben

mTel msoflioSi, rac qmnis kapitalis nakadebs centrisken da centridan. unda

vaRiaroT, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis globalizaciis mibma globaluri ekonomikis

warmoqmnasTan marTebulia, da globaluris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (SeiZleba

globaluri mmarTvelobis sistemac momavalSi) swored am sawyisidan gamoviyvanoT

(Tuki determinizmis cdunebas Zalian Sors ar gavyvebiT). Tumca am SemTxvevaSi

marTebulia yuradReba mivaqcioT, pirvel rigSi lokaluri samoqalaqo

sazogadoebebisa da globaluri sabazro ekonomikis mimarTebas. amas gavakeTebT

hernando de sotos wignis `The Mystery of capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else” Basic Books, 2000-is mixedviT. am wignis fokusi swored im sxvaobis

xazgasmaSi devs, romelsac rusosTan aRvniSneT — gansxvaveba sakuTrebasa da

mflobelobas Soris, da rekomendaciac rusos stilSi moiazreba — sazogadoebrivi

kontraqti rogorc sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis dadgenis saSualeba. de sotos

midgoma erT-erTi inovaciuri xedvaa, romelic bolo dros mkvlevarTa did

yuradRebas iwvevs.

de soto swavlobs im qveynebs, romlebic kapitalizmisken miiltvian Tavis

ganviTarebaSi, maT Soris postsabWoTa qveynebi. riTia ganpirobebuli am qveynebis

siRaribe da CamorCeniloba, Tuki misi mosaxleoba Sromobs da iRwvis imisTvis, rom

gaWirvebas Tavi daaRwios? simdidris uzarmazari sxvaoba, romelic arsebobs

dasavleTsa da danarCen msoflios Soris imdenad didia, rom am sxvaobis axsna

105

uflebebis deklaracias da adamianTa bunebaSi universalurobis komponentis

xazgasmas. is gamoiyeneba globaluri sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis mier rogorc

mobilizaciuri lozungi, ZalisxmevaTa gasaerTianeblad, Tavisuflebisa da

samarTlianobis misaRwevad.

rogorc empiriuli faqti is warmoCindeba egreT wodebuli INGO-ebis

(arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, romelTa moqmedebis areali ar aris SezRuduli

saxelmwifo sazRvrebiT da saerTaSoriso xasiaTs atarebs) uprecedento zrdaSi,

romelic SeimCneva bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. zogadad meoce saukinis

ganmavlobaSi amgvari organizaciebis ricxvi (da komerciuli firmebis ricxvic)

gaizarda arnaxulad. am axali INGO-ebis 90 procenti 1970 wlis mere dafuZnda. am

organizaciebSi asiaTasobiT adamiania dasaqmebuli da bevrjer meti moxalise muSaobs.

maTi meSveobiT meti saxsrebi ixarjeba, vidre gaeros meSveobiT.

keani gansazRvravs globalur samoqalaqo sazogadoebas rogorc `urTierT-

dakavSirebuli socialur-ekonomikuri institutebis dinamiur arasamTavrobo

sistemas, romelic mTel dedamiwas swvdeba, da romlis saqmianobis mravalmxrivi

Sedegebi yvelgan igrZnoba. is ar aris arc statikuri obieqti, da arc fait accomli. is aris

qselebi, piramidebi, klubebi im socialur-ekonomikuri institutebisa da moqmedi

pirebis, romlebic erTiandebian raTa gaaerTianon samyaro axleburad. isini

miiswrafvian pluralizmisken da Zaladobis acilebisken; Sesabamisad, maTi saqmianobis

mSvidobiani anu samoqalaqo Sedegebi igrZnoba yvelgan, yvela doneze~ (gv.8)

rogorc xedavT, es ganmarTeba Znelad Tu SeiZleba `ganmartebad~ aRviqvaT, imdenad

yvelafris momcvelia da arafrismTqmelia. es bundovneba aZnelebs normatiuli

idealisa da empiriuli realobis erTmaneTisgan garCevas. ase, ras niSnavs rom misi

gavlena yvelgan igrZnoba —es rogor unda gaizomos, Tuki es empirikaa, xolo Tu es

SefasebiTia — igulisxmeba, rom ase unda iyos?

meore, rasac cdilobs avtori (romelic aSkarad Tavisi sakvlevi obieqtis mimarT

aris ganwyobili rogorc aqtivisti, da ara rogorc neitraluri mkvlevari) aris is,

rom globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba warmoadginos, rogorc sazogadoebis

socialuri forma: `globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris met-naklebad mWidrod

gadabmuli socialuri procesebis dinamiuri erToba~ (gv.10). es mtkicebuleba

bazisurad mcdari meCveneba; gacilebiT ufro adekvaturia, Cemi azriT, ulrix bekis

SeniSvna, rom globalur doneze sazogadoebebi erTiandebian ara uSualo socialuri

komunikaciis meSveobiT, aramed mxolod mediis meSveobiT. mas swored rom uSualo

komunikaciis komponenti aklia. anu, komunikacia mediis gziT — es aris is mTavari, rac

globalur doneze samoqalaqo sazogadoebis proeqts asxvavebs lokaluri samoqalaqo

sazogadoebisgan, da mas `sazogadoebis~ struqturisgan clis. keani cdilobs rom

warmoadginos globaluri samoqalaqos sazogadoeba ufro farTo cnebad, vidre

ubralod arasamTavrobo organizaciebis nakrebi; rom lokaluri sazogadoebebi mis

harmoniul Semadgenel komponentad warmoidginos; magram es warmodgena

garkveulwilad calmxrivi, an ufro normatiuli meCveneba, da TviTonac principSi

aRiarebs, rom amgvar warmodgenaSi is ufro aRwers sasurvel ideals, da ara

praqtikul relaobas.

am kuTxiT danaxuli, globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winaaRmdegobrivi

buneba didad ar gansxvavdeba misi lokaluri winamorbedis winaaRmdegobrivi

bunebisgan. `burJuaziuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~, erTi mxriv (gavixsenoT habermasi)

Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da eTikuri, moraluri qcevis

arealia, xolo meore mxriv, uTanasworobisa da `klasobrivi dominaciis~ yalbi

cnobiereba. daaxloebiT esaa is problematika, romelic globalur donezec

104

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gamo, maSin roca samxreT regionebSi maT ufro xSirad

sTxoven samsaxursa da mfarvelobas.

socialuri da politikuri cxovreba CrdiloeTSi naklebad ierarqiulia, vidre

samxreTSi. Tanasworoba aris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli im sazogadoebisa, romelic

ufro midrekilia horizontaluri, simetriuli urTierTobebisadmi. samxreTSi

adamianebi grZnoben, rom isini arian eqspluatirebulni, ara aqvT gavlena da arian

gaTiSulebi. samxreT regionebSi, mafiis samSobloSi, bevrad ufro gavrcelebulia

korufcia. kanonebi ufro `kanonobs~ CrdiloeTSi, vidre samxreTSi. horizontaluri

kavSirebis sisustis fonze ierarqia, Zala da policia rCeba im SemakavSirebel

vertikalur institutad, romelic icavs sazogadoebas anarqiisgan.

ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebuli

iyo italiis sxvadasxva regionebSi. im dros, rodesac CrdiloeTSi warmatebulad

viTardeba biznesi da warmoeba, samxreTSi umeteswilad ver xerxdeba siRaribisa da

CamorCenilobis daZleva. amgvarad, sxvaoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi kavSirSia

ekonomikur saqmianobasTanac. am kavSiris sruli analizi metad rTulia, magram

zogierTi niSnebis gamokveTa SeiZleba. ase, miuTiTeben mkvlevrebi italiis

ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi e.w. `industriuli raionebis~ mniSvnelobaze. am raionebSi

viTardeba wvrili, magram teqnologiurad maRalganviTarebuli da metad

produqtiuli warmoeba. maT axasiaTebT konkurenciisa da kooperirebis Taviseburi

nazavi. firmebi konkurireben inovaciebis Semotanisa da warmoebis ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT, magram kooperireben administraciul momsaxurebaSi, nedleulis

SemotanaSi, informaciis miRebasa da kvlevebSi. firmebis am qsels axasiaTebs

horizontaluri kavSirebis siZliere, romelic efuZneba qvekontraqtebis dadebas da

SekveTebis nawilis gadacemas droebiT naklebad datvirTul konkurentebze. iqmneba

teqnologiurad mowinave da moqnili sistema, romelsac SeuZlia warmatebiT

konkurireba Tanamedrove samyaroSi. `kerZo ekonomikuri asociaciebisa da

politikuri organizaciebis xSirma qselma . . . TanamSromlobis qcevis ganviTarebis

xelSewyobiT da mcire firmebisTvis im infrastruqturis SeqmniT, romelsac isini ver

uzrunvelyofdnen sakuTari ZalebiT, Seqmna garemo, romelSiac warmatebiT viTardeba

bazari.~

ram ganapiroba esoden didi gansxvaveba CrdiloeT da samxreT italiis

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowyobaSi? pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze metad rTulia,

Tumca ki, fesvebi am sxvaobisa SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos istoriuli tradiciiT.

CrdiloeT italias warsulSi (meTerTmete saukunidan) axasiaTebda qalaq-

respublikebis arseboba. TviTmmarTvelobis am mravalsaukunovanma tradiciam,

SesaZloa, gamoumuSava mosaxleobas Tanasworobis, pasuxismgeblobis da solidarobis

Cveva. samxreT italia ki, ganicdida siciliis samefos feodalur da avtoritarul

batonobas, ramac iq Camoayaliba ara moqalaqe, aramed qveSevrdomi. samxreTSi, italiis

gaerTianebis Semdegac:

`yvela klasSi komunaluri sulis ararseboba gamomdinareobda morCilebis

Cvevisgan, rac adamianebs despotizmis saukuneebma Caunerges. aristokratiac ki,

SeeCvia obstruqcias da gaiziara is Sexeduleba, rom, moraluri TvalsazrisiT,

savsebiT dasaSvebia mmarTvelebis motyueba, Tuki es motyueba sargeblis momtania. . .

gadasaxadebis gadaxdis saWiroebis gaTviTcnobierebis sanacvlod, Camoyalibda

damokidebuleba, rom Tu adamianTa erTma jgufma gamoZebnda maTi gverdis avlis gza,

maSin danarCenma jgufebmac umjobesia mixedon Tavis sakuTar interesebs. amgvarad

TiToeuli provincia, TiToeuli klasi, TiToeuli warmoeba eZebda mogebis miRebis

gzebs sazogadoebis mogebis safasurad.~

21

iq, sadac adamianebi TanamSromloben da kooperireben, sazogadoebis rogorc

ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri ganviTarebis miRweva ufro iolia. amdenad

TanamSromloba da kooperireba zogadad unda iyos racionaluri gaTvlis Sedegi, da

ara ubralod `Rirseuli moqalaqisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli Cveva. magram, rogorc

italiis magaliTi metyvelebs, racionaluri gaazreba imisa, rom kooperireba zogadad

sasargebloa, ar iwvevs am kooperirebis martivad warmoqmnas. is, rom sxvadasxva

sazogadoebebi avlenen TanamSromlobisa da kooperirebis gansxvavebul unars,

miuTiTebs imaze, rom garda ekonomikuri, inteleqtualuri, materialuri da sxva saxis

kapitalisa, sazogadoebis warmatebuli ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa kapitalis kidev

erTi saxeoba - sazogadoebrivi kapitali.

sazogadoebriv kapitalSi igulisxmeba sazogadoebrivi mowyobis iseTi

maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa ricxvSic Sedis adamianTa Soris ndoba, urTierTobis

normebi da am urTierTobaTa qselebi, romelic xels uwyobs sazogadoebis

funqcionirebis efeqturobis gazrdas SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis gaadvilebis gziT.

is, rom sazogadoebrivi kapitali aadvilebs spontanur TanamSromlobas, SeiZleba

davinaxoT martivi magaliTis saSualebiT.

msoflios mraval qveyanaSi arsebobs is, rasac sabWoTa droSi Cven

`urTierTdaxmarebis salaroebs~ vuwodebdiT. maTi funqcionirebis principi martivia.

Tu salaroSi gaerTianebulia, magaliTad, Tormeti adamiani, romlebsac SemoaqvT

yovelTviurad TiTo-TiTo lari, maSin am salaros yvela wevrs SeeZleba rigrigobiT,

wlis ganmavlobaSi erTxel miiRos am salarodan Tormeti lari. mTavari, rasac

efuZneba am salaros funqcionireba aris is, rom man, vinc ukve aiRo Tormeti lari,

unda gaagrZelos Tavisi Senatanis Setana manam, vidre ar Seikvreba wre da manam

salaros meTormete, ukanaskneli wevri ar aiRebs mis kuTvnil Tormet lars.

ra aris is, rac xdis amgvari asociaciebis arsebobas SesaZlebels? ratom

agrZeleben salaros wevrebi Senatanebis gadaxdas mas Semdeg, rac Tavisi wili

gamoitanes? da ratom riskaven saerTod amgvar salaroebSi gaerTianebas, maT xom ara

aqvT imis garantia, rom salaros sxva wevrebis mier motyuebulni ar darCebian? saidan

Cndeba erTmaneTis ndoba, romelic aucilebelia salaros funqcionirebisaTvis?

patara sofelSi, sadac yvela yvelas icnobs da aravin apirebs sxvagan gadasaxlebas,

amgvari ndoba SeiZleba bunebrivad gamomdinareobdes iqidan, rom soflis yvela mcxov-

rebi iZulebulia daemorCilos qcevis erTian normebs, romelTa darRveva Tanasof-

lelebis risxvas gamoiwvevs. did qalaqSi, sadac urTierTobebi naklebad mWidro da

pirovnulia, ndobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa ufro rTuli da naklebad mWidrod

Sekruli sazogadoebrivi qselebis gamoyeneba. qalaqSi salaros yvela wevri SeiZleba

ar icnobdnen erTmaneTs da maTi ndoba erTgvarad jaWvurad gadaicemodes erTi

adamianidan meoreze: `me vendobi mas, radganac mas endobi Sen, xolo me gendobi Sen ~.

cxadia, rom rac ufro mcirea sazogadoebrivi kapitali, miT ufro Znelia amgvar

asociaciaSi adamianTa gawevrianeba. es magaliTi aCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba

gadaiqces sazogadoebrivi kapitali materialur mogebad yvelasaTvis. istoriulad,

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT analogiuri meqanizmebis wyalobiT warmoiqmna CrdiloeT

italiis savaWro qalaqebSi bankebi, romlebic gascemdnen kreditebs (credere -

italiurad dajereba).

sazogadoebrivi kapitalis gazrdis miswrafeba iseTivea, rogorc Cveulebrivi

kapitalis zrdis survili. Tanac, sazogadoebrivi kapitali, sxva resursebisgan

gansxvavebiT, izrdeba, da ara mcirdeba misi xSiri moxmarebiT. da piriqiT, igi mcirdeba

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kapitaliT ar sargebloben.

sazogadoebrivi kapitali amcirebs partniorebis xarjebs im urTierTobebze,

22

miuxedavad am sxvaobisa, ekonomikuri krizisis gamowvevaze reagirebis arsi

arsebiTad erTi da igive aRmoCnda. is SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc modernizacia

internacionalizaciis (globalizaciis) gziT. sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebi

kapitalistur samxreTSi da postkomunistur aRmosavleTSi ver xedaven alternativas

`CrdiloeT-dasavleTis gzisa`: gzisa, romelic miiyvans maT sazogadoebebs pirvel

samyaroSi. es aris gza politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli organizaciis

gadmoRebisa, romelnic ukve arseboben: demokratia, bazari da individualisturi,

moxmarebaze orientirebuli kulturisa, romelic gabatonebulia ganviTarebul

kapitalistur samyaroSi. am strategiaSi modernizacia xdeba sinonimi internacio-

nalizaciisa: integracia msoflio ekonomikaSi, kombinirebuli imitaciasTan ekono-

mikuri, politikuri da kulturuli modelebisa, romelic prevalirebs ganviTarebul

kapitalistur qveynebSi. `aRmosavleT evropuli silogizmi~ acxadebs: `Tu ara

komunizmi, Cven viqnebodiT rogorc dasavleTi~.

es strategia gansxvavdeba omis Semdgomi modernizaciis strategiebisagan, rom-

lebic ganixilavda ganviTarebas, rogorc proeqts nacionaluri ekonomikuri da

politikuri damoukideblobisa. imdroindeli midgomebi icavda erovnuli kulturis

mniSvnelobas, miiswrafoda politikuri institutebisaken, romelic Seicavda erov-

nul tradiciebs, erovnul industrias miiCnevdnen ekonomikuri zrdis warmmarTvelad

da orientirebulni iyo lokalur bazrebze. amis sapirispirod strategia moder-

nizaciisa internacionalizaciis meSveobiT nebayoflobiT aRiarebs, sul mcire,

erovnuli suverenitetis nawilobriv daTmobas politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul

sferoSi. es strategia aRebs lokalur bazrebs ucxouri SeRwevisaTvis, is arRvevs

kulturul barierebs, da axdens politikuri institutebis modelirebas sayovel-

Taod gavrcelebuli nimuSebis mixedviT. koka-kola aRar aris imperialisturi

batonobis narkotiki, aramed universaluri ayvavebis neqtari.

alternativebi aRar arsebobs: dRes modernizacia niSnavs liberalur

demokratias, moxmarebaze orientirebul kulturas da kapitalizms.

marTalia, adgilobrivi politikuri da ekonomikuri viTareba da miswrafebebi

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, magram erTdrouloba am cvlilebebisa msoflios

sxvadasxva nawilebSi warmoSobs varauds, rom internacionaluri faqtorebi

gadamwyvetia. amas ganapirobebs, erTi mxriv, Seqmnili saerTo garemo, romelSic

naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs uwevT operireba, xolo, meore mxriv,

internacionalur aqtorTa specifikuri qmedebebi, romelnic (aqtorebi)

axorcieleben zewolas cvlilebebze.

globaluri samoqalaqo sazogdoeba (John Keane (Author), Global Civil Society? Cambridge University Press; (2003)

globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba — es aris erTi mxriv, empiriuli movlena,

xolo meore mxriv —normatiuli ideali da samoqmedo lozungi.

rogorc nomratiuli ideali da samoqmedo lozungi is aris msoflios gaerTianebis

programa, romelic unda gamoixatos erTiani msoflio sazogadoebis SeqmnaSi. am mxriv

is agrZelebs azrovnebis im tradiciebs, romlebic jvarosanTa laSqrobebsa Tu

komunisturi revoluciebis meSveobiT kacobriobis srulyofas da gaerTianebas

cdilobda. pirveli Tavis uzenaes misiad qristianobas da adamianTa sulier gadarCenas

isaxavda; meore klasobriv dayofas utevda da yvela qveynis proletarebis

gaerTianebas cdilobda. globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba eyrdnoba adamianis

103

proeqtTan. maT ganaxorcieles inteleqtualuri proeqti, romelic gamomuSavda

CrdiloeT amerikis akademiur wreebSi da gaziarebul iqna saerTaSoriso safinanso

institutebis mier. es aris radikaluri proeqti: is mimarTulia yvela arsebuli

socialuri urTierTobebis ugulebelyofaze, gadatrialebaze. es proeqti gvTavazobs

erTaderT panaceas, jadosnur joxs, romlis erTi aqnevac umkurnalebs yvela

avadmyofobas. pirvelad istoriaSi kapitalizmi moxda aRiarebuli, rogorc

doqtrinis aplikacia da ara rogorc ganviTareba gamocdisa da Secdomis istoriuli

procesisa.

gardaqmnebis es procesi daeyrdno ideologias, es aris neoliberaluri ideo-

logia, romelic modis aSS-sa da multinacionaluri saagentoebis ganacxadebebidan

imis Taobaze, rom kursi, romelsac unda mivsdioT aSkaraa, cxadia. es ideologia

dafuZnebulia bazrisa da kerZo sakuTrebis Rirsebis, siqvelis, ukeTesobis rwmenaze,

rac ar aris damtkicebadi, gamarTlebadi, argumentirebadi Tanamedrove ekonomikis

Suqze, maT Soris neoklasikuri Teoriisa. is ayenebs efeqturobas ganawilebaze ufro

maRla, imdenad, rom gamarTlebulad miiCnevs mosalodnel socialur safrTxeebs. is

ganaTavsebs ekonomikur mosazrebebs politikurze zemoT, da mzadaa miitanos sxva

ekonomikuri da politikuri Rirebulebebi efeqturobis samsxverploze. is

dafuZnebulia Rrma rwmenaze, rom arsebobs mxolod erTi gza, romelsac aucileblad

unda mivsdioT: ara mxolod oponireba, aramed msjeloba, diskusiac ki ganixileba

rogorc reaqcioneroba, romelic gamomdinareobs sakuTari, `populisturi~ kerZo

interesebidan. am ideologiis mimdevarni acxadeben, ise, TiTqos isini flobdnen

saboloo WeSmaritebas: TiTqos es aris zogadi modeli politikuri da ekonomikuri

dinamikisa, romelic iZleva SesaZleblobas Sefasebul iqnes saboloo Sedegebi yvela

calkeuli nabijisa. es aris modernizaciis axali paradigma, romelmac

postkomunistur qveynebSi gauwia magivroba moZvelebul, popularobadakargul

paradigmas — modernizacias mbrZanebluri ekonomikis gziT.

II msoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi ganxorcielda modernizaciis ramdenime

modeli, kerZod, komunistur aRmosavleTSi da kapitalistur samxreTSi.

laTinur amerikuli modeli daefuZna kerZo sakuTrebas, saxelmwifos aqtiur

rols da proteqcionistuli politikis warmarTvas, romelic orientirebuli iyo

importis Semcvlel industrializaciaze. aRmosavleT evropis modeli daefuZna

saxelmwifo sakuTrebas da centralizebul mbrZaneblur ekonomikas. orive regioni

didi internacionaluri sistemis damokidebuli nawili iyo: mTavari gadawyvetilebebi

investiciebis, warmoebis, fasebis Sesaxeb miiReboda calkeuli qveynebis sazRvrebs

miRma. aRmosavleT evropis sistema dominirebuli iyo erTi centris mier da

gadawyvetilebebi upiratesad politikuri gaxldaT, xolo samxreTSi SesaZlebeli iyo

sxvadasxva centrebis metoqeoba da gadawyvetilebebi miiReboda naklebad xiluli

kerZo institutebis mier.

orive strategia warmatebuli iyo xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da rigma

qveynebisa Seqmna mniSvnelovani industriuli baza - ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi iyo

umeteswilad ufro maRali, vidre ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi (1950 -80 ww-

Si). magram es zrda 1980 wlidan ferxdeba, xdeba tempebis dacema da TiTqmis ekonomikis

kolafsi.

Znelia ilaparako am dacemis mizezebze da gardauvalobaze. faqtia, rom es

movlenebi erTdroulad ganviTarda aRmosavleT evropisa da laTinuri amerikis

qveynebSi, Tumca ki garegnulad gansxvavebuli reagireba gamoiwvia - aRmosavleT

evropam uaryo ekonomikis Tavisi modeli (mbrZanebluri ekonomika), laTinurma

amerikam ki - ara.

102

romlebic uzrunvelyofen sakontraqto valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. kerZod, is

SeTanxmeba, romelic erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dadasturdes xelis erTi CamorTmeviT,

sxva SemTxvevaSi partniorebis mier aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad

moiTxovs uricxvi advokatebis Carevas da uamravi qaRaldebis xelmoweras.

ndoba aris sazogadoebrivi kapitalis ganuyofeli Semadgeneli nawili. `TiTqmis

yvela komerciuli urTierToba gulisxmobs Tavis TavSi ndobis elements, maT Soris

yvela urTierToba, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. SeiZleba vamtkicoT,

rom msoflioSi ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis didi nawili SeiZleba aixsnas

erTmaneTisadmi ndobis ararsebobiT~.

zogjer miCneulia, rom warmatebuli TanamSromlobisaTvis saWiroa mesame mxaris

arseboba - magaliTad, saxelmwifo kanonis uzenaesobis dacviT SeiZleba

uzrunvelyofdes mxareTa Soris garkveuli ndobis arsebobas. magram miukerZoebeli

saxelmwifos Seqmna Tavad aris problema, romelic moiTxovs misdami ndobas rogorc

misi funqcionirebis winapirobas. saxelmwifos mmarTvelebma Tavad SeiZleba

gamoiyenon saxelmwifo Zalaufleba sakuTar interesebSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,

misi pluralisturi mowyobidan gamomdinare, ndoba verc gaziarebuli religiuri

normebidan warmoiqmneba da verc sxva garegani faqtorebidan. ndoba, misi wminda saxiT,

upiroboa.

ratom xdeba, rom erTi sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba ndobis ufro maRali xarisxiT,

vidre meore? istoriuli fesvebis moZieba ar aris sakmarisi am kiTxvaze pasuxis

gasacemad, vinaidan igi warmoSobs sxva kiTxvas - ratom moxda, rom CrdiloeTi da

samxreT italia ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gziT wavida Tundac meTormeTmete saukuneSi?

italiis magaliTis Seswavla, savaraudod, erTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas

gvaZlevs - socialuri konteqsti da istoria mniSvnelovnad ganapirobeben formaluri

institutebis funqcionirebas. sazogadoebrivi kapitalis Seqmna ioli ar aris, magram

igi gasaRebia demokratiuli institutebis efeqturi amuSavebisaTvis.

ndoba, ekonomika da demokratia

sityva `ndoba~ metad popularuli gaxda 90-iani wlebis samecniero

gamokvlevebSi.

adamianTa Soris ndobas, rogorc sazogadoebrivi kapitalis formas, frensis

fukuiama ganixilavs qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri struqturis ganmsazRvrel

komponentad. misi mtkicebiT, aSS-sa da iaponias gacilebiT meti aqvT saerTo, vidre

amas adre fiqrobdnen. orive qveyanis moqalaqeebs axasiaTebT maRali unari endon

aranaTesavebs da, amdenad, Seqmnan didi industriuli korporaciebi. ndobis dabali

donis mqone qveynebSi, magaliTad, laTinur amerikaSi, biznesi TiTqmis mTlianad

ojaxuri sawarmos saxiT SenarCunda. mxolod maRali ndobis mqone sazogadoebebSi

aris SesaZlebeli, rom mesakuTreebma iqiravon profesionali menejeri maTi

sakuTrebis samarTavad, romelic dainiSneba am Tanamdebobaze misi

profesionalizmis wyalobiT da ara ojaxis wevrobis gamo.

amerikis da iaponiis amgvari gaigiveba metad moulodnelad gamoiyureba da

miuTiTebs imaze, rom ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi ndobis arsebobis safuZvlebi

fukuiamas ara aqvs saTanadod diferencirebuli. fukuiamasTvis adamiani aris

sando imdenad, ramdenadac iqceva sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli wesebisa da

moralis Sesabamisad. sazogadoeba misgan moelis garkveul qcevas, romelsac

ganapirobebs an misi warmomavloba (mag. feodalur sazogadoebaSi), an

sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli religiuri rwmena, an sazogadoebrivi qcevis

23

miRebuli praqtika (mag. saqarTveloSi panaSvidze misvla), da is am molodins

akmayofilebs. iaponuri, metad koleqtivisturi sazogadoebisTvis, romelic

efuZneba warmomavlobiT, religiur da kulturul `erTnairobas~, ndobis

fenomenis arsis amgvari gageba, SesaZlebelia, gamarTlebulia, magram amerikisTvis

misi gamoyeneba cota saeWvoa. amerikels iaponelze bevrad ufro xSirad uxdeba

tolerantobis gamovlena qcevis gansxvavebuli normebis mqone adamianebis mimarT,

vidre erTian normebze dafuZnebul urTierTobebSi monawileoba. Tanamedrove

amerikuli sazogadoeba aris individualisturi, masSi pativs scemen individis

avtonomias da patiosnebas. adamianis morali misi piradi saqmea. seligmanis

mixedviT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi or adamians Soris ndobis warmoqmna SeiZleba

zogjer moiTxovdes upirobo rwmenas erTimeoris mimarT, iseTive upirobos,

rogoricaa megobroba an RmerTis rwmena, da romelic an arsebobs, an ar arsebobs,

magram, romlis moTxovna ar SeiZleba garegani pirobebis dasmiT.

adamianTa Soris arsebuli ndoba ar aris sazogadoebis erTxel da samudamod

mocemuli maxasiaTebeli. erTi mxriv is, rogorc amas patnemi amtkicebs, axdens

gavlenas demokratiuli da sabazro institutebis karg funqcionirebaze. magram

meore mxriv, savaraudod, am institutebis gamarTuli funqcionireba Tavad iwvevs

ndobis donis amaRlebas. ase, SesaZloa vivaraudod, rom adamianTa Soris ndobis

dabalma donem italiasa da germaniaSi gavlena moaxdina am qveynebSi demokratiis

damarcxebaze meore msoflio omamde, magram am ndobis mkveTri zrda orive

qveyanaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodSi SesaZloa miuTiTebdes

demokratiuli institutebis mastabilizebel zegavlenaze sazogadoebaze. Tumca

ki isic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es zrda ukavSirdeba amave periodSi am qveynebSi

ekonomikis swraf aRorZinebas. amJamad saxezea aSS-Si ndobis donis garkveuli kleba

da, agreTve, gamoiTqva mosazreba am qveyanaSi sazogadoebrivi kapitalis klebis

saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, romelsac patnemi garkveulwilad sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze

televiziis gavlenas ukavSirebs.

tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi wesrigi

germanelma mecnierma tionisma (Tцnnies) sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi

daamkvidra ori germanuli terminis gamoyeneba, Gemeinschaft (Temi) da Gesellschaft (sazogadoeba) ori tipis sazogadoebrivi wesrigis gansasxvaveblad. pirveli,

Gemeinschaft Seesabameba aramodernizebul, tradiciul erTobas, xolo meore,

Gesellschaft, modernizebul, industrializebul, konkurenciis safuZvelze agebul

sazogadoebas. pirvels tionisi erTgvari nostalgiiT aRwers rogorc harmoniuls

da humanurs, xolo meores, romelSiac adamianebi mudmivad qiSpoben da paeqroben

sakuTari adgilis dasamkvidreblad, ganixilavs dehumanizirebuli, egoisturi

interesebis brZolis velad.

Tanamedrove tipis sazogadoebis warmoqmnamde, tradiciul sazogadoebebSi,

Gemeinschaft -Si, adamianis urTierTobebi naklebad mravalferovani iyo, maT xasiaTs

(da mis qcevas) ganapirobebda adamianis adgili sakmaod viwro da mdgrad erTobaSi,

sazogadoebrivi wesrigi ufro harmoniuli iyo da efuZneboda Cveulebebs, erovnul

Taviseburebebs, emociebs da religias. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi iyo

reglamentirebuli urTierTobebi adamianebs Soris pirispir. adamianTa Soris

solidaroba am sazogadoebaSi meqanikurad momdinareobs maTi naTesauri, Temuri an

24

leqcia 13

globalizacia: globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

globalizacia

meoce saukunis bolo xasiaTdeboda ori movleniT, romlebic Cveni ganxilvis

konteqstSi gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania. esenia demokratizaciis mesame talRa da

globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis swrafi zrda. orive erTi da imave movlenis

fonze ganviTarda- esaa globalizacia.

globalizaciis konteqstis mxedvelobaSi miRebis gareSe bevri Tavisebureba imisa,

rac Cvens irgvliv xdeba, darCeba gaugebari. gaugebari, cxadia, Tuki gavyvebiT im

midgomas, romelsac aqamde viyenebdiT —SedarebiT analizs. rodesac erTmaneTs

vadarebT wina wlebSi ganxorcielebul demokratizaciebs da mesame talRis CarCoebSi

mimdinare procesebs, rodesac vswavlobT mecxramete saukunis samoqalaqo

sazogadoebebs da Tanamedrove arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, advilad SesaZlebelia

erTmaneTSi avrioT sxvadasxva bunebis movlenebi, Tuki globalizaciis process

yuradRebis miRma davtovebT.

sainformacio sivrcis, informaciuli teqnologiebisa da ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis mier saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gadalaxva da ugulebelyofa, rogorc

mniSvnelovani da pirvelxarisxovani faqtorisa, ekonomikaSi codnaze dafuZnebuli

dargebis zrdam, romelTaTvis mTavari kapitali ara miwa an nedleulia, aramed

ganaTlebis sistema da Tavisuflad moazrovne adamani, msoflios rukaze axali

realiebis Seqmna transnacionaluri biznesis mier, yvelaferi es ganapirobebs CvenSi

mimdinare movlenebis xasiaTs, da garkveulwilad svams am movlenebs erT

ganzomilebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT modernizacia

internacionalizaciis gziT.

modernizacia internacionalizaciis gziT

demokratizaciis mesame talRam, romelic 1974 wels daiwyo, moicva samxreT

evropis, samxreT amerikisa da postkomunisturi sivrcis qveynebi. demokratizaciisa

da sabazro ekonomikuri reformebis erTdrouli ganxorcieleba postkomunistur

sivrceSi jerjerobiT ar gamxdara Cveni ganxilvis sagani; Cven mas aq SevexebiT rogoc

is warmodgenilia naSromSi Przeworski, et. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

politikuri da ekonomikuri sferoebis Zireuli gardaqmna postsabWoTa sivceSi ar

iyo sul mTlad unikaluri im mxriv, rom ekonomikuri transformaciisa da

demokratizaciis procesebis erTdrouloba mesame talRis sxva qveynebisTvisac iyo

damaxasiaTebeli. ekonomikuri krizisebi, romelic ganicada argentinam, braziliam da

meqsikam 80-ian wlebSi uprecendento aRmoCnda am qveynebis istoriaSi.

rigma qveynebma (gansakuTrebiT postkomunisturi sivrcidan, magram ara marto maT)

gaswies riski da miiRes monawileoba eqsperimentSi, romelic udidesia stalinisturi

forsirebuli industrializaciidan (1929w.) moyolebuli. ekonomikur

transformacias am qveynebSi bevri aqvs saerTo transformaciis wina, socialistur

101

udidesi nawili dResdReobiT mxolod sixSiruli mauwyeblobiT sargeblobs, anu misTvis

arxebis mxolod SezRuduli raodenobaa misawvdomi, rac did politikur mniSvnelobas

aniWebs am arxebis samauwyeblo struqturas.

televizia uaRresad did gavlenas axdens amomrCevelTa politikur qcevaze da

mosaxleobis samoqalaqo aqtiobaze. politikuri mecnierebis mier es gavlena ar aris

calsaxad Sefasebuli rogorc liberaluri demokratiis xelSemwyobi. zogierTi mkvlevari

miiCnevs, rom satelevizio gadacemebis specifika ar iZleva politikuri problemebis

siRrmiseulad gaSuqebis saSualebas. telereportaJs aqcenti gadaaqvs garTobaze,

pirovnebebze da skandalur movlenebze, da sakmarisad mkafiod ver warmoaCens politikuri

dRis wesrigis ZiriTad sakiTxebs. zepiri sityva, romelic qaRaldze ar fiqsirdeba,

naklebad saimedo wyaroa samarTlebrivi xasiaTis informaciis gasavceleblad. sareklamo

drois maRali fasebi aZvirebs winasaarCevno kampaniebs da zrdis politikuri korufciis

albaTobas. arxebis raodenobis SezRuduloba maTi politikuri mikerZoebulobis fonze

araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs arCevnebSi monawile subieqtebs. saqarTveloSi amas amZafrebs

is viTareba, rom dResdReobiT mosaxleobisTvis televizia politikuri informaciisa da

Sexedulebebis miRebis ukonkurento (xolo zogierTi socialuri jgufisTvis

praqtikulad erTaderTi) wyaroa.

mauwyeblobis Teoria asxvavebs mauwyeblobis sam institucionalur formas —

saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv da komerciul mauwyeblobas. dRes Tvali unda

gavusworoT meoTxe formis institucionalizaciasa da ganviTarebas. formalurad

komerciuli arxi, miTumetes Tu igi finansurad momgebiani ar aris, an formalurad

saxelmwifo arxi, SesaZloa Tavis realur miznad ara mogebis naxvas an saxelmwifo

interesebis dacvas isaxavdes, aramed politikuri zegavlenis moxdenas erTi romelime

politikuri Zalis sasargeblod an sazianod. es viTareba metad TvalnaTelia

saqarTveloSi, sadac, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo mauwyebloba ar aris transformirebuli

sazogadoebriv mauwyeblobad, xolo, meore mxriv, sareklamo bazari viwroa da

satelevizio kompaniebis Semosavlebi xSirad ar faraven maT xarjebs.

masmediaSi dRes arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, politikurad mikerZoebuli

mauwyebloba ar unda ganvixiloT droebiT da gardamaval movlenad, romelic SeiZleba

misi akrZalvis gziT gadailaxos. piriqiT, mosalodnelia, rom am tipis mauwyeblobis

wvlili da misi gavlena amomrCevlebze da politikuri brZolis xasiaTze sul ufro

gaizrdeba. amdenad, saWiroa miRebul iqnes zomebi am zegavlenis demokratiis

sasargeblod, da ara mis sazianod Semosabruneblad. amerikis demokratiis gariJraJze

politikuri partiebi aseve xSirad ganixileboda rogorc demokratiisTvis saSiS-

roebis Semqmneli boroteba, da mxolod xangrZlivi politikuri procesis Sedegad

moxerxda politikuri partiebisa da demokratiis Tanaarsebobis institucionaluri

Camoyalibeba. amis uzrunvelmyofeli meqanizmebi ki Riaoba da konkurenciaa.

marTalia, saqarTvelos samauwyeblo mediaSi pluralizmis garkveuli done arsebobs,

magram isic aSkaraa, rom calkeuli samauwyeblo kompaniis gaCenasa Tu eTeridan gaqrobas

dResdReobiT SeiZleba arsebuli politikuri lanSaftis mniSvnelovani cvlileba mohyves.

amdenad, samauwyeblo kanonmdeblobas, sazogadoebrivi televiziis formirebas da licen-

ziebis gamcemi maregulirebeli organos institucionalur xasiaTs demokratiisTvis

aranaklebi mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, vidre saarCevno kanonmdeblobas.

literatura:


100

mezobluri damokidebulebisgan.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, Gesellschaft-i, efuZneba racionalur

gaTvlas da racionaluri survilebis erTobas, igi agebulia kontraqtis,

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, mas icavs politikuri kanonmdebloba da ideologiurad

amarTlebs sazogadoebrivi azri. civilizebuli adamiani azrovnebs racionalurad,

moqmedebs piradi interesebidan gamomdinare, Tavad irCevs urTierTobaTa

saxeobas, is mobiluria, moduluri (gelneris gagebiT), ekonomikuri da politikuri

xasiaTis urTierTobebisTvis misi funqcionaluri maxasiaTeblebi (mag.

profesionalizmi) ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi pirovnuli Tavisebureba. am

sazogadoebaSi solidaroba adamianTa Soris Cndeba maTi interesebisa da miznebis

organuli Tanxvedris Sedegad.

ojaxi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi dominirebs pirveli tipis sazogadoebriv

wesrigSi, romelTanac ufro axlo dgas soflis mowyoba. didi industriuli qalaqi

ufro axloa meore tipis sazogadoebasTan. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom `samoqalaqo~

sazogadoeba - es aris moqalaqeTa, qalaqelTa sazogadoeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove adamiani monawileobs orive tipis

urTierTobebSi, cxadia, rom sawyisebi, romlebzedac xdeba Tanamedrove

politikur da ekonomikur urTierTobebSi Sesvla, gansxvavebulia urTierTobebis

tradiciuli formisgan. tradiciuli sawyisebi adamianTa urTierTobisa araa

sakmarisi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da politikuri wesrigis funqcionirebisaTvis,

da es problema - erTi tipis urTierTobebidan meoreze gadasva - Tumca ki,

yovelTvis mtkivneulia, yvela sazogadoebaSi erTnairad iolad ar wydeba. Tu

tradiciuli urTierTobebi ubralod moiSala Tanamedrove wesrigis xelovnurad

damkvidrebis Sedegad, da maT adgilze ar warmoiqmna samoqalaqo sazogadoeba,

xelovnurma modernizaciam SeiZleba ubralod daanawevros adamianebi imis

nacvlad, rom gamoiwvios Semdgomi ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTareba.

am kuTxiT ganxiluli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problema ukavSirdeba

sazogadoebis unars daamyaros qmediTi TanamSromloba demokratiisa da sabazro

ekonomikis pirobebSi. CvenSi mas, odnav gansxavebuli terminebiT, xSirad

ubrundebian rodesac cdiloben gascen pasuxi kiTxvas - rogor gavxdeT

demokratiulebi ise, rom ar davkargoT tradiciuli faseulobebi da

urTierTobebis Cveneburi, qarTuli stili? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ukve

gaviareT sabWouri tipis, Zalismieri modernizebis procesi, am kiTxvaze pasuxi jer

ara gvaqvs gacemuli, vinaidan sabWoTa dros modernizacia swored gaTiSulad da

atomizirebulad gaviareT, xolo is TanamSromloba, romelic politikasa Tu

ekonomikas exeba, mxolod amJamad dagvWirda.

rogorc tionisis analizi aCvenebs, marto tradiciebze dayrdnobiT

Tanamedrove urTierTobebis ageba SeuZlebelia. rac ar unda Rirebuli da

aucilebeli iyos CvenTvis religiuri, kuTxuri, erovnuli, kulturuli Tu sxva

identurobebisa da erTobebis aRdgena, isini yvela miekuTvneba meqanikuri,

Gemeinschaft-is solidarobis tips. Gesellschaft -is organuli da individualisturi

solidarobis damkvidreba sxva tipis urTierTobebis aRmocenebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. urTierTobebis `sofluri~ stili, romelic nacnobobis da

pirovnuli urTierTobebis dominirebiT xasiaTdeba, ekonimikas da politikas

aniWebs klanurobis arakonkurentul xasiaTs. xom ar aris es aseve Cvens qveyanaSi

korufciis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi?

Gesellschaft -Si adamians mudmivad uwevs urTierTobebis damyareba sxva

adamianebTan ise, rom es urTierToba ar aris reglamentirebuli arc nacnobobiT,

25

arc naTesaobiT, arc gaziarebuli moraliTa da arc religiuri normebiT. mas aqvs

uflebebi da valdebulebebi saxelmwifos winaSe, magram rogoria misi uflebebi da

valdebulebebi sxva adamianebis, sazogadoebis winaSe?

aq wina planze gamodis patiosani, Tavisi sityvis erTguli, SeTanxmebis

Semsrulebeli adamianis problema. adamianisa, romelsac pirobis Sesrulebas

pirvel rigSi aiZulebs ara sasjelis SiSi, aramed sakuTari sindisi. SemTxveviTi

araa, rom es sakiTxi farTod ixileboda meTvramete da mecxramete saukunis

filosofosebisa da moralistebis nawerebSi. `gaxsovdes yovelTvis, rom qveyanazed

qaRaldis garda aris kidev sindisi, romelzedac iwereba piroba im simkvidriT da

simtkiciT, rom araviTari Zala ar amoSlis da ar gaauqmebs~ (ilia WavWavaZe).

mkvidrdeba Tu ara Gesellschaft-isTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTobebi

demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis Sedegad, Tundac Soreul

momavalSi, Tu maTi kultivireba specialuri zrunvis sagani unda iyos? SesaZloa ki,

maTi kultivireba, Tu es aris politikuri kulturis is parametri, romelic ver

Seicvleba mocemuli kulturis CarCoebSi? yvela es kiTxva, cxadia, scdeba

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problematikas da moicavs zogadad rogorc demokratiis

damkvidrebis, aseve ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebs.

literatura:

Robert D.Putnam, Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press, 1994

26

problemebze da masSi praqtikulad ar aisaxeba sazogadoebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

problematika, ar xdeba refleqsia im problemebze, romlebic uSualod mkiTxvelis

cxovrebas exeba. ibadeba kiTxva — riTia es gamowveuli — imiT, rom gazeTebis

gamomcemlebi da redaqtorebi ideologiaze, da ara bazarze orientirebis sabWour

tradicias agrZeleben, Tu imiT, rom amgvaria sabazro SekveTa. dResdReobiT

sazogadoeba TiTqmis ar figurirebs mediis mier Seqmnil virtualur sivrceSi. es

sivrce mxolod politikuri elitis da politikuri brZolis problematikiT ivseba

(gasarTob programebs da publikaciebs aq ar movixseniebT, vinaidan isini cdeba Cveni

ganxilvis sagans). es midgoma, erTis mxriv, asaxavs arsebuli politikuri sivrcis

mkveTrad elitistur xasiaTs, magram meores mxriv, kidev ufro amZafrebs

mosaxleobisa da politikuri klasis gaucxoebas, zRudavs sazogadoebis unars

gaiazros mis winaSe mdgari gamowvevebi.

4. interneti

internetis Tavisufali misawvdomoba da misi meSveobiT globalur sainformaciis

sivrcesTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi sityvis, mediisa da infor-

maciis Tavisuflebis erT-erTi sabaziso elementia. internetis meSveobiT vrceldeba

sainformacio saagentoebis biuletenebi, misawvdomi xdeba msoflios sxva qveynebis

ambebi, qveyndeba werilebi da publikaciebi. TviT faqti internetis arsebobisa da

internetiT komunikaciis akrZalvis SeuZleblobisa didwilad azrs ukargavs sxva

RonisZiebebs sityvis akrZalvis mizniT.

internetiT sargebloba dRes aranair SezRudvebs ar eqvemdebareba. funqcio-

nirebs ramdenime internet-provaideri, romelTa Soris konkurenciis wyalobiT

sargeblobis fasebi SedarebiT misawvdom doneze narCundeba am sferoSi axali

firmebis licenzireba avtomatur reJimSi warmoebs.

miuxedavad amisa, interneti saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT elitaruli mediis rols

asrulebs da masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebas ar warmoadgens. es gamowveulia

sazogadoebis kompiuterizaciis arasakmarisi doniTa da satelekomunikacio kavSirebis

arasrulfasovnebiT. gansakuTrebiT arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi, satelefono xazebis

uvargisobisa da ufro dabali ekonomikuri donis gamo, am mxriv regionebi arian.

miuxedavad amisa, internetis qarTulenovani da qarTuli resursebi nel-nela

viTardeba, iseve rogorc qarTulenovani sanavigacio teqnologiebi. ivseba

internetze qarTulenovani resursebis baza — gazeTebis sruli teqstebi, satelevizio

programebi, sakanonmdeblo baza da sxva. amasTan, sruliad aradamakmayofilebelia

saxelmwifo organoebis mier internetze ganTavsebuli informaciis odenoba.

5. telemauwyebloba

dRes saqarTveloSi axali ambebis gasagebad moqalaqeebi ZiriTadad televizias

mimarTaven. arsebobs mravalferovani radioarxebic, romlebic, marTalia, didwilad

musikaluri da gasarTobi mauwyeblobiT arian dakavebuli, magram mosaxleobis

garkveuli (arc Tu umniSvnelo) nawilisTvis politikuri xasiaTis informaciis

miwodebasac emsaxureba.

bolo wlebis politikuri cvlilebebi gacilebiT gvian da Znelad aisaxa televiziaze,

vidre presaze. amis mizezi iyo, erTis mxriv, is, rom telemauwyeblobis materialuri baza

bevrad ufro Zviria, meores mxriv ki is, rom saxelmwifos meti berketi aqvs eleqtronuli

mediis regulirebisaTvis samauwyeblo arxebis ganawilebis meSveobiT. mosaxleobis

99

kandidatis Taobaze aRniSna orma gazeTma, xolo saarCevno komisiis axlad-

daniSnuli xuTi wevridan am gazeTebSi aravin ar iyo naxsenebi, garda komisiis

Tavmjdomarisa, romlis gvari erTma gazeTma daasaxela. aRsaniSnavia, rom am

saparlamento gadawyvetilebaTagan arc erTi ar iyo naxsenebi am dReebSi gamosul

oficialur presaSi.

analogiuri mdgomareoba SenarCunda 2002 welsac. 10 aprils parlamentma

ganixila ramdenime Sesworeba adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis kanonSi da saarCevno

kodeqsSi. ra operatiuli informacia miewoda amis Sesaxeb mosaxleobas presiT?

11 aprils gamosuli yovledRiuri (an kviraSi ramdenjerme gamomavali) gazeTebi

an ar aqveyneben informacias parlamentis 10 aprilis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, an

mas SecdomiT da/an mikerZoebulad aqveyneben. ar ityobineba miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb `saqarTvelos respublika~ da àxali Taoba~ (Tumca ki, am

ukanasknelSi TviT saparlamento sxdomis mimdinareoba vrcladaa gadmocemuli).

danarCenebidan yvelaze informatiul `dilis gazeTs~ aviwydeba imis aRniSvna, rom

gadawyvetilebebi miRebulia ara sabolood, aramed pirveli mosmeniT (rogorc

Semdgomma movlenebma aCvena, meore da mesame kenWisyra aRarc Semdgara). sakiTxiT

yvelaze did dainteresebas iCenen gazeTebi àlia~ da `rezonansi~, romlebic

vrclad akritikeben parlamentis gadawyvetilebas, magram TviT gadawyvetilebis

Sesaxeb informacias ukeTes SemTxvevaSi moixsenieben frazebiT `deputatebma

yvelaferi ucvlelad datoves~. Tumca saqmes nawilobriv asworebs gazeT

`rezonansSi~ gamoqveynebuli interviu deputat xmalaZesTan, mTlianobaSi faqtebis

gageba mkiTxvelebisTvis TiTqmis SeuZlebeli rCeba.

2. profesiuli da eTikuri Jurnalistika. am mxriv yvelaze seriozul gamowvevas

postsabWouri JurnalistebisTvis codnisa da Sefasebebis daSoriSoreba da in-

formaciis obieqturad gadmocema warmoadgens. gansxvavebiT dasavluri profe-

siuli mediisgan, sadac gazeTis an calkeuli avtorebis poziciis dasafiq-

sireblad specialuri sivrcea gamoyofili, saqarTvelos gazeTebSi praqtikulad

ar xdeba politikuri informaciis gadmocema misTvis garkveuli Sefasebis micemis

gareSe, garda sainformacio saagentoebis mokle Setyobinebebisa. amgvari Sefaseba

xSirad ekuTvnis ara Tavad Jurnalists, aramed redaqcias, romelic gamoxatavs mas

saTaurSi an statiis win darTul anotaciaSi. is, rom rogorc wesi movlenis

Sefaseba mocemulia saTaurSi an teqstis dasawyisSi, anu mkiTxveli mas ecnoba

manam, sanam Tavad informacias Seityobs, kidev ufro amZafrebs teqstis

politizirebis elfers. xSiria Sinaarsis Seusabamo saTaurebi, sasamarTlo

procesis erTi mxaris gamarTleba ganCinebis gamotanamde, aSkarad `SekveTili”

publikaciebi, arasakmarisad argumentirebuli braldebebi da bevri sxva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari problemebi met-naklebad yvela gazeTs axasiaTebs.

politikuri informaciis amgvari gadmocemis stili safrTxes uqmnis

aramanipulirebuli sazogadoebrivi azris formirebas, medias politikuri

propagandis iaraRad aqcevs da politikuri cxovrebis ukidures polarizebas

uwyobs xels. sazogadoeba iZulebuli xdeba ara Tavad Seafasos esa Tu is movlena

Tu faqti, aramed gaiziaros an ar gaiziaros misTvis miwodebuli mza Sefasebebi

arasakmarisi informirebulobis fonze.

3. presa rogorc samomxmareblo produqcia. kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic presis Sinaarss

exeba, aris is, rom presa TiTqmis mTlianad aris orientirebuli maRali politikis

98

leqcia 4

tokvili, `demokratia amerikaSi`

patnemis kvleva, arsebiTad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arss sociologiuri

Tvalsawieridan udgeba. is ikvlevs imas, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba socialuri

komunikaciis garkveulis tipi, struqtura, demokratiuli institutiebis

fuqcionirebas. tokvilis naSromi `demokratia amerikaSi” aseve didwilad am kuTxiT

udgeba problemas — isic, patnemis msgavsad, TiTqmis tolobis niSans svams

sazogadoebis struqturasa da demokratias (politikur reJims) Soris. SemdgomSi Cven

gavecnobiT kidev erT liberal avtors - gelners, romelic msgavsi midgomiT

xasiaTdeba (demokratias aigiveebs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis struqturasTan,

xolo am ukanasknelis demokratiul bunebas miiCnevs mxolod dasavlur, evropul

maxasiaTeblad).

tokvilis kvleva, romelic ukve meore saukunea Tavis aqtualobasa da mniSvnelobas

ar kargavs, aRwers mxolod erT qveyanas — amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, magram

impliciturad SedarebiT analizs eyrdnoba, vinaidan amerikis sazogadoebas is aRwers

evropeli mkiTxvelisTvis. amdenad amerikis `demokratiul~ sazogadoebas is

warmoaCens safrangeTis da evropis àristokratiul~ sazogadoebebTan SedarebaSi.

tokvili aRwers pirvel rigSi sxvaobas demokratiul da aristokratiul

sazogadoebebsa da maT sxvadasxva institutebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris. tokvilis

kvleva sociologiuria da fenomenologiuri, is moicavs rogorc deskriptul aRweras

im urTierTobebisa, romlebic avtorma TiTqmis ori saukunis winandel amerikaSi

dainaxa, aseve im fsiqologiur ganwyobebisa da legitimaciis principebis analizs,

romlebic agebs, aviTarebs am institucionalur mowyobas amerikaSi. tokvilis kvlevis

Seswavlisas Cven gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas institucionaluri midgomis

Tvalsawieridan demokratiuli da aristokratiuli sazogadoebebis institutebis

Sedarebaze, xolo legitimaciis TvalsazrisiT — Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis

principebis dapirispirebaze.

Tumca ki, Tavad tokvilisTvis mTavari interesi iyo politikuri institutebi,

rac, im periodSi safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebis fonze, frangisTvis ZiriTad

interess warmoadgenda. Seiqmneboda Tu ara safrangeTSi `Tavisufali demokratia~ Tu

`demokratiuli tirania~ - es iyo is kiTxva, romelic idga mis winaSe im dros (1848).

amerikis magaliTis ganxilvisas is xazs usvams imas, rac xSirad aklia dResac axali

demokratiebis politikosebs: ~ ar gadmovitanoT monurad is institutebi, romlebic

amerikelebma Seqmnes TavisTvis, aramed ukeT gavigoT masSi is, rac Cven gvadgeba; ara

imdenad davesesxoT magaliTebs, aramed ubralod Wkua viswavloT, xolo Tuki rames

visesxebT, es iyos Tavad principebi, da ara kanonebis kerZo detalebi~. (gv.24). swored

amitomaa, rom tokvili swavlobs institutebs maT diskursul mniSvnelobebTan, anu

legitimaciis sawyisebTan erTad.

is, rasac tokvili xedavs amerikaSi, da rac misTvis aRmoCenaa, aris demokratiuli

sazogadoeba — sazogadoeba, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba evropuli

aristokratiuli sazogadoebebisgan, da demokratia, romelsac qmnis es sazogadoeba.

tokvili cdilobs iyos obieqturi da miukerZoeblad aRweros is, rasac xedavs. mas Tan

moswons da aRafrTovanebs es axali, gansxvavebuli amerikuli sazogadoeba, Tan

aSinebs da afrTxobs bevri misi Tviseba. kerZod, da mTavari, rac unda aRvniSnoT, aris

misi SiSi `demokratiuli tiraniisa~, romelic demokratiul sazogadoebebSi SeiZleba

damyardes. am saSiSroebis saanalizod tokvili iyenebs Tavisuflebisa da

27

Tanasworobis Rirebulebriv dapirispirebas amerikelTa cnobierebasa da praqtikaSi.

`Tavisufali demokratiis~ dapirispireba `demokratiul tiraniasTan~

momdinareobs iqidan, rom tokvili mkafiod asxvavebs da upirispirebs erTmaneTs

Tanasworobasa da Tavisuflebas. umravlesobis batonoba, rac demokratiuli

xalxebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, SeiZleba gadaiqces tiraniad, Tuki mas adamianTa

Tavisufleba daaklda.

amerikis politikuri wyobis erTaderTi sawyisia xalxis mmarTvelobis principi. es

wyoba uaRresad demokratiulia, xolo amerikelebis mdgomareoba bevri gagebiT

Tanasworia, da es Tanasworoba, tokvilis aRweriT, aris ara marto uflebrivi

Tanasworoba (SesaZleblobaTa, negatiur TavisuflebaTa Tanasworoba), aramed

faqtobrivi `siTanabre~, msgavseba rogorc qonebrivi, aseve inteleqtualuri.

istoriulad ise Camoyalibda amerikuli sazogadoeba, rom mosaxleobis did masebs

gaaCniaT met-naklebad erTnairi SesaZleblobebi awarmoon ekonomikuri saqmianoba da

SeiZinon codna, da eziaron profesiul saqmianobas, romelsac misdevs umravlesoba.

amdenad, aristokratiuli elitebi metad dasustebulia, Tu ara gamqrali. maT ara aqvT

arc qonebrivi da arc inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT wamyvani roli; wodebrivi da

ojaxuri gavlenebi sazogadoebaSi ar SeimCneva. amerika aris is qveyana, romlis

moqalaqeni msoflioSi yvelaze Tanabaria Tavisi qonebrivi da inteleqtualuri

ganviTarebiT.

bunebrivia, rom amgvari Tanasworoba (siTanabre) badebs politikur

Tanasworobasac. magram politikuri Tanasworobis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: an

yvela moqalaqes mieces Tanabari politikuri ufleba, an aravis ar mieces.

`Tavisuflebis miRweva~, tokvilis mixedviT, `ar Seadgens adamianTa cxovrebis

mTavar da mudmiv mizans; erTaderTi, rac maT usazRvrod uyvarT, aris Tanasworoba~

(gv.61). amerikelebma moaxerxes iseTi Tanasworobis miRweva, rodesac xalxis

mmarTveloba SenarCunebulia. es, tokvilis mixedviT, ukavSirdeba maT miswrafebas da

unars rom mudmivad Seqmnan gaerTianebebi da imoqmedon koleqtiurad. sxvanairad

Tanasworobis mdgomareobaSi myof adamianebs cal-calke arc erTs ar eqneboda

sakmarisi Zala, rom Tavi daecva mmarTvelebis tiraniisgan.

gaerTianebaTa Seqmnis Tavisufleba, amdenad, erT-erTi fuZemdebluri

Tavisuflebaa, romelsac moaqvs, sayovelTao xmis uflebasTan erTad, Tavisufali

demokratiuli mowyoba. mis gareSe, da adamianTa mudmivi sazogadoebrivi aqtiobis

gareSe igive Tanasworoba Tavisuflebis wyaro ar iqneboda.

tokvilis aRweraSi, amerikelebis cxovrebaSi politikur saqmianobas uzarmazari

adgili ukavia. `sazogadoebis marTvaSi monawileobis miReba da masze laparaki - es aris

amerikelisTvis yvelaze mTavari saqmianoba da yvelaze didi siamovneba~ (gv. 191).

sajaro Sexvedrebi, klubebi, partiebi — yvelaferi es duRs da muSaobs. `uwyveti

saqmianoba politikur sferoSi, romelic demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi

Cndeba, Semdeg gadadis samoqalaqo cxovrebaSic. SesaZlebelia, sabolood, swored

amaSi mdgomareobs demokratiis ZiriTadi upiratesoba. misi ZiriTadi faseuloba ara

isaa, rasac is Tavad akeTebs, aramed is, rac keTdeba misi wyalobiT~ (gv.191).

amdenad, tokvilisTvis demokratia kargia ara imitom, rom demokratiuli

mTavrobebi kargad muSaoben (rac saTuoa), aramed mis mTavar miRwevas misi gverdiTi

produqti warmoadgens — is gavlena, romelsac xalxze axdens mmarTvelobaSi

monawileobis mudmivi praqtika. aseTi xalxi ufro ganaTlebulia da energiuli. es ki,

saboloo jamSi, aviTarebs ekonomikas. aq laparakia swored `Tavisufal demokratiaze~

tokvilis terminologiiT, an `liberalur demokratiaze~, Tuki dResdReobiT ufro

28

yovelkvireul gazeTebsa da Jurnalebs, rac Seexeba ufro xSirad (kviraSi samjer da

metad) gamomaval presas, 20 000-iani tiraJi misTvis saocnebo maqsimumia. es

dabaltiraJianoba ar ukavSirdeba presis specializacias, piriqiT, mkiTxveli pirvel

rigSi presaSi mravalferovnebas afasebs. mkiTxvelis mozidva gazeTebisTvis

upirvelesi problemaa, ekonomikuri da politikuri damoukideblobis sawindari.

TiTqmis yvela mkiTxveli met-naklebad Tanxmdeba imaze, rom presis xarisxi dabalia,

rom mas `siyviTle” dahkravs. am mosazrebas Tavad Jurnalistebic iziareben. Tumca am

movlenis Sefasebisas azrebi ZiriTadad orad iyofa. erTni (da maT Soris Jurnalistebis

didi nawili) Tvlian, rom `rogori sazogadoebacaa, iseTi Jurnalistikaa~, anu arsebuli

gazeTebi Seesabameba mosaxleobis moTxovnebis dabal standarts. presis ZiriTad

problemad isini zogad ekonomikur siduxWires asaxeleben, xolo ekonomikuri

problemebis daZlevas da tiraJebis zrdas swored am dabali standartis dakmayofilebas

ukavSireben. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom mosaxleoba mSvenivrad arCevs karg da uxarisxo

publikaciebs da rom arsebobs sabazro moTxovnileba ufro profesiul presaze, romelic

jer ar aris dakmayofilebuli. am Sexedulebis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom presis dabali

tiraJebi aixsneba ara imdenad mosaxleobis ekonomikuri siduxWiriTa Tu interesis

naklebobiT, aramed auditoriis moTxovnebis ardakmayofilebiT presis mxridan. amasve,

maTi azriT, sociologiuri gamokvlevebic adasturebs.

gazeTebis Sinaarsis analizi aSkarad ayenebs Semdeg problemebze msjelobis

aucileblobas.

1. gazeTebi rogorc operatiuli informaciis wyaro. vinaidan mosaxleobis politikur

sakiTxebze operatiuli informirebis funqcias ZiriTadad televizia asrulebs,

gazeTebma am funqciis Sesrulebaze arsebiTad xeli aiRes da Tavis rols ufro

movlenebis komentirebaSi da SefasebaSi xedaven. es exeba ara marto yovelkvireul,

aramed yoveldRiur gazeTebsac. wina dRis movlenebis Taobaze mkiTxvelis

dawvrilebiTi informirebis funqciis ukana planze gadatana problematurs xdis

yoveldRiuri gazeTebis momavals. amasTan, es midgoma mosaxleobas misTvis

aucilebeli informaciis gareSe tovebs. is gansakuTrebiT sazianoa samarTlebrivi

xasiaTis informaciisTvis, romelic zust, werilobiTi gadmocemas saWiroebs. es

viTareba metad araxelsayrelia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSeneblobisTvis.

SesaZloa damoukidebelma presam meti izrunos im samomxmareblo bazris

aTvisebaze, romelic swored amgvar operatiul informacias saWiroebs, Tundac

aseTi auditoria SedarebiT mcire iyos. televiziisTvis konkurenciis gasawevad

gazeTebma SeiZleba ukeT gamoiyenon werilobiTi gadmocemis upiratesobebi, meti

imuSaon werilobiT wyaroebze, cifrebze da konkretul detalebze.

samarTlebrivi siaxleebis asaxva qarTul presaSi: ori magaliTi.

1999 wlis 20 ivliss parlamentma miiRo saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirveli

sakonstitucio cvlilebebi da Seitana rigi arsebiTi Sesworebebisa saarCevno

kanonSi. rogor aisaxa es movlenebi qarTul presaSi?

momdevno ori dRis ganmavlobaSi TbilisSi gamovida 10-mde gazeTi, maT Soris 2 -

oficialuri. am gazeTebidan mxolod erTma moixsenia, rom Seicvala saarCevno

biuletenSi partiebis numeraciis wesi (Zlieri partiebis sasargeblod).

partiebisTvis saarCevno barieris gazrda 5-dan 7 procentamde aRniSnuli iyo 8

gazeTSi, maT Soris 7-Si - rogorc sakuTari komentarebisa an politikosebis

Sefasebebis sagani. axali sakonstitucio SezRudvebi prezidentobis SesaZlo

97

ZviradRirebul investiciebs srulfasovani produqciis sawarmoeblad.

• ekonomika sustia da masSi didia Crdilovani seqtoris wili, bevri ekonomikuri

subieqti Tavs aridebs produqciis reklamirebas. saqonlis reklamirebas xels

ar uwyobs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobac.

• ekonomika araTanabradaa ganviTarebuli saqarTvelos masStabiT. Sida

produqtis didi wili iwarmoeba TbilisSi, rac Seexeba regionebs, adgilobrivi

bazari Tavisi siRaribis gamo praqtikulad ver uqmnis adgilobriv medias

damoukideblobis ekonomikur safuZvels.

• media, iseve rogorc mTeli danarCeni ekonomika, didwilad Crdilovan seqtorSi

funqcionirebs. gazeTebi, gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, gaurbian

Tavisi namdvili tiraJebis gamocxadebas. amis gamo, media ganicdis imave tipis

deprivacias, rasac sxva ekonomikuri subieqtebi — is damokidebulia politikur

mfarvelobaze da/an pirad kontaqtebze, arsebuli reJimis keTil nebaze, Tvali

daxuWos mediis mier Cadenil ekonomikur darRvevebze.

Sesabamisad, metad sustia mediis damoukideblobisa da ganviTarebis ekonomikuri

safuZvlebi. dResdReobiT misi didi wili sxvadasxva saxis subsidiebiT arsebobs, rac

mediis damoukideblobis xarisxs amcirebs da misi politizirebis xarisxs zrdis.

Jurnalistebis xelfasebi metad dabalia, Sesabamisad maRali kvalifikaciis mqone

specialistebi xSirad profesias icvlian da uSualod Jurnalistikas ar misdeven.

mediis finansebis gaumWvirvale xasiaTi erTi mxriv aCens undoblobas momxmarebelTa

mxridan, xolo meore mxriv qmnis sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulirebis winapirobebs.

rac Seexeba xelisuflebisa an msxvili kapitalis mxridan mediis Tavisuflebis

SezRudvis ekonomikur meqanizebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom mediis materialuri baza ar

aris monopolizirebuli saxelmwifosa an romelime ekonomikuri subieqtis mier.

bevria sxvadasxva mflobelobaSi myofi stamba Tu poligrafiuli sawarmo. SedarebiT

gvian (Tavisi siZviris gamo) gaCnda studiebi da samauwyeblo simZlavreebi,

adgilobrivi teleproduqciis warmoebis potenciali. arsebobs konkurencia internet

provaiderebsa da presis gamavrcelebel kompaniebs Soris.

3. beWdviTi media

saqarTveloSi dRes gamomavali mravalferovani presis udidesi nawili

damoukidebeli gamocemaa, ar igrZnoba monopolizeba arc saxelmwifosa da arc

romelime ekonomikuri dajgufebis mxridan. TiTqmis yvela arsebuli gazeTi bolo aTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi dafuZnda. maTi saxeobebi, stili da tiraJebi metad dinamiurad

icvleba. bevri gazeTi, romelic damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi iyo popularuli,

dRes an aRar gamodis, an popularoba dakarga. konkurencia miT ufro mZafria, rom

dRes gazeTebs praqtikulad ara hyavT gamomwerebi — tiraJebis udidesi nawili

kioskebSi da quCaSi iyideba. gazeTebis gamoweris tradicia moirRva destabilizaciisa

da samoqalaqo omebis wlebSi da SemdgomSi veRar aRdga. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg

gaqra bevri gazeTi, rac, savaraudod, unda aixsnas politikuri dakveTis SesustebiT —

politikur aqtorebs am wuTas gazeTebis dafinanseba ar sWirdebaT

gazeTebis saerTo tiraJi dRes saqarTveloSi metad dabalia. mosaxleobis didi

nawili ar an ver yidulobs gazeTebs, xolo axal ambebs da politikuri xasiaTis

informacias metwilad televiziiT iRebs. yvelaze maRali tiraJebi aqvs

96

miRebul cnebebs gamoviyenebT. liberaluri demokratia, amdenad, SesaZloa naklebad

sasurveli iyos erTpirovnul mmarTvelobasTan SedarebiT, tokvilis mixedviT,

moklevadian perspeqtivaSi (vinaidan erTi mmarTveli SeiZleba saukeTeso mmarTveli

aRmoCndes, xolo demokratiis gziT mxolod mmarTvelobis saSualo done miiRweva),

magram igebs grZelvadiani ganviTarebis Tvalsawieridan. da es mogeba swored mis

sazogadoebriv, da ara uSualod politikur zegavlenas ukavSirdeba.

magram am sayovelTao politikur CarTulobas da Tanasworobaze dafuZnebul

umravlesobis batonobas, romelic amerikaSi usazRvroa, SeiZleba mohyves

ganukiTxaoba, da misi SemzRudveli araferi iarsebebs. aranairi meqanizmi, romelic

daicavs adamians umravlesobis ganukiTxaobisgan, ar arsebobs. gansakuTrebiT ki,

gausaZlisia umravlesobis, anu sazogadoebrivi azris batonoba. ~ me ar vicnob arc erT

qveyanas~, ambobs tokvili, `sadac saboloo jamSi sulieri Tavisufleba da sityvis

Tavisufleba imdenad SezRuduli yofiliyo, rogorc amerikaSi~. umravlesobis

tirania am mxriv bevrad ufro srulia, vidre nebismieri monarqiuli wyobis tirania, da

Tundac espanuri inkvizicia. sazogadoebrivi azri, amdenad, tokvilTan, warmoCindeba

misi uzarmazari ZaliT, romelic mimarTulia (zogjer) azrovnebis Tavisuflebis

sapirispirod. mas mere, rac sazogadoebrivi azri raime sakiTxze formirebulia,

iSviaTad Tu gabedavs vinme sajarod sapirispiro azris gamoTqmas. (komentari:

sazogadoebrivi azri tokviliseul amerikaSi marTavs, is ar aris ubralod `sadarajo

ZaRli~, romelic Tavisi kritikuli potencialiT sazRvars udebs mmarTvelTa

TviTnebobas. am mxriv amerikuli diskursi gansxvavdeba Semdgom saukuneebSi evropaSi

Camoyalibebuli sajaro diskursisgan. es xdeba imitom, rom imdroindel amerikaSi ar

arsebobs mmarTvelobiTi pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvili aristokratia, socialurad

gansxvavebuli fena, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis miRma arsebobs. samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba aq marTavs — ara marto im gagebiT, rom irCevs ama Tu im politikur

elitebs arCevnebis gziT, aramed imiTac, rom mudmivad iRebs mmarTvelobaze

pasuxismgeblobas da ar ixsnis am pasuxismgeblobas im motiviT, rom is arCeul

moxeleebze gadaitanos).

sazogadoebrivi azris es uzarmazari Zala warmoudgenelia aristokratiul

sazogadoebebSi. da aq pirvel planze gamodis sxvaoba aristokratiul xalxebsa da

demokratiul xalxebs Soris, romlebic (es ukanasknelebi) Tanasworobis principebzea

agebuli. individualizmi, romelsac tokvili demokratiuli sazogadoebebis

warmoqmnas ukavSirebs, es aris ara marto struqturuli (socialuri) axleburi

mowyobis maCvenebeli, aramed pirovnebis identurobis formirebis gansxvavebuli

stili. aristokratiul sazogadoebebSi adamianis identurobis formirebaSi CarTulia

misi klasobrivi da statusuri mikuTvnebuloba, misi kavSirebi winaprebTan da

valdebulebebi momaval TaobaTa winaSe. klasi aristokratiul sazogadoebaSi patara

samSoblos rols asrulebs. demokratiul sazogadoebebSi ki, adamianebi ufro axdenen

TviTidentifikacias mTel kacobriobasTan, da ara konkretul socialur jgufTan.

adamiani emansipirebulia rogorc warsulisgan, aseve momavlisgan, drois

SemakavSirebeli ZarRvi wydeba da adamianebi ufro gulgrilebi xdebian erTmaneTis

mimarT. maTi identuroba, amdenad, xdeba ufro `deskriptuli~ vidre `askriptuli~.

sazogadoebis es gaTiSuloba da `masobrioba~ (ufro gviandeli avtorebis

terminologiiT) despotiis saukeTeso sawyisia, Tu ar arsebobs Zalisxmeva saerTo

saqmeTa sakeTeblad.

`rodesac saxelmwifos marTavs sazogadoebrivi azri, yvela adamians esmis

sazogadoebrivi aRiarebis mniSvneloba, da TiToeuli cdilobs miaRwios mas, cdilobs

daimsaxuros imaTi pativiscema da keTilganwyoba, romelTa Soris man unda icxovros~

29

(gv.376) da es aris sazogadoebrivi azrisa da politikur Tavisuflebis Sinagani

kavSiri, romelic amarcxebs Tanasworobis naklovanebebs Tavisuflebis ZaliT.

tokvilis nawerebSi Tanasworoba, amdenad, ufro ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis

modernizacias, da ara mis demokratizacias am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT. tokvilis

demokratia, anu Tanasworoba (egalitaruli sazogadoeba) SeiZleba iyos rogorc

liberaluri, aseve totalitaruli. es brwyinvale ganWvretaa im momavlisa, romelic

tokvilis Semdgom saukunes iCens Tavs: modernizaciam, cxovrebis pirobebis

TanasworobasTan erTad, moitana ori tipis `demokratiebis~ warmoqmna — dasavluri,

liberaluri da sabWouri totalitaruli (aseve faSisturi germania). es dapirispireba

liberalur da araliberalur demokratiebs Soris dResac aris aqtualuri, vinaidan

ukavSirdeba demokratizacias iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlebic Tavisi struqturiT

aranairad ar arian demokratiulebi, an iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlebic, piriqiT,

demokratiulia, magram Tavisuflebis tradicia ara aqvs.

oRond aq ar unda davuSvaT terminologiuri Secdoma. Tanasworoba tokvilTan

upirispirdeba Tavisuflebas, romelsac sayovelTao xmis ufleba da sayovelTao

politikuri uflebebi uzrunvelyofen. anu sayovelTao arCevnebi demokratiis

nawilad ki ar ganixileba, aramed mis liberalur komponentad. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom

`saarCevni demokratiebi~ (`minimaluri~, `araliberaluri~ demokratiebi) ukve

Tavisufalia tikviliseuli terminologiiT?

rac Seexeba sabWoTa totalitarul reJims, romelSiac pirovneba sruliad

damonebuli iyo umravlesobis mier, misi am niSniT Sedarebisas liberalur

demokratiasTan tikviliseuli terminologiis gamoyeneba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. rac

Seexeba `minimalur demokratiebs~, sadac tardeba sayovelTao arCevnebi, xom ar arian

isini swored `Tavisufali~ tokvilis gagebiT?

postsabWoTa sivrce waagavs tokviliseul demokratiul sazogadoebas

modernizirebulobis doniT, ris gamoc mas aristokratiuli sazogadoebis niSnebi

aRara aqvs. amis garda, marTalia, masSi sayovelTao arCevnebic tardeba, magram unda

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom tokvili ar asaxelebs uSualod arCevnebs rogorc

Tavisuflebis pirobas. is ambobs, rom Tavisuflebis sawindaria moqalaqeTa

monawileoba mmarTvelobaSi, mudmivi CarTuloba, samoqalaqo da politikuri aqtioba

da gaerTianebis unari. es ki, Tavis mxriv, arsebobs maSin, rodesac arsebobs

xelisuflebis arCeviToba. anu samoqalaqo (da politikuri) sazogadoebebia

Tavisuflebis sawindari, da ara uSualod arCevnebi. Tuki arCevnebi tardeba, magram

mosaxleoba atomizirebulia da pasiuri (rogorc es postsabWoTa sivrceSi xdeba),

xelisufleba iseve advilad daamyarebs batonobas TiToeulze, rogorc arCevnebis

ararsebobis pirobebSi.

amdenad, `socialuri kapitali~, romelzedac laparakobs patnemi, icavs

amerikelebs umravlesobis tiraniisgan, tokvilis mixedviT. socialuri kapitalis

ararseboba axal demokratiebSi saSiSia, vinaidan umravlesobis batonobas xdis

despoturs da tiraniuls.

literatura:


30

fonze warimarTa. Jurnalistebis Zvelma Taobam, romelic jer kidev sabWoTa dros

moRvaweobda, iseve rogorc Zvelma mediam, didwilad dros alRo ver auRo da asparezi

axal mediasa da axal Jurnalistebs dauTmo. axali gazeTebi, radio- da satelevizio

arxebi da gadacemebi jer kidev gamoucdeli, sxvadasxva ganaTlebis mqone

axalgazrdobiT dakompleqtda. am Taobam weris da saubris sakuTari manera muSaobis

procesSi Camoiyaliba. wina Taobisgan gansxvavebiT, am Jurnalistebma gabedulad

Setopes politikuri brZolis WaobSi da aRiarebuli WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi Tavis

dasayrdenad da orientirad politikuri Sefasebebis sistema gaixades. maTi

profesiuli saqmianobis dasayrdenad iqca ara imdenad sakuTriv Jurnalisturi qcevis

normebi da meTodebi, ramdenadac samoqalaqo Tu politikuri pozicia. es maT ara

sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis arbitrad [fasilitatorad], aramed mis aqtiur

Semoqmedad aqcevs.

media SedarebiT maRali ndobiT sargeblobs sazogadoebaSi. amave dros, mediis

kritikac sakmaod Cveuli da gavrcelebuli movlenaa qarTul sazogadoebaSi. es,

albaT, zemoxsenebul problemas, codnisa da Sexedulebis asaxvas, profesiul da

eTikur standartebs ukavSirdeba. dRevandeli Jurnalistika, iseve rogorc masobrivi

komunikacia zogadad saqarTveloSi metad Sors aris faqtebze damyarebuli

Jurnalistikis standartebisgan. is ar erideba politikur propagandas, ar eswrafvis

codnisa da politikuri Sexedulebis gamijvnas, piriqiT, is xSirad mzad aris

dauqvemdebaros codna politikur Sefasebas, daarRvios Jurnalisturi eTikis

normebi, ar sces pativi gansxvavebul azrs da mimarTos sazogadoebrivi azriT

manipulirebis sxvadasxva xerxebs.

Tavis funqcionirebaSi media damokidebulia or mxareze — erTi mxriv,

xelisuflebaze, xolo meore mxriv, farTo auditoriaze. aTi wlis win pirveli

mimarTeba: media — xelisufleba aSkarad yvelaze mwvave da problematuri iyo da

yvelaze swraf gadaWras saWiroebda; am mimarTebam wina planze mediis Tavisuflebis

damkvidrebis problema gamoitana. dResdReobiT mediisTvis ufro kritikul da

aqtualur gamowvevad unda miviCnioT meore, bevrad naklebad gamokveTili mimarTeba:

media — auditoria. es mimarTeba ukavSirdeba Jurnalistur pasuxismgeblobas

mkiTxvelis, WeSmaritebisa da sakuTari profesiis winaSe.

2. mediis ekonomikuri garemo

ekonomikuri problemebi da rTuli biznes-garemo dResdReobiT ufro met dabrko-

lebebs uqmnis mediis instituciur ganviTarebas, vidre saxelmwifo regulireba. ase,

maRali tiraJebi, romlebiTac iyideboda gazeTebi `perestroikis” dros, mkveTrad

daeca damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi, rodesac moiSala ekonomika, dairRva kavSirebi

da safosto momsaxureba, gaRaribda mosaxleoba. telegadacemebis miReba gaaZnela

eleqtroenergiiT momaragebis mkveTrma SezRudvam. dResac reklamisgan miRebuli

Semosavali mxolod mcire wvlils Seadgens gazeTebis dafinansebaSi. aseTi

Semosavlebi SedarebiT maRalia televiziaSi, magram isini mainc arasakmarisia

mravalferovani mauwyeblobis dasafinanseblad. ekonomikuri garemo jerjerobiT

metad susti bazaa mediis efeqturi saqmianobis warsamarTavad. ekonomikuri bazis

sisuste ganpirobebulia ramdenime faqtoriT:

• ekonomikuri bazris siviwrove. qarTulenovani mediis potenciur momxmare-

belTa ricxvi sul ramdenime milionia, rac metad viwro sareklamo bazaria, es

gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi faqtoria telemauwyeblobisTvis, romelic moiTxovs

95

leqcia 12

saqarTvelos masmedia

1. masmediis zogadi xasiaTi

sityvis Tavisufleba erT-erTi is demokratiuli Rirebulebaa, romlis deficiti

gansakuTrebiT mwvave iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi, da romelic yvelaze iolad da sakmaod

srulad damkvidrda saqarTveloSi. gorbaCovis `glasnostis~ politikis kvalobaze,

romelic nabij-nabij uSvebda sityvis Tavisuflebis elementebs, TandaTan

Tavisufldeboda qarTuli mediac. Semdeg, mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga

damoukideblobis wlebSic. es ar yofila uproblemo procesi, piriqiT, TiToeuli

momdevno xelisufleba cdilobda ar daeSva misi azriT mavne politikuri ideebisa da

mowodebebis gavrceleba mediis saSualebiT. bevri politikuri movlena saqarTveloSi

swored amgvari akrZalvebisa da SezRudvebis gadalaxvis moTxovnebs ukavSirdeba. es

gansakuTrebiT exeba televizias, romlis politikuri kontrolis problema

ramdenjerme iqca sakvanZo Temad politikuri daZabulobis kulminaciur momentebSi.

vardebis revoluciis win me vwerdi: `miuxedavad didi dabrkolebebis arsebobisa,

sityvis Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebis procesi Seuqcevadi aRmoCnda. amJamad, Tumc ki

kvlavac aSkaraa daZabuloba sityvis Tavisuflebis Temis garSemo da arsebobs

Jurnalistebis daSinebis araerTi mcdeloba, praqtikulad ar arsebobs politikuri

xasiaTis informacia, Sexeduleba Tu midgoma, romelTa gavrceleba mediis mier

SezRuduli iyos centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan.~ (ix. The Mass Media, in: `Building Democracy in Georgia”, Discussion paper N 7, International IDEA, 2003) dResdReobiT es

mtkicebuleba naklebad damajerblad gamoiyureba, vinaidan televiziebis damouki-

debloba sakmaod sakamaTo sakiTxia, xolo Jurnalistebi gamudmebiT TviTcenzuras

afareben Tavs, samsaxuris dakargvis SiSiT. magram es Tema ar warmoadgens mocemuli

leqciis sagans. kargad unda ganvasxvaoT sityvis negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisuf-

leba. xelisuflebas SeuZlia SezRudos mxolod sityvis negatiuri ufleba —

gamoiyenos saxelmwifo aparati cenzurisa Tu sxva SezRudvebis mizniT. amgvari

SezRudvebis ararseboba sulac SeiZleba ar niSnavs, rom yvelas hqondes Tanabari

pozitiuri ufleba salaparakod — gavixsenoT tokvilis dakvirveba amerikaSi sazoga-

doebrivi azris mier sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis Taobaze. pozitiurad komuni-

kacia, romelic xorcieldeba praqtikulad Tavisufali mediis mier SeiZelba ar iyos

srulfasovani, an ubralod SeiZleba iyos Taviseburi, Cven aq gvainteresebs saqar-

Tvelos mediis swored es mxare — misi diskursuli tipi, diskursuli xasiaTi da eTika.

yvelafers, rac sabWoTa dros mediaSi politikis Sesaxeb iwereboda da sajarod

iTqmoda, codnis gavrcelebis statusi hqonda. am codnis wyaro iyo marqsizm-

leninizmis TeoriiT aRWurvili komunisturi partia. Sexedulebebs, romlebic am

codnas kiTxvis qveS daayenebda, sajaro sivrceSi adgili ar hqonda. Jurnalisti

`kargad” werda imdenad, ramdenadac sworad asaxavda mmarTveli partiis kurss.

demokratiuli gardaqmnebis kvalobaze gaqra monopolia politikur `codnaze”, gaCnda

mravalferovani politikuri Sexedulebebi, Sefasebebi da midgomebi, da Jurnalistebs

gauCndaT problema — rogor unda weron politikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb axal

viTarebaSi, rodesac aRar arsebobs Zveli aTvlis sistema —“swori” codnis erTaderTi

wyaros saxiT.

am gamowvevaze pasuxebis Zieba Jurnalisturi korpusis TiTqmis sruli ganaxlebis

94

leqcia 5

Tanamedrove Teoriebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos

Sesaxeb sajaro da kerZo politikur azrovnebaSi

adam seligmanis mixedviT, kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis cnebebi, iseve rogorc

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba, dResdReobiT isev gaxda aqtualuri, da aris uamravi

wignis, statiis, konferenciisa da simpoziumis sagani. Tumca ki, es cnebebi an ideebi

axali ar aris da adrec ukve iyo gamoyenebuli anTropologTa, politikuri

mecnierebis specialistTa da sociologTa naSromebSi. `dawyebuli hanna arendtis

naSromiT `Vita Activa” (1958), SemdgomSi Carlz maieris gavleniani tomiT `sajarosa da

kerZos sazRvrebi” (1987) da damTavrebuli inglisur enaze iurgen habermasis `sajaro

sferos struqturuli transformaciis” publikaciiT (1989, romelmac mTavari roli

Seasrula mkvlevarTa yuradRebis axali mimarTulebiT warmarTvaSi), kerZosa da

sazogadoebrivis cnebebi samecniero wreebSi sul ufro gamokveTili da prestiJuli

xdeba”.

am cnebebs sxvadasxva naSromebSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba da ganmarteba eZleva.

magaliTi im winaaRmdegobriobisa, romelic arsebul midgomebs axasiaTebs, SeiZleba

aRmovaCinoT kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis arendtiseul xedvaSi; misi gagebiT isini

Tanamedroveobis xanaSi iwyeben gaqrobas `socialuris aRzevebasTan” erTad.

`socialuris aRzeveba” aris termini, romelic mas moaqvs swored im sxvaobis

dasasrulis aRsaniSnavad, romelic manamde (magaliTad, antikurobis xanaSi) kerZosa da

sazogadoebrivs Soris arsebobda. arendti winaaRmdegobaSi modis sxva TeoretikosTa

naSromebis umetesobasTan, marqsiT dawyebuli da habermasiT damTavrebuli,

romelTagan yvela swored meTvramete saukunesa da Tanamedrove kapitalisturi

kulturis sawyisebSi pouloben sazogadoebriv da kerZo sferoebs Soris gansxvavebis

warmoqmnis sawyisebs — im gansxvavebisa, romlis dakninebas arendti imave

(Tanamedroveobis) periodSi aTavsebs.

sazogadoebrivisa da kerZos gaazrebis SesaniSnav safuZvles qmnis norberto bobio

Tavis klasikur naSromSi `sazogadoebrivi da kerZo/ didi diqotomia”, sadac is am

cnebebis klasificirebas axdens Tanasworoba/ uTanasworobis da (mTelisa da

nawilebis mimarTebis)/(nawilebs Soris urTierTobis) fardobiT terminebSi. misi sqema

daaxloebiT Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

sazogadoebrivi kerZo

uTanasworoba Tanasworoba

urTierTobebi: urTierTobebi:

nawilebsa da mTels Soris nawilebs Soris

RmerTi Zmebi

saxelmwifo tomi

ojaxi megobrebi

moqalaqeebi

mtrebi

cxadia, es diqotomiebi unda ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc idealuri tipebi,

romelbic politikis TeoriaSia gamosadegi. `rogorc ki vcdebiT politikuri

filosofiis sferosa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detalebs vexebiT, - ambobs seligmani

- masSi problemebs vawydebiT. ase, RmerTsa da adamians Soris urTierTobebi, Tumca ki,

31

namdvilad uTanasworoa da mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebasTan SesabamisobaSi imyofeba,

aseve xSirad ganisazRvreba sindisis kerZo xasiaTisa da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, saxlis an

sxva ganmartoebis adgilebis privatulobis konteqstSi. ojaxi, analogiurad,

Tanamedroveobis xanaSi kerZo sferoSi Sevida, xolo saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv,

CarTuli aRmoCnda kerZo cxovrebis da problemebis regulirebaSi. dayofis meore

svets Tu davakvirdebiT, urTierToba Zmebs Soris mxolod zogierT kulturaSia

Tanaswori, xolo sxvebSi ara. tomobriv sazogadoebebSi naTesauri kavSirebis sistema

SeiZleba an Tanasworobis, da an ierarqiis principebs eyrdnobodes, da erTs meoresTan

analitikuri upiratesoba ara aqvs. megobroba, rogorc TanasworTa araformaluri

urTierToba, aseve uaRresad Tanamedrove movlenaa, metad gansxvavebuli variaciebiT

kulturebisa da istoriuli periodebis mixedviT. is, rac mainc rCeba bobios

ganmartebisgan, aris principuli da Rrmaazrovani gaigiveba sajarosi - mTelisa da

nawilebis urTierTobasTan, xolo kerZosi — nawilebs Soris urTierTobasTan”.

bobios ganmarteba upirispirebs erTmaneTs or sawyiss samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi

adamianTa Soris ndobis Seqmnisa. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi am ndobas (da,

faqtobrivad, eTikas) qmnis kerZo sfero, (is kerZo sfero, romelsac bobio

gansazRvravs rogorc nawilebs Soris urTierTobis formas), maSin roca ufro Zvel

tradiciaSi wamyvan rols TamaSobda ara ndoba pirovnebebs Soris, aramed

institucionalizebuli urTierTobebis normebi, sajaro sferoSi miRebuli qcevis

modelebi, mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebis morali (moralisa da eTikis hegeliseuli

gansxvavebis terminebSi).

mokled mimovixiloT politikuri azrovnebis is ori tradicia, `romelTa

moraluri imperativebi uSualod ukavSirdeba kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis am or

metad gansxvavebul sferos da romlebic, Sesabamisad, gasuli ori aswleulis

msvlelobaSi, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis bazisad urTierTobebis an erTsa, da an meore

simravles iazrebdnen. SeviswavloT kerZo/sazogadoebrivis problemis rolis

garkveuli momentebi politikur da moralur filosofiaSi.” seligmanis mtkicebiT,

Tuki Cven SeviswavliT or politikur tradicias, romlebsac mokled davarqmevT

`moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis” da `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” tradiciebs, Cven

aRmovaCenT kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis - rogorc saTnoebisa da zneobis wyaroebis -

or metad gansxvavebul versias. am ori politikuri xedvisTvis moralisa da zneobrivi

wesrigis maformirebeli mTavari urTierTobebi metad gansxvavebul simravleebs

Seadgenen — erTia urTierTobebi nawilebsa da mTels Soris, xolo meore —

urTierTobebi nawilebs Soris.

anu arsebobs ori tradicia, romelic orive samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebas

exeba, da swored im mis elements, romlis `gaqrobasac” emduris arendti Tavis

naSromSi — kerZo da sazogadoebrivi sferoebis, maTi cal-calke da erTad arsebobis

elementi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleTisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

Tanamedroveobis xanaSi ara romelime erT tradiciaze aqcentis gakeTeba, aramed orive

tradiciis brZola erTmaneTTan politikur velSi. SesaZlebelia, arendti, iseve

rogorc bevri sxva Tanamedrove respublikeli moazrovne, aRniSnavs ubralod erTi —

liberaluri — tradiciis zedmetad gaZlierebas mere — respublikuri tradiciis

sapirispirod, Tumca ki aq frTxilad unda viyoT, vinaidan masobrivi sazogadoebebi,

romlebzedac arendti laparakobs, swored postliberalurad arian ganxiluli bevr

avtorTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am tradiciebis ganurCevloba, ufro SeiZleba

ukavSirdebodes masobrivi sazogadoebis fenomens, vidre maTi sruli waSla. `orive

tradicia myaradaa Caqsovili dasavleT evropis inteleqtualur tradiciaSi,

bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinaSi, Zveli saberZneTisa da respublikuri romis

32

analizs. amdenad, maTi sandooba eWvs ar iwvevs. sxva saqmea, maTi avtoriseuli inter-

pretacia, romelSiac garkveuli momentebi yuradRebis miRma SeiZleba darCenoda.

monacemebi aCvenebs, rom politikurad aqtiuri da dainteresebuli adamianebi

masmediis axal ambebTan sul ufro mWidrod arian mibmulni. am urTierTmimarTebis

gaZliereba, rac ar unda iyos amgvari ganviTarebis mizezi, niSnavs erT mniSvnelovan

movlenas — masmediis politikuri rolis zrdas. anu masmedias rogorc Cans, aqvs am

viTarebaSi ara politikuri sarkis, politikuri damkvirveblis roli, aramed izrdeba

misi rogorc politikuri manipulatoris, politikuri Zalauflebis mqone aqtoris

roli. aris media neitraluri damkvirvebeli Tu manipulatori, es sakiTxi mravali

debatebis sagans Seadgens, da masmediis pluralisturi da marqsistuli Teoriebis

dapirispirebis mTavari sagania. erTsac da meoresac aqvs argumentebi. magram Tuki ar

mivudgebiT am sakiTxs ideologiurad, da orive midgomas ganvixilavT rogorc

SesaZlo idealur tipebs, romlebic Tanaarseboben realobaSi met-naklebi balansiT,

maSin SeiZleba vilaparakoT imaze, rom garkveuli zegavlenebis Sedegad ama Tu im tipma

SeiZleba gadawonos; maT Soris SesaZlebelia, rom neitraluri obieqturi Jurna-

listikis cnobil normatiul tips dRes TandaTan cvlides axali, postmodernuli,

jer kidev Seuswavleli tipi, romelic ndobis sxva meqanizmebsa da eTikas eyrdnoba.

masmediiT gaRizianeba, Tuki masmediis politikuri roli icvleba (ara marto

Zlierdeba, aramed Tvisobrivad sxva xasiaTs Rebulobs) maSin bunebriv axsnas poulobs.

masmedia damoukidebelia misi auditoriisgan imdenad, ramdenadac auditorias ar SeuZlia

misi uaryofa, mxolod ignorireba. xelisufleba am mxriv gacilebiT ufro marTvadia

amomrCevelTa mxridan, vinaidan maT yovelTvis SeuZliaT misi gadarCeva —

angariSvaldebulebis metad qmediTi iaraRi. masmediis mimarT amis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia.

mediis moqmedeba, rogorc `politikuri gamaRizianeblis” SesaZloa swored

manipulaciuri moqmedebis Sedegi iyos, da ara piriqiT. aq laparakia ara imaze, rom

media ver uzrunvelyofs horizontaluri komunikaciis ganxorcielebas, razedac

habermasi laparakobs. aq ufro imaze SeiZleba iyos laparaki, rom vertikalur

komunikaciaSic ki balansi xalxsa da politikas Soris SesaZloa darRveuli iyos.

amgvari darRveva, SesaZloa, ver iqnes dafiqsirebuli kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli

teqnologiebiT, da ufro Sinaarsobriv da detalur analizs moiTxovdes.

es rasakvirvelia, mxolod mosazrebebia im monacemebis saanalizod, romlebic iyo

warmodgenili mocemul kvlevaSi.

literatura:




93

2) Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis sadarajoze mdgomi instituti;

3) mobilizebis iaraRi, romelic xels uwyobs mosaxleobis swavlebas da CarTvas

politikur brZolaSi.

es sami funqcia mocemul kvlevaSi mravalgvari empiriuli meTodikebis meSveobiT

Seiswavleba. Seiswavleba, agreTve, am funqciebis transformacia droTa ganmavlobaSi.

Sesabamisad, meTodologiurad, norisi asxvavebs politikuri komunikaciis sam

elements: warmoebas, Sinaarss da zegavlenas. ra Seicvala bolo dros, Tuki medias

SevafasebT am parametrebis mixedviT?

axali ambebis industriaSi moxda Semdegi cvlilebebi: beWdviTi presis

mflobeloba xdeba sul ufro koncentrirebuli; mcirdeba damoukidebeli gazeTebis

ricxvi, Tumca ki saerTo tiraJebi ar dacemula. 80-iani wlebidan sazogadoebriv

mauwyeblobas evropaSi aviwroebs sakabelo, satelituri da sxva kerZo arxebi, xolo

90-iani wlebidan mTlianad televizias uCndeba axali konkurenti — interneti.

kritikosebis azriT, am periodSi iklo seriozuli axali ambebis wilma da moimata

e.w. `infogarTobebma” — sainformacio stilma, romelic ufro usvams xazs skandalebs

garTobebs da pirovnebebs. ra xdeboda sinamdvileSi? SeimCneoda ori tendencia:

1) axali ambebis auditoria gafarTovda; imata im adamianebis ricxvma, vinc uyurebs

da kiTxulobs axal ambebs, eZebs maT internetSi. axali ambebi gaxda ufro

mravalferovani da xelmisawvdomi.

2) axalma ambebma ganicades ara imdenad transformacia seriozuli stilidan

gasarTob stilze, aramed ufro diferenciacia. anu erT arxebze da gazeTebSi

xelmisawvdomia seriozuli informacia, xolo sxvebSi ki — sxva, da orive saxeoba

gaizarda da gaxda ufro gavrcelebuli.

sociologiuri kvlevebis monacemebis Rrma da mravalmxriv analizze dayrdnobiT,

norisi askvnis, rom cvlilebebs politikuri komunikaciis struqturaSi ar mouxdenia

uaryofiTi gavlena samoqalaqo aqtiobis klebaze. piriqiT, axali ambebis industria

dadebiT gavlenas axdens politikur CarTulobaze, ndobaze da mobilurobaze. isini,

vinc ufro interesdeba axali ambebiT, iqneba es televiziis, gazeTisa Tu internetis

axali ambebi, gacilebiT ufro informirebulia, mTavrobis mimndobi da ganwyobili

politikaSi monawileobis misaRebad rogorc evropaSi, aseve aSS-Si.

anu, Tuki arsebobs iseTi movlena, rogoricaa samoqalaqo CarTulobisa da

aqtivobis kleba, am simptomis brali ar aris masmedia. politikis avadmyofobis mizezi

ufro sxvagan unda iyos moZiebuli, xolo masmediisadmi braldebebis wamoyeneba

usafuZvloa, da saSiSic ki, gansakuTrebiT axali demokratiebisaTvis, sadac sityvis

Tavisufleba jer kidev fexs ikidebs.

Tumca ki, es monacemebi moiTxovs yuradRebiT interpretacias imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom masmediis problema, anu is, rom masmedia problemaa, sakmaod

vrcladaa gaziarebuli. ase, `amerikel JurnalistTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom presa

ar aqcevs saTanado yuradRebas rTul sakiTxebs, ver asxvavebs reprotaJsa da

komentars, sazogadoebisgan ganze dgas da aris cinikuri”. aseve sazogadoebis didi

nawili, gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, Zalian dabal ndobas amJRavnebs mediis mimarT.

norisis kvleva aCvenebs, rom ambebis media aZlierebs samoqalaqo aqtiobas, da ara

asustebs mas, xolo is ki, TavisTavad, zrdis interess axali ambebis mimarT. es aris cikli,

romelic TandaTan aZlierebs axali ambebiT dainteresebisa da samoqalaqo aqtiobis urTi-

erTgavlenas, da pozitiur Sedegs iZleva im moqalaqeeebze, vinc Tavidan iCens garkveul

interess politikaSi. Sesabamisad, maT SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi, socializaciis sxva

meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, gavlena moaxdinon aradainteresebul pirebze.

norisis daskvnebi efuZneba farTo monacemebsa da faqtobrivi viTarebis vrcel

92

politikur filosofiebsa da saxeebSi. orivem Seasrula mniSvnelovani roli adreuli

Tanamedroveobis xanaSi, rodesac feodaluri wesrigisa da universaluri kaTolikuri

eklesiis rRvevas moyva sazogadoebrivi mowyobis axali bazisis Zieba. orive

gansxvavebuli (da xSirad gadaxlarTuli formiT) gagrZelda meTvramete — da

garkveulwilad mecxramete — saukuneebSi sxvadasxva moazrovneTa naSromebSi, rac

aZnelebs sakiTxis sruli istoriis gadmocemas. orive miiswrafis Seqmnas safuZveli

imisTvis, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `moraluri erToba” rogorc socialuri cxovrebis

safuZveli. da orive tradiciaSi `Rirsebis (saTnoebis, virtue)” idea warmoidgineba

amgvari erTobis sakvanZo elementad.”

`samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iyo ufro anglo-amerikuli tradicia, romelic yvelaze

mkafiodaa gamokveTili iseT moazrovneebTan, rogorebic arian frensis hatCesoni,

jon milari, hag bleri (Hugh Blair), adam fergiusoni da adam smiti, romlebsac Cven

Sotlandiur ganmanaTleblobasTan vakavSirebT. sapirispirod, Rirseuli

moqalaqeobis tradicia Tavisi bunebiT ufro kontinenturi xasiaTisaa, da uSualo

asociaciebs iwvevs iseT avtorebTan, rogorebicaa makiaveli da Jan-Jak ruso.

moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia ufro axlosaa Zveli saberZneTisa da romis

politikur filosofiasTan da, am mxriv, ufro `Zvelmoduria”. iRebs ra Zvel qalaq —

saxelmwifoebs rogorc respublikuri Rirsebis models, is iswrafvoda (da garkveuli

mniSvnelobiT kvlavac iswrafvis) daubrundes moqalaqeobis im gansazRvrebas,

romelic aTenis polissa Tu romis respublikas edo safuZvlad. is amgvarad cdilobs

daubrundes kacis, rogorc moqalaqis cnebas, rodesac, aristoteles mixedviT, kacis

(da dResdReobiT qalisac), daniSnuleba unda ganTavsebuliyo politikuri saqmianobis

sferoSi da mxolod masSi.”

sapirispirod, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea, rogorc minimum im saxiT, ra saxiTac

is ganviTarda Sotlandiel moralistebTan meTvramete saukuneSi, sul sxva sawyisebs

efuZneboda. maTi azrovneba ufro kargad miesadaga im cvlilebebs, romlebic

kapitalizmis da bazris ganviTarebas mohyveboda adamianTa urTierTobebSi — imas,

rasac adam smiti aRwerda: urTierTgagebis, erTobisa da kooperirebis (da, amdenad,

sabolood, Rirsebis) axali safuZvlebis Seqmnis amocanas, maTTvis Zveli sawyisebi

solidarobisa da sazogadoebis qsovilis formirebisa meTvramete saukunis

komerciul sazogadoebaSi sul ufro saeWvo xdeboda.

`meTvramete saukunis bolo mesamedisTvis, da ufro mkafiod mecxramete saukunis

dasawyisSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradicia iwyebs moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis

tradiciis adgilis dakavebas. . . sociologiuri terminebiT zneobrivi wesrigis

gansxvavebuli koncefciebi SeiZleba ganimartos solidarobis gansxvavebuli cnebebis

meSveobiT, sadac moraluri grZnoba Sesabamisad iqneba sazogadoebrivi an kerZo

moralis funqcia.

Cemi azriT, seligmani respublikuri tradiciis daxasiaTebisas, da kerZod, rusos

naazrevis gadmocemisas, garkveul Secdomas uSvebs, rodesac am midgomas diurkhemis

meqanikuri solidarobis modelTan aigiveebs. kargad unda gavigoT rusos midgomis

erTi aspeqti: respublikuri ideebi, romlebsac is ayalibebs, aranairad ar aris

tradicionalisturi ideebi. moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia ar niSnavs pirovnebis

meqanikur daqvemdebarebas volontй gйnйrale-isadmi. marTalia, rusos mixedviT,

moqalaqeTa erToba xdeba uzenaesi pirovnebis nebaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, unda

eqvemdebarebodes saerTo nebas, xolo TiToeuli moqalaqe mTelis nawili xdebodes,

magram aq yvelaze mTavaria is, rom ruso mkafiod asxvavebs sayovelTao da yvelas nebas.

yvelas nebas is mxolod kerZo nebaTa erT-erT nairsaxeobad ixilavs, da am nebebs

legitimurad miiCnevs iseTi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, romlebic mimdinare da viwro

33

sferoebs exeba. magram rac Seexeba maRali, sakanonmdeblo donis sakiTxebs, aq

gadawyvetilebebis legitimacia ekuTvnis uklebliv yvelas, da ara umravlesobas, da

ara yvelas nebas. es sayovelTao neba unda moicavdes umciresobebsac da TiToeul

adamiansac, da mxolod am SemTxvevaSi formirdeba is, rasac is volontй gйnйrale-s uwodebs.

rusos es midgoma kargad Cans, agreTve, mis msjelobaSi religiis Sesaxeb. religia,

rusos mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos orgvari. Sesabamisad, is sxvadasxva rols SeiZleba

asrulebdes socialuri kontraqtis formirebaSi. erT SemTxvevaSi religia SeiZleba

iyos samoqalaqo, kerZo sferos nawili, da am mxriv universalisturi da xelSemwyobi

respublikis arsebobisTvis. meore SemTxvevaSi; is xdeba sajaro sferos

maformirebeli, da, amdenad, partikularistuli, anu ayalibebs im urTierTobebs,

romlebic mxolod mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis, mocemuli droisTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli.

anu rusoseuli morali, marTalia, sazogadoebrivi sferos arealSi iqmneba, magram

iqmneba TviT moqalaqeebis mier, da ara arsebobs maTi kontrolis miRma, rogorc es

SeiZleba totalitarul sazogadoebebSi xdebodes.

adam smiti da sxva warmomadgenlebi e.w. `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” tradiciisa,

gansxvavebiT rusosgan, arian dainteresebuli ara imdenad erToblivi nebis

formirebiT, da amgvarad, sazogadoebrivi sferos warmoqmniT, aramed adamianTa Soris

urTierTobaTa regulirebiT rRvevadi socialuri wesrigis fonze (sabazro

meqanizmebis gavlena). maTi interesia im sivrcis formireba, sadac SesaZlebelia axali,

arameqanikuri solidaroba adamianebs Soris. anu, rusos ar ainteresebs ubralod,

intersubieqturi urTierTobebis problema, romelsac is politikuri sferos gareT

tovebs. smits, misgan gansxvavebiT, naklebad ainteresebs mimarTeba saxelmwifosTan,

da ufro — harmoniuli sazogadoebis formirebis idea maSin, rodesac kapitalizmis

gavleniT sazogadoebam TiTqos atomizacia SeiZleba ganicados.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi adam smitis Teoria da; zogadad, sabazro ekonomika mxolod

erTi Tvalsawieridan ganixileboda — rogorc racionaluri instrumentuli qmedebis

sabazro urTierTobebis formirebis Teoria, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo moralisa

da zneobis sakiTxebTan. anu bazari — es aris racionaluri moqmedebis sfero, sadac

individualisturi midgomebi batonobs, da araferia darCenili adamianTa

solidarobis da urTierTmimarTebis sferodan. bolo wlebSi xdeba am midgomis

gadasinjva. nel-nela cxadi xdeba, rom sabazro ekonomika aris metad mtkice zneobriv

normebze damyarebuli wesrigi, da am normebis gareSe is ver iarsebebs. anu is ar aris

ekonomikuri mimocvlis erTaderTi abstragirebuli da racionaluri wesi. magaliTad,

mafiozuri da klanuri sistema aseve abstraqtulia da racionaluri, magram is

urTierTobaTa sul sxva models eyrdnoba. universalisturi eTika, romelic smitisa

da fergiusonis adamianTaSorisi urTierTobebis safuZvelSi devs, qmnis im samoqalaqo

sazogadoebebs, romlebic liberalur individualistur tradicias Seefereba.

Tuki rusosTvis saerTo nebis wyaros `yvela” warmoadgenda, smitisTvis am wyaros

warmoadgens `erTi” — miukerZoebeli, ganze mdgomi damkvirvebeli, romelic

aRWurvilia sakuTari, Sinagani sindisis safuZvleze gansjis unariT. amdenad,

legitimacia xdeba damokidebuli individebis, erTeulebis mier imis aRqmaze, Tu ra

aris samarTliani.

aq Cndeba saTnoebis, socialuri Tanaziarebis da saerTo sikeTis modeli, romelic

metad gansxvavebulia im sxvadasxvagvari moazrovneebis modelebisgan, visac Cven

moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicias mivakuTvnebT. am tradiciaSi sazogadoebrivi

sikeTe aRemateba yvela kerZo interess da sabolood efuZneba kerZo interesis

daZlevas saerTo sazrunavis sasargeblod. es ar aris ubralod moqalaqeobrivi

34

televiziis da demokratiis urTierTmimarTebis problema

meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneebis sazogadoebebSi politikuri masobrivi

komunikaciis media iyo werilobiTi — ZiriTadad Jurnali da gazeTi. politikuri

komunikaciis mediis ganviTareba da transformacia kargadaa aRwerili habermasTan, da

gavrcobili sxva mkvlevrebis mier, gansakuTrebiT im nawilSi, rac exeba meoce

saukuneSi televiziiT komunikaciaze gadasvlas wina saukuneeebis werilobiTi

komunikaciisgan gansxvavebiT.

politikur komunikaciaSi televiziis siWarbe gazeTebTan SedarebiT

gansakuTrebiT mkafiod ikveTeba swored aradasavlur samyaroSi. ganviTarebad

qveynebSi gacilebiT dabalia gazeTebis tiraJebi, da gazeTebis roli politikur

komunikaciaSi. samagierod, televizors uyurebs yvela — da magas ar sWirdeba arc

wera-kiTxvis codna, da arc kiTxvis kulturis damkvidreba.

ramdenad axdens gavlenad sajaro sivrcis struqturaze mediis xasiaTis Secvla?

da ramdenad ukavSirdeba es transformacia politikuri institutebis xasiaTs da

demokratiis SesaZlo formebs ocdameerTe saukuneSi? amaze gansxvavebuli mosaz-

rebebi arsebobs, da ara marto is, rac habermasma Camoayaliba. ase, robert patnemi

aRniSnavs aSS-Si socialuri kapitalis empiriulad dafiqsirebul klebas, da amas

garkveulwilad televiziis gavrcelebas ukavSirebs. mravali memarcxene mkvlev-

risTvis, iseve rogorc habermasisTvis, televizia aris ufro manipulaciis da

propagandis iaraRi, vidre mosaxleobis demokratiuli monawileobis da repre-

zentaciis organo. berluskonisdrindeli italiuri demokratia am mxriv imdenad

aradamakmayofilebel suraTs qmnis, rom bevri mkvlevari saerTod kiTxvis niSnis qveS

ayenebs italiaSi demokratiis arsebobis faqtsac ki.

dabla Cven gavagrZelebT presis, televiziis, diskursuli eTikisa da demokratiis

urTierTmimarTebis ganxilvas, da gavecnobiT sxvadasxva avtorTa kvlevebs am

sakiTxebze.

erT-erTi cnobili avtori mediis empiriuli kvlevebis sferoSi aris pipa norisi. is

am problemas pirvel rigSi dasavluri demokratiebis Tvalsawieridan ixilavs. Tavis

wigns `Virtuous Circle” is uZRvnis Semdeg problemas. dasavlur demokratiebSi bolo dros

sul ufro xSirad laparakoben da SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamen imiT, rom demokratiis

institutebi TiTqos kargaven Tavis popularobas, mosaxleoba xdeba sul ufro

cinikuri maT mimarT, naklebad monawileobs arCevnebSi, ar endoba politikosebs da

politikur partiebs. amas isini demokratiis avadmyofobas uwodeben. es movlenebi,

Tumca ki ar aris calsaxad dadasturebuli empiriulad, msjelobis sagans Seadgenen,

da am msjelobas, rogorc Cans, garkveuli safuZveli aqvs. is cvlilebebi, romlebic

dasavlur demokratiebSi mimdinareobs, maT Soris legitimaciis sferos miekuTvneba,

ris gamoc bevri hipoTeza maT ukavSirebs masmediis transformacias Tanamedrove

samyaroSi. pipa norisis mtkicebiT, masmedia ar aris Tanamedrove demokratiebis

krizisis mizezi, da problemis sawyisebi sxvagan unda iyos moZiebuli.

mediis krizisis kvlevebi, norisis mixedviT, or ZiriTad daSvebas eyrdnoba:

1) politikuri komunikaciis procesi did gavlenas axdens samoqalaqo aqtivobaze;

2) dRes es gavlena negatiur xasiaTs atarebs.

mediisa da demokratiis urTierTmimarTebis kvlevisas saWiroa mediis im mxareebze

koncentrireba, romlebic yvelaze metad exeba demokratias. warmomadgenlobiTi demok-

ratiis koncefcia masmediis sam ZiriTad rolze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. media unda iyos:

1) samoqalaqo forumi, sadac mimdinareobs pluralisturi debatebi sazogadoebrivad

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb;

91

ganicdida qveyanas da mis xalxs rogorc CamorCenils da periferiuls dasavleTis

civilizaciis mimarT. `periferiulobis~ da CamorCenilobis es gancda aris

umniSvnelovanesi faqtori, romelic sajaro diskurss daRs asvams da cvlis mis

struqturas. is aRar aris reprezentatuli da Ria sivrce, romelic micemul sazogadoebas

sarkis saxiT emsaxureba, is ufro linzaa, romelmac unda daakavSiros civilizacia da

CamorCenili sazogadoeba. is `sazogadoebrioba~ romelic am qveynebSi viTardeba (ix.

volkovis terminologia) kritikul diskursebs ki aviTarebs, magram mas Zlieri

ideologiuri elferi aqvs. progresis Semotana da eris ideologiuri lideroba - am mizniT

weren maSindeli publicistebi saqarTveloSic: `me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis miwieri

zeciersa, RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob, rom warvuZRve wina ersa~ (ilia WavWavaZe).

faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom mediis sistemaSi sarkesaviT aisaxeba ramdenime sferos

xasiaTi: politikuri klientelizmi; korufcia, sazogadoebis gviandeli moderni-

zacia; samarTlebrivi sistemis sisuste; gviandeli demokratiuli da sabazro

ganviTareba — yvelaferi es SeiZleba erTaderTi parametriT gavzomoT: ramdeni

gazeTi ibeWdeba qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze.

es marTlac gabeduli mtkicebulebaa, da amgvari radikalizmiT is ar unda davic-

vaT, magram erTi ram SeiZleba iTqvas. inglehartis TeoriiT, politikuri, kulturuli

da ekonomikuri sferoebi sazogadoebaSi urTierTmimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan, da maTi

xasiaTi urTierTganpirobebulia. anu, sazogadoebis modernizaciis procesi es aris am

sferoebis urTierTdamokidebuli modelebis erTdrouli transformaciis procesi,

sadac yvelaferi urTierTganpirobebulia. maT Soris mediac, da samoqalaqo

sazogadoebac. es ar aris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri, magram mTlad uazro ar yofila,

rogorc amas halinis wigni aCvenebs.

aRmosavleT evropis postkomunisturi qveynebis media metad waagavs halinis mier

ganxilul polarizebuli pluralizmis models (Peter Gross, 2002 Entangled Evolution – Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press). magram kidev erTi faqtori, romelic unda miviRoT

mxedvelobaSi postsabWouri mediis sitemebis analizisas es aris sabWouri periodis

gavlena. es gavlena ideologiuri azrovnebis tradiciaSi gamoixateba. martivad rom

vTqvaT, marto ekonomikuri interesebi araa is, rac ganapirobebis Jurnalistebis

saqmianobis xasiaTs. Jurnalistebi SeiZleba politizirebulebi xdebodnen sakuTari

msoflmxedvelobis gamo, politikuri propaganda maT SeiZleba maTi saqmianobis

ganuyofeli nawili egonoT. Tavis mxriv, sazogadoeba SeiZleba ver aRiqvamdes iseT

informacias, romelsac SefasebiTi elferi ar dahkravs — amgvari informacia

sazogadoebas SeiZleba saerTod ar ainteresebdes. ase magaliTad, germaniis

gaerTianebis Semdeg dasavleT germaniis bevrma gazeTma da Jurnalma gaxsna axali

gamocemebi aRmosavleT germanelTaTvis, da daakompleqta maTi Jurnalisturi

korpusi profesionali dasavleT germaneli JurnalistebiT. magram male aRmoCnda,

rom es axali gamocemebi ar sargeblobdnen popularobiT adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi.

gamosavali moiZebna — samsaxurSi aiyvanes adgilobrivi Jurnalistebi, romelTa weris

manera ufro Cveuli iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis. maSin gazeTebi ufro

popularuli gaxda da saqme gamosworda. amdenad, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis

dadgenis gareSe SeiZleba vTqvaT erTi ram — sazogadoebis da misi institutebis

xasiaTi erTmaneTze axdens zegavlenas, da amis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis institutebis mSenebloba SeiZleba uSedego aRmoCndes.

90

suliskveTeba, aramed kacobriobis imgvari xedva, romelic sajaro saqmianobas xedavs

erTaderT SesaZleblobad kerZo moqalaqis TviTidenturobis realizebisa da

dakmayofilebisa. amis sapirispirod, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradiciaSi eTikuri

idea aris kerZo saqme, realizebuli individualuri socialuri aqtorebis gulebSi,

gonebaSi da gacvlis aqtebSi. politikuri azrovnebis am ori tradiciis

Taviseburebebi Sejamebulia — garkveulwilad sqematurad - Semdeg tabulaSi.

samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba

Rirseuli moqalaqeoba

saTnoebis sfero kerZo sazogadoebrivi

saTnoebis

gansazRvreba

moraluri grZnobebi;

bunebrivi simpaTia,

yuradReba, /

gaziarebuli erToba

saTnoebis meqanizmebi miukerZoebeli

damkvirvebeli

volontй gйnйrale

pirovnulobis modeli dayofili (da, amdenad),

refleqsuri (SedarebiT

diferencirebuli)

formirebulia

koleqtiuri SegnebiT

(conscience collective)

(SedarebiT

aradiferencirebuli)

pirovnuli orientacia Sinagani garegani

wyaro: seligmani

seligmanis mixedviT, da es Sefaseba unda gaviziaroT, `kamaTi, romelic

mimdinareobs moqalaqeobis liberalur da respublikur versiebs Soris sxva araferia,

Tu ara Tanamedrove versia politikuri azrovnebis am ori tradiciisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobis, individisa da sazogadoebrivi sikeTis sapirispiro

xedvebis. liberaluri (an, rasac Carlz teilorma `proceduruli” uwoda) Teoria

ixilavs sazogadoebas moralurad avtonomiuri individebis nakrebad, romelTagan

TiToeuls aqvs kargi cxovrebis sakuTari xedva, sazogadoebis funqcia ki,

Semofarglulia am individebis samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, rac

miiRweva sajaro sivrceSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procedurulad samarTliani (an

wesieri) demokratiuli procesiT. es Teoria ufro zrunavs samarTlianobis

universalurad validuri principebis uwyveti funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaze,

vidre sazogadoebis Semadgeneli raime individualuri socialuri aqtorebis

konkretuli kerZo moraluri xedvis win wamowevaze.

moqalaqeobis respublikuri versia, amis sawinaaRmdegod, win wevs sazogadoebis

rogorc saerTo sikeTis miRwevaze orientirebuli `moraluri erTobis” cnebas,

romlis ontologiuri statusi win uswrebs nebismieri individualuri wevris statuss.

Semdgomi ganmartebis gareSec advilia bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirebul

amgvar gansxvavebul SexedulebebSi SevamCnioT gamoZaxilebi (odnav modificirebuli)

smitis da rusos nawerebze.

35

brZola socialuri mowyobisa da solidarobis axali principebis

formulirebisTvis postkomunistur sazogadoebebSi, seligmanis azriT, mcdarad

efuZneba dapirispirebas im principebs Soris, romlebic uxeSad SeiZleba davaxasiaToT

rogorc `demosi” da `eTnosi” da romlebic aq ganxiluli modelebisgan erTs an meores

efuZneba.

nebismieri mocemuli politia SeiZleba ganisazRvros ara ubralod am oridan

romelime erTi modelis gaziarebiT, aramed orives SezavebiT, da amdenad, erTobisa da

solidarobis safuZvlebis diferencirebuli formulirebiT, iseve rogorc

sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis uflebebisa da valdebulebebis.

ruso: respublikuri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

rusos naSromi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom ramodenime damatebiT komentars

moiTxovs.

rusos sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba mTlianad agebulia idealuri tipebis

dapirispirebebze: samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da bunebrivi wesrigi; yvelas neba da

sayovelTao neba; mflobeloba da sakuTreba; samoqalaqo da arasamoqalaqo religia;

da a.S. ase: `. . . aucilebelia mxolod Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad gamovlenili

mflobeloba, an pirveli dampyroblis ubralo ufleba, ganvasxvaoT sakuTrebisgan,

romelic mxolod dadebiT uflebas SeiZleba efuZnebodes”. mflobelobasa da

sakuTrebas Soris aq dafiqsirebuli gansxvaveba yofiT viTarebaSi SeiZleba

umniSvnelod mogveCvenos, da Tuki arasakmarisad seriozulad da analitikurad

mivudgebiT socialur mecnierebebs, da daviyvanT maT yofiTi (politikuri) Jargonis

doneze, maT Soris sxvaoba SeiZleba gamogvrCes kidec (yuradReba ar mivaqcioT).

magram, Tuki am sxvaobas gavSliT da yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom

mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis gansxvavebuli buneba da xasiaTi sinamdvileSi aris

dasavluri sabazro ekonomikasa da aradasavluri arasabazro (Crdilovani)

ekonomikebs Soris sxvaobis sawyisi, romelic aramcTu Teoriulia, aramed gamoisaxeba

TvalnaTliv uzarmazar sxvaobaSi (gansxvavebulobaSi) ekonomikuri mwarmoeblurobis,

uTanasworobisa da simdidris mxriv.

anu amgvari dakvirvebebi, rogoricaa mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis erTmaneTisgan

garCeva, sulac ar aris sityvebiT TamaSi. mniSvnelovania, rusos mixedviT, is, rom

samoqalaqo mdgomareoba cvlis bunebriv mdgomareobas, da es ukavSirdeba adamianTa

qcevaSi marTlmsajulebis principze gadasvlas instiqtebze dafuZnebuli qcevis

sapirispirod. sazogadoebrivi sikeTe, romelic iqmneba erTeulTa Zalebis SejamebiT,

bevrad aRemateba SesakrebTa martiv jams, da TiToeuli wevris SesaZleblobebsac

zrdis, anu bunebrivi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo mdgomareobaze gadasvla

aranulovanjamovania.

(komentari: politikuri Teoriebi xSirad iyeneben TamaSTa Teoriis

terminologias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, moitana politikur mecnierebaSi racionaluri

arCevanis midgomis gamoyenebam. zogierTi avtori politikas uyurebs rogorc

aranuljamovan TamaSs, romlis drosac jami metia, vidre 0, anu yvela met-naklebad

mogebuli rCeba ubralod imis gamo, rom monawileobs TamaSSi. arseboben sxva avtorebi,

romlebisTvisac politika nulovanjamovania — erTis mogeba niSnavs sxvebis Sesabamis

wagebas, xolo jamSi iqmneba nuli. respublikuri midgoma, rogorc wesi, arsebiTad

aranuljamovania, da rusoc am mxriv tipuri magaliTia. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom

arsebobs, agreTve, uaryofiTjamovani TamaSebic, rodesac yvela rCeba wagebuli

36

konsultaciebs, SeTnxmebebs da xSirad saWiroebs konsesusis miRwevas ama Tu im sakiTxze.

Tanacxovrebis es pluralisturi tradicia aq Zlieradaa ganviTarebuli. Sesabamisad,

sazogadoebis ama Tu im segmentebis represzentacias axorcieleben politikuri partiebi

da media saSualebebi, romlebmac imTaviTve ician Tavisi auditoria da areali. maT, erTi

mxriv, ara aqvT sayovelTaobis pretenzia, amdenad isini politikurad `mikerZoebulebi~

arian, xolo meore mxriv, maT aqvT imis gancda, rom maTi mikerZoebuli pozicia ar aris

erTaderTi swori da SesaZlebeli, rom arseboben sxvebi, romlebTanac maT mouwevT

Tanaarseboba da SeTanxmeba. amdenad, am regionSi sazogadoebis bunebrivi danawevrebuloba

jer aisaxeba partiebisa da mediis danawevrebulobaSi, rom mere, ukve qveynis parlamentSi

partiebis mier miRweul iqnes konsesusi (Seiqmnas koaliciuri mTavroba) umravlesobis

Sesaqmnelad da ama Tu im problemebis gadasaWrelad. mudmivi orientireba horizontalur

molaparakebebze qmnis transformaciul ganwyobebs, rodesac yvelam unda iqonios

valdebuleba wavides nawilobriv daTmobebze sayovelTao nebis Camoyalibebis mizniT.

Tuki media (da partiebi) araeTikuri iqneba (daamaxinjeben faqtebs, gasweven manipulaciur

politikur propagandas) CaiSleba koaliciebis Seqmnisa da ndobaze (sityvis Sesrulebaze

da wesierebis sxva normebze) dafuZnebuli konsesualuri mmarTveloba. amdenad, am arealSi,

gamoricxulia TamaSi wesebis gareSe, rac polarizebuli pluralizmis pirobebSi igrZnoba,

Tumca ki es Tanaarsebobs politikuri pluralizmis arsebobasTa.

halinis sxva publikaciaSi (Hallin, D., S Papathanassopoulos 2002, Political clientelism and the media: southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective Media, Culture and Society,v.24, N 2, pp.175-195) xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebis modeli Sedarebulia

laTinuri amerikis media sistemebTan, da xazgasmulia winapiroba, romelic maT

msgvsebas ganapirobebs — es aris klientelisturi urTierTobebi, politikuri da

ekonomikuri sferoebis urTierTgamWoli xasiaTi. yvela am qveynebSi dabalia presis

tiraJebi, sustia Jurnalistikis profesionalizacia, da uaRresad maRalia

samauwyeblo arxebis politizireba — komerciuli arxebis mepatroneebi, rogorc wesi,

xelisuflebis klientebi arian, xolo saxelmwifo (sazogadoebrivi) mauwyebloba

xelisuflebis zewolas ganicdis.

saaqme isaa, rom yvela es qveyana CrdiloeTis qveynebisgan gansxvavdeba ara marto

demokratiis SedarebiT gviandeli ganviTarebiT, aramed aseve sabazro ekonomikis

gvinadeli ganviTarebiT. ekonomikuri, sabazro sawyisebi mediis funqcionirebaSi

metad gvian ganviTarda, da ekonomikis `sabazrooba~ (am SemTxvevaSi ufro igulisxmeba

legaluroba, kanonis CarCoebSi moqceva) sakmaod susti. samagierod Zlieria `brZola

wesebis gareSe~ rogorc politikaSi, aseve ekonomikaSi. es brZola Tavis instrumentad

iyenebs medias, da xdeba mediiT manipulireba da misi instrumentalizeba.

amasTan erTad, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom diskursebis xasiaTi metad mdgradi movlenaa.

mecxramete saukuneebis diskursebis xasiaTi gavlenas axdens ama Tu im qveynis

dRevandelobaze. mecxramete saukuneSi ki mocemul qveynebSi media ar TamaSobda bazris

institutis rols, da SemdgomSic (dResac) naklebad TamaSobs. is aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda

yovelTvis politikuri propagandisTvis. Tanac unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sajaro

sivrcis formirebaSi am qveynebSi naklebad iyo CarTuli adgilobrivi burJuazia

(klientelistur sazogadoebebSi is saerTod erideba sajaroobas). wamyvani roli sajaro

diskursebis formirebaSi ekuTvnoda inteligencias, romelic Tavisi arsiTa da bunebiT

cxovrobs ara realobiT, aramed ideebiTa da ideologiebiT.

analogiurad evropis samxreTisa, misi aRmosavleTic imave tendenciebs ganicdida.

ideologizirebuli inteligencia da aristokratia aq sajaro sivrcis formirebaSi wamyvan

rols TamaSobda. sakmarisia gavixsenoT mecxramete saukunis ruseTi, misi aristokratiiTa

da raznoCinuri inteligenciiT, romelic cdilobda xalxis ganaTlebas, da mwveved

89

mkveTri ideologizacia politikas ufro konfliqtur saqmianobad aqcevs, da

mkveTrad aZlierebs mediis politizirebas da mis propagandistur xasiaTs,

aZlierebs doqtrinul, naklebad pragmatul da empiriul sawyisebs politikaSi.

aseT sistemebSi xSiria reJimebis cvla.

zomieri pluralizmi ufro kargad Tavsdeba komerciul da profesiul mediasTan,

iq naklebia politikuri paralelizmi da komercializacia.

mediis sami sistemis es institucionaluri Tavisebulebebi SesaZloa kargad

mivusadagoT im sami politikuri tradiciis siZlieres mocemul qveynebSi, romlebic

Cven aseve diskursuli eTikebis saxeobebs davukavSireT: respublikuri, liberaluri

da demokratiuli.

demokratiuli diskursi (polarizebuli pluralizmis modeli) yvelaze politi-

zirebulia; is ZalauflebisTvis brZolis logikas miyveba yvelaze metad, da politikuri

elitebis mier iwaroeba amomrCevleTa darwmunebis mizniT. paradoqsulad, is yvelaze

Zlieria swored im qveynebSi, romlebic ganicdian demokratiis naklebobas: halinis mier

ganxiluli demokratiebisgan xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebis umetesoba gviandeli

demokratizaciiT xasiaTdeba da meoce saukunis didi nawili maTTvis avtoritaruli da

faSisturi reJimebis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. (komentari: gTxovT isev miaqcioT yuradReba

imas, rom saxelwodeba `demokratiuli~ mocemuli diskursisTvis pozitiuri normatiuli

Sefasebis Semcveli ar aris; sityva demokratia aq ubralod deskriptulad aRwers im

viTarebas, rodesac politikuri Zalaufleba miiRweva konkurentuli brZoliT

amomrCevelTa xmebisTvis. gvian demokratizebul qveynebSi am brZolis wesebi naklebad

regulirdeba liberaluri da respublikuri eTikiT, rac ZalauflebisTvis brZolas xdis

ufro cinikur saqmianobad, vidre is aris Zveli demokratiis qveynebSi). politikuri

brZola Zlier ideologizirebulia, xolo politikuri programebi fasdeba ara maTi

efeqturobiT (magaliTad, ekonomikis ganviTarebis mxriv), aramed maTi absoluturi

WeSmaritebis ganzomilebiT ideologiuri Tvalsawieridan (WeSmariteba ara empiriulad

damtkicebadi, aramed rwmenaze dafuZnebluli).

liberaluri Crdiloatlanturi sistema, rogorc iTqva, xasiaTdeba ara marto

faqtebze damyarebuli, neitraluri mediis idealis arsebobiT, aramed, agreTve,

orpartiuli sistemis funqcionirebiT. orpartiul sistemaSi TiToeuli partia sakuTari

legitimaciis sawyisebs eZebs mTeli mosaxleobis interesebis da Sexedulebebis

warmoCenaSi — vinaidan warmatebis SemTxvevaSi is Rebulobs mTel pasuxismgeblobas

mmarTvelobaze, da valdebuli iqneba mTeli mosaxleobis reprezentacia ganaxorcielos. am

viTarebaSi ori konkurenti partia pretenzias acxadebs TiToeul amomrCevelTan sakuTari

poziciis dacvis SesaZleblobaze. TiToeuli xdeba uflebamosili imsjelos ganviTarebis

im gegmaze, romelic partiis mieraa SemoTavazebuli, da mis momgebianobaze uSualod

misTvis. vinadan aq liberaluri diskursia wamyvani, pirvel planze gamodis faqtobrioba —

partiebis programebis saeqsperto Sefaseba, codna, rogorc partiebs da politikur

programebs Soris arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba. adam smitis msgavsad, damoukidebeli

neitraluri damkvirvebeli aris saukeTeso arbitri, da am damoukdebeli neitraluri

damkvirveblis rols or mopaeqres Soris asrulebs Jurnalisti. Jurnalisti ar dgeba arc

erTis mxareze, aramed kritikul SuqSi aqcevs orives, analitikuri gonisa da saRi azris

gamoyenebiT.

kontinenturi evropis qveynebSi, respublikuri tradiciis mediis arseboba Tavsebadia

mravalpartiul sistemebTan, sadac partiebi mWidro kavSirSia sazogadoebis garkveul

jgufebTan. sazogadoebebi evropaSi bevri gagebiT danawevrianebulia, da saxelmwifos

arseboba da politikuri mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba saWiroebs mudmiv molaparakebebs,

88

(kazinos TamaSi). politikis es versia, rogorc wesi, ar ganixileba. mas waagavs,

magaliTad, valerStainis msoflio sistemis Teoria, romelSiac periferiuli

saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis ageben, rac swored amgvari TamaSis Sedegebs waagavs.

saerTod, rodesac saqme geqnebaT nulovanjamovan da aranulovanjamovan

modelebTan, sasargebloa warmoidginoT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Wadrakis TamaSi, xolo

meore SemTxvevaSi, maTematika. WadrakSi wagebul da mogebul qulaTa jami yovelTvis

nolia, xolo mogeba — praqtikulad TviTmizani (da fexburTSic, aseve sxva sportul

TamaSebSi). maTematikaSi mecnierebi aseve ejibrebian xolme erTmaneTs imaSi, Tu vin

ufro adre daamtkicebs Teoremas da Seqmnis Teorias, (romelsac mere misi saxeli

daerqmeva), magram erTis mogeba ar niSnavs imavdroulad sxvebis wagebas. vinaidan

mecnieris migneba pozitiuri Senatania yvelas codnaSi, da is yvelas Tanabrad ergeba,

mogebulia yvela, da saerTo procesi aris mecnierebis mzardi ganviTareba da codnis

akumulireba. politikis versia, sadac politika aranuljamovania, da rodesac is

nulovanjamovania, efuZneba kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis gansxvavebul mimarTebebs

erTmaneTTan, romlebzedac zemoT iyo laparaki.

aseve, yvelas neba gansxvavdeba sayovelTao nebisgan. `sayovelTao neba mxolod

saerTo nebas iTvaliswinebs, yvelas neba ki, rogorc calkeul adamianTa nebaTa

erToblioba — kerZo interesebs”. rusos azriT, kerZo interesebis jami udris nols,

anu isini abaTileben erTmaneTs, da is rac rCeba yvelas interesis SekrebiT, am

gabaTilebis Semdeg, aris sayovelTao interesi. magram Tuki moxda ise, rom

moqalaqeebma moaswres kerZo interesebis asociaciuri gaerTianeba manam, sanam

sayovelTao nebis gamokveTamde mividoda saqme, maSin maTi preferenciebi Seicvleba,

isini imoqmedeben rogorc kerZo pirebi, kerZo interesebis warmomadgenlebi, da

gaimarjvebs kerZo interesi, da ara sayovelTao. amdenad, aucilebelia, moqalaqeebs an

ar mieceT asociaciebSi gawevrianebis SesaZlebloba an amgvari asociaciebis ricxvi

maqsimalurad gaizardos, raTa danawevrebulma kerZo interesebma mainc gaabaTilon

erTmaneTi. sxva sityvebiT, erTeulebis jamad gadaqcevis Sedegi damokidebulia imaze,

Tu ra gziT vajamebT Sesakrebebs. erT SemTxvevaSi Sedegi nulovanjamovania, xolo

meore SemTxvevaSi — ara.

sainteresoa, rom habermasi rusos akritikebs swored imisTvis, rom ruso,

sayovelTao nebis formirebis miseul TeoriaSi, ar aqcevs saTanado yuradRebas

proceduras, anu moqalaqeTa msjelobas — is sayovelTao sikeTis warmoqnas

garkveulwilad avtomaturad miiCnevs. magram aq moyvanili msjelobidan Cans, rom

rusosTvis procedura sulas ar aris sulerTi, da is Sedegis raobas ganapirobebs.

amasve (proceduris mniSvnelobas Sedegis raobis gansasazRvravad) ukavSirdeba

sakiTxi, romelsac ruso aseve uTmobs yuradRebas — sajaro unda iyos Tu faruli

kenWisyra gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. es sakiTxi sulac ar aris ubralo teqnikuri

sakiTxi, am procedurebs Soris principuli sxvaoba arsebobs. iTvleba, rom faruli

kenWisyra saWiroa, radgan daculi iyos rigiTi moqalaqeebi xelisuflebis zewolisgan.

xolo xmis micema iyos Tavisufali. magram, garda amisa, adamiani, romelic moqmedebs

sajarod, da adamiani, romelic farulad moqmedebs, gansxvavebul logikas miyvebian.

sajaro qmedebaSi adamiani ver gamoamJRavnebs bevr iseT miswrafebas da interess,

romelic samarcxvinoa da dasaZraxi sazogadoebis TvalSi. sajaro moqmedeba naklebad

gulwrfelia am mxriv, vidre faruli.

jon elsteri xazs usvams gansxvavebas sajaro da farul kenWisyrebs Soris,

rodesac miuTiTebs gansxvavebaze Cveulebriv demokratiasa da e.w. deliberaciul

(msjelobaze dafuZnebul) demokratias Soris. deliberaciuli demokratia — es aris

Teoriuli konstruqcia, romelic aqtiurad ganixileba dasavluri inteleqtualebis

37

mier, rogorc arsebuli institucionalizebuli liberaluri saarCevno demokratiis

gaumjobesebis (gamosworebis) gza. aseT demokratiaSi politikuri sakiTxebi wydeba

ara kenWisyriT, aramed Ria farTo msjelobiT, romelSiac yvela moqalaqe iRebs

monawileobas (an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia CaerTos Tanabaruflebianobis

safuZvelze).

gadawyvetilebebis miReba faruli kenWisyriT Tu sajaro diskursiiT, rogorc

elsteris miTiTeba cxadyofs, SesaZlebelia gansxvavebul Sedegebs iZleodes da

gansxvavebul urTierTobebsac qmnides kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferoebs Soris. ruso

am sakiTxze garkveviT gamoTqvams sakuTar pozicias (gv.116). romaelebi xmas sajarod

aZlevdnen. ès adaTi manamde iyo kargi, sanam moqalaqeebSi patiosneba sufevda da sanam

TiToeuls eTakileboda sajarod mieca xma usamarTlo azris an uRirso adamianisTvis.

magram rodesac xalxi gairyvna da ukve xmebi iyideboda, maSin xmis faruli micema ufro

xelsayreli Seiqna, raTa myidvelebi undoblobiT SeezRudaT da arc gaiZverebisTvis

miecaT TaRliTobis saSualeba”. da Semdeg, ruso aRniSnavs, rom imis arCeva, Tu rogor

unda xdebodes kenWisyra — Riad Tu farulad, ar aris absoluturi, aramed

damokidebulia mocemuli xalxis zneobaze, qveli xalxi erTi kanonebiT unda

imarTebodes, xolo uzneo xalxi — sxviT.

amdenad, ruso miiCnevs, rom faruli kenWisyra xalxis garyvnilobis gamo xdeba

aucilebeli, da rom jansaR sazogadoebas faruli kenWisyra ar dasWirdeba.

`sazogadoebrivi~ da `sajaro~ respublikuri koncefciiT aq srulad Sekrulia

(gaigivebuli), xolo àrajansaRi~ ukavSirdeba ara imdenad kerZos, ramdenadac

mikerZoebuls.

gelneri: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis liberaluri xedva

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganxilvisas gelneri xazs usvams sazogadoebis

socialuri struqturis mniSvnelobas. am struqturis Taviseburebas igi ixilavs

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis im liberaluri tipis fonze, romelic dasavlur

samyaroSi warmoiSva. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, gelneris mixedviT, aris

individualisturi dasavluri sazogadoebis arsebobis sfecifiuri tipi, romlis

antiTezaa ara marto totalitaruli sabWouri tipis sazogadoeba, aramed nebismieri

sxva, araliberaluri, magaliTad, islamuri qveynebis sazogadoeba. samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba icavs adamians ara marto saxelmwifo politikuri Zalauflebis

tiraniisgan, aramed aTavisuflebs mas sakuTriv sazogadoebis mxridan damonebisgan.

realurad, gelneris azriT, àrsebobs sami tipis sazogadoeba. arseboben

segmentirebuli sazogadoebebi, romlebic gamsWvalulia ritualebiT da naTesauri

kavSirebiT. isini SesaZloa, Tavisufali arian centralizebuli tiraniisgan, magram

mainc ar arian Tavisufalni `Tavisuflebis~ Tanamedrove gagebiT. meores mxriv,

arsebobs centralizeba, romelic spobs meore donis yvela institutsa da erTobas,

ritualizebulia isini Tu ara. da bolos, arsebobs mesame SesaZlebloba - romlis

gansazRvrasac vcdilobT da romelTanac Cvens imedebs vakavSirebT - igi gamoricxavs

rogorc damTrgunav komunalurobas, aseve centralizebul avtoritarizms.

marTebulia, rom socialuri organizaciis swored amgvar tips vuwodoT samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba.`

amdenad, gelneri Tvlis, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradiciuli ganmarteba

`samoqalaqo sazogadoeba - es aris sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo institutebis

erToblioba, romlebic sakmaod Zlieria, raTa iTamaSon saxelmwifos

:

38

reklamisTvis aris metad farTo, maSin roca evropuli bazrebi SedarebiT viwroa,

da isazRvreba TiToeuli qveynis sazRvrebiT (ara marto politikuriT, aramed

lingivsturiTac). garda amisa, reklamis ganTavsebaze ekonomikuri seqtoris

danaxarjebi naklebia evropaSi, rac didad ganapirobebs masmediis xasiaTs, maT

Soris aucilebels xdis sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis arsebobas.

2. aSS aris liberaluri demokratia, maSin roca kontinentur evropaSi ufro metad

arsebobs sayovelTao keTildReobis saxlmwifoebi. amdenad saxelmwifos roli

evropaSi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania da aqtiuri, vinaidan media aq ganixileba

rogorc socialuri momsaxurebis forma, sfero, romelsac uzrunvelyofs

saxelmwifoc (mag. kulturuli memkvidreobis SesanarCuneblad, an mcire, susti

socialuri jgufebis mxardasaWerad).

3. masmediis sistemebi garkveul paralelizmSia Sesabamisi qveynebis demokratiis

modelebTanac. leipharti ganasxvavebs konsesualur da maJoritarul demokra-

tiebs. konsesualur demokratiebSi, rogorc wesi, mravalpartiulobaa, es partiebi

qmnian koaliciur mTavrobebs, monawileoben usasrulo kompromisebSi da mola-

parakebebSi erTmaneTTan, da irCevian, rogorc wesi, proporciuli saarCevno sis-

temiT. maTgan gansxvavebiT, maJoritarul sistemebSi arsebobs ori ZiriTadi par-

tia, romelTagan erTi iRebs mTel pasuxismgeblobas da Zalauflebas da ayalibebs

mmarTvel kabinets, xolo meore TamaSobs institucionalizebuli opoziciis rols.

maJoritaruli sistemebi mWidrodaa asociirebuli neitraluri Jurnalis-

tikis cnebasTan. xolo konsesualuri sistemebi qmnian politikur paralelizms

JurnalistikaSi. politikuri partiebi am sistemaSi, maJoiritarulisgan gansxva-

vebiT, ar iswrafvian moipovon legitimacia `mTeli naciis” reprezentaciiT, aramed

sazogadoebis segmentebs warmoaCenen.

rac Seexeba mauwyeblobas, maJoritarul sistemebSi SeiZleba moxdes oridan

erTi: an mauwyebloba gamoyvanilia politikuri kontrolis sferodan (klasikuri,

vestminsteruli, britanuli modeli), an mTlianad mis kontrolsaa daqvem-

debarebuli (espaneTi, portugalia, saberZneTi).

4. maJoritaruli da konsesualuri demokratiebi, leiphartis mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ZiriTadi elementis — interesTa jgufebis

struqturiT. maTi pluralizmisa da institucionalizaciis xasiaTi sxvadasxvaa.

(ix. is leqciebi, romelbic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis liberalur da republikur

tradiciebs exeba).

5. samarTlebrivi universalizmisa Tu klientelisturi urTierTobebis prevalireba.

es sakiTxi Cven konkretul magaliTze ganvixileT, rodesac viswavleT Crdilo da

samxreT italiis SedarebiTi analizi. daaxloebiT igivea sxvaoba CrdiloeT da

samxreT evropasa, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikas Soris zogadad. klientelistu-

ri urTierTobebis siWarbe iwvevs xolme mediis politikur instrumentalizacias

da araTavsebadia mediis liberaluri modelis maxasiaTeblebTan. gavixsenoT, rom

gazeTebis tiraJebi ufro maRalia Crdilo italiaSi, vidre samxreTSi.

6. zomieri da polarizebuli pluralizmi. polarizebuli pluralizmis cneba

ukavSirdeba, sartoris mixedviT, iseTi politikuri Zalebis arsebobas, romlebic

arsebuli sistemis legitimurobas kiTxvis qveS ayeneben. aseT sazogadoebebSi

Zlieria ideologiuri dapirispireba da polarizacia, gansakuTrebiT konserva-

tiul Zalebsa da liberalizmis tendenciebs Soris. politikuri azrovnebis

87

politikuri partiebis Tanabari reprezentacia, an sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis

(samoqalaqo sazogadoebis) Tanabari reprezentacia.

Semdegi maxasiaTebeli aris Jurnalistebis profesionalizacia. es niSnavs imas, Tu

ramdenad avtonomiuria JurnalistTa erToba, ramdenad moqmedebs sakuTari nor-

mebisa, da ara garedan ganxorcielebuli zegavlenis mixedviT; ramdenad aqvT gamo-

muSavebuli profesiuli normebi, ramdenad emxrobian sazogadoebis winaSe sakuTari

valdebulebebis koncefcias.

pirveli SexedviT, politikuri paralelizmis sisuste da Jurnalistikis profe-

sionalizacia praqtikulad erTi da igivea, da istoriuladac es ori movlena parale-

lurad viTardeboda. magram isini mainc gansxvavebul cvladebad unda miviCnioT,

vinaidan rogorc amas konkretuli analizi cxadyofs, Jurnalisturi profesionaliz-

mis sxvadasxvanairi koncefciebi arsebobs da yvela maTgani ar emTxveva obieqturi da

neitraluri Jurnalistikis koncefcias. Jurnalistikis profesionalizacia Crdilo

da centralur evropis qveynebSi Tanaarsebobs politikuri paralelizmis SedarebiT

maRal donesTan.

saxelmwifos Careva mediis funqcionirebaSi yvelaze dabalia aSS-Si, sadac

praqtikulad ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba. aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT evropis

yvela qveyanaSi sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba metad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. unda

viqonioT mxedvelobaSi, rom saxelmwifos Careva mediis funqcionirebaSi ar unda iyos

gagebuli yovelTvis Cveneburi, negatiuri, gagebiT, vinaidan es Careva Tavisufal

qveynebSi xorcieldeba ara sityvis Tavisuflebis SesazRudavad, aramed, piriqiT,

mediis mxardasaWerad da sazogadoebis interesebis ufro sruli realizaciis

uzrunvelsayofad.

ganxiluli maxasiaTeblebis analizis safuZvelze avtorebi ganasxvaveben sam

sistemas, romlebic xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT (gv.67): polarizebuli pluralizmis

models axasiaTebs `gazeTebis dabali tiraJebi, elitisturi, politikurad orienti-

rebuli presa; maRali politikuri paralelizmi; gare pluralizmi; komentirebaze

orientirebuli Jurnalistika; politikis dominireba mauwyeblobaze da saxelmwifo

kontroli masze; Jurnalistikis dabali profesionalizacia da misi instrumenta-

lizacia; Zlieri roli saxelmwifosi zogadad”. demokratiuli korporativizmis mo-

dels axasiaTebs `gazeTebis maRali tiraJebi; masobrivi presis adreuli ganviTareba;

gare pluralizmi, Zlieri partiuli presa (istoriulad); mauwyeblobaSi politikuri

pluralizmi da Zlieri avtonomia; Jurnalistikis Zlieri profesionalizacia da

institucionalizebuli TviTregulireba; saxelmwifos maRali roli, Tumca sityvis

Tavisuflebis SezRudvis gareSe; didi subsidiebi saxelmwifos mxridan, gansakuT-

rebiT Zlieri sazogadoebriv mauwyeblobaSi”. liberaluri modeli xasiaTdeba Sem-

degiT: `gazeTebis saSualo tiraJebi masobrivi komerciuli presis adreuli ganviTa-

rebiT; neitraluri komerciuli presa; sainformacio Jurnalistika; Sida pluralizmi;

sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis profesiuli modeli; Jurnalistikis Zlieri profesio-

nalizacia araintitucionalizebuli TviTregulirebiT; saxelmwifos roli dabalia

sabazro meqanizmebTan SedarebiT”.

ra kavSirSia media sistemebi Sesabamisi qveynebis politikur da ekonomikur

sistemebTan? avtorebi ramdenime dakvirvebas gvTavazoben.

1. erTi faqtori, romelic SeiZleba ganapirobebdes aSS da evropuli modelebis

gansxvavebulobas (faqtori, romelic arasdros seriozulad ar miiReba

mxedvelobaSi maT mier, vinc saqarTveloSi mediis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze

msjelobs) aris sxvaoba bazris masStabebSi. amerikuli bazari komerciuli

86

gamawonasworeblis roli da ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mas, Seasrulon arbitris roli

interesTa Zlier jgufebs Soris, Seakavon saxelmwifos swrafva danarCeni

sazogadoebis dominirebisa da atomizaciisken~ (gelneri) - ar aris sruli da ver

asxvavebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas segmentirebuli sazogadoebisgan. sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobebis es ori tipi warmatebiT upirispirdeba saxelmwifos centralizebuli

kontrolis gadametebul gaZlierebas, magram maTi es unari gansxavebuli mizezebiTaa

ganpirobebuli.

segmentirebul sazogadoebaSi adamianis arseboba mWidrod ukavSirdeba im

tradiciul garemos, romelSiac mas fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli. adamians ar SeuZlia iolad

Seicvalos Tavisi garemocva, profesia, statusi, religia da sxva, vinaidan es cvlileba

ukavSirdeba im erTobidan (soflidan, komunidan, kastidan, klanidan) gandevnas,

romlis wevricaa igi, xolo erTobidan gandevna misTvis daRupvis tolfasia, vinaidan

sxva erTobaSi saarsebod igi ar aris momzadebuli. istoriulad Camoyalibebuli

ritualebis, normebisa da cxovrebis wesis mniSvneloba imdenad didia, rom saxelmwifo

ver cvlis maT da amdenad ver axerxebs adamianTa srul damorCilebas. magram amgvar

sazogadoebaSi, adamiani mainc ar aris Tavisufali, romc ar ganicdides politikuri

Zalauflebis Zlier zewolas, an warmatebiT icavdes Tavs amgvari zewolisgan, vinaidan

igi sakuTriv sazogadoebis mieraa SezRuduli da amdenad araTavisufalia.

Tanamedrove dasavlur samyaroSi axalma ekonomikurma mowyobam, Sromis

danawilebam da sakontraqto ekonomikurma urTierTobebma Seasustes tradiciebis,

warmomavlobisa da zne-Cveulebebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi. adamiani gaxda

`moduluri~. ras niSnavs es? rogorc aveji, an saTamaSo konstruqtori, SeiZleba

Sedgebodes Semadgeneli modulebisgan, romlebic SeiZleba iolad SeerTdes

survilisamebr sxvadasxva kombinaciebis gamoyenebiT, aseve Tanamedrove adamians aqvs

unari gaerTiandes sxvadasxva asociaciebSi, monawileoba miiRos ama Tu im

institutebis funqcionirebaSi, tovebdes maT Tu CaTvlis saWirod. adamianTa Soris

yalibdeba moqnili, mobiluri, cvalebadi da mravalferovani kavSirebi. swored

moduluri adamianis arseboba aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebis sawindari.

gelneris SexedulebiT, Tanamedrove moduluri, egalitaruli da individualisti

adamianis formireba ukavSirdeba ekonomikisa da politikis daSoriSorebas, Sromis

danawilebas, specializebas. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba SesaZlebelia im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomika gamoyofilia saxelmwifosgan da amave dros

saxelmwifo asrulebs instrumentalur funqcias ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi. am

saxelmwifoSi gamoricxulia nebismieri saxis ideologiuri monopoliis arseboba,

magram Tavad saxelmwifo asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols wesrigis uzrunvelyofis

saqmeSi.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba, gelneris azriT, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre

demokratiis cneba, vinaidan is gvexmareba gaverkveT Tanamedrove dasavluri

sazogadoebis socialuri mowyobis arsSi. es aris is arsebiTi, rac dasavlur

demokratias mis Taviseburebas aniWebs.

gelneris modeli moduluri sazogadoebisa, es aris sazogadoebis liberaluri

xedva, romelic, garkveulwilad, upirispirdeba ara marto araliberalur koncef-

ciebs, aramed respublikur da komunitarianul xedvebsac dasavluri sazogadoebis

SigniT. gelneri laparakobs institutebze, struqturul diferenciaciaze, da

mxolod garkveul aspeqtebs aniWebs upiratesobas. amaSi gasarkvevad cota Rrmad unda

CavixedoT Tanamedrove institutebis bunebaSi.

warmovidginoT ori gansxvavebuli situacia. erT SemTxvevaSi, warmoidgineT, rom

dgaxarT metros sadguris baqanze da elodebiT matarebels, romelic tunelidan

39

gamoCnda da baqans uaxlovdeba. meore SemTxvevaSi, Tqven dgaxarT junglebSi,

bilikTan, romliTac spiloebi wylis dasalevad dadian, da uyurebT spilos (spiloebs),

romelic am bilikiT giaxlovdebaT.

orive SemTxvevaSi Tqveni goneba msgavs refleqtorul signalebs iZleva —

gamoyofs adrenalins, rac bunebrivia, rodesac raRaca didi da potneciurad saSiSi

giaxlovdebaT didi siCqariT. es xdeba refleqtorulad, qvecnobierad, da TavisTavad

ar ganapirobebs Tqvens qcevas. kognituri reaqciebi ki, am or SemTxvevaSi savaraudod

SeiZleba gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, Tqven adgilidan

ar daiZvrebiT, vinaidan mSvenivrad iciT, rom matarebeli relsebs gahyveba, Tqvens

gverdiT Caivlis, da, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqveni sxeuli safrTxis signals iZleva,

Tqven arafers ar riskavT. meore SemTxvevaSi, viTareba ufro gaurkvevelia. Tqven

winaswar ver gansazRvravT spilos qcevas. Tqven iq rom ar yofiliyaviT, spilo,

savaraudod, gayveboda biliks, rogorc is amas Cveulebrivad akeTebs. magram Tqveni iq

yofna masze axdens zegavlenas da SeiZleba gaabrazos kidec. matareblisgan

gansxvavebiT, spilosTan Tqveni urTierToba interaqciulia (matarebelTan araa

interaqciuli, imitom rom Tqveni arseboba-araraseboba ar axdens gavlenas

matareblis qcevaze), da Sesabamisad am urTierTqmedebis Sedegi konteqstualurad

ganpirobebulia. anu, Tuki spilo moTvinierebulia, da Tqvendami SeCveuli, anu Tqvens

Soris ndoba da nacnoboba arsebobs, safrTxe praqtikulad ar arsebobs. magram Tuki

spilo veluria, interaqciis Sedegi SeiZleba Tqvens Soris arsebul ZalTa

Tanafardobaze iyos damokidebuli. magaliTad, Tuki Tofi gaqvT da nadirobas

apirebT, erTia, xolo Tuki spilosi geSiniaT da girCevniaT gzidan gaecaloT — sxva.

Tanamedroveobis institutebi universalisturia, anu maTi funqcionireba

winaswarmetyvelebadia, rogorc matareblis marSruti. mgzavrs, romelic dgas baqanze,

ar sWirdeba Tofis srola, raTa aiZulos memanqane gaaCeros da waiyvanos is

daniSnulebis adgilas. mgzavrma icis, Tu ras unda elodes matareblisgan, da es codna

aZlevs SesaZleblobas dagegmos Tavisi gadaadgileba, moifiqros moqmedeba, romelic

windawin gansazRvrul Sedegs gamoiRebs.

amasTan, Tanamderoveobis institutebi universaluria, anu indiferentuli im

konteqstis mimarT, romelSiac isini moqmedeben. matareblisTvis absoluturad

sulerTia, Tu vin dgas baqanze, Tundac aravin ar idges, is iq mainc gaaCerebs. cxadia, aq

laparakia matareblis `idealur tipze” da ara, magaliTad, dasavleT saqarTvelos

viTarebaze, sadac zogjer SesaZlebelia, memanqanes dauZaxo rom man Tqvens sofelTan

Seanelos svla da CagsvaT matarebelSi - rac kidev ufro savaraudoa, Tuki memanqane

Tqveni mezobelia an axlobeli. maSin matareblis moZraoba ukve emorCileba ara

pirveli tipis — universalur — logikas, aramed meore tipis — partikularistul —

mimarTebebs. is xdeba interaqciuli, da misi Sedegebi ganpirobebulia im ZalisxmeviT,

romelsac mxareebi iCenen am interaqciis dros. pirveli tipis institutebi atareben

neitralur, obieqtur xasiaTs im gagebiT, rom yovelTvis erTnairad moqmedeben da

winaswarmetyvelebad Sedegs iZlevian, maSin rodesac meore tipis urTierTobebi

winaswarmetyvelebad Sedegs ar iZleva.

gidensi `Tanamedroveobas” aigiveebs institutebis mimarT iseTi ndobis

gavrcelebasTan, romelic dakavSirebulia sivrcisa da drois universalizaciasTan,

anu am institutebis advil da calsaxa gadatanasTan da gavrcelebasTan mTel

msoflioSi, universaluri da universalisturi saxiT, rac, gakveulwilad, codnis

faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli. ndoba am institutebis mimarT ganpirobebulia maTi

winaswarmetyvelebadobiTa da obieqturobiT, funqcionirebis Sinaganad

ganpirobebuli logikiT, romelic mowyvetilia konteqsts da garemoebebs. es aris

40

TamaSobs saxelmwifo.

aq unda gavixsenoT, rom es formulirebebi ar aris mTlad zusti, vinaidan xan Cven

vlaparakobT realurad arsebul media sistemebze, xolo xandaxan gadavdivarT

laparakze idealuri tipebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac es realurad arsebuli sistemebi met-

naklebad waagaven. imedia, rom es gansxvaveba realur sistemebsa da idealur tipebs

Soris ar iqneba miviwyebuli, miuxedavad formulirebebis erTgvari uzustobisa.

realuri media sistemebi arasdros ar emTxveva zustad romelime idealur tips,

aramed rogorc wesi moicaven yvela tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs met-

naklebobiT. aq laparakia mxolod imaze, Tu romeli niSnebi sWarbobs ama Tu im qveynis

sistemebSi, da ara idealuri tipisa da realuri sistemis srul identurobaze.

mediis es idealuri tipebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba im parametrebiT, romelbic

avtorebma media - sistemebis mTavar maxasiaTeblebad Camoayalibes. sanam maT cal-

calke ganvixilavdeT, isic unda avRniSnoT, rom media - sistemebi, iseve rogorc maTi

maxasiaTeblebi, warmoadgenen sakmaod mdgrad da nela cvalebad institutebis

nakrebebs — maTi formirebis sawyisebi sakmaod Soreul warsulSi midis, xolo

transformacia did dros moiTxovs. iseve, rogorc sxva socialur bazisur

maxasiaTeblebs, maT mdgradoba axasiaTebs, romelic ar eqvemdebareba swraf, da

Tundac saSualo siswrafis cvlilebebs. ase, is, rom masobrivi presa istoriulad adre

gavrcelda zogierT qveynebSi (XIXs.-XX saukunis daswyisSi), sxvebSi ki — ara, dResac

vlindeba presis tiraJebSi. skandinaviis qveynebSi dResac maRalia gazeTebis kiTxvis

Cveva da kultura, xolo saberZneTSi, maTTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro dabali.

beWdviTi mediis dasabamidan politikuri agitacia mis centralur funqciad

ganixileboda. gavrcelebuli iyo pirvel rigSi publicistika, romelsac gavlena unda

moexdina sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze. mxolod mecxramete saukunis bolos

daiwyo gavrceleba komerciulma presam, da, imave dros, sul ufro popularuli xdeba

Jurnalistis, rogorc neitraluri arbitris, cneba — Jurnalistis, romelic ganze

dgas nebismieri politikuri interesebisgan da partiebisgan. amdenad, Jurnalistikis

Tanamedrove normatiuli liberaluri modeli — obieqturi, miukerZoebeli

Jurnalistika — SedarebiT gviandeli warmonaqmnia. dResdReobiT balansi neitralur

informaciul da propagandistul Jurnalistikas Soris sxvadasxva sistemebSi

sxvadasxvanairi arsebobs. ase, daniaSi, wina saukunis dasawyisSi yvela qalaqSi

arsebobda oTx-oTxi gazeTi, romelic warmoadgens oTx ZiriTad politikur partias.

dResdReobiT partiebTan presis uSualo mibma gacilebiT ufro iSviaTia, ufro xdeba

zogadi politikuri poziciebis dakaveba — magaliTad, marjvena-centristulis, an

marcxena-centristulis.

gansxvavebiT am ori viTarebisgan — obieqturi, neitraluri presa da zogad

politikur orientirebze (idealebze, ideologiebze) orientirebuli presa, arsebobs

kidev mesame varianti. iq, sadac politikuri paralelizmi politikasa da medias Soris

maRalia, media sistema SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes `gare pluralizmiT” — anu arsebobdes

bevri sxvadasxva orientaciis mqone media. amisgan gansxvavebiT, pirvel, neitralur

variantSi ufro mosalodnelia `Sida pluralizmis” arseboba — erTi pulbikaciis

farglebSi sxvadasxva politikuri midgomebis warmoCineba.

rac Seexeba telemauwyeblobas, da, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebriv mauwyeblobas,

masSi SeiZleba davafiqsiroT Semdegi modelebi: profesiuli modeli (BBC) —

xasiaTdeba yvelaze dabali politikuri paralelizmiT; samTavrobo modeli (axlosaa

saxelmwifo mauwyeblobis modelTan) — yvelaze maRali paralelizmi; maT Soris

SualedSi imyofeba pluralistuli modelebi, sadac mauwyebloba ar aris

politikurad neitraluri, magram arc monopolizeburia. masSi uzrunveyofilia an

85

leqcia 11.

masmediis sistemebi: mediis sami sistema da

diskursuli eTikis sami tipi.

am leqciaSi Cven vecdebiT erTmaneTs davukavSiroT politikuri komunikaciis

institucionaluri da diskursuli analizi. safuZvlad Cven aviRebT, erTis mxriv,

adre Camoyalibebul sam diskursul eTikas — sam idealuri tipis diskurss, xolo

meores mxriv, media sistemebis tipologias, rogorc is aRwerilia erT-erT

Tanamedrove monografiaSi: D.Hallin, P.Manchini, `Comparing Media Systems. Three Models of Media and Politics”.

miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebebisa, media - sistemebi, iseve rogorc sxva

sazogadoebrivi institutebi, sxvadasxva dasavlur qveynebSi istoriulad gansxvave-

buli formiTa da xasiaTiT Camoyalibda. halinisa da manCinis naSromi eZRvneba

dasavluri demokratiebis media - sistemebis SedarebiT analizs. am mizniT media

sistemebis dasaxasiaTeblad isini gamoyofen oTx ZiriTad komponents, maxasiaTebels,

romlebsac SemdgomSi swavloben SedarebiT perspeqtivaSi; esenia:

1) media - bazris ganviTarebis done, gansakuTrebiT, Tu ramdenad arsebobs

maRaltiraJiani presa;

2) politikuri paralelizmi; es moicavs rogorc mediisa da politikuri partiebis

urTierTmimarTebis simWidroves da xasiaTs, aseve ufro zogadad, Tu ramdenad

Seesabameba media sistema sazogadoebaSi arsebul siRrmiseul politikur

dayofebs;

3) Jurnalistikis, rogorc profesiis, gavniTarebis done;

4) media sistemaSi saxelmwifos Carevis done da xasiaTi;

am maxasiaTeblebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze avtorebi gamoyofen sami

tipis models, sami tipis idealur media - sistemas, romlebic arsebobs Tanamedrove

evropul da Crdiloamerikul demokratiul qveynebSi. esenia, avtorTa termi-

nologiiT,

1. xmelTaSuazRvispira, anu polaruli pluralizmis modeli;

2. Crdilo centraluri evropis modeli, anu demokratiul-korporativistuli

modeli;

3. Crdilo atlanturi, anu liberaluri modeli.

pirveli modeli arsebobs iseT qveynebSi rogorebicaa safrangeTi, saberZneTi,

italia, portugalia da espaneTi. meore arsebobs Semdeg qveynebSi: avstria, belgia,

germania, fineTi da sxva skandinavuri qveynebi. mesame — britanetTSi, aSS-Si, kanadaSi,

da irlandiaSi. (ix. tabula, gv.68)

liberalur modelSi Warbobs sabazro meqanizmebi da komerciuli media;

demokratiul-korporativistul modelSi — komerciuli media istoriulad

Tanaarsebobs socialur da politikur jgufebTan mibmul mediasTan; am modelSi aseve

SedarebiT aqtiuria saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi regulireba; polarizebuli

pluralizmis modeli xasiaTdeba mediis CarTulobiT partiul politikaSi,

komerciuli mauwyeblobis istoriulad susti sawyisebiT, da Zlieri roliT romelsac

84

saeqsperto, samarTlebrivi, racionalur-biurokratiuli (veberiseuli ganmartebiT)

institutebi, romlebiTac iqmneba Tanamedrove saSualo klasis arsebobis saimedo,

sando safuZveli, myari, `Seswavaladi” saarsebo garemo. es institutebi advilad

inacvleben konteqstidan konteqstSi, da, amgvarad, globalizaciisa da modernizaciis

`damrtymel Zalas” warmoadgenen.

ndoba partikularistuli institutebis mimarT, sapirispirod, aris sxva tipis, da

ar efuZneba Sedegebis winaswar ganWvretis SesaZleblobas. instituti individs aZlevs

Sanss, magram Sedegi sxva garemoebebzec aris damokidebuli, kerZod ki TviT individis

Zalisxmevaze. ase, qorwinebis instituti emyareba garkveul warmodgenebsa da normebs,

magram ojaxis arsebobis SenarCunebas yvela wyvili ver axerxebs. momavlis standartsa

da garantias aravin iZleva, yvelaferi ojaxis wevrebzea damokidebuli, imaze, Tu

ramdenad moaxerxeben isini erTmaneTTan aranulovanjamovani, urTierTsasargeblo

urTierTobebis agebas. sapirispirod, universalistur institutebSi, rodesac,

magaliTad, mwvane Suqi inTeba gzaze gadasvlisas, wesiT es niSnavs ara Sanss gzis

mSvidobianad gadakveTisa, aramed mis garantias. aqve davZenT, rom institutebis

formalurad daTqmuli universalizmi realurad srulad ar xorcieldeba, da miT

ufro naklebad xorcieldeba, rac ufro aradasavluri qveynebisken vinacvlebT. ase,

samxreTis qveynebSi, anTebuli mwvane Suqi swored rom Sansia, da ara garantia gzis

mSvidobiani gadakveTisa, vinaidan moZraobis formaluri wesebi ki arsebobs, magram

xSirad araferi ar Rirs, xolo gzebze bevria `jigiti”, romlebic swored Sansebze

arian orientirebuli, da ara garantiebze.

“me ar var relativisti” — ambobs gelneri (Tavi 29, gv.217 rus) `da iseTi

WeSmaritebis arseboba, romelic scdeba kulturul barierebs, meCveneba adamianTa

arsebobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtad. es faqti imavdroulad samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis erT-erTi sawyisia, vinaidan man uzrunvelyo misi warmoSobis umTavresi

piroba — Semecnebis, kognituri zrdis ganviTareba da absolutizmis uaryofa”.

winaswarmetyvelebadoba, universaluroba da neitraluroba aris is

maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic gelneriseul socialur modulur struqturas axasiaTebs.

adamianis moduluroba niSnavs misi qcevis garkveuli universaluri standartis

arsebobas, romelic damoukidebelia mocemuli adamianis politikuri da

msoflmxedveluri Taviseburebebisgan, misi politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri

Zalauflebisgan (sxva adamianebTan arsebuli ZalTa balansisgan). sxva sityvebiT, es

niSnavs adaminebs Soris universalisturi eTikis moqmedebas, rac individualizmis

safuZvelia. im eTikisa, romelsac gelneris winamorbedi liberalebi icavdnen, da

romlis sawyisi TviT adamianSia, da ara mis garemocvaSi, TviT adamianis ganwyobaSi iyos

orientirebuli gaTvlad, codniT uzrunvelyofil, saimedo momavalze. mis

Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyofs misi unari gansazRvros sakuTari momavali, rac mxolod

universalisturi institutebis funqcionirebis fonzea SesaZlebeli.

gelneris midgomis naklovaneba swored mis calmxrivobaSia. moduluri adamiani

ver amyarebs interaqciul urTierTobebs — urTierTobebs, romlis drosac is axerxebs

gavlena moaxdinos sxvebze (da sxvebis zemoqmedebas ganicdis). sxvebTan misi moduluri

SekavSirebis sixiste ganapirobebs am urTierTobis dros yvela monawilis

Tavisuflebas. magram zogjer Cven ar gvinda Tavisufleba sazogadoebisgan, rogorc

ar gvinda Tavisufleba Cveni axloblebisgan. Tuki gvinda, rom movaxdinoT zegavlena

sazogadoebaze, da mzada varT amisTvis `gavixsnaT~, maSin gza unda gaikafos

arauniversalizebul sferoSi, sadac aravin icis, Tu ras moelodos erTimeorisgan,

sadac SesaZlebelia aranuljamovani Sedegi, romelsac mxareTa erToblivi Zalisxmeva

warmoqnis.

41

literatura:



Jan-Jak ruso, sazogadoebrivi kontraqti, Tbilisi, 1997, SerCeva wigni 1, wigni 2-

dan, 10 gv.

Adam Smith. The Theory of Moral Sentiments Ханна Арендт Vita Activa или о деятельной жизни. «Алетейя», С-Пб, 2000 Elster John, 1997 The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory. in: Deliberative


42

meoTxesTvis TavSesafarsa da dasayrdens warmoadgens — warsuli, qarTuli

mentaliteti. Tuki meore diskursi sistemis garkveuli Rirebulebrivi

totalitarulobiT emuqreba, mesame _ diqtaturis niSnebs atarebs. amdenad, arc

mesame diskursia misTvis xsna, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul Rirebulebriv

ganwyobebs orive iziarebs. mis TvalSi, mesame diskursi, garkveulwilad, religiuri

fanatizmiTaa daavadebuli da Tavisi diqtatoruli midrekilebebiT mas SeuZlia kerZo

adamiani diqtatoris Zaladobis obieqtad gaxados. miuxedavad yvelaferi amisa, meoTxe

diskurss aqvs xelisuflebis ndoba, romelsac pirveli diskursi uqarwylebs. meoTxe

diskursis ganwyobas miimalos Tavis naWuWSi da imedovnos, rom xelisufleba Tavis

saqmes TviTon mixedavs, pirveli diskursi ewinaaRmdegeba da sazogadoebriv sivrceSi

poziciis dakavebisken ubiZgebs, rasac is miCveuli ar aris.

literatura:



organizaciebis sazogadoebrivi imiji saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio

naSromebi, 2(8) CIPDD, CAP, Tbilisi, 2003, 12 gv.


demokratizaciis Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul

ganxorcielebaSi. `epoqa”, N 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis centri, 2003



83

mentalitetze da tradiciul Rirebulebebze. meore diskursi ar eTanxmeba

konstituciaSi religiis dafiqsirebasac.

pirveli diskursi, meoresgan gansxvavebiT, sulac ar aris ganwyobili Seafasos

mdgomareoba, rogorc demokratiuli ganviTarebis sawindari. is aSkarad xedavs

Seqmnil mdgomareobaSi diqtaturis niSnebs da sakuTari politikuri uflebebis

daculobis sawindarad konstitucionalizmis safuZvlebis ganmtkicebas moiazrebs.

meore diskursi mis TvalSi bolSevikuri tipis totalitarizmis nairsaxeobis

advokatad gamoiyureba, vinaidan politikurad calmxrivad cvlis droSas,

konstitucias da eufleba saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs. am mxriv, meore diskurss,

pirveli diskursis mixedviT, kvers ukravs mesame diskursic, romelic miiCnevs, rom

dRes aris gansakuTrebuli momenti da prezidentma mTeli Zalaufleba unda itvirTos

am mdgomareobidan qveynis gamosayvanad. mesame diskursi, misi azriT, saerTod saSiSia

demokratiisaTvis, vinaidan naklebad afasebs kanonis uzenaesobis saWiroebas da

ixreba erTpirovnuli da konstitucionalizmis principebis sawinaaRmdego, mkacrad

maJoritaruli mmarTvelobisken, TiTqmis diqtaturisken. pirvelis TvalSi meoTxe

diskurss ara aqvs samarTlebrivi cnobiereba, is gulgrilia konstituciis bolo-

droindeli xelyofis mimarT da ar iziarebs pirveli diskursis SemarTebas imoqmedos

politikurad, anu xelisufleba xalxis kontrols dauqvemdebaros.

mesame diskursi, meore diskuris msgavsad, imedianad uyurebs momavals, radgan

miaCnia, rom revoluciiT mosuli prezidenti xalxis umravlesobis nebas ganasaxierebs

da mis imedebs frTebs Seasxams: magaliTad, marTlmadideblur religias gansakuT-

rebul statuss mianiWebs. Tumca, prezidentis Zalauflebas SeiZleba winaRobebi

Sexvdes, rac xalxis umravlesobis nebis aRsrulebas gaarTulebs. mis TvalSi rogorc

pirveli, ise meore diskursi xalxis nebis aRsrulebas arasaTanado yuradRebas aqcevs

da amiT qarTul TviTmyofadobas da identurobas safrTxes uqmnis. am diskursebs

Soris is did sxvaobas ver xedavs, garda imisa, rom pirveli saSiSia, radgan xelisuf-

lebis opoziciuria, xolo meore sxvanairad xedavs ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, anu

zedmetad mimbaZvelia dasavleTis. rac Seexeba meoTxes, isic safrTxes uqmnis xalxis

nebis aRsrulebas politikuri Zalauflebis koncentraciis meSveobiT, vinaidan eSinia

diqtaturis da zedmetad zrunavs adamianis uflebebis dacvaze.

meoTxe diskursi iwyeba metad saintereso mtkicebiT `konstitucionerebisa” da

ubralo adamianebis Sesaxeb, romelic mravalmxrivad SeiZleba iqnes interpre-

tirebuli. erTi mxriv, is gvagonebs habermasiseuli sistemisa da cxovrebis samyaros

dapirispirebas da cxovrebis samyaros dacvis lozungs. meore mxriv, is ara marto

mkafiod ansxvavebs kanonsa da morals (rasac marqsistuli midgoma, liberalurisgan

gansxvavebiT, ar akeTebda), aramed orives mkafiod gamijnul samoqmedo arealebs

uwesebs da adamianTa cxovrebas, pirvel rigSi, moralis samyofelad ixilavs. da bo-

los, is SeiZleba gaviazroT patnemiseul terminebiT, rogorc `amoraluri familizmi”,

rac, respublikuri cnobierebis sapirispirod, badebs korufcias da xels uSlis

demokratiis funqcionirebas.

saqarTvelos istoriis Tvalsawieridan es diskursi gvevlineba im midgomad,

romelic ara marto sabWoTa periodSi, aramed wina saukuneebSic, mravali gare

dampyroblis qveS saqarTvelos arsebobis dros, wesad da Cveulebad Camoyalibda, im

wesad da Cveulebad, romelmac TviTgadarCenisa da TviTmoyofadobis SenarCunebis

masobrivi strategiebi gansazRvra. is mdgomareobs mtruli da ucxo garemosagan

gamijvnaSi da ara masze zemoqmedebis moxdenis mcdelobaSi.

am mxriv, mas mTavar oponirebas meore diskursi uwevs, romelic swored rom

sistemis SeqmniTaa dainteresebuli. meores yvelaferi imis Secvla surs, rac

82

leqcia 6

demokratia: sami politikuri tradicia

jer kidev 1997 wels cnobili analitikosi farid zaqaria werda, rom msoflios sul

ufro da ufro met qveyanaSi `demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebi . . . ugulebelyofen

maTi Zalauflebis konstituciur farglebs da sakuTar moqalqeebs ZiriTad

uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs arTmeven”. demokratizaciis mesame talRam msoflioSi

axali fenomeni, axali tipis reJimi warmoqmna, romelsac araliberaluri demokratiis

saxeli ewoda. am reJimma iseTi maxasiaTeblebi SeiZina, romlebic Zvel liberalur

demokratiebSi ar iyo warmodgenili. Zveli dasavluri demokratiebisgan gansxvavebiT,

am reJimebSi masobrivi demokratia da sayovelTao xmis ufleba ufro adre da

safuZvlianad damkvidrda, vidre konstituciuri liberalizmi: `demokratia yvavis,

konstituciuri liberalizmi ki — ara”. sayovelTaod arCeuli, popularuli

mmarTvelebi ar eridebian imas, rom parlamentebsa da konstituciis CarCoebs gverdi

auaron, qveyana saprezidento brZanebulebebiT marTon, saxelmwifo aparati

opoziciisa da Tavisufali presis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenon da adamianis konstituciuri

uflebebi Selaxon. es movlenebi mraval da mraval qveyanaSia dafiqsirebuli, rogorc

laTinur amerikaSi, aseve yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi. regularuli da sayovelTao

arCevnebis Catareba am qveynebSi ver uzrunvelyofs kanonis uzenaesobas, korufciis

SezRudvasa da karg mmarTvelobas Zalauflebis konstituciur CarCoebSi. aseTi

qveynebis ricxvs saqarTveloc miekuTvneba.

demokratia, konstitucionalizmi da liberalizmi araliberalur demokratiebSi

erTmaneTTan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobaSi modis. saqme isaa, rom konstitucionalizmi

da liberalizmi, orive arsebiTad xelisuflebis SezRudvis, SezRuduli

mmarTvelobis Teoriasa da praqtikas ganasaxiereben, xolo demokratia xalxis

umravlesobis mier arCeul liderTa xelSi Zalauflebis maqsimalur akumulirebasa da

gamoyenebas eswrafvis. maSin, roca Zvel demokratiebSi demokratiis,

konstitucionalizmisa da liberalizmis principebi garveul dabalansebul sistemas

qmnis, axal demokratiebSi demokratiis principebi aSkarad Warbobs da Zirs uTxris

liberaluri demokratiis arsebobisTvis aucilebel danarCen komponentebs:

`demokratiulad arCeul mTavrobebs axasiaTebT imis dajerebis tendencia, rom maT

absoluturi Zalaufleba ekuTvniT, aman ki SeiZleba Zalauflebis centralizacia

gamoiwvios”. igive movlenas aRwers o’doneli, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom Zlier

liderebs, romlebsac sjeraT, rom xalxis saxeliT laparakoben, gulwrfelad ar

esmiT, Tu ratom unda dauqvemdebaron Tavisi Zalaufleba konstituciur SezRudvebs,

Tuki is, rasac isini akeTeben (rogorc wesi ki es korufciasTan brZolas exeba xolme),

xalxisTvis sikeTis momtania.

axali demokratiebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom araliberalur demokratiebSi

konstitucionalizmis damkvidreba bevrad ufro Znelia, vidre met-naklebad

samarTliani arCevnebis Catareba. tokviliseulma gafrTxilebam, rom xalxis

umravlesobis nebam SeiZleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba SezRudos, axal demokratiebSi

TvalnaTlivi institucionaluri gansaxiereba hpova.

sasargebloa, farid zaqarias dixotomiis garda (demokratia- liberaluri

konstitucionalizmi) ganvixiloT o’donelis SedarebiT ufro Rrma trixotomia:

demokratia, liberalizmi, respublikanizmi. (Semdgomi msjeloba G. O'Donnell. Illusions about Concolidation. Journal of Democracy, v. 7, N.2, 1996 da G. O'Donnell. Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998-is mixedviT)

43

liberalur demokratiebs axasiaTebT ara marto demokratiisadmi erTguleba,

aramed sxva politikuri tradiciebis arsebobac. rogorc wesi maTSi igulisxmeba ori

komponenti, ori politikuri tradicia, romelic didwilad gansazRvravs Tanamedrove

demokratiebis saxes - demokratia da liberalizmi. maTTan erTad arsebobs mesame

tradicia, romlisganac aseve ganuyofelia Tanamedrove demokratiis arseboba - es

aris respublikanizmi. ori politikuri tradiciis - liberalizmisa da

respublikanizmis sisusteze laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi miuTiTebs gilermo

o’doneli, rodesac cdilobs axsnas am qveynebSi damkvidrebuli politikuri reJimebis

Taviseburebebi, maT Soris ara marto demokratiis araliberaluroba, aramed

korufciac.

demokratia, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi sxvadasxva istoriul da

inteleqtualur tradiciaSi iReben saTaves. demokratia saTaves iRebs Zvel aTenSi;

respublikanizmi - winaimperiul romSi da zogierT Suasaukunovan italiur qalaqSi;

liberaluri tradicia scenaze gamodis Suasaukunovani evropis feodalur

sazogadoebebSi, xolo Semdgom lokis inglisSi da monteskies safrangeTSi.

winaaRmdegobrioba, romelic am sam tradicias Soris arsebobs, qmnis rTul nazavs,

Tanamedrove demokratiis Ria da dinamiur formas.

liberalizmi icavs individs da mis uflebebs, romlebic arc erTma Zalauflebam ar

SeiZleba Selaxos, da amgvarad, kerZo sferos ganixilavs, sazogadoebriv sferosTan

sapirispirod, im asparezad, sadac yvelaze srulad xdeba adamianis realizeba.

respublikanizmi, iseve rogorc liberalizmi, mkafiod ganasxvavebs kerZo da

sazogadoebriv sferoebs, magram sxva mizezis gamo. respublikanizmi xazs usvams

pirovnebis, miT ufro, mmarTvelis valdebulebebs sazogadoebis winaSe da Tvlis, rom

adamianis umaRlesi Rirsebaa sazogadoebis uangaro samsaxuri.

Sesabamisad, sazogadoebriv sferos, sazogadoebriv interess liberalizmi da

respublikanizmi sxvadasxva Sinaarss aniWebs. liberalizmisTvis sazogadoebrivi

interesi es aris yvelas interesi, kerZo interesebis nakrebi da maTgan gamomdinare

jamuri Sedegi. respublikanizmisTvis es aris saerTo interesi, interesi, romelic

maRla dgas TiToeul kerZo interesze da, romelsac kerZo interesi SeiZleba Seewiros

kidec.

gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba, romelsac liberalizmi da respublikanizmi aniWebs

kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferos, iwvevs gansxvavebul daskvnebs politikuri

uflebebisa da movaleobebis, moqalaqeobisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, sxva

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic politikuri debatebis arsia. yvela es debatebi

gamomdinareobs im mkafio zRvaris arsebobidan, romelic asxvavebs kerZosa da

sazogadoebrivs, da romelic orive tradiciis mieraa xazgasmuli.

miuxedavad am winaaRmdegobrivi Sinagani logikisa, liberalizmsac da

respublikanizmsac aqvs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra, romelic ganapirobebs maT organul

Tanaarsebobas erTi sazogadoebisa da erTi demokratiuli sistemis CarCoebSi: orive

realizdeba kanonisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos pativiscemaSi. ra gziTac ar unda

iaroT, liberaluriT Tu respublikuriT, mixvalT iseTi samarTlebrivi wesrigis

aRiarebamde, romelSic adamianis da sazogadoebis urTierTobas aregulirebs

universaluri, yvelasaTvis erTnairi kanoni. es kanoni ara marto icavs adamianis

universalur (yvelasTvis erTnair) Tavisuflebebs, aramed gansazRvravs mis

valdebulebebs sxva adamianebis, sazogadoebis winaSe. Sedegad Tanamedrove

demokratiis moqalaqe aris ara marto Tavisufali, aramed pasuxismgebeli, misi

Tavisufleba ganuyofelia sazogadoebis (da ara mxolod sakuTari Tavisa da sakuTari

ojaxis) winaSe misi pasuxismgeblobisgan.

44

gansxvavebiT, maTSi ufro politikuri cxovrebis wesebs eZebs, vidre politikuri

gardaqmnebis miznebs.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili diskursebi erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT imgvarad

gansxvavdeba, rogorc am sibrtyis meoTxedebi, anu isini sakmaod karg (Tumc, arazust)

SesabamisobaSi arian moyvanili sibrtyis meoTxedebTan. pirobiTad Serqmeuli

saxelebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom pirveli diskursi `modernizatori”

imyofeba zeda marjvena kuTxeSi, `marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti” _ qveda

marjvenaSi, `humanisti tradicionalisti” — qveda marcxenaSi, xolo `opozicioneri

konstitucionalisti” — zeda marcxenaSi.

1. `opozicioneri 2. `modernizatori”

konstitucionalisti”

davicvaT wavideT

liberaluri win, Sors warsulidan

demokratiuli

konstitucia

4. `humanisti 3. `marTlmadidebeli

tradicionalisti” tradicionalisti”

qarTvelebma adamianurad saqarTvelo unda

unda icxovron aRorZindes

es oTxi ganwyoba unda miviCnioT im devizebad, romlebic kargad asaxaven

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis prioritetebs.

Cven aq ar davaxasiaTebT dawvrilebiT miRebul Sexedulebebs. avRniSnavT, rom

TiToeul dafiqsirebul SexedulebaTa sistemas aqvs rogorc keTilganwyobili

interpretacia — is, Tu rogor xedavs sakuTar Tavs, aseve kritikuli xedva garedan —

Tanac gansxvavebuli, imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli diskursis kuTxidan SevxedavT.

garda amisa, SexedulebaTa TiToeuli sistema SeiZleba zomierebisken ixrebodes da

amiT uaxlovdebodes miRebul demokratiul diskursebs, Tumca aseve SesaZlebelia

ganicdides radikalizacias da saSiSi xdebodes demokratiisaTvis.

meore diskursi miiCnevs, rom politikuri brZolebis dro damTavrebulia, da

dadga miRweuli politikuri Zalauflebis realizebis dro. politikuri dapiris-

pirebebis gagrZeleba misTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgens da amdenad is gmobs pirveli

diskursis mcdelobebs, Sexedos movlenebs politikuri Tvalsawieridan — saxelmwifo

droSa ar unda iyos ganxiluli nacionaluri moZraobis droSad, arsebuli

xelisufleba — diqtaturad, xolo ZalauflebaSi revoluciiT mosuli adamianebi —

saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis uzurpatorebad. ganviTarebis swori gezi gansazRvrulia;

dadga dro, iuristebma is, ubralod, kanonebSi gadaitanon. meore diskursisTvis did

saSiSroebas warmoadgens meoTxe diskursic, romelic SesaZloa am kanonebs ar

daemorCilos. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, mosaxleobis didi nawili, e.w. ubralo

adamianebi, darCnen samarTlebrivi regulirebis miRma da amiT daabrkolon

ganviTareba. es isev korufciis wyaro iqneba. amitom warsuli ukan unda movitovoT.

kanonebis amoqmedebaSi saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas ver

davelodebiT. meore diskursi mesamesac upirispirdeba mis orientaciaSi qarTul

81

antitradicia

1 2

procedura mizani

4 3

tradicia

am sibrtyis vertikaluri ganzomileba pirobiTad SegviZlia gaviazroT, rogorc

opozicia `tradicia” _ `antitradicia”. sibrtyis qveda nawilSi imyofebian

tradicionalistebi, romelTaTvisac politikuri legitimaciis wyaros warmoadgens

pirvel rigSi is, rac aris adgilobrivi, qarTuli, warsulidan momdinare, garkveuli

CarCoebiT da identurobiT gamoyofili danarCeni samyarosgan. ganzomilebis meore

boloSi myofni met mniSvnelobas aniWeben gare samyaros, dasavlur gamocdilebas,

momavals, warsulis uaryofasac ki.

sibrtyis meore _ horizontaluri _ ganzomileba SeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc

damokidebuleba politikisadmi zogadad. sibrtyis marjvena mxares imyofebian isini,

vinc politikaSi yvelaze metad afasebs miznebs, xolo meore mxare aqcents akeTebs

wesebze, romlebsac misdeven politikosebi Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad. am opozicias

pirobiTad davarqmevT `procedurisa” da `miznis” dapirispirebas. sailustraciod

moviSvelioT demokratiis linkolniseuli cnobili ganmarteba _ `demokratia aris

xalxis mmarTveloba, xalxis mier ganxorcielebuli xalxisTvis”, `proceduris”

mimdevrebi am gamonaTqvamSi ufro did mniSvnelobas mianiWeben mmarTvelobis

ganxorcielebas xalxis mier, xolo `miznis” mimdevrebi imas, rom mmarTveloba iyos

xalxisTvis.

aq gansamartavia, Tu ratom gamoviyeneT termini `antitradicia” sibrtyis zeda

nawilis dasaxasiaTeblad da ar davupirispireT `tradicias” `medasavleTeoba”,

romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian saqarTveloSi cvlilebebis mosurne reformatorebi.

saqme isaa, rom es ukanaskneli cneba qarTul realobaSi garkveulwilad `miTvisebuli”

aqvs erT konkretul diskurss, maSin rodesac sxva diskursebic acxadeben masze

pretenzias. Cveni SexedulebiT, WeSmariti `medasavleTeoba” mdgomareobs zemoT

mocemuli sqemis centraluri zonisken swrafvaSi da ara misi romelime ganapira

ukiduresobis absolutizebaSi. sibrtyis oTxive meoTxedi saWiro da aucilebeli

komponentia imisa, rasac avtorebi dasavlur liberalur demokratiad moiazreben,

xolo WeSmaritad `medasavluri” ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi

Tanaarsebobis SemTxvevaSi, radikalizaciisa da urTierTgandevnisgan Tavis aridebiT.

am dayofis Sesabamisad, sibrtyis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi ganlagdebian isini,

visTvisac yvelaze mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos realobis rac SeiZleba swrafi

gardaqmna im nimuSebis misaRwevad, romlebic qveynis gareT, ufro ganviTarebul

demokratiebSi arsebobs. sibrtyis marjvena qveda meoTxedSi imyofebian isinic,

visTvisac qveynis swrafi ganviTareba prioritetia, oRond qarTul tradiciebze da

mentalitetze dayrdnobiT. qarTul tradiciebs aseve pirvel rigSi afaseben sibrtyis

qveda marcxena meoTxedSi, oRond maT matareblad isini pirvel rigSi qarTvelebs

ganixilaven, amdenad, maTTvis qveynis ganviTarebaze ufro mniSvnelovania

qarTvelebisTvis adamianuri cxovrebis awyoba. sibrtyis zeda marcxena meoTxedi,

marjvena meoTxedis msgavsad, dasavluri nimuSebiTaa STagonebuli, magram, misgan

80

rodesac vambobT, rom sazogadoebrivi da kerZo sferoebi erTmaneTisgan

gancalkevebulia, es sulac ar niSnavs am sferoebis erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad

arsebobas. liberalizmisgan da respublikanizmisgan gansxvavebiT, demokratia ki ar

aSoriSorebs erTmaneTisgan kerZos da sazogadoebrivs, aramed piriqiT - maT Soris

kavSirs amyarebs. demokratiis meqanizmebSi Cadebulia is, rac axdens kerZo da

sazogadoebrivi interesebis erTmaneTze mibmas. demokratiis CarTviT xdeba swored

interesTa mravalnairi konfliqtebis mogvareba, rogorc kerZo pirTa, aseve

sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris.

demokratia, respublikanizmisgan gansxvavebiT, ar moiTxovs mmarTvelebisgan

gansakuTrebul keTilSobilebas; piriqiT, demokratia gulisxmobs, rom nebismiers

SeuZlia qveynis marTva. aseve, demokratia, liberalizmisgan gansxvavebiT, ar fiqrobs,

rom pirovneba daculi unda iyos imisgan, rasac xalxi, xalxis umravlesoba gadawyvets.

demokratia uzrunvelyofs liberalizmisa da respublikanizmis mier daSoriSorebul

kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferoebs Soris harmoniuli balansis damyarebas.

bolo ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi es sami tradicia gaerTianebula

mravalnairad da cvalebadad. nebismieri maTganisTvis gadaWarbebuli upiratesobis

miniWebam SeiZleba demokratias safrTxe Seuqmnas. demokratia liberalizmisa da

respublikanizmis gareSe SeiZleba umravlesobis tiraniad gardaiqmnas, liberalizmi

demokratiisa da respublikanizmis gareSe - plutokratiad, xolo respublikanizmi

liberalizmisa da demokratiis gareSe gadagvardeba TviTdajerebuli elitis

paternalistur mmarTvelobad.

qveynis konstitucia da kanonmdebloba, romelic teritoriulad gansazRvruli

saxelmwifos arsebobas ukavSirdeba, yvela am tradiciis najeria. saxelmwifo aris

demokratiis meoTxe komponenti, romelic misi xasiaTis mniSvnelovan elementebs

gansazRvravs.

bevri qveyana, romlisTvisac, inglisisgan Tu safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT,

demokratia `saxlSi nazardi produqti~ araa, xSirad cdilobs daamkvidros is kanonebi

da konstitucia, romelic ganviTarebuli demokratiebisTvis damaxasiaTebel

Tanamedrove politikur da ekonomikur mowyobas Seefereba. am dros iwyeba usasrulo

kamaTi imaze, Tu ra aris ukeTesi - cxovreba aigos am kanonebisa da institutebis

Sesabamisad, Tu kanonebi SemuSavdes realuri cxovrebis mixedviT. cxadia, orive mxare

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia. magram ufro arsebiTia is, rom Tavad universalisturi

kanonebis SemoReba Tanamedroveobis niSania, Tanamedrove epoqis movlena. maT ukan

dasavleTSi liberaluri da respublikuri tradiciebi dgas, romelic Znelad Tu

gascda dasavleTis sazRvrebs, miuxedavad sxva samyaros mravali qveynis pretenziisa,

demokratiis saxeli darqmeoda. dasavleTSi liberaluri da respublikuri

principebis gabatoneba ki am mxriv ukavSirdeba erovnuli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos

Camoyalibebas da kapitalizmis damkvidrebas.

erovnuli saxelmwifo iRebs sakuTar Tavze samarTlianobis dacvis funqcias mas

mere, rac xorcieldeba samarTlis kodireba kanonebis saxiT da samarTlebrivi kanonis

dacva xdeba samarTlebirivi saxelmwifos funqcia. amdenad samarTali realizdeba

kanonis meSveobiT, da ara piriqiT - samarTlianobis damkvidreba kanonidan

gamomdinareobs. samarTlianobis damkvidrebas universaluri kanonis gziT

safuZvelSi unda edos samarTlianobis universalisturi principebi, iseTi, rogorsac

dasavleTSi demokratia, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi warmoadgenen. SesaZlebelia

ki, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arseboba sazogadoebaSi samarTlianobaze raime saxis

universalisturi Sexedulebebis arsebobis gareSe?

Tanamedrove kapitalizmis da sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis kavSiri

45

liberalizmTan da respublikanizmTan aseve SeiZleba ganvixiloT kerZo da

sazogadoebrivi sferos daSoriSorebis sibrtyeSi. swored kerZos da sazogadoebrivis

daSoriSoreba xdis SesaZlebels iseT sazogadoebriv mowyobas, rodesac ekonomikuri

da politikuri Zalaufleba aRaraa moqceuli erTian piramidaSi. kapitalisti

SeiZleba iyos bevrad ufro mdidari xelisuflebis nebismier warmomadgenelze ise,

rom misi Tavisufleba ar iyos Selaxuli (Tavisuflebis dacvis liberaluri principi),

xolo respublikanizmis Sedegia is, rom xelisufali, romelic sazogadoebas uangarod

emsaxureba, sanacvlod sayovelTao aRiarebas moixveWs, rac mis uangarobas aniWebs ara

altruizmis, aramed racionalurobis elfers.

amdenad, Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi dasavleTis qveynebSi sazogadoebrivis da

kerZos, saxelmwifos da ekonomikis calke sferoebad Camoyalibeba (rac aseve

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirdeba) SeiZleba demokratiuli,

liberaluri da respublikuri principebis WrilSi ganvixiloT. am sferoebis es

araTanxvedra mniSvnelovania ara mxolod kanonis uzenaesobis damkvidrebisTvis,

aramed warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.

warmomadgenlobiToba, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi

rodesac demokratia pirdapiri demokratiaa, anu sajaro adgilas Sekrebil

moqalaqeTa mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebis nairsaxeobaa, maSin ar arsebobs arCeviTi,

warmomadgenlobiTi xelisufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ar Cndeba.

magram Tanamedrove demokratia ZiriTadad warmomadgenlobiT xasiaTs atarebs,

romelic dafuZnebulia mmarTvelebis arCevis principze.

xelisuflebis arCeviT demokratia aTavsebs kerZo interesebis mqone pirovnebas

sazogadoebriv sferoSi, aniWebs mas sazogadoebriv valdebulebebs, magram bevrs

arafers ambobs imaze, Tu rogor unda iqnes mis mier gagebuli misi movaleobebi, ras

unda efuZnebodes misi gadawyvetilebebi. ra principebidan gamomdinare unda

gadawyvitos man konfliqti, romelic SeiZleba gaCndes mis kerZo interesebsa da mis

mier dasacav sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris? an konfliqti sxvadasxva

sazogadoebriv jgufTa interesebs Soris?

warmovidginoT parlamentis deputati, romelic aris feministuri moZraobis

aqtivisti da parlamentSi mosulia qalTa uflebebis dacvis lozungiT. an regionis

warmomadgeneli, an erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgeneli, romelic am umciresobis

uflebebs icavs. ra principebiT unda ixelmZRvanelon am adamianebma ama Tu im

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas? ra aris maTi warmomadgelobiTi funqciis arsi? aq

SesaZloa deputatis mandatis sxvadasxva interpretacia: deputatma unda gamoxatos

Tavisi amomrCevlebis interesebi (imaTi, vinc mas xma misca); deputati gamoxatavs

mTeli mosaxleobis interesebs; deputati misdevs Tavisi partiis politikas; deputati

Tavisufalia moiqces ise, rogorc mas misi sindisi karnaxobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi is

aucileblad aRmoCndeba iseT situaciebSi, rodesac im jgufis interesi, romelsac igi

warmoadgens, garkveulwilad ar emTxveva mTeli sazogadoebis interess - magaliTad,

maswavlebelTa xelfasebis gazrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios biujetis deficitis zrda da,

amis Sedegad, inflacia, rac mTel sazogadoebas Seexeba.

aq naCvenebia `warmomadgenlobiTobis paradoqsi~, romelic ukavSirdeba

amomrCevelTa kerZo interesebis maT jamur (an saerTo) interesad gadaqcevis process.

interesTa konfliqti, romelic am procesSi iqmneba, mdgomareobs ara mxolod kerZosa

da sazogadoebrivis urTierTmimarTebaSi, aramed urTierTmimarTebaSi sxvadasxva

46

SexedulebebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT. amitom, iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT,

demokratia, kanoni, konstitucia da a.S. sxvadasxva adamianisTvis SeiZleba

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis fenomenebs warmoadgendes. amdenad,

politikuri sazogadoeba ara Tu erTgvarovania, aramed masSi arsebobs adamianTa didi

erTobliobebi, romlebic met-naklebad msgavsad fiqroben da politikur movlenebs

msgavsad afaseben. sazogadoebaSi arsebul politikuri Sexedulebebis am Sekrul

sistemebs Cven aq politikuri diskursebis saxeliT movixseniebT. kvlevis mizans

Seadgenda sazogadoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri diskursebis gamokveTa

da Seswavla konstituciis mniSvnelobisa da konstituciuri Rirebulebebis

gavrcelebis kvlevis farglebSi. kvlevisas amovdiodiT mosazrebidan, romlis

Tanaxmad, demokratiis erT-erT ZiriTad principad unda miviCnioT is, rom

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela Sexeduleba uflebamosilia sakuTari wvlili Seitanos

qveynis politikuri sistemis formirebasa da funqcionirebaSi (proceduruli

midgoma).

saqarTvelos mosaxleobSi Cven mier gamovlenil iqna oTxi gansxvavebuli diskursi,

politikuri Sexedulebebis oTxi gansxvavebuli tipi. sanam maT daxasiaTebaze

gadavidodeT, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs gansxvavebuloba politikur

SexedulebebSi, razedac aq vsaubrobT.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi realuri adamianebi ar arian erTmaneTis sruli

antipodebi, romlebsac saerTo miswrafebebi ar gaaCniaT. ase magaliTad, nebismier

qarTvel moqalaqes surs, rom saqarTvelo aRorZindes, rom qarTvelebi ukeTesad

cxovrobdnen, rom gvqondes konstituciuri demokratiuli saxelmwifo da rom

saqarTvelo Cadges Tanamderove civilizebuli qveynebis rigSi. Tu sakiTxs am kuTxiT

mivudgebiT, did sxvaobas adamianebs Soris ver davinaxavT. sxvaoba mJRavndeba maSin,

rodesac maT vaiZulebT zemomoyvanil debulebaTa Soris gamokveTon prioritetebi da

moaxdinon Rirebulebebis ranJireba, anu daafiqsiron, ras undaT pirvel rigSi

miaRwion. realur cxovrebaSi adamianebs amgvar moTxovnas uyenebs politikuri garemo

— imis saWiroeba, rom arCeul iqnes esa Tu is xelisufleba da gamoikveTos

damokidebuleba ama Tu im politikuri gadawyvetilebebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis

prioritetebis mimarT.

imaSi gasarkvevad, Tu ra Sinaaris sxvaobebi Cndeba moqalaqeTa SexedulebebSi

realur viTarebaSi, Cven Semogvaqvs diskursebis abstraqtuli modeli, romelSic,

realuri cxovrebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvela diskursi (da maTi matarebeli warmosaxviTi

individebi) mkveTrad gansxvavdeba da erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, anu e.w. veberiseuli

`idealuri tipis” modeli. realur cxovrebaSi amgvari idealuri tipis diskursebi

wminda saxiT ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, idealuri tipebi gvexmareba gaverkveT im

mravalferovan samyaroSi, romelic Cven irgvliv arsebobs.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenil iqna oTxi idealuri tipis diskursi, romelbic kargad

axasiaTeben saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikur Sexedulebebs. maT gasaazreblad

Cven SemovitanT Semdeg Teoriul matricas. warmovidginoT iseTi politikuri

Sexedulebebis sistemebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia ganvalagoT Semdegi

organzomilebiani sibrtyis Sesabamis meoTxedebSi; am sibrtyis ganzomilebebi Semdegi

dapirispirebebiTaa Seqmnili:

79

paradigma) demokratia aris mizani, romelsac unda mivaRwioT garkveuli

reformatoruli Zalisxmevis Sedegad; meores Tanaxmad demokratia aris procedura,

romelic sazRvravs im wesebs da procedurebs, romlebic warmoadgenen saSualebas,

raTa ganisazRvros, Tu ra da rogor unda gardaiqmnas.

demokratia rogorc mizani da demokratia rogorc procedura —es aris

demokratiis ori, politikuri da samoqalaqo versia, romlebic erTmaneTs

upirispirdeba ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed dasavlur politikur TeoriaSic da

msoflios demokratizaciis da globalizaciis praqtikaSic. es dapirispireba axali ar

aris, Tumca ki saxeSecvlilia. meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, civi omis dros, ukve

iyo ideologiuri brZola liberalur demokratiebsa da sabWoTa ideologebs Soris,

rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri pretenzias acxadebda imaze, rom is `saxalxo demokratiis~

formas warmoadgenda. anu, am gagebiT, is, marTalia, ver uzrunvelyofda procedurul

demokratiulobas (demokratia rogorc xalxis mmarTveloba), samagierod xazs usvamda

Tavis zrunvas xalxisTvis (demokratia rogorc mmarTveloba xalxisTvis). miznebisa da

saSualebebis es dapirispireba, amdenad, ukve arsebobda Tavisi ukiduresi formiT, da

miznebze orientaciam ukve erTxel sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobas monawileobiTi

unar-Cvevebi da Rirebulebebi TiTqmis mTlianad gauqro. dResac, rogorc iTqva,

monawileobiTi Rirebulebebisa da Cvevebis naklebobis problema kiTxvis qveS ayenebs

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, rogorc proceduruli erTobis, ganviTarebis potencialis

arsebobas. swored am Cvevebma SeiZleba gadon xidi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis or

dapirispirebul versias Soris, magram es, rasakvirvelia, ioli gza ar aris.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da transformaciis gzebi da

perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi amdenad am ori samoqalaqo sazogadoebis urTierTobaSi

da konkurenciaSi/ TanamSromlobaSi unda veZioT.

5. saqarTvelos politikuri diskursebi

habermasis naSromis ganxilvisas Cven avRniSneT, rom kerZo adamianis da moqalaqis

socialuri rolebi xSirad ewireba axal demokratiebSi mesame — amomrCevlis rolis

eTikas. es maniSnebelia imis, rom sazogadoeba ar aris sakmarisad moZlierebuli

rogorc sazogadoeba da rogorc samoqalaqo sivrce, rom politikuri brZola

`itvirTos~. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom sazogadoeba aris, aristoteleseuli gagebiT,

`barbarosuli~, an, Tanamedrove gagebiT, CamorCenili, anu mas ara aqvs politikuri

wesrigis Seqmnis unari, romelzedac laparakobs dominik kola da rasac xazs usvams

hana arendti?

saqarTveloSi arsebuli `samoqalaqo tipis~ politikuri Sexedulebebis kvleva,

romelic 2004 wels iyo Catarebuli avtoris mier (l.arutinTan TanaavtorobaSi),

gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqarTvelos aqvs sruli potenciali ganviTardes rogorc

normaluri politeia da jansaRi politikuri sazogadoeba. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs aqvT

politikuri Sexedulebebi, romlebic savsebiT SesaZlebelia safuZvlad daedos

samoqalaqo ganviTarebas, Tuki movaxerxebT im politizirebis da radikalizaciis

Sesustebas, romelsac aCens amomrCvelis rolze koncentrireba da romelsac

aZlierebs saqarTvelos masmedia (romelsac mogvianebiT davaxasiaTebT).

mocemul naSromSi sazogadoebas vikvlevdiT rogorc subieqturi Sexedulebebisa

da warmodgenebis mqone adamianTa urTierTobis sivrces. urTierToben ra

erTmaneTTan da politikuri sistemis institutebTan, moqalaqeebi sinamdvilis

sakuTar suraTs xataven, romelic Seferilia mocemuli individis politikuri

78

sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris, rogoricaa sxvadasxva jgufuri interesebi,

saxelmwifos interesi da sxva.

liberalizmic da respublikanizmic iZlevian warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi am

konfliqtis samarTliani gadaWris scenars, magram sxvadasxva logikidan gamomdinare.

liberalizmi, ganixilavs ra sazogadoebriv interess rogorc kerZo interesTa jams,

romelTagan yvela Tanasworuflebiania, ambobs, rom umravlesobis Tavisufleba ar

unda miiRweodes umciresobis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis xarjze. demokratia, xalxis

mmarTveloba, ar unda gadaiqces umravlesobis tiraniad, amdenad gadawyvetileba unda

miiRebodes molaparakebiTa da SeTanxmebiT, yvelas interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

swored amitom, politikosi valdebulia mxari dauWiros kompromisul, yvelas TvalSi

samarTlian winadadebas. respublikanizmi, ganixilavs ra sazogadoebriv interess

rogorc yvelas interesze maRla mdgoms, rogorc ara jamurs, aramed saerTos,

politikosisgan moiTxovs sazogadoebis winaSe valdebulebebis Sesrulebas.

mokled, erTic da meorec amtkicebs imas, rom sazogadoebriv Tanamdebobaze

arCeuli adamiani emsaxureba ama Tu im saxiT gagebul sazogadoebriv interesebs. isini

qmnian miukerZoeblobis eTikur vels, romlis realizeba, garda samarTlebrivi

meqanizmebisa, gulisxmobs am eTikuri normebis gaziarebasa da aRiarebas

xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebis mier.

horizontaluri angariSvaldebuleba, liberalizmi da respublikanizmi

arCevnebi, romelic tardeba periodulad, warmoadgens amomrCevelTa mier xeli-

suflebis kontrolis vertikalur instruments. samwuxarod, es instrumenti, misi

perioduli xasiaTisa da sxva naklovanebebis gamo srulad ver uzrunvelyofs

xelisuflebaze im kontrols, romelic aiZulebs mas dauqvemdebaros Tavisi kerZo

interesebi sazogadoebriv interesebs. amitom iyo, rom demokratiis institu-

cionalur mowyobaSi Tavis droze gaTvaliswinebul iqna horizontaluri kontrolis

arseboba - xelisuflebis sxvadasxva organoebisa da Stoebis mier Zalauflebis

ganawilebisa da urTierTkontrolis meqanizmebi.

horizontaluri kontroli isaa, rom xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebi

uflebamosilni arian - da realurad asruleben kidec - erTmaneTis zedamxedvelobasa

da kontrols kanonebis dacvis TavalsazrisiT, konstituciurobisa da Zalauflebis

gadametebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. am kontrolis ararsebobis pirobebSi SeiZleba

dazaraldes demokratiis samive komponenti - demokratiuli, liberaluri da respub-

likuri. demokratia zaraldeba, Tu arCevnebi tardeba darRvevebiT, liberalizmi

zaraldeba, Tu irRveva adamianTa uflebebi, xolo respublikanizmi zaraleba, Tu

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi arRveven kanons da moqmedeben voluntaristulad.

Tu pirveli da meore yovelTvis iwveven protests, ukanaskneli yvelaze iSviaTad

aRiqmeba rogorc boroteba, da zogjer arc Seicavs borot ganzraxvas. marTlac,

prezidenti, romelic konstituciis moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod Slis arapopularul

parlaments, SeiZleba patriotuli mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobdes da xalxis mowo-

nebasac imsaxurebdes. magram is imavdroulad Slis saxelmwifo mowyobis safuZvlebs,

efeqtur da avtonomiur institutebs, romlebmac erToblivad, kompleqsSi unda

ganaxorcielon Zalaufleba da gainawilon pasuxismgebloba.

axal demokratiebSi Zalauflebis amgvari gadameteba, xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis

dasusteba, rogorc wesi, prezidentebisgan momdinareobs. marTaven ra xalxis saxeliT,

isini xSirad ar Tvlian saWirod daeqvemdebaron kanonis moTxovnebs. amgvari

47

erTpirovnuli mmarTvelebis Zalaufleba ar aris usazRvro, maTac uwevT kompro-

misebze wasvla rogorc mokavSire, ise opoziciuri politikuri Zalebis interesebidan

gamomdinare. magram amgvari kompromisebi sul sxva, arakonstituciur wesebsa da

normebs eyrdnoba, amwuTieri, koniunqturuli da intriganuli xasiaTis TamaSis

elfers atarebs.

horizontaluri angariSvaldeblebis darRveva asustebs demokratias,

gansakuTrebiT ki mis respublikur da liberalur komponentebs. is qmnis safuZvlebs

imisaTvis, rom politikosebma gamoiyenon Tavisi Tanamdebobebi borotad, rac

dauSvebelia respublikuri normebidan gamomdinare. amave dros igi qmnis safuZvels

imisaTvisac, rom calkeulma saxelmwifo struqturebma gadametebuli Zalaufleba

moipovon, rac dauSvebelia liberaluri normebidan gamomdinare.

demokratia SeiZleba arsebobdes, da arsebobs kidevac, liberaluri da

respublikuri komponentebis sisustis fonzec. magram amgvar demokratias axasiaTebs

xolme maRali korufcia (respublikanizmis nakleboba) da SedarebiT naklebad -

Zalauflebis gadameteba (liberalizmis nakleboba). naklebad imitom, rom rogorc ki

Zalauflebis gadameteba garkveul zRvars cdeba, reJimi demokratiulobis saxels

kargavs. erTi ki faqtia - demokratia TavisTavad, liberalizmisa da respublikanizmis

gareSe, korufciisa da Zalauflebis gadametebis problemebis mogvarebas ver

axerxebs.

literatura:


sazogadoebebSi, saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2002 G. O'Donnell. Illusions about Concolidation. Journal of Democracy, v. 7, N.2, 1996 G.O'Donnell. Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998

48

sivrceze, sadac meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi moxda sazogadoebebis Zalismieri

modernizeba erTi politikuri ideologiis mier mTlianad instrumentalizebuli

totalitaruli saxelmwifos ZaliT.

politikuri reJimis gamocvlas zogjer sazogadoeba metad swrafad, ramdenime

weliwadSi axerxebs. `Tanamedroveobis~ (modernity) tipis gamocvla sazogadoebas

revoluciurad ar ZaluZs, is mxolod TandaTan modificirdeba. marqsizm-leninizmis

rogorc mmarTveli ideologiis gardacvalebam gardaqmna politikuri lanSafti,

magram ideologiuri, dogmaturi midgomebi samoqalaqo da sazogadoebriv

warmodgenebsa da filosofiaSi dResac ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs da ukidures

politikur polarizebas uwyobs xels.

am ideologizirebul konteqstSi arasamTavrobo seqtori Camoyalibda rogorc

erT-erTi ideologiis matarebeli, da ara sxvadasxva ideologiebis Widilis adgili

(rasac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea gulisxmobs). sakuTari Tvalsawieridan is

Camoyalibda, `vardebis revoluciis” wina periodSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc

garkveuli tipis `demokratizaciis” avangardi, romelic win uZRvis sazogadoebas. misi

funqcia aris winamZRoloba, reformireba, dasavleTizacia da modernizacia. seqtoris

politikuri pozicia gamoixateba xelisuflebis mimarT totalur dapirispirebaSi. mis

TviTSegnebaSi metad mkafiod daupirispirda `Cven~ ìmaTs~ da is xasiaTdeboda

moraluri zeobis gancdiT. rogorc ideologizirebul azrovnebas Seefereba, xdeboda

ìmaTi~ stigmatizeba (`xelisuflebis agentebi~, `prorusuli Zalebi~). rogorc

Seefereba avnagards, seqtori kritikulad uyurebs qarTul sazogadoebas da cdilobs

mis civilizebasa da ganaTlebas.

sapirispiro warmodgenebi ar iqna formirebuli artikulirebul ideologiad

(ganviTarebis politikur strategiad), magram moaxdina TviT seqtoris stigmatizeba

`grantiWamiebad”, `crus agentebad”, `bolSevikebad”, ìsini Wkuas gvaswavlian da

sulelebi vgonivarT” da ase Semdeg. amdenad, Tumca ki adamianis damokidebuleba am

seqtoris mimarT principSi politikuri TvalTaxedvis amsaxvelia, sapirispiro

warmodgenebma ver Seqmnes sakuTari ideologebi da artikulatorebi sazogadoebriv

sivrceSi, rac mianiSnebs maT daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaze. sabolood,

sazogadoebis politikuri mimarTebebis mravalferovneba aisaxa ara seqtoris Sida

struqturirebaSi, rogorc es Tavidan iyo dagegmili, aramed seqtorisadmi

damokidebulebaSi zogadad — Camoyalibda xedva Signidan da xedva garedan.

4. proceduruli Tu substanciuri: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori versia

zemoaRniSnuli kritikuli xedva gulisxmobs, rom, Tumc ki araartikulirebulad,

sazogadoebaSi arsebobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori dapirispirebuli koncefcia:

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris arasamTavrobo seqtori, da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

aris mTeli sazogadoeba. pirvelis Tanaxmad arasamTavrobo seqtori gamoxatavs mTeli

mosaxleobis Sexedulebebs, da, Sesabamisad, yvelaferi, rac mis Sexedulebebs ar

Seefereba, aris antidemokratiuli. meore Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo sazoga-

doeba aris mTeli sazogadoeba, mTeli Tavisi Sexedulebebis mravalferovnebiT,

romelTagan arasamTavrobo seqtori warmoadgens erT-erTs, da ara erTaderTs, xolo

am seqtoris pretenzia erTaderTobaze swored mas aniWebs arademokratiulobis

xasiaTs.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis es ori versia zedmiwevniT Seesabameba demokratiis

cnebis aseve CvenSi arsebul or versias. pirvelis Tanaxmad (tranzitologiuri

77

institutebze (universalisturi institutebia mxedvelobaSi), im varaudiT, rom es

institutebi neitraluria konteqstis mimarT, da SesaZlebelia socialuri

struqturisa da institutebis erTmaneTisgan iseTnairad daSoriSoreba, rom

SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi cal-calke ganxilva da danergva.

problema is aris, samwuxarod, rom amgvari Sexeduleba warmoadgens erT-erT, da

ara erTaderT SesaZlo xedvas samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa, da misi mxolod erTi

gagebidan gamodis, maSin roca arsebobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis alternatiuli

Teoriebic, romelTa ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba.

alternatiuli midgomis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo seqtori

Camoyalibda rogorc zogadi tranzitologiuri paradigmis nawili, da atarebs am

paradigmiT ganpirobebul ideologias. es ideologia ara marto moicavs ganviTarebis

mimarTulebas da mis garkveul saboloo institucionalur ideals, aramed saxavs

kidec am idealis miRwevis strategias. Sesabamisad, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

arasamTavrobo seqtorSi Tavmoyrilia mcirericxovani, gavleniani, specifikuri

dafinansebisa da miznebis mqone socialuri jgufi, romelsac aseve garkveuli "yalbi

cnobiereba" (ideologiis marqsiseuli saxeli) axasiaTebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis

aRsawerad kargad gamodgeba wminda marqsistuli terminologia da rom mas sakmaod

zustad politikuri klasis cneba Seesabameba. am nawilSi Cven saqarTvelos

arasamTavrobo seqtors swored am Tvalsawieridan SevxedavT.

aq mTavaria ori maxasiaTebeli - ekonomikuri arsebobis Tavisebureba da am

arsebobis Sesabamisi cnobierebis formireba. rac Seexeba ekonomikur sakiTxebs, is did

ganmartebas ar saWiroeben - seqtori arsebobs mTlianad ucxouri fondebis

dafinansebiT da masSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi xSirad cxovrebis saSualo donesTan

SedarebiT bevrad ufro maRal Semosavlebs iReben. rac Seexeba mis "yalb cnobierebas",

igi SeiZleba ramdenime fraziT gamoixatos: "Cven, arasamTavrobo seqtori, varT

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba; Cven vviTardebiT rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoeba; Cven,

rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, gvevaleba xelisuflebasTan dapirispireba".

ekonomikuri sawyisebi amgvari warmodgenis gavniTarebisa, rogorc vTqviT,

gansxvavdeba im sawyisebisgan romlebic Zvel demokratiebSi arsebobda. Zveli

demokratiebisgan gansxvavebiT, minimaluri demokratiebi xasiaTdeba kapitalizmis

gviandeli ganviTarebiT (postsabWoTa qveynebi —saerTod ganicdian wyvetas am mxriv

meoce saukuneSi). kerZo sfero, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sawyisi am qveynebSi

sabazro TviTregulirebis sust sawyisebs moicavda.

am tipis qveynebSi jer kidev mecxramete saukuneSi sazogadoebrivi diskursi da

sazogadoebrivi institutebi didad gansxvavdeboda dasavluri samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebis modelisgan. am diskursebSi monawileobdnen ZiriTadad inteleqtualebi da

inteligencia — is, rasac yvelaze ukeT aRwers sityva `sazogadoebrioba” (“obsCes-

tvennost” ix. magaliTad, Вадим Волков, Общественность: забытая практика гражданского

общества, www.carnegie.ru), da rasac sul ar udgeba dasavluri termini `samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba”. ar udgeba pirvel rigSi diskursSi burJuaziuli, ekonomikuri inte-

resebis arwarmomadgenlobiT da diskursis metad maRali ideologiuri da poli-

tikuri instrumentalizaciiTa da polarizebiT. zogierTi avtori amgvar viTarebebs

`polarizebuli pluralizmis” terminiT moixseniebs. gansxvavdeboda, agreTve, mediis

sistemebi, romlebSiac Warbobda politikurad mikerZoebuli presa da Jurnalistika,

mibmuloba politikur brZolebze da dabali iyo mediis ekonomikuri damoukidebloba.

es viTareba dResac igrZnoba samxreT evropisa da samxreT amerikis im qveynebSic ki,

romlebsac (zogierTs) demokratiuli arsebobis Cvenze gacilebiT xangrZlivi istoria

aqvT. sulac araa gasakviri, rom kidev ufro mZafria am faqtorebis gavlena im

76

leqcia 7

demokratiis diskursuli Teoria da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

hana arendtis mixedviT (Vita activa), politikuri Zalaufleba aravis ar ekuTvnis,

politikuri Zalisgan gansxvavebiT, igi arsebobs adamianTa Soris sivrceSi da iqmneba

(mJRavndeba) maT urTierTqmedebaSi _ action-Si, romelic mdgomareobs nabijis

gadadgmaSi, aramaterialur qmnadobaSi, komunikaciis fenomenis SeqmnaSi.

hana arendti am politikuri sferos izonomiaze saubrobs _ sivrciTi Tanas-

worobis formaze, rac jer kidev aristoteledan momdinareobs (ix. agreTve, kola,

politikuri sociologia). magram politikuri sfero ar aris aucileblobiT izono-

miuri. politikuri Zalauflebis faruli struqturebi xSirad araTanasworufle-

biania, asimetriuli da, fukos Tu davujerebT, mxolod asimetriulad unda moiaz-

rebodes.

ufro gasagebi rom gaxdes, Tu ra igulisxmeba politikuri Zalauflebis farul

struqturaSi (pattern), moviyvan erT magaliTs. amas winaT, saqarTvelos erT-erT

regionSi tardeboda RonisZieba _ saiubileo saRamo. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba da

adgilobrivi xelisufleba, Sekrebilebi gamoCenili qarTvelis saxl-muzeumis ezoSi,

moTminebiT elodebodnen sapatio maRalCinosnis stumrobas Tbilisidan. gamzadebul

tribunaze idga mikrofonebi, dinamikebidan radios musika ismoda, xalxi ijda maT win

wriulad an seirnobda axlo-maxlo. ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi, rac am lodinSi gavida,

aravin ecada mikrofonTan misuliyo da komunikaciis damyarebis iniciativa Tavis

xelSi aeRo. sajaro sivrce carieli darCa manam, sanam daiwyeboda oficialuri

RonisZieba winaswar dagegmili gamosvlebiT da Semajamebeli koncertiT.

yvelas kargad moexseneba, rom saqarTvelos ar aklia adamianebi, visac SeuZlia

sufris warmarTva da visac Tamadobis niWi da midrekileba gaaCnia. kerZo situaciebSi

da saubrebSi adamianebs gambedaoba da mWevrmetyveleba ar akliaT, magram mikrofoni

da oficialuri RonisZiebis mdgomareoba, es sul sxva sajaro sivrcea da am sivrceSi,

rogorc Cans, mkacri tabu adevs TviTiniciativas - simboluri Zalaufleba, romelsac

carieli mikrofoni ganasaxierebda, ekuTvnoda iq armyof did ufrosobas da misi

Selaxva veravin gabeda. komunikacia ver Sedga, mosaxleoba pasiuri obieqtis rolSi

darCa bolomde.

postsabWoTa adamianebis uunaroba daamyaron komunikacia sajaro sivrceSi — es,

hana arendtis mixedviT, aris maTi politikuri daTrgunulobis Sedegi, vinaidan

urTierToba adamianebs Soris yovelTvis aris politikuri aqti, oRon gansxvavebuli

mniSvnelobiT. adamianTa saqmianoba SeiZleba iyos sami tipis — jafa, muSaoba da

moqmedeba. am sami tipidan moqmedeba aris umaRlesi forma, da is politikur xasiaTs

atarebs. wina leqciis terminologiiT, is interaqciulia, da masSi adamianis umaRlesi

moqalaqeobrivi Rirseba gamoixateba.

magram adamianTa urTierToba ara mxolod am (respublikuri) gagebiT aris

politikuri. is politikurobis sam gansxvavebul eTikas moicavs, romlebsac Cven

dabla ganvixilavT.

49

demokratia

liberalizmi respublikanizmi

legitimacia umravlesoba erTi yvela

aqtorebi politikosebi eqspertebi elitebi

sagani subieqturoba,

interesi

obieqturi codna morali

wyaro xalxi sinamdvile,

faqtobrioba

religia, kultura,

erovnuloba

droiTi

orientacia

mokle saSualo usasrulo

konfliqti umravlesoba/

umciresoba

pirovneba/pirovneba pirovneba/sazogadoeba

agenti darwmuneba damtkiceba aRzrda/transformacia

Rirebulebebi arCevnebi/

uzurpacia

kanoni/qaosi warmomadgenlobiToba

/korufcia mikerZoeba

media televizia Jurnali wigni

qmnis reJims institutebs struqturebs

veberi qarizma samarTlebriv-

racionaluri

tradicia

safrangeTis

revolucia

Egalite Liberte Fraternite

habermasi dramaturgiuli instrumentuli komunikaciuri

warmoidgineT, rom mravalricxovani kampania iRebs gadawyvetilebas imaze, Tu sad

gaataros dasvenebis dRe — tyeSi, mdinaresTan Tu mTaSi. savaraudod, gadawyvetileba

miRebuli iqneba xmaTa umravlesobiT — wavlen iq, sadac yvelaze met adamians unda

wasvla.

es aris gadawyvetilebis miRebis demokratiuli gza — xmaTa umravlesobiT. am wess

mimarTaven, rodesac saqme exeba garkveul subieqturobas — magaliTad, rodesac

sxvadasxva adamianebs aqvT gansxvavebuli survilebi da interesebi, an, magaliTad,

50

maTi saqmianoba didwilad mimarTulia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gavniTarebaze da

mxardaWeraze, rac didad ganapirobebis am sazogadoebis ganviTarebis potencialsa da

mimarTulebas.

am uzarmazari daxmarebis fonze, romelmac ueWvelad didi gavlena moaxdina

saqarTvelos politikur klimatze da mis Tanamedrove istoriaze, ratom vlaparakobT

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis praqtikis warumateblobaze? xom isic unda

iTqvas, rom arasamTavrobo seqtori saqarTveloSi, sxva postsabWoTa qveynebTan

SedarebiT, metad Zlier da gavlenian warmonaqmnad iqca, romelmac didi roli

Seasrula bevri demokratiuli inciativis wamowyebaSi da adamianis uflebebis dacvaSi.

SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom revoluciis wina periodSi saqarTveloSi

arsebobda bevri seriozuli arasamTavrobo organizacia, da Tu ara revoluciaSi maTi

monawileoba, dResac SesaZlebeli iqneboda laparaki imaze, rom arasamTavrobo

seqtori saqarTveloSi mtkiced dgas fexze. miTumetes, rom garda `revolucioneri”

organizaciebisa, aris sxva, ararevolucioneri monawileebi, romlebic dResac

warmatebiT saqmianoben sxvadasxva dargSi. es organizaciebi sazogadoebas dResac

mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi produqtiT amarageben da, albaT, eseni Tu sxvebi

iarsebeben, vinc imave saqmianobas gaagrZeleben.

da mainc, keTilsindisieri damkvirvebeli bevrs ifiqrebs, vidre am seqtors

`samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” saxeliT moixseniebs, vinaidan amgvari gaigiveba

aracalsaxaa da bevr kiTxvas warmoqmnis.

lari daimondis mier aRwerili organizaciebi yvela arian dakompleqtebuli

Cveulebrivi administratorebiTa da menejerebiT, romlebic moqmedeben ise, rogorc

Seefereba maT profesias. es imas niSnavs, rom maT unda dasaxon konkretuli miznebi,

ganaxorcielon zomebi am miznebis misaRwevad da miiRon xelSesaxebi Sedegebi,

romlebic SeiZleba gaizomos. yvelaferi es erTad niSnavs, rom maT saqmianobas

warmarTavs empiriuli midgoma realobisadmi, pragamatuli saRi azri da maTi

dasayrdenia is, rac SesaZlebelia advilad iyos gagebuli socialuri konteqstisda

ganurCevlad, erTnairad ikiTxebodes rogorc amerikaSi, aseve saqarTveloSi.

Sesabamisad, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra politikuri Sexedulebebisaa, yvela es

organizacia meTodologiurad erTnairia da Cvens mier miRebuli klasifikaciiT

`liberaluri” diskursis CarCoebSi moqmedebs.

magram rodesac gavdiodiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa Tu demokratiis cnebebsa da

Teoriebs, Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, da araerT avtorTan es davafiqsireT, rom

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (da demokratiac) aris ramdenime midgomis nazavi. kerZod,

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba unda moicavdes rogorc `liberalur”, aseve `respublikur”

komponentebs.

gamodis, rom msoflio daxmareba nebismier SemTxvevaSi mimarTulia samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis mxolod erTi mxaris ganviTarebaze, da verafers Svelis misi meore,

respublikuri komponenetis warmoCenas. anu, saerTaSoriso organizaciebma SesaZloa

uSvelon saqarTvelos imaSi, rom Seiqmnas raRac instituti, organizacia, moxdes

reforma Tu sxva, magram isini veranairad ver Caerevian (da arc Caervian) Cveni

sazogadoebis siRrmiseul urTierTobebSi, romelTa fonzec unda ifunqcioniros am

struqturam.

Rirebulebrivi da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, amgvari viTareba sworia. vinaidan

Cveni Sida saqmeebi aris Cveni Sida saqmeebi. sazogadoebis sirRmiseuli gardaqmna aris

Cveni saqme, da sxvisi Careva am sferoSi kulturuli eqspansiis tolfasi iqneboda, da

vesternizaciis formas miiRebda, demokratizaciis sanacvlod. vesternizaciis forma

rom ar miiRos, saerTaSoriso daxmareba koncentrirebas akeTebs mxolod

75

gasawevad — magaliTad, kanonproeqtis daswerad an policy analysis-Tvis. am saqmeSi am

periodSi liderobs fondi evrazia, romelic mimarTulia think tank-ebis

ganviTarebaze, gansakuTrebiT kavkasiis regionul doneze, da cdilobs saeqsperto

sazogadoebis mxardaWeras. amave periodSi amerikis ganviTarebis saagentoc

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mxardaWeris Tavis politikaSi cvlis prioritetebs da

iRebs gadawyvetilebas daexmaros pirvel rigSi arasamTavrobo seqtoris `lider”

organizaciebs — im organizaciebs, romlebic ukve Camoyalibdnen rogorc yvelaze

Zlieri da aqtiuri moTamaSeebi. es cvlileba gulisxmobs, rom saxsrebis amgvari

gadanawileba yvelaze efeqturi iqneba maTi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.

es periodi didxans ar grZeldeba. SevardnaZis reJimi am periodSi ukve Rrmadaa

CixSi Sesuli da axali iniciativebi da politikuri wamowyebebi ver pouloben

ganxorcielebasa da gamoZaxils politikuri xelmZRvanelobis doneze. arasamTavrobo

seqtoris liderebs uCndebaT SegrZneba, rom maT unda moipovon Zalaufleba, raTa

sakuTari gegmebi ganaxorcielon. am droisTvis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis lideroba

asociirebulia ramdenime organizaciasTan, romlebsac aqvT erTiani politikuri

xedva, seriozuli kontroli arasamTavrobo seqtoris saxsrebis xarjvaze da

romlebic aRar arian ganwyobili grZelvadiani gegmebi dasaxon, aramed Cqaroben

politikuri Sedegebi miiRon.

am periodSi icvleba aseve sorosis fondis strategia. iqmneba moZraoba `kmara”, da

iwyeba sorosis fondis proeqti saxelwodebiT `kmara”, romelic arsebiTad reJimis

cvlilebazea mimarTuli. es proeqti arsebiTad politikur xasiaTs atarebs da

sakuTari wvlili Seaqvs vardebis revoluciis ganxorcielebaSi. arasamaTavrobo

seqtoris liderebi aRweven politikur Zalauflebas da amiT, arsebiTad, Tavdeba am

seqtoris ganviTarebis is cikli, romelic win uZRoda vardebis revolucias.

ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba arasamTavrobo seqtori vardebis revoluciis

Semdeg, es kiTxva jerjerobiT gaurkvevelia, raime gamokveTili tendencia aq ar

SeimCneva. ueWvelia, rom darCeba mTeli rigi organizaciebisa, visac SeuZlia maRali

xarisxis sazogadoebrivi produqtis warmoeba — iqneba es monitoringi, treiningebi Tu

saeqsperto codna. ueWvelia, agreTve, rom iwyeba sazogadoebis ufro siRrmiseuli

gardaqmnebis etapi — ganaTlebis reforma gacilebiT Rrma sazogadoebriv

struqturebs umiznebs, vidre ubralod arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Seqmna. rogor

warimarTeba es reformebi — rogorc TurqeTSi, sadac modernizaciam faqtiurad

daangria tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi struqtura (ix. Semdgom), Tu ufro

demokratiuli gziT, bevrad iqneba damokidebuli TviT sazogadoebis unarze

aqtiuroba gamoiCinos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis doneze am procesSi.

3. dominanturi Tu pluralisturi; saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

kritikuli xedva

lari daimondi (Larry Diamond, Promoting democracy in the 1990s: actors, instruments and issues. in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997)

aRwers, Tu rogor exmareba msoflio, saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo organizaciebis

meSveobiT, demokratiis gaviTarebas, da ra uzarmazari saxsrebi ixarjeba am

saqmianobaze. faqtobrivad, msoflio arenaze, garda saxelmwifoebisa da saerTaSoriso

korporaciebisa, gaCnda arasamTavrobo damoukidebeli aqtorebi, romlebic, pirveli

oris msgavsad, xSirad bevrad aWarbeben Tavisi zomiTa da SesaZleblobebiT im patara,

susti da ganuviTarebeli saxelmwifoebis potencials, romelsac isini exmarebian.

74

rodesac laparakia ganusazRvrel momavalze da samomavlo SesaZlo ganviTarebaze. aq

aravis SeuZlia winaswar danamdvilebiT sinamdvilis ganWvreta iseT sakiTxze,

magaliTad, Tu `vin iqneba saqarTvelosTvis ukeTesi prezidenti — petre Tu pavle?”

subieqturad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, magram danamdvilebiT Tqmis SeuZleblobis gamo

isev kenWisyras mivmarTavT.

Tumca, gadawyvetileba ar miiReba yvela SemTxvevaSi xmaTa umravlesobiT. zogjer

aucilebelia yvelas xmebi, da ara umravlesobis survili. ase magaliTad, zemoaRweril

SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom yvelas unda wasvla tyeSi, magram jgufis erTi

wevri acxadebs, rom mas aqvs alergia, da rom tyeSi wasvla misTvis lamis sasikvdilo

safrTxesTan aris dakavSirebuli. amgvar viTarebaSi am adamianis interesebis

ignorireba da umravlesobis survilis dakmayofileba uzneoba iqneboda. savaraudod,

jgufi airCevs sxva marSruts, romelic yvelasTvis usafrTxo iqneba.

amgvarad, Tuki umciresobis sicocxles an sxva ZiriTad uflebebs umravlesobis

nebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad safrTxe emuqreba, gadawyvetilebas xmaTa

umravlesobiT ar Rebuloben. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa konsesusi — yvelas Tanxmoba,

yovelgvari gamoklebis gareSe. yvelas SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Rebuloben

gadawyvetilebebs maSin, rodesac saqme exeba moralisa da eTikis sakiTxebs, rodesac

saWiroa usamarTlobis Cadenis Tavidan acileba. ase xdeba, magaliTad, rodesac jgufi

awesebs morigeobas imaze, Tu vin moamzadebs saWmels. yvela unda iyos Tanaxma, rom es

usiamovno valdebuleba moixados, da Tavisi wili Tavisufali dro sxvebTan erTad

saerTo saqmis keTebaze daxarjos; samarTliania, rom yvelam Tanabrad gainawilos

mosabezrebeli saqmeebis keTeba, da usamarTloba iqneba, Tuki isini mxolod nawils

daekisreba.

amasTan, arsebobs gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic arc xmaTa umravlesobiT, da arc

yvelas xmebiT ar miiReba. Tuki zemoxsenebulma jgufma ar icis, Tu ra mimarTulebiT

unda iaros — CrdiloeTiT Tu samxreTiT — dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad, erTaderTi,

rac mas uSvelis- es aris mcodne adamiani, romelic an adgilobriv geografiaSi erkveva

kargad, an ruqa da kompasi aqvs. mokled, es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac dasadgenia

konkretuli faqtobrivi, Tu obieqturi codna.

gasagebia, rom orjer oro ras udris, an sworia Tu ara ainStainis Teoria, es aris is

sakiTxebi, romelTa gadawyveta xmaTa umravlesobiT uazrobaa, iseve rogorc yvelas

xmebiT. Tuki erTma adamianma icis, Tu ras udris orjer ori, mas ar sWirdeba sxvebis

gamokiTxva, rom swori pasuxi gansazRvros. aseve, Tu erTma adamianma icis, Tu ra gziT

aris saWiro siaruli miznis misaRwevad, gadawyvetilebis miReba swored mas unda

miendos.

amdenad, Cven gvaqvs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis sami wyaro, sami eTika, romlebic

aweseben legitimur gadawyvetilebebs, anu sazRvraven am gadawyvetilebaTa

legitimurobis dadgenis xasiaTs. esenia gadawyvetilebaTa miReba umravlesobis

xmebiT, yvelas xmebiT da erTis xmiT.

am sam eTikas, sam wess, Cven Sesabamisad vuwodebT demokratiul, respublikur da

liberalur legitimacias.

miaqcieT yuradReba formulirebas `vuwodebT”. TviT cnebebi `demokratia,

respublikanizmi da liberalizmi” gamoiyeneba zogadad garkveuli, Tumca ki farTod

ganfenili mniSvnelobebiT. Cven rom gveTqva ara `vuwodebT”, aramed `esenia”, Cven

mogviwevda axlave imis dasabuTeba, rom es marTlac asea. anu maSin unda agveRo rogorc

minimum klasikuri naSromebi, romlebic demokratiis, liberalizmisa da

respublikanizmis politikuri azrovnebis qvakuTxedebs warmoadgenen, da dagvewyo

imis garCeva, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Cveni gageba am naSromebis ideebs.

51

Cven aq sxva gziT mivdivarT. Cven jer ganvixilavT legitimaciis am sam gansxvavebul

wess, SeviswavliT maT siRrmiseulad, xolo Semdeg davubrundebiT klasikosebs da

Tanamedrove avtorebsac da maT nawerebTan paralelebs gavavlebT.

maS ase, Cven gvaqvs sami eTikuri wesi, romlebsac Cven davarqviT demokratiuli,

respublikuri da liberaluri wesebi. TiToeuli wesi sazRvravs specifikur diskurss,

romelTa Tvisebebsac Cven axla SeviswavliT.

aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba, romlis gamoc Cven ase

mkafiod vasxvavebT am sam diskurss erTmaneTisgan. saqme isaa, rom sxvadasxva eTikis

mimdevari diskursebi ver gaerTiandebian erT diskursSi! anu, martivad rom vTqvaT, me

Tu var politikosi, da televizorSi gamovdivar da mayurebelTa umravlesobas minda

Tavi movawono, xolo Cems oponents aqvs mtkicebulebebi, rom is, rasac me vlaparakob,

arasworia, Cemi racionaluri qceva Cemi Tavis demagogiuri gamarTlebaa (da saerTod,

moveridebi iseTi faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis gakeTebas, romlebic Semowmebadia

sxvebis mier), da ara Secdomis aRiareba. anu demokratiuli diskursis CarCoebSi yofna

(umravlesobas unda movawono Tavi) gamoricxavs liberaluri diskursis wesebis win

wamowevas, da piriqiT: Tu CemTvis simarTlis dadgenaa mTavari, SeiZleba teledebateb-

Si saerTod ver miviRo monawileoba, vinaidan isini ar iZlevian WeSmaritebis dadgenis

SesaZleblobas. anu diskursis eTika erT SemTxvevaSi erTia, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi — sxva.

cxadia, es ar niSnavs rom diskursebs Soris informaciis gacvla ar SeiZleba, an ar

warmoebs, es ubralod niSnavs, rom interdiskursul sivrceSi axali informacia ar

iwarmoeba. am sakiTxebs Cven kidev davubrundebiT, axla ki vecadoT ukeT gavigoT Cveni

sami diskursis buneba.

rogorc vaxseneT, demokratiuli eTika yvelaze ukeT gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevebSi,

rodesac saqme exeba subieqturobas, liberaluri — rodesac is exeba codnas, xolo

respublikuri — morals. samive, amasTan, ukavSirdeba politikur urTierTobebs

adamianTa raRac jgufSi. Cvens magaliTSi erTs unda gadaewyvita mizani (strategia),

meores — saerTo saqmisTvis gasawevi SromiTi danaxarjebis samarTliani gadanawileba,

xolo mesames — swori mimarTuleba (taqtika). samive es komponenti politikis sferos

miekuTvneba, oRond gadawyvetilebis miReba gansxvavebuli wesebiT iwarmoeba. miznis

SesarCevad jgufis wevrebi ecdebodnen erTmaneTi moexiblaT sakuTari arCevanis

upiratesobebiT — daerwmunebiaT oponentebi im silamaziT, romlebsac isini, vTqvaT,

mTaSi naxavdnen, an daeSinebiaT isini, piriqiT, mTaSi asvlis siZneleebiT. mokled, maTi

racionaluri qceva iqneboda erTmaneTis darwmuneba, Tavis mxares umravlesobis

gadmosabireblad, sakuTari poziciis propaganda.

amisgan gansxvavebiT, is, vinc taqtikas gansazRvravs, anu irCevs gzas, romelic jgufs

ukve gansazRvrul mizanTan miiyvans, unda moqmedebdes ara darwmunebiT, aramed damtki-

cebis gziT. man unda daasabuTos Tavisi azri an ruqis moSveliebiT, an adgilobriv macxov-

rebelTagan miRebuli informaciiT, an sakuTari gamocdilebiT. man unda Tqvas `me vici”,

da ara `me minda”. sapirispirod, Tuki vinme uaryofs strategias, is ambobs `me ar momwons”,

an `me ar veTanxmebi”, xolo vinc taqtikas uaryofs, is ambobs `arasworia”, `mcdaria”.

da bolos, samarTliani Senatani saerTo saqmeSi miiRweva jgufSi solidaruli,

Tanaswori da urTierTpativiscemis damokidebulebebis damkvidrebiT. am

damokidebulebebis xarjze, Tuki Tavidan samarTlianobis principi dairRva, da

viRacam igrZno Tavi daCagrulad, SemdgomSi unda moxdes transformacia, jgufis

zarmaci an Tavxedi wevris Tavis adgilas dayeneba, da misi darwmuneba imaSi, rom misi

qceva arasworia da gasakicxia. transformacia da aRzrda aris is wesebi, romlebic am

SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs, `yoCaR” da `grcxvenodes” aris is Sefasebebi, romlebic am

diskuris relevanturia.

52

vinaidan aqtiur politikur da ekonomikur saqmianobas ar iyo miCveuli. am sferoebma

ki, gansakuTrebiT politikurma sferom, miizides sxva adamianebi, romlebic naklebad

ganicdidnen samoqalaqo Rirebulebebis (wesiereba, Rirseba) zewolas. politikurma

eTikam dajabna samoqalaqo eTika, xolo Zalaufleba da simdidre gaxda bevrad ufro

mniSvnelovani sazomi warmatebis, vidre wesiereba da Rirseba.

Sesabamisad iklo, da ara gaizarda sazogadoebrivma kapitalma da ndobam. amas

sxvadasxva sociologiuri gamokvlevebi adasturebs, magram es isedac Cans.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis dafinanseba saqarTveloSi ukve im periodSi iwyeba

(daaxl. 1994 w.), rodesac adre arsebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis socialuri

amboxebis talRam iklo, da ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi kapitali masobrivi

organizaciebis Sesaqmnelad. is enTuziastebi, romlebic qmnian samoqalaqo

organizaciebs, maleve rwmundebian, rom maTi Zalisxmeva masobrivi nebayoflobiTi

organizaciebis Seqmnisa Sedegis momtani ver iqneba. Sedegianad moqmedeben mxolod

isini, vinc advilad iwereba axal, samoqalaqo gagebiT araeTikur, magram politikuri

gagebiT efeqtur saqmianobaSi politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. axali seqtoris eTika

konfliqtSi modis Zveli sazogadoebis eTikasTa, rac mianiSnebs, rom Cvens mier

ganxiluli doneebidan arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da Zveli sazogadoebrioba

sxvadasxva doneebze aRmoCndebian. gzadagza am dapirispirebas gamoeyofa Sualeduri —

saeqsperto done, romelic met-naklebi stabilurobiT imkvidrebs adgils

profesiuli, codnaze orientirebuli viwro organizaciebis saxiT.

bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi arasamTavrobo seqtorma ganvlo ganviTarebis sruli

cikli — pirveli donidan meores gavliT mesame, politikur donemde, da daasrula es

cikli vardebis revoluciis mowyobiT. rogor icvleboda am periodSi mimarTeba

adgilobriv organizaciebsa da `globalur samoqalaqo sazogadoebas” Soris, romelic

saqarTveloSi am wlebSi metwilad iyo warmodgenili sorosis fondis, evraziis

fondis, sxva fondebis, amerikis ganviTarebis saagentos, euTos struqturebisa da sxva

samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saxiT?

sorosis fondis mier gasacemi grantebi 10 wlis win aucileblobiT ukavSirdeboda

Semdeg moTxovnebs grantis mimRebTa mimarT: maT ar unda aeRoT xelfasebi da

honorarebi grantis fulidan; maT ar unda gamoeyenebinaT grantis saxsrebi

politikuri saqminobisTvis; grantis mimRebi organizaciis masobrioba da saqmianobis

Sida demokratiuloba unda yofiliyo erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli,

romliTac fasdeboda grantis mimRebi.

ramdenime wlis praqtikam aCvena, rom es moTxovnebi masobrivad irRveoda im

gagebiT, rom vinc grantebs axorcielebda, imaT unda mieRoT anazRaureba, sxvanairad

seriozuli da kargi proeqtebi ver xorcieldeboda. TandaTan Camoyalibda `profe-

sionalTa” viwro wre, romlebic gaxdnen arasamTavrobo seqtoris `specialistebi”,

maT, sxva sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT kargad aiTvises bevri Teoriuli da praqtikuli

unar-Cveva, rac sWirdeba warmatebul arasamTavrobo saqmianobas. maTi organizaciebi

damkvidrda, magram masobrivi ar gaxda. am organizaciebis mier warmoebulma

profesiulma produqtma (publikaciebi, konferenciebi, iuridiuli konsultaciebi,

adamianTa uflebebis dacva, sociologiuri kvlevebis warmoeba) seriozuli adgili

daimkvidres sazogadoebaSi.

amdenad, am etapze Cven saqme gvaqvs codnaze dafuZnebul profesionalebTan,

romlebic sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan produqts

awarmoeben. es produqti aucilebelia nebismieri demokratiis funqcionirebisaTvis.

am periodSi sorosis fondi ukve uSvebs grantebis biujetSi saxelfaso saxsrebis

gaTvaliswinebas, da met grantebs iZleva saeqsperto, profesiuli momsaxurebis

73

Tu ara saqarTveloSi demokratia. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba

demokratia sxvadasxva Rirebulebrivi orientaciebis mqone eqspertebis mier, iqneba

aseve SesaZloa gansxvavebuli pasuxebi demokratiis arseboba-ararsebobis Taobaze da

misi SesaZlo ganviTarebis gzebis Sesaxeb. am donis midgomis erT-erTi tipuri

magaliTia reedom ouse, romelic iyenebs demokratiis garkveul instrumentalizire-

bul ganmartebas da zomavs demokratiis dones msoflios praqtikulad yvela qveya-

naSi. meore kargi magaliTia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

zogierTi avtoris TvalSi saqarTveloSi arsebobs da viTardeba, xolo sxva avtorTa

TvalsazrisiT, dakninebis procesSi imyofeba da praqtikulad ar arsebobs.

da bolos, mesame done — es aris politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis veli. aq,

am velSi, mTavar mniSvnelobas iZenen politikosebi, xolo diskursuli eTika

ZalauflebisTvis brZoliT aris nakarnaxevi. kiTxva imis Taobaze, aris Tu ara

saqarTveloSi demokratia aq SeiZens politizebul xasiaTs. es imas niSnavs, rom

xelisufleba aucileblobiT ilaparakebs demokratiis miRwevebze saqarTveloSi,

xolo opozicia — imaze, rom demokratia ar aris, da rom xelisufleba (an mmarTveli

elita) arRvevs demokratiis fuZemdeblur normebs. am diskursis eTika sufTa

manipulaciuri xdeba, xolo droiTi orientaciebi — metad mokle. anu, Tuki pirveli

diskursi ar svamda raime droiT orientirebs, da usasrulod SeiZleba gagrZele-

buliyo, meore ki, met-naklebad realisturobas cdilobda, mesame, politikuri

diskursi Cqarobs da rac SeiZleba male cdilobs Zalauflebis mopovebas. am eTikaSi

mTavaria gamarjveba, gamarjvebuls ar sjian, xolo Sedegi amarTlebs saSualebebs.

Sesabamisad, Cveni sakvanZo fraza — `saqarTveloSi aris (an ar aris) demokratia” sam

gansxvavebul diskursSi sam gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas iZens. erT SemTxvevaSi is

gamoxatavs moqalaqeobriv pozicias, meoreSi - saeqsperto Sefasebas, xolo mesameSi —

politikur propagandas.

problema, rogorc adre avRniSneT, rodesac am diskursebs vswavlobdiT, Cndeba

maSin, rodesac ar viciT, rasTana gvaqvs saqme. Tu diskursebi ar aris erTmaneTisgan

struqturulad diferencirebuli, sazogadoeba ver icavs sakuTri diskursis vels

politikuri manipulaciisgan. maSin mosalodnelia, rom keTili survili

moqalaqeobrivi urTierTobisa an akademiuri ganwyoba simarTlis Ziebisa gaxdes

msxverpli arakeTilsindisieri propagandisa, romelsac politikuri sarCuli eqneba.

diskursis warmoebis meTodis daucveloba daukargvas am diskurss WeSmarit arss da

mouspobs adamianebs ndobas mis mier warmoebuli Sedegebisadmi, da momavali

urTierTobisadmi. politizireba amcirebs ndobas moqalaqeTa Soris — im ndobas,

romelic qmnis socialur kapitals da safuZvelSi udevs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas.

sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo wlebSi CvenSi arsebobda is, rasac Tamamad

SeiZleba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saxeli ewodos, erTaderTi im sxvaobiT, rom is iyo

Crdilovani, saxelmwifosgan dafaruli da arasajaro. magram es iyo sazogadoeba adam

smitisa da sxva klasikosebis gagebiT, vinaidan masSi adamianebi umaRles Rirebu-

lebebad ixilavdnen wesierebas, sakuTari sindisis normebsa da Rirsebas. vinaidan

politikuri da ekonomikuri warmatebis miRwevis gzebi am sazogadoebis eTikis nor-

mebis CarCoebSi praqtikulad ar arsebobda, an iyo metad SezRuduli, am sazogadoebis

wevrTa mTeli cxovrebiseuli Zalisxmeva profesiuli da adamianuri standartebis

amaRlebaze iyo gadatanili. pirovnebis TviTrealizeba TviTsrulyofasac gulis-

xmobda.

am Crdilovanma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam perestroikis gziT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

TviTlikvidireba moaxdina. is gamovida quCebSi da CaerTo politikaSi Tavisuflebisa

da samarTlianobis moTxovniT, magram Zalian male isev pasiur arsebobas daubrunda,

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inglisuri terminologia rom aviTvisoT, SeiZleba iTqvas, am diskursebs

axasiaTebT sami gansxvavebuli agency — moqmedebis unari. demokratiuli diskusis agency

aris darwmuneba, liberaluris — damtkiceba, xolo respublikuris aRzrda.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, da yovelTvis gvaxsovdes, rasac vecdebi xSirad gaxsenebdeT

xolme, rom aq aRiwereba normatiulad `swori” suraTi. anu laparakia imaze, Tu rogor

unda iyos, da ara imaze, Tu ra xdeba xolme realobaSi. anu ar aris gamoricxuli, rom

jgufi waeCxubos erTmaneTs da daiSalos, rom saWmlis mzadebis valdebuleba

mamakacebma qalebs gadaulocon, rom urCi wevri jgufisa misgan gairicxos, rom

zedmetad Tavdajerebulma da liderobis mowyurebulma jgufis wevrma gamoacxados,

rom man icis swori gza da jgufs WaobSi amoayofinos Tavi, da a.S. da a.S. TiToeuli es

gadaxra idealuri suraTisgan arsebiTad diskursuli eTikis darRvevis xarjzea

SesaZlebeli. garda amisa, cxadia, jgufs SeiZleba Tavze daatydes sxva ubedurebebi,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, moulodnelad amovardnili qariSxali, rasac jgufis

eTikasTan kavSiri ara aqvs, da rac TavisTavad gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegoba SeiZleba

aRmoCndes. mokled, is, rasac Cven aq vixilavT, swori, anu sasurveli mowyobis

idealuri saxea, romelic CvenTvis Tanamedrove liberaluri demokratiebis

idealTanaa asocirebuli, romelic mogexsenebaT, jer erTi, SeiZleba ar iyos

erTaderTi SesaZlo ideali, xolo meore mxriv, is arasdros srulad ar xorcieldeba.

davubrundeT diskursebis bunebis garCevas. moqmedebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs am

diskursebs, ar xdeba TavisTavad. maT viRaca awarmoebs. is, vinc monawileobs ama Tu im

diskursSi, am diskursis CarCoebSi garkveul rols TamaSobs. diskursis CarCoebs miRma is

SeiZleba sxva rolSi gamovides, magaliTad, manqanis mZRolis rolSi an ojaxis wevris

rolSi, iyos zogadad pirovneba da a.S. magram am wuTs Cven gvainteresebs Semdegi kiTxva _

ra merqmeva me, Tuki am sami diskursidan erT-erTSi movindomeb monawileobis miRebas?

demokratiul diskursSi monawileobis miReba niSnavs mcdelobas, moipovo rac

SeiZleba meti momxre (moipovo umravlesoba) da daarwmuno adamianebi sakuTari

poziciis mimzidvelobaSi. gasagebia, rom amas akeTeben pirvel rigSi politikosebi da

am gziT isini politikur Zalauflebas moipoveben _ rogorc minimum im politikur

reJimebSi, sadac tardeba perioduli samarTliani arCevnebi saxelmwifo postebis

dasaufleblad. amdenad, demokratiuli diskursis ZiriTadi aqtori (moqmedi piri,

actor) aris politikosi. gamocdilebidan Cven viciT, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevri

arasdros gamodis am rolSi, aramed am socialur rols, rogorc wesi, adamianTa

mxolod garkveuli jgufebi asruleben. Tumca ki, Teoriulad, ar aris gamoricxuli,

rom ramdeni wevricaa jgufSi, imdeni gansxvavebuli azri dafiqsirdes, magram, rogorc

wesi, arCevani da alternativebi arc Tu imdenad bevria da male irkveva, rom sakmarisia

ramdenime alternativis dafiqsireba da maTi propagandireba.

liberaluri diskursis monawile aRWurvilia codniT da damtkicebis unariT. is

aris Tavisi saqmis eqsperti. is SeiZleba aseve iyos mosamarTle (garkveuli gagebiT,

kanonebis eqsperti). eqspertis mizania codna da mxolod codna. es codna kargadaa

asaxuli inglisur enaSi sityvaSi `policy”, _ termini, romelic politikisgan, `politics” —s

nacvlad aRniSnavs ara brZolas ZalauflebisTvis, aramed garkveuli strategiuli

kursis SemuSavebas da ganxorcielebas. policy moicavs saeqsperto kvlevas, gaanga-

riSebas, teqnikur codnas, finansur gaTvlasa da a.S.

eqspertebi SeiZleba muSaobdnen mTavrobaSi an warmoadgendnen samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebas. calke aRsaniSnavia mosamarTle, romelic ama Tu im qcevas afasebs misi Sesaba-

misobidan kanonTan _ rac pirvel rigSi codnis da ara moralis sakiTxia da arc umrav-

lesobis azris problema. ase, umravlesobas SeiZleba egonos, rom me var mkvleli da

rom danaSauli maqvs Cadenili, magram me vflobde codnas imis Taobaze, rom var udana-

53

Saulo da amis mtkicebuleba gamaCndes. maSin miukerZoebelma mosamarTlem unda gama-

marTlos, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki sazogadoeba mzad aris linCis wesiT gamiswordes.

maSin, roca liberaluri diskursis sagania codna, xolo aqtori _ eqsperti,

respublikuri diskursis aqtori vlindeba mis mimarTebaSi moralTan da

aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobis warmarTvasTan. aseTi aqtori miekuTveba sazogadoebis

normatiul elitas _ im adamianTa umciresobas, romlebic sazogadoebis TvalSi

gansakuTrebuli, amaRlebuli TvisebebiT gamoirCevian.

respublikuri diskursi yvelaze Zneli gasagebia, vinaidan naTeli ar aris, Tu

ranairad unda iyos yvela CarTuli moraluri sakiTxebis legitimaciaSi, miT umetes,

rom Cven vsaubrobT Tanamedrove liberalur demokratiebze, sadac morali da eTika

TavisTavad pluralizmis normebs eqvemdebareba.

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom respublikuri diskursisaTvis gadawyvetilebis

moraluroba _ es aris forma, da ara Sinaarsi. es diskursi ubralod moiTxovs, rom

yvela emxrobodes moralurobis princips, magram ar sazRvravs, Tu ra unda iyos am

Tanxmobis Sinaarsi. anu misTvis mniSvnelovania TviT laparaki moralze, da ara raime

konkretuli daskvna, romelic am laparakidan SeiZleba warmoiSvas.

respublikur diskurss awarmoeben sazogadoebrivi elitebi da awarmoeben

sazogadoebis iseT struqturebSi, rogorebicaa eklesia, universiteti, Teatri,

literatura da a.S. es diskursi Tavisi struqturiT sazRvravs sazogadoebis

msoflmxedvelobas, mis warmodgenebs samarTlianobaze, mis bazisur filosofiur

sawyisebs. Tavisi bunebiT is, rasakvirvelia, ufro prepolitikuria, vidre uSualod

politikuri, magram politikis sawyisebi swored masSi moipoveba.

respublikuri diskursis elitebi ver gadaudgebian sindisis karnaxs popu-

larobisa da umravlesobis TvalSi mowonebis gamo. amiT isini demokratiuli

elitebisagan gansxvavdebian. amave dros, isini ar arian ideologebi _ abstraqtuli

codnis mimdevrebi, visTvisac codna da kanoni ufro maRla dgas, vidre konkretuli

adamianebis warmodgenebi am codnasa da kanonze.

idealuria, rodesac samive am diskursis elitebi, codna da moqmedeba harmoniaSia

erTmaneTTan. anu politikosi imavdroulad Tavisi saqmis eqsperticaa da

imavdroulad zneobrivad amaRlebuli sazogadoebrivi moRvawe. yvela sazogadoebas

uxaria amgvari mowyoba, sadac xalxs arwmuneben codnaze apelirebiT sindisieri

adamianebi, romlebic samarTlianebic arian. magram, realurad es aris utopia,

romelic iseTive Zneli misaRwevia, rogorc komunizmi. amitom, kargad unda gvesmodes,

rom am sami diskursis sivrciT _ struqturuli diferenciacia aris maTi gamarTuli

funqcionirebis garantia. anu politikosma unda ixelmZRvanelos erTi eTikiT,

eqspertma _ meore eTikiT, xolo sazogadoebrivma moRvawem _ mesameTi. da aseve isini

fasdebian sxvadasxva kriteriumebiT da sxvadasxva parametrebs unda pasuxobdnen.

sivrciT struqturul diferenciacias Tan axlavs diskursebis diferenciacia

droSi. sivrcisa da drois mimarTebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT.

zodadad, dResdReobiT, socialuri mecnierebebi da politikuri Teoria erTgvarad

preniutoniseul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. anu sazogadoebrivi movlenebisa da

procesebis Seswavla ar eyrdnoba iseT cnebiT aparats, romelic mikro doneze kavSirs

daamyarebda socialuri struqturebis xasiaTsa da maTi gardaqmnisa da

funqcionirebis tempTan da droiT orientaciaTan. amgvari Teoriis yvelaze

TvalnaTlivi magaliTia parsonsis Teoria. parsonsiseuli funqcionaluri cvladebi

metad seriozuli Senatani iyo sivrcis, anu sazogadoebis siRrmiseuli kavSirebisa da

struqturebis saanalizod. magram es Teoria kritikis sagani gaxda swored imisTvis,

rom mxolod statikur suraTs iZleoda da ver ixilavda movlenebs maT dinamikaSi da am

54

sofiuri, inteleqtualuri, msoflmxedvelobiTi, Rirebulebrivi Tvalsawieridan. es

ufro akademiuri an moqalaqeobrivi msjelobaa, rodesac laparakia `maRal

materiebze”, samarTlianobis bazisur cnebebze, rodesac gadawyvetileba arasdros

aris sabolooo, aramed is aris mxolod etapi usasrulo jaWvSi msjelobisa, romelsac

axali da axali Taobebi uerTdeba. am doneze iseTi gamonaTqvami, rogoricaa

`saqarTveloSi aris demokratia”, an `saqarTveloSi ar aris demokratia” gamoxatavs

moqalaqeobriv SeSfoTebas garkveuli idealebis ganuxorcieleblobis gamo, an

piriqiT, sixaruls am idealebTan miaxloebis gamo. es msjeloba gulisxmobs imaze

msjelobasac, Tu ras warmoadgenen es idealebi, da imis Sefasebasac, Tu ramdenad

misaRebia arsebuli mdgomareoba.

amgvari, Cveni terminologiiT `respublikuri” donis msjeloba, rogorc viciT,

transformaciulia (interaqciuli). mis dros adamianebi cdiloben erTmaneTze

zegavlenis moxdenas da amave dros sakuTari Sexedulebebis daxvewas. am doneze iqmneba

sazogadoebrivi kontraqti — bazisuri samarTlianobis principebiT aRWurvili

erToba. misi mTavari principia monawileoba — anu, kontraqti dadebulia, Tuki yvela

aRiarebs erTobis arsebobas, romelSiac yvela Tanabaruflebamosilia ilaparakos

sxvebis winaSe da aRiarebs sxvebis monawileobis uflebas. am erTobis CamoyalibebaSi

monawileobs yvela — sazogadoebrioba farTo gagebiT; misi institutebia eklesia,

universiteti, Teatri, muzeumi da sxva. am doneze aravin rCeba mogebuli an wagebuli,

monawileoba am msjelobaSi TviTmizania, da Seesabameba adamianis Sinagan

moTxovnilebas.

cxadia, rom aq Cven ar moveliT imas, rom am diskusiiT iqneba miRweuli erTiani

Sexeduleba imaze Tu ras warmoadgens demokratia. Seiqmneba ubralod raRac

Rirebulebebis rigi, romlebic masTan arian asocirebuli.

gadavideT Semdeg doneze. davuSvaT, rom romelime mosaubreebi mtkiced

Camoyalibdnen sakuTar SexedulebebSi demokratiis Sesaxeb da aRar undaT am saubris

gagrZeleba (miuxedavad imisa, rom maT Soris aucileblad darCeba garkveuli, da,

SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi). Semdegi kiTxva, romelic maT SeiZleba gauCndeT, es

aris `rogor?” — rogor SeiZleba dasaxuli idealebis realizeba?

am etapze adamianebi ukve Camoyalibebuli SexedulebebiT (romlebic aucileblo-

biT mravalferovani iqneba) gadadian meore doneze da iwyeben konkretuli realizebis

gzebis Ziebas maTi Sexedulebebis realizebisTvis. maT SeiZleba mxari dauWiron

konkretul reformebs, institucionalur gardaqmnebs da policy-s romelic maTTvis

yvelaze mimzidvelia. aq ukve SeiZleba Cndebodes diskusia romelic codnaze iqneba

damyarebuli — viTarebis Sefaseba, strategiebis Seswavla da propagandireba, winada-

debebis da kanonproeqtiebis SemuSaveba. es kvalificiuri, saeqsperto msjelobis

arealia, romelSiac eqspertebi iCenen Tavs, da codna wamyvan rols TamaSobs.

mivaqcioT yuradReba, miuxedavad imisa, rom meore doneze codnaa wamyvani iaraRi,

Rirebulebrivad neitraluri es msjeloba ukve ar aris, vinaidan monawileebs pirveli

donidan ukve aqvT gamotanili sxvadasxvanairi orientaciebi. anu SeiZleba warmoiqmnas

memarjvene an memarcxene, konservatori an liberali eqspertebi, romlebic arsebiTad

gansxvavebul politikur strategiebs SeimuSaveben. ar arsebobs policy, romelic

pirveli donisadmi neitraluri iqneba. jansaRi meore done unda warmoqmnides

pluralistur strategiebs, pirveli donis dayofebis Sesabamisad. am doneze msjeloba

imis Sesaxeb aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi demokratia — Cvens konkretul magaliTs rom

davubrundeT — iqneba mowyobili Semdegnairad: jer iqneba SemuSavebuli opera-

cionalizebuli ganmarteba imisa, Tu ra aris demokratia, xolo Semdgom am

ganmartebisa da empiriuli faqtebis SedarebiT iqneba dadgenili (dasabuTebuli) aris

71

umaRlesi Rirebulebaa, da demokratia, rogorc politikuri Tanasworobis gansaxi-

ereba, imyofeba maT Rirebulebriv sistemaSi metad maRal doneze. postsabWoTa saqar-

Tvelos ara hyavs politikuri elitebi, gamoyofili samoqalaqo sazogadoebisgan,

aristokratiuli sazogadoebis msgavsad (tokviliseuli gagebiT). amdenad, Tuki

egalitaruli sazogadoeba ar marTavs TviTon, tikviliseuli gagebiT, vin unda

marTavdes mas? tokvilis pasuxi am kiTxvaze cnobilia — amgvar sazogadoebebs emuqreba

demokratiis tiraniuli forma, anu is, rasac Cven aq ufro araliberaluri

demokratiis saxeliT movixseniebT.

dabali wevroba arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi da politikur partiebSi,

sazogadoebis uunaroba marTos TviTon, unda ganvixiloT rogorc politikuri

sistemis sakmaod stabiluri da mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, romelic

ganapirobebs politikuri reJimis xasiaTs da sxva maCveneblebs (an, ufro

swored, maTTan uSualo kavSirSi imyofeba).

2. diskursuli eTikebi: gvaqvs Tu ara saqme sazogadoebriv moZraobasTan

wina ganxilvam SeiZleba Segviqmnas damaxinjebuli warmodgena saqarTveloSi

arsebul arasamTavrobo organizaciebze. kerZod, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom isini, jer

erTi, yvela erTnairia, da, meore, ganvlili drois ganmavlobaSi erTi da imave saxiT

arsebobda. arc erTi da arc meore mtkicebuleba ar iqneboda swori.

jer erTi, miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebisa, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

saqarTveloSi metad mravalferovania rogorc saqmianobis stiliT, aseve politikuri

msoflmxedvelobebiTac. garkveuli erTferovneba moCvenebiTia, da ganpirobebulia

didwilad imiTi, rom sajaro sivrceSi (ZiriTadad rusTavi-2-is mier formirebulSi)

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi warmoCindeba rogorc erTgvarad erTiani

konglomerati, romelsac hyavs radenime gamokveTili lideri organizacia (es

organizaciebi, rogorc wesi, yvelaze kargad finansdeba amasTan). sxva tipis

organizaciebi an ar Canan sajaro sivrceSi, an ar moiazreba `arasamTavrobo seqtoris”

saTauris qveS.

meorec, Tavisi saqmianobis tipiTa da mimarTulebiT arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicdidnen mniSvnelovan transformacias, romelic

ufro dawvrilebiT unda ganvixiloT. es transformacia gvaZlevs safuZvles

vivaraudoT, rom mocemuli seqtori ufro kargad aRiwereba sazogadoebrivi

moZraobebis Teoriis meSveobiT, vidre regularuli, stabilurad arsebuli

samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis terminebiT. am evolucias Cven aq aRvwerT siRrmiseulad,

im cnebiTi aparatis gamoyenebiT, romelic adre aviTviseT.

davubrindeT Cvens mier ganxilul sam diskursul eTikas. iyo naTqvami, rom

TiToeuli eTika gansazRvravs `politikuri” moqmedebis raRac tips. es `politikuri”

moqmedebebi xorcieldeba (prevalirebs) sazogadoebrivi struqturis sxvadasxva

doneebze, rasac sazogadoebis struqturuli diferenciacia uzrunvelyofs. kidev

erTxel davubrundeT maT daxasiaTebas.

davuSvaT, rom ramdenime pirovneba saubrobs demokratiaze saqarTveloSi. es

saubari sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba warimarTos. kiTxva — aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi

demokratia — sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeiZleba aRelvebdes da ainteresebdes mosaubreebs.

pirveli, da yvelaze siRrmiseuli done, romelzedac SeiZleba warimarTos

diskusia — es aris TviT demokratiis arsisa da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb msjeloba filo-

70

dinamikas TavisTavad ver ukavSirebs sivrciT maxasiaTeblebs.

demokratiuli, liberaluri da respublikuri diskursebis gansxvavebuli

sivrciTi eTika (gadawyvetilebis legitimacia umravlesobiT, yvelaTi, erTiT),

ukavSirdeba gansxvavebul droiT orientaciasac.

yvela, vinc monawileobs eTikuri da moraluri normebisa da warmodgenebis mudmiv

ganaxlebaSi, dacvaSi da uaryofaSi, verasdros ver midis erT garkveul saboloo

daskvnamde. es aris procesi, (forumi, rogorc mas jon elsteri uwodebs, hana arendtis

nawerebze, rogorc am forumis apologetikaze miTiTebiT). am process aqvs TavisTa-

vadi Rirebuleba, romelic gamoixateba monawileTa ideebis gacvlaSi, maT urTierT-

gavlenaSi, maTi komunikaciuri erTobis formirebaSi. yovel mocemul momentSi, Tuki

aviRebT sazogadoebis myisier Wrils (rogorc amas, magaliTad, arCevnebi akeTebs),

davinaxavT, rom sazogadoebaSi erTianoba da Tanxmoba ar aris. magram, ar aris gamoric-

xuli igive dayofebi veZioT am sazogadoebaSi garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg; TviT

dayofebi msjelobisa da urTierTobis procesSi Tavad ganicdian transformacias.

garda imisa, rom Tavisi struqturiT respublikuri diskursi ver aRwevs veranair

daskvnebs drois sasrul monakveTSi, is amgvar mizans arc isaxavs. misi miznebi,

miswrafebebi, ufro maradiulia, araamwuTieri, droSi ganfenili da sayovelTao. mas

ara aqvs orientacia droSi moZraobaze, mas miznas aqvs dasaxuli srulyofa.

ase, sul erTia, Tu sad wava zemoTxsenebuli jgufi da wava is sadme Tu ara, magram

Tuki es adamianebi erTad yofnas apireben, maT urTierTobas garkveuli normebisa da

eTikis, solidarobis gamomuSaveba da mudmivi ganaxleba sWirdeba.

liberaluri diskursi droSi SedarebiT miRwevad sazRvrebSi moqceul miznebzea

orientirebuli.

codnis dadgena sasruli aqtia. mecnierebaSi is mdgomareobs faqtebis moZiebaSi,

analizSi da logikur gansjebSi. samarTalaRsruleba mdgomareobs igiveSi _

danaSaulis dafiqsireba, moZieba, braldebulis dadgena da misi danaSaulis Sefardeba

werilobiT samarTalTan. politikaSi is mdgomareobs normis (kanonis, institutis)

damkvidrebaSi, rac gulisxmobs viTarebis Seswavlas, gaazrebas, miznebTan Sefardebas

da argumentirebas, Sedegebis garkveul gaangariSebas, institutis damkvidrebas

(reformis gatarebas) da sazogadoebrivi qcevis am institutTan SesabamisobaSi

moyvanas. yvelaferi es aris araerTjeradi procesi, magram arc Tu usasrulo.

pirvelisagan da meorisagan gansxvavebiT, demokratiuli diskursi yvelaze

moklevadian perspeqtivazea mimarTuli. misi mizania _ umravlesobis gamovlena. es

diskursi ar axdens monawileTa transformacias da arc qcevis normebs cvlis axali

institutebis damkvidrebiT (Tu Zvelebis uaryofiT). man SeiZleba ubralod Secvalos

warmodgenebi imaze, Tu ra aris yvelaze miRwevadi an sasurveli, SeakavSiros

maqsimaluri sargeblianoba minimalur drosTan. is mimarTulia Zalauflebis

miRwevaze maqsimalurad swrafad, raTa daiwyos moqmedeba, misi aqtorebi arian

politikosebi, romlebsac sWirdebaT Zalaufleba aq da axla, risTvisac isini

manipulireben sazogadoebrivi azriT momxreTa misaRebad.

da bolos, rogorc aRvniSneT, liberaluri diskursis aRwerisas, es diskursi

adgens sazogadoebriv ConCxs, mis institutebs _ im warmonaqmnebs, romlebic

garkveuli wesebisa da normebis mixedviT moqmedeben, rac gvaZlevs garkveul codnas

momavali movlenebis Sesaxeb. anu liberaluri diskursis Sedegad iqmneba institutebi,

demokratiuli diskursis Sedegad iqmneba reJimebi, xolo respublikuri diskursi

qmnis sazogadoebriv struqturas, romelic win uswrebs institutebsac da reJimebsac.

weRan Cven vaxseneT, rom es sami diskursi struqturulad unda iyos

diferencirebuli erTmaneTisagan, rom sxvanairad isini erTmaneTs xels SeuSlian.

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amave dros, Cven kargad gvesmis, rom Tuki politikosebi mxolod sazogadoebis

manipulirebiT iqnebian dakavebulni da maT ver movTxovT verc kompetenciasa da verc

patiosnebas, amgvari politika kargs verafers moitans. maS ra mimarTebaa am sam

diskurss Soris da rogori unda iyos is normatiulad?

arsebiTad, es bolo kiTxva Tanamedrove politikuri Teoriis sakvanZo sakiTxia.

sxvadasxva moazrovneebi masze gansxvavebul pasuxebs iZlevian. ase ratom unda

miiRebodes Tanamedrove konstituciebi umravlesobis xmebiT _ anu im politikuri

meqanizmebiT, romlebic Tanamedrove demokratias axasiaTebs? uzrunvelyofs Tu ara

amgvari meqanizmi liberaluri da respublikuri ganzomilebebis ganxorcielebas?

habermasisTvis konstitucia unda iyos respublikuri diskursis sagani, rogorc amas

franguli revolucia gulisxmobda, yvelas erTobis sagani. habermasi `deliberaciuli

demokratiis” models yvelas msjelobaze afuZnebs da ara politikosebisa an eqspertebis

msjelobaze. amisagan gansxvavebulia jon roulzis `sajaro gonis” idea. roulzi Tavisi

politikuri liberalizmis ideas sruliad `arapolitikur” xasiaTs aniWebs (Tuki

`politikurs” mxolod demokratiul diskursTan gavaigivebT). imave kiTxvaze _ Tu ras

unda daeyrdnos konstituciis sabaziso debulebebi, Tu ara demokratiul umravlesobas,

_ is, habermasisgan gansxvavebiT, ara respublikur, aramed liberalur pasuxs iZleva.

`sajaro goni”, misi gagebiT, aris ara yvelas msjelobis sagani, aramed mosamarTlis mier

ganxorcielebuli gansja. amerikis uzenaesi sasamarTlo unda iyos is organo, is

instituti, romelsac idealur variantSi SeuZlia maqsimalurad zustad gansajos

samarTlis is normebi, romlebic amerikis konstitucias Seefereba, xolo samarTlianobis

principebi, zogadad, es aris liberaluri racionaluri diskursis sagani da ara

respublikuri deliberaciis Sedegi.

postmodernuli azrovneba, zogadad, uaryofs rogorc liberaluri, aseve respub-

likuri proeqtebis SesaZleblobas, maT unars raime erTi, garkveuli da saboloo WeS-

mariteba warmoqmnan. am mxriv, rogorc habermasi, misi `Tanamedroveobis dausrule-

beli proeqtiT”, aseve roulzi, anaqronizms warmoadgenen. miSel fukosTvis libera-

luri diskursi ubralod Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis formaa, da mis ukan mxolod

dominaciis disciplinaruli urTierTobebia damaluli. demokratiuli diskursi,

rogorc Cans, aris is, rac wina planze iwevs dasavleTSi postmodernul epoqaSi, rac

dasavleTis liberaluri demokratiebis problematikas aaxlovebs araliberaluri

aradasavluri demokratiebis problemasTan, razedac kidev gveqneba saubari.

postTanamedroveobas axasiaTebs legitimaciis sawyisebis transformacia, maTi

gadatana sul ufro demokratiuli diskursis velSi, anu, rogorc amas butros butros

gali ayalibebs, “For the past two centuries, it was law that provided the source of authority for democracy. Today, law seems to be replaced by opinion as the source of authority, and the media serve as the arbiters of public opinion”1 (Boutros Boutros Ghali, Opinion –the New Authority, in: Media & Democracy, ed. by E.E.Dennis, R.W.Snyder, Transaction Publishers). swored am

transformaciasa da mediis rols masSi ixilavs habermasi, romelsac Cven Semdeg

leqciaSi ganvixilavT.

literatura:


1 `demokratiuli mmarTvelobis wyaros bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda kanoni. dRes-

dReobiT misi adgili rogorc Cans daikava Sexedulebam, xolo media TamaSobs arbitris rols

sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaSi”.

56

sivrcidan da sityvis prioritetuli Tavisuflebis damkvidreba mxolod maTTvis, vinc

mas upirobod emxroba. anu strategiulad momgebiania misi damkvidreba dominanturi

ideologiis saxiT, sajaro sivrcis Sesabamisi monopolizebiT. am dominanturi

ideologiis rols am SemTxvevaSi TamaSobs neoliberaluri doqtrina, romlis

mixedviTac sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba avtomaturad iwvevs kargi donis presis

Seqmnasa da media - auditoriis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas. xdeba sakiTxis mkveTri

ideologizireba, rac iwvevs Sesabamisi jgufis gadasrolas samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebidan politikur sazogadoebaSi, xolo inkluziuri sazogadoebrivi diskursis

nacvlad - eqskluziuri politikuri Zalauflebis miznad dasaxvas. imas, Tu ratom

xdeba, rom es logika efeqturad moqmedebs postsabWoTa sivrceSi, Cven dabla

davubrundebiT.

Tuki neoliberaluri, ideologiuri (politikuri, demokratiuli) eTika

sazogadoebaSi sWarbobs, xolo liberaluri da respublikuri komponentebi sustia,

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formaluri organizaciuli struqturebi (institutebi) am

konteqstis Sesabamisad ganicdian racionalur araformalur transformacias. maTi

Riaoba ver ganxorcieldeba im saxiT, rogoradac igi navaraudevia. inkluziuri,

samoqalaqo xasiaTis nacvlad isini iZenen politikur, eqskluziur xasiaTs.

erTaderTi, rac ucvleli rCeba, aris is terminologia da warmodgenebi, romelic

Tavidanve edo safuZvlad maT Camoyalibebas, da romelic am transformirebul

konteqstSi "yalb cnobierebad" iqceva. es aris warmodgena, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs

realobas, da kvlavidneburad uwodebs am organizaciebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

institutebs, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon demokratiis damkvidrebas. isini marTlac

uwyoben xels "demokratizacias", magram es sxva tipis, "avangardistuli", "ideolo-

giuri" demokratiaa (liberaluri demokratiis sapirispirod), iseve rogorc TviT es

institutebi ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, aramed sazogadoebis "avangardis"

institutebs warmoadgenen saboloo jamSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq naxsenebi socialuri

konteqsti ar unda gavigoT rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebis kulturulad

ganpirobebuli raime Tavisebureba, aramed rogorc qveynis istoriuli warsulisa da

ekonomikuri da globalisturi viTarebebis erToblioba, romelic sxva postsabWoTa

respublikebSic iCens Tavs.

uaRresad dabali maCveneblebi arasamaTavrobo organizaciebSi gawevrianebis,

romelbic damaxasiaTebelia posttotalitaruli qveynebisTvis, (Marc Morjй Howard The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe. Cambridge University Press; 2003) aris

maTi saerTo maCvenebeli. aTas sul moqalaqeze posttotalitarul demokratiebSi

(aRmosavleTi evropa, baltiispira qveynebi), modis gacilebiT naklebi raodenobis

adamiani, romelic gawevrianebulia arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi Tu politikur

partiebSi, vidre es xdeba ara marto Zvel demokratiebSi, aramed postavtoritarul

qveynebSic ki.

postsabWoTa ganviTarebis wlebma aCvenes, rom tokviliseuli gamowveva Cvennairi

qveynebisTvis gadaulaxavi aRmoCnda. miuxedvad uaRresad bevri mcdelobebisa da

axali da axali wamowyebebisa, romlebic miznad sazogadoebis gaaqtirurebas da mis

mier mmarTvelobaze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas isaxavda miznad, araferi gamovida.

qarTuli sazogadoeba awarmoebs opoziciur diskurss, akritikebs mTavrobas da,

uaRresi gamwvavebis SemTxvevaSi, gamodis quCaSi mTavrobis Camosagdebad. magram

revoluciebsa da arCevnebs Soris is ar aqtiurobs, da axdens mTeli mmarTvelobiTi

pasuxismgeblobis delegirebas xelisuflebaze (gaixseneT delegirebuli demokratiis

cneba). amave dros qarTuli sazogadoeba (da mTlianad postsabWoTa sazogadoebebi)

uaRresad egalitarulia, da, tokvilis gagebiT, demokratiuli. Tanasworoba maTTvis

69

fondebisgan da ucxouri mTavrobebisgan, arcTu bevri darCeba dRes arsebuli

mravalferovnebisgan.

b. arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi momuSave pirTa xelfasi (anazRaureba,

honorarebi) bevrad aRemateba qveynis moqalaqeTa saSualo Semosavals.

c. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis personali umetes SemTxvevebSi warmoadgens

profesiul, energiul da prodasavlur axalgazrdobas, romelsac SeiZleba `qarTuli

iapebis” socialuri fena vuwodoT. amdenad, am organizaciebSi gawevrianebulebi arian

ara saSualo, reprezentatuli moqalaqeebi, aramed sazogadoebis garkveuli

elitaruli fena, romelic xSirad Tavs "axal inteleqtualebad" da sazogadoebis

avangardad iazrebs.

d. zRvari arasamTavrobo organizaciasa da politikur organizacias Soris

didwilad waSlilia. saxezea rogorc brZola ama Tu im politikuri iniciati-

vebisaTvis, politikuri agitaciiT saarCevno periodebSi, aramed pirovnebaTa uSualo

monawileoba politikaSi, brZola ZalauflebisaTvis.

aSkaraa, rom saxezea institutebis arainkluziuri, eqskluziuri transformacia,

romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis am organizaciebis Ria sazogadoebis institutad

gadaqcevis gegmasTan. amdenad, Tu gamoviyenebT olsonis midgomas, SesaZloa

vivaraudod, rom mizezi, romlis gamoc am formalurma organizaciebma amgvari

transformacia ganicades, mdgomareobs maTi wevrebis racionaluri motivaciebis

bunebaSi da im miznebis xasiaTSi, romlebsac es wevrebi isaxaven.

qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis viwro-jgufuri, eqskluziuri bunebis

asaxsnelad SesaZloa wamovayenoT ori hipoTeza - erTi, ekonomikuri, ufro aSkaraa,

xolo meore, politikuri, met gansja-analizs moiTxovs.

ekonomikuri mizezis hipoTeza SesabamisobaSia sabazro meqanizmebis analizTan da

gulisxmobs, rom arsebuli organizaciebi warmoadgenen ekonomikis axal segments,

romelic funqcionirebs jamobrivad SezRuduli ekonomikuri bazris aTvisebaze

(saerTaSoriso fondebis grantebi), da amdenad, racionalurad miiswrafvis stra-

tegiuli moqmedebisken eqskluziuri miznebis misaRwevad. anu is, rom dafinansebis

wyaroebs Seadgenen saerTaSoriso fondebis jamobrivad SezRuduli resursebi da ara

sazogadoebis Teoriulad SeuzRudavi nebayoflobiTi Semowirulobebi, ayalibebs

seqtoris saxes da saqmianobis elfers.

meore hipoTeza garkveulwilad pirvelTanaa kavSirSi. Tavisi arsiT igi efuZneba

sxvaobas ideologiur (partikularistul) da samarTlebriv (universalistur)

legitimaciebs Soris. (adre Cvens mier gamoyenebul sam diskursul eTikas Tu

gavixsenebT, aq erTmaneTs upirispirdeba demokratiuli diskursis eTika da

liberalur-respublikuri diskursebis eTikebi. pirveli qmnis brZolas

ZalauflebisTvis, romelic aris eqskluziuri resursi, xolo danarCeni ori —

horizontalur urTierTobebs, romlebic inkluziurobas ganapirobeben).

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT jgufi, romelic iswrafvis sityvis Tavisuflebis

dacvas. sityvis Tavisufleba aSkarad inkluziuri faseulobaa, romelic wesiT Ria da

masobriv koleqtiur qmedebas gulisxmobs. Tumca ki nebismier sazogadoebaSi

arseboben adamianebi, romlebic emxrobian sityvis Tavisuflebis garkveul SezRudvas

eTikuri da sxva mosazrebebidan gamomdinare. mokled, maT, mediis Tavisuflebis garda

(da, SesaZloa, ufro metadac), aRelvebT im produqtis xarisxi, romelic iqmneba mediis

sivrceSi. sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis diskursiuli logika moiTxovs maT Tanabar

monawileobas sakiTxis ganxilvasa da Sesabamisi normebis institucionalizebaSi;

sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis ideologiuri (politikuri, demokratiuli) logika

gulisxmobs, rom politikurad ufro efeqturia amgvari adamianebis gariyva sajaro

68

leqcia 8

habermasi: sajaro sivrcis struqturuli transformacia

Tanamedroveobis yvelaze gavleniani filosofosis, iurgen habermasis adreuli

naSromi `sajaro sivrcis (sferos) struqturuli transformacia~ gamoqveynda 1962

wels germanul enaze, da miuxedavad misi gavlenianobisa germanul Teoriul

diskursSi, inglisurad iTargmena SedarebiT gvian, 1989 wels. es naSromi, romelic

sajaro diskursebs swavlobs (public discources) win uswrebs `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis”

cnebis aqtualizebas da reabilitacias XX saukunis bolo wlebSi da bevr disciplinasa

da codnis sferos aerTianebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Seswavlis sfero

interdisciplinarulia, da masSi Rrmad garkveva moiTxovs safuZvlian codnas

rogorc minimum ramdenime gansxvavebul sferoSi, misi meTodi avtoris mier

ganisazRvreba rogorc istoriuli da sociologiuri. avtori iyenebs istoriul

meTods, romliTac is Seiswavlis socialuri struqturebis transformacias bolo

saukuneebis inglisSi, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi. garda socialuri struqturebisa, is

aseve istoriul perspeqtivaSi ganixilavs Teoriul refleqsiebs am struqturebis

Sesaxeb - kantidan jon stiuart milamde.

habermasi, frankfurtis neomarqsisruli skolis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili

warmomadgeneli, Tavis analizSi garkveulwilad aerTianebs empiriul kvlevas da

ideologiur kritikas, normatiul Sefasebebs da faqtobriv msjelobebs, is swavlobs

erTdroulad realur istoriasac da normatiul idealebs. mkiTxveli yuradRebiT

unda iyos im mxriv, rom, Tavad avtoris aRiarebiT, man xSirad ver ganasxvava idealuri

(idealizebuli) modeli burJuaziuli (liberaluri) sajaro sivrcisa da misi realuri

istoriuli sawyisebi (empiriuli formebi).

misi interesis sagani pirvel rigSi demokratia, demokratiis Teoriaa. `me kvlavac

vaRiareb im midgomas, romelic safuZvlad daedo am kvlevas`— ambobs habermasi 1989

wels — `masobrivi demokratiebi, romlebic Camoyalibda sayovelTao keTildReobis

saxelmwifoebis formiT, . . . mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba acxadebdes pretenzias

rom emyareba liberaluri konstituciuri saxelmwifos principebis aRiarebas, Tuki is

seriozulad cdilobs icxovros im standartebis mixedviT, romlebsac qmnis sajaro

sivrce, romelic asrulebs politikur funqciebs~ (gv. 441, Habermas and the Public Sphere, MIT Press, 1992). mas ainteresebda, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom `sazogadoebam. . .

Seqmnas sajaro komunikaciis kritikuli procesi im organizaciebis meSveobiT,

romlebic mis mediacias ewevian~ (ST, p.332 — iqve). kritika, romelic naSromma Riad

datova, da romelsac, SeiZleba iTqvas, mieZRvna habermasis mTeli momdevno saqmianoba,

mdgomareobs SemdegSi: `konkretuli interesebis gadauWreli mravalferovneba . . .

badebs eWvs, rom SeuZlebeli iyos warmoiqmnas iseTi zogadi interesi, romelsac

sazogadoebrivma azrma SeiZleba mimarTos rogorc kriteriums (ST, 234).

`burJuaziuli sajaro sivrce~, romelsac swavlobs naSromi, aris istoriuli,

socialuri, da amave dros, normatiuli warmonaqmni (kategoria). is ganixileba rogorc

mocemuli epoqisTvis da adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kategoria, evropuli Sua

saukuneebis istoriidan warmoqmnili unikaluri movlena. am mxriv igi istoriuli

kategoriaa.

termini, romelsac Cven aq viyenebT, `sajaro sivrce~ (sfero) moiTxovs garkveul

ganmartebas. `Public~ SeiZleba niSnavdes sajarosac da sazogadoebrivsac. am terminis

gamoyeneba am or cnebas Soris garkveuli tolobis niSans svams, gansakuTrebiT mis

57

opoziciaSi `Private`-Tan, anu kerZosTan. sajarosa da sazogadoebrivis gaigiveba aris,

albaT, is mTavari, rac demokratiis habermasiseul normatiul gagebas yvelaze metad

axasiaTebs, da mas hana arendtiseul respublikur xasiaTs aniWebs. universaluroba,

romelic namdvilad sazogadoebrivs axasiaTebs, Cndeba mxolod Tanaswori

deliberaciis idealur diskursSi, sadac yvela Tanabrad uflebamosilia

samonawileod. Tanamedrove demokratiebis problemas, romelsac is mocemuli

naSromis boloSi ayalibebs, warmoadgens Semdegi kiTxva: uzrunvelyofs ki

Tanamedrove media amgvari monawileobisTvis Sesaferis sivrces. 1989 wels habermasi

ayalibebs am kiTxvas Semdegnairad: `ramdenad, da ra donemde, masmediis mier

dominirebuli sajaro sivrce uqmnis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebs realistur

SesaZleblobas, raTa maT, mediis ZaliT aRWurvil politikur da ekonomikur

interesebTan brZolaSi (konkurenciaSi), moaxerxon im Rirebulebebis, sakiTxebisa da

msjelobebis speqtris Secvla, romlebsac gare zegavlenis Sedegad Rebuloben,

miudgnen maT inovaciurad da ganixilon kritikulad~. (gv. 455, Habermas and Public Sphere).

magram davubrundeT istorias, da sajaro sivrcisa da TviT sajaroobis cnebis

warmoSobas, masTan ki sazogadoebrivi azris cnebis formirebas. gansxvavebiT

`samoqalaqo sazogadoebis~ cnebisgan, romelic Zveli droidan momdinareobs, es axali

movlena mxolod Tanamedroveobas ukavSirdeba da swored maSin Cndeba, rodesac xdeba

saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis daSoriSoreba, anu Tanamedrove tipis samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis formireba.

Tanamedrove saxelmwifos formireba es aris is procesi, rodesac xdeba kerZos da

sazogadoebrivis erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba, rasac adgili ar hqonda feodalur

xanaSi, rodesac saxelmwifos mflobeloba imavdroulad mmarTvelis sakuTrebas

utoldeboda. sazogadoebrivi, public, xdeba imavdroulad saxelmwifos ekvivalenti,

xolo mis gareT yvelaferi, kerZo sferos ayalibebs. imavdroulad am kerZo sferodan

formirdeba `burJuaziuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~ - sajaro sivrce, formirebuli

kerZo adamianTa mier, romelic TandaTan ikavebs adgils im sajaro sivrcisa, romelsac

manamde aristokratia da samefo kari qmnidnen.

kapitalisturi ganviTarebisa da socialuri da ekonomikuri transformaciis am

adreul stadiebze, iwyebs ganviTarebas presa (meCvidmete saukune). informacia,

romelic qveyndeba am JurnalebSi, mimarTulia `publikaze~ da moicavs savaWro da

ekonomikur axal ambebs, sareklamo Setyobinebebs da xelisuflebis dadgenilebebs da

axal ambebs, romlebic mimarTulia savaWro kapitalizmis regulirebaze. TandaTan,

instrumentidan, romelic Svelis saxelmwifo administracias mmarTvelobis

ganxorcielebaSi, is gadaiqceva sazogadoebis sakuTriv institutad, presad,

romelsac sazogadoeba sul ufro iyenebs `gonis sajaro gamoynebis~ mizniT da

kritikuli refleqsiisTvis. kritikuli ganazrebebis Semcveli presa iwyebs

ganviTarebas meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi. es kritikuli ganxilvebi im periodSi

SezRudulia, da ufro ganmanaTleblur xasiaTs unda atarebdes. subieqturi

Sexedulebebi idevneba cenzuris mier da ar ganixileba gansajaroebis Rirsad

(prusiaSi). amave dros safrangeTSi da did britaneTSi ukve safangeTis revoluciamde

ramdenime wliT adre akrZaluli Sexedulebebi iwodeba `sazogadoebriv~ Sexedulebad

da sajaro sivrce ixileba rogorc `forumi, romelzedac kerZo adamianebi

erTiandebian sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad, da mzad arian aiZulon xelisufleba

moaxdinon sakuTari Tavis legitimacia sazogadoebis TvalSi~ (gv. 25-26).

meCvidmete saukunis bolos da meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi sityva `public”

(publika, sazogadoeba), Semodis xmarebaSi da Cndeba `sazogadoebrivi azris” cneba.

`burJuaziuli sajaro sivrce pirvel rigSi unda iyos gagebuli rogorc sfero,

58

mimarTaven Sida urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad.

olsonis dakvirveba naTlad warmoaCens modernizaciis gidensiseuli xedvis

zedapirulobas. gidensis Teoriis mixedviT, modernizacia warmoadgens

sazogadoebrivi institutebis disembeding-isa da re-embeding-is process, sadac

instituti, Tavdapirvelad warmoqnili dasavleTis socialur konteqstSi, iolad

ikidebs fexs sxva socialur konteqstSi ndobis meqanizmebis meSveobiT (iddens,

nthony. 1990. The Consequences of odernity. Cornwall). saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis mSeneblobis aracalsaxa praqtika am midgomis problemurobis erT-erTi

ilustraciaa.

(ganmarteba: TviT es termini — `ndoba” — romelic kiTxvas ar iwvevs maSin, rodesac

Cveulebriv saubarSi gamoiyeneba, SeiZleba asaxavdes struqturulad metad

gansxvavebul movlenebsa da filosofiebs, da Sesabamisad movlenebis ganviTarebis

gansxvavebul perspeqtivebs. ase, politikuri partiis ndoba bunebrivad SezRudulia

im adamianTa wriT, vinc mis ideologias an interesebs iziarebs, xolo meterologiuri

biuros ndoba SezRudulia mxolod misi unariT sworad iwinaswarmetyvelos amindi.

ndobis es ori "idealuri tipi" Seesabameba Cvens mier dafiqsirebul sxvadasxva

diskursul eTikebs. biuro sakuTari Tavisadmi ndobas iZens `damtkicebiT”, xolo

politikuri partia — `darwmunebiT”. socialur elitad aseve SeuZlia moipovos ndoba

qcevis maRali standartebis demonstrirebiT (respublikuri elita) rac ndobis kidev

erT, mesame tips warmoadgens. ndobis saxeobaTa specifikas aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi

seligmani).

postsabWour sivrceze samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis proeqti dasawyisSi

yvelaze ukeT iyo warmodgenili sorosis fondis iniciativebiTa da grantebis

struqturiT. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis sorosiseuli proeqti iyo wminda

institucionaluri, anu mimarTuli garkveuli institutebis mxardaWeraze da

waxalisebaze. es institutebi Tavidan iyo masobrivi nebayoflobiTi organizaciebi,

romelTa meSeveobiT maTi wevrebi, garda ZiriTadi ekonomikuri saqmianobisa,

(romelsac isini sadRac sxvagan gaswevdnen), miiRebdnen monawileobas sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi. anu, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struqtura (institutebi), analogiurad

politikuri sistemis struqturisa (institutebisa), unda yofiliyo Seqmnili

dasavluri praqtikis "copy-pasting"-is gziT, an, sxva sityvebiT, disembeding-

reembeding-is meSveobiT. am struqturaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda axladqmnadi

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis masobriobas, Riaobas ("Ria sazogadoebis” mSenebloba),

arapolitizebulobas da moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiT monawileobas. mSenebare

organizaciebi, iseve rogorc Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi damoukidebeli media,

unda gamxdariyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ConCxi.

dRes sakmarisi droa gasuli rom vimsjeloT am gegmis warmateba-warumateblobaze

da mis Sedegad gaCenili institutebis Sesabamisobaze Tavdapirvel gegmasTan.

dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom saxezea mTeli rigi formaluri maxasiaTebeli, romlebic

axali institutebis Taviseburebaze metyveleben. esenia:

a. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi arian metad viwro jgufebi; maTi wevrebis

raodenoba xSir SemTxvevaSi ramdenime adamians ar aRemateba; arasamTavrobo

organizaciebSi mosaxleobis 3-4 procenti Tu aris gawevrianebuli (es xdeba ara marTo

saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel postsabWour sivrceze) TiToeuli organizacia, rogorc

wesi, warmoadgens funqcionerTa mcirericxovan jgufs, romlis TiToeuli wevri

mimarTulia sakuTari muSaobisTvis anazRaurebis miRebaze (xelfasi an honorari).

isini praqtikulad ver izidaven sawevroebs, Semowirulobebs da nebayoflobiT

daxmarebas mosaxleobisgan. Tu erT mSvenier dRes Sewyda dafinanseba saerTaSoriso

67

leqciebi 9 -10

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi

wina leqciebze Cven ganvasxvaveT sami diskursuli eTika da, agreTve, vilaparakeT

imaze, rom arsebobs ori sapirispiro midgoma samoqalqo sazogadoebis cnebis

gaazrebisadmi — tradiciuli da kritikuli. am ori Tvalsawieridan Cven ganvixilavT

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sazogadoebas da vecdebiT vupasuxoT kiTxvebze — Tu

ramdenad arsebobs saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da Tu arsebobs, rogori.

1. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi: samoqalaqo Tu ara

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas pirvel rigSi daviwyebT

arasamTavrobo organizaciebiT da vecdebiT vupasuxoT kiTxvas — ras warmoadgenen

isini saqarTveloSi da miekuTvnebian Tu ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebas?

pirvel rigSi unda xazi gavusvaT imas, rom saqarTveloSi (da mTlianad,

postsabWoTa sivrceSi) Camoyalibebul arasamTavrobo organizaciebs aqvT erTi

maxasiaTebeli — isini ar arian masiurebi. es maTi Tviseba Tvisebrivia, da ara ubralod

raodenobrivi. masiuri da viwro jgufebis erTmaneTisgan gansasxvaveblad

gamoviyenebT mankur olsonis mier SemoTavazebul cnebebs. SegaxsenebT, rom mankur

olsonis midgoma wminda ekonomikuria (Tavisi meTodologiiT) da iyenebs racionaluri

arCevanis Teorias.

mankur olsonis klasikur naSromSi "koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika" (M. Olson. 1971, The Logic of Collective Action. Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Harvard Economic Studies, v. CXXIV, Harvard University Press) gamoyenebulia jgufebis Semdegi taqsonomia.

erTi da imave ekonomikuri subieqtebisgan Semdgari organizebuli jgufi SesaZloa

warmoadgendes inkluziur an eqskluziur jgufs imisda mixedviT, Tu ra tipis

koleqtiuri sargeblis miRwevas isaxavs igi miznad. ase magaliTad, jgufi, romelic

miznad isaxavs sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis lobirebas (magaliTad, gadasaxadebis

Semcirebas) aris inkluziuri - is dainteresebulia rac SeiZleba meti monawilis

CarTviT, magram amave dros ar aris damokidebuli dainteresebul pirTa asprocentian

monawileobaze da monawileTa Soris strategiuli interaqciis warmarTvaze. amisgan

gansxvavebiT, ekonomikur aqtorTa jgufi, romelic iswrafvis bazarze maRali fasis

dawesebas, miaRwevs mizans mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki masSi CarTuli iqneba bazarze

momuSave yvela monawile; SeTanxmebaSi erTi monawilis aryofnac ki gamoricxavs

SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobas; jgufis yvela wevri dainteresebulia bazridan rac

SeiZleba meti moTamaSis gandevniT, jgufi cdilobs iyos rac SeiZleba viwro da mis

wevrebs Soris mudmivad mimdinareobs rTuli strategiuli garigebebi, vaWroba da

erTmaneTisadmi undoblobiT ganpirobebuli strategiuli TamaSebi. koleqtiuri

sargebeli, romelsac aRwevs jgufi, eqskluziuri xasiaTisaa.

amgvarad, formalurad erTnairad organizebuli jgufebi (SesaZloa, erTi da imave

organizaciis wevrebi) sinamdvileSi gansxvavebulad funqcionireben, da es gansxvaveba

aris konteqstualuri, gamomdinare im mniSvnelobidan, romelsac jgufis wevrebi

aqsoven jgufis saqmianobaSi. erT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs Ria, masobriv, inkluziur

monawileobasTan da ndobis maRal maCveneblebTan, meore SemTxvevaSi ki, eqskluziur,

daxurul warmonaqmnebTan, romlebic did energias xarjaven da specialur zomebs

66

sadac kerZo adamianebi erTiandebian sazogadoebaSi (sazogadoebriobaSi). male maT

moiTxoves iseTi sajaro sivrce, romelic iqneboda regulirebadi qvemodan xelisuf-

lebis sapirispirod, raTa ekamaTaT im zogad wesebze, romlebic aregulirebda

urTierTobebs metwilad privatizebul magram sajaro mniSvnelobis mqone sferoebSi,

rogorebicaa faseulobaTa mimocvla da sazogadoebrivi Sroma. am politikuri

konkurenciis mediumi iyo unikaluri da istoriulad uprecedento: xalxis mier

sajaro gansjis gza (people’s public use of their reason)” (gv. 27.)

am sivrceSi wodebebi ar ibrZvian saxelmwifo Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli

gadanawilebisTvis; isini sxva tipis Zalauflebas eswrafvian, romelic ar gulisxmobs

mmarTvelobaSi monawileobas. Tavis ganviTarebaSi da kritikuli azrovnebis praqtikis

ganxorcielebaSi is TandaTan iSorebs xelisuflebis kontrols sakuTar funqcio-

nirebaze, da, imavdroulad Tavad iyofa da or qvesferos warmoSobs: politikur

sakiTxebze kritikuli msjelobis paralelurad viTardeba sajaro sivrcis

apolitikuri formac - literaturuli sajaro sivrce; am sivrceSi subieqturi kerZo

pirebi iazrebdnen sakuTar Tavs sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi.

literaturuli sajaro sivrce Camoyalibda rogorc qalaqis sivrce, romlis

institutebi yavis saxlebi (kafeebi), salonebi da sxva sazogadoebebia. am sazogadoebam

xidi gado axal samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da uwindel, warmaval, aristokratiul

sazogadoebas (`sveti`) Soris.

amdenad, meTvramete saukuneSi yalibdeba Semdegi socialuri struqtura kerZo

sferosa da saxlemwifos Soris: politikuri sajaro sivrce da literaturuli sajaro

sivrce. erTic da meorec yalibdeba `qalaqSi~ rogorc saerTo ekonomikisa da

komunikaciis sivrceSi.

am sajaro sivrcis institutebi - kafeebi, salonebi, klubebi da a.S. yvela qmnian

mudmiv sadiskusio sivrces, romelic aris: 1. neitraluri statusuri sxvaobebis

mimarT (ar iRebs mxedvelobaSi wodebriv sxvaobebs); 2. ixilavs iseT sferoebsac,

romlebic manamde kritikuli ganxilvis sagani ar xdeboda; 3. sazogadoebas

inkluziurobis ganzomilebas aniWebs.

cxadia, es maxasiaTeblebi unda ufro ganvixiloT rogorc normatiuli siaxleebi

wina periodTan SedarebiT, vidre rogorc srulad realizebuli empirika. samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba, romelic am sferos Seadgens metad viwroa mTlianad mosaxleobasTan

SedarebiT; is ufro maRali statusuri mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeba; is mokled, ar aris

mTeli sazogadoeba, aramed misi elita. rac icvleba, da rac aris xazgasasmeli aq, es

aris am elitis formirebis eTika da sawyisebi. es eTika axalia, is individualisturia,

da is inkluziuria. inkluziuria ara yvela parametriT (debili da qurdi ar aris

Tanabrad mowonebuli am sivrceSi), aramed pirovnul Tvisebebze orientaciiT,

pirovnul qarizmaze, wesierebaze da inteleqtze aqcentis gadataniT - gansxvavebiT

wodebisa, Zalauflebisa da simdidrisa, rac eqskluziur maxasiaTeblebs Seadgens.

habermasi, aRwers ra am sivrcis struqturas, interesebs da komunikaciis wesebs,

gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs iseTi publikaciebis warmoqmnas, rogorebicaa

yovelkvireuli moralisturi Jurnalebi, an is, rasac SeiZleba `perioduli

esseistika~ ewodos. es Jurnalebi mWidrod iyo gadabmuli kafeebis diskursebTan da

Tavad xdeboda kafeebSi ganxilvis sagani. `am gamocemebSi sazogadoeba sakuTar Tavs

sarkeSi uyurebda~ (gv.43). amgvari gamocemebi yuradRebas manerebsa da moralze

amaxvilebdnen. `[tatleri] mimarTuli iyo tolerantobis gavrcelebaze, samoqalaqo

moralis gaTavisuflebaze moraluri Teologiisgan, da akademiuri filosofiisgan

praqtikuri sibrZnis dacvaze. sazogadoeba, romelic kiTxulobda da kamaTobda amgvar

sakiTxebze, kiTxulobda da kamaTobda sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb~ (gv.43).

59

magram davubrundeT politikur sajaro sivrces. ra tipis debatebi Cndeba masSi? es

debatebi imTaviTve mimarTulia ara mmarTvelobaze (Zveli berZnebisa da romaelebis

sajaro debatebisgan gansxvavebiT), aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoebis regulirebaze.

xelisuflebis mimarT maTi monawileebi gamodian rogorc kerZo pirebi da moqmedeben

polemikurad. kritikuli sajaro debatebi xels uwyobs kanonis uzenaesobis principis

damkvidrebas, mmarTvelTa ganukiTxavi nebis sapirispirod. sajarooba aq did rols

TamaSobda. `zustad iseve, rogorc saidumloeba warmodgenili iyo voluntas-ze (xeli-

suflebis neba) dafuZnebuli suverenobis SenarCunebis instrumentad, ise sajarooba

moiazreboda iseTi kanonmdeblobis mxardamWerad, romelic ratio-ze (gonebaze)

iqneboda dafuZnebuli~ (gv. 53). sazogadoebrivi azri pretenzias acxadebs samarTleb-

rivi normebis gansjaze da maTi safuZvlebis gamijvnaze (is gamoavlens bunebriv

wesrigs, romelic unda gadatanil iqnes samarTlebriv wesrigSi). universalisturi

kanonebi saxelmwifoSi da msjelobis universalisturi wesebi sazogadoebriv sajaro

sivrceSi orive am periodSi gamodis wina planze rogorc adamianis universaluri

gonis nayofi, neitraluri da obieqturi gansjis legitimuri Sedegi.

habermasi aRwers sajaro sivrcis ganviTarebas qronologiurad sami qveynis

magaliTze: inglisi, germania da safrangeTi. es midgoma garkveulwilad sakamaToa.

ganviTarebis etapebi, romlebic droSi erTmaneTs misdevs da sxvadasxva qveynebis

magaliTze sxvadasxva doziT vlindeba, SeiZleba ar warmoadgendnen ganviTarebis

erTiani xazis elementebs. piriqiT, rogorc Cven Semdgom vnaxavT, masmedia, da sajaro

sivrcis xasiaTic, am qveynebSi arsebiTad gansxvavebulad Camoyalibda.

inglisSi sityvis Tavisufleba bevrad ufro adre mkvidrdeba, vidre prusiaSi, da

cenzurac maleve qreba. aq presa axorcielebs mudmiv komentarsa da kritikas xeli-

suflebisa da parlamentis mimarT da qmnis namdvil meoTxe xelisuflebas (meTvramete

saukune). TandaTan, sazogadoebrivi azris gavleniT, saparlamento debatebi orienti-

rebuli xdeba (mimarTuli) sazogadoebis darwmunebaze, xolo xmis uflebis mqone

adamianTa raodenoba (mecxramete saukune) matulobs. mecxramete saukuneSi, am deba-

tebis gavleniT, partiebi iwyeben sakuTari platformebis winasaarCevno gamoqveynebas.

safrangeTSi cenzura grZeldeba gacilebiT didxans, vidre inglisSi, xolo

socialuri mdgomareoba aris sxvagvari. amdenad, meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi

politikuri kriticizmi metwilad filosofosebis saqmea. germaniaSi sityvis

Tavisufleba kidev ufro gvian viTardeba. habermasis interpretaciaSi es sxvaoba

ubralod qronologiuria, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom am sxvaobas aqvs kavSiri

mediis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dominanturi modelis saxeobasTan dRes.

sazogadoebrivi azris formireba aris is funqcia, romelsac asrulebs,

TviTinterpretaciiT, sajaro sivrce. sazogadoebrivi azri aq aris reputaciis,

pativiscemis sinonimi.

hobsma ganacalkeva mmarTvelobisgan Sexeduleba, kerZo sindisi da cnobiereba, rac

im periodSi sekularizacias da saxelmwifosa da WeSmaritebaze pretenziis

gancalkevebas niSnavda. amis mere (male) loki wers `Sexedulebis kanons~, romelic,

faqtobrivad, amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesi, romelic qmnis

individualuri (religiuri da moraluri sawyisebis mqone) Sexedulebebi, ufro

Zlieria, vidre saxelmwifosa Tu eklesiis SesaZlo sanqciebi.

SemdgomSi, habermasis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi azri sul ufro iZens

legitimacias, rogorc hobsiseuli `auctoritac, non veritas, facit legem`-is sapirispiro

movlena, rogorc ratio-s wyari voluntas-is sapirispirod. habermasi aRwers rogorc

cnebis farTo gamoyenebis aRmocenebis istorias, aseve im datvirTvas, romelsac iZens

es cneba jer kantis, Semdeg hegelisa da bolos marqsis naSromebSi. Ratio am avtorebis

60

demokratiebs, sadac xdeba mosaxleobiT faqtobrivi manipulireba.

amgvari viTareba metad mZafrad dadga bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi, rodesac

masmediis diskursi pirvel rigSi mayurebels amomrCevlis rolSi ixilavs. mTavari

dixotomiebi, dayofebi da brZolebi sazogadoebaSi iazreba ara kerZo adamianTa an

moqalaqeTa dapirispirebis terminebiT, aramed amomrCevelTa dapirispirebis

terminebiT. klasebi erTamneTs ar upirispirdebian - ar xdeba mdidarTa da RaribTa

interesebs Soris dapirispirebis win wamoweva; msoflmxedvelobebi erTmaneTs ar

upirispirdeba - ar xdeba erTmaneTSi magaliTad, tradicionalistebisa da

modernizatorebis brZolis warmarTva. anu, es dixotomiebi sazogadoebaSi

latenturad arsebobs, da igrZnoba, magram artikulireba xdeba mxolod politikuri

brZolis, imisa, Tu vin unda iyos xelisuflebaSi. mTavari mesiji, romelic masmediis

mier miewodeba mayurebels (mkiTxvels) aris is, rom politikosi petre aris kargi,

xolo politikosi pavle aris cudi. Tuki petre (pavle) mova xelisuflebaSi, yvelafer

kargad (an cudad) iqneba.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aSeneba saqarTveloSi (da ekonomikis aSenebac) niSnavs

pirvel rigSi am mojadoebuli wris garRvevas da sazogadoebis mier ufro

siRrmiseuli sajaro diskursebis damkvidrebas, sadac kerZo adamianebi da moqalaqeebi

gaomCndebian Tavisi namdvili saxiT, da ara amomrCevelTa rolis damaxinjebul

fokusSi. am mxriv habermasis naSromi Cveni realobisTvis uaRresad aqtualuri

meCveneba, Tumca ki yvela mis midgomebs problemis gadaWrisadmi SeiZleba ar

viziarebdeT.

literatura:


(ed. C. Calhoun), Habermas and the Public Sphere, The MIT Press, 1994 Simone Chambers. A critical theory of civil society, in: Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society,

Princeton University Press, 2002, pp90-112

65

sivrceSi monawileobiT, iZens refleqsurobas, unars, daayenos sakuTari Tavi sxva

adamianis adgilas, da amiT misi gancdebi gaiziaros. am gziT yalibdeba is, rac

liberalur eTikas Seefereba, izonomiuri Tamasworoba nawilebs Soris (bobios

terminologia gavixsenoT). partikularistuli egocentrizmis adgils liberaluri

universalisturoba ikavebs, romelic depersonificirebulia da sayovelTao.

politikur sajaro sivrceSi monawileobiT is yalibdeba rogorc moqalaqe, aviTarebs

`gonis sajaro gamoyenebis~ praqtikas da sakuTar politikur Sexedulebebs, romlebic

mas moqalaqed aqceven.

sayovelTao xmis ufleba da masobrivi demokratiis warmoqmna niSnavs adamianisTvis

mesame socialuri rolis gaCenas: es aris amomrCevlis roli. rogorc amomrCeveli,

habermasis mixedviT, is xdeba arasajaro sazogadoebrivi azris subieqti, romelic

gamoxatavs sakuTar azrs xmis micemiT farul kenWisyraSi.

pirovneba rogorc erTdroulad kerZo adamiani, moqalaqe da amomrCeveli unda

axerxebdes am sami socialuri rolis SeTavsebas da maT Soris diferencirebas. Tuki

amomrCevlis rolia wamyvani, is SeiZleba angrevdes pirvel ors, vinaidan maT aTqvefas

niSnavs, da amomrCevlis rolisadmi daqvemdebarebas. es qmnis, habremasis mixedviT,

masobriv, da ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebas. saSveli, habermasis mixedviT, aris

moqalaqis rolis gaZlierebaSi sajaro diskursSi yvelas monawileobis gziT.

aq Cven vawydebiT im problemas, romelic xSirad habermasis kritikis safuZvles

iZleva. es aris dasavluri sazogadoebebis struqturuli diferenciaciis arasak-

marisi xazgasma mis naSromebSi. struqturuli diferenciaciis qveS aq vgulisxmobT

Semdegs. amgvar sazogadoebebSi (dasavluri tipis Tanamedrove sazogadoeba) socila-

uri rolebi erTmaneTisgan sakmaod damoukideblad xorcieldeba. anu ojaxSi,

samsaxurSi, sazogadoebrivi interaqciis sxvadasxva viTarebebSi, politikaSi da sxva

erTi da imave pirovneba SeiZleba moqmedebdes imisgan ganurCevlad, Tu ras

moimoqmedebs is sxva tipis viTarebebSi CarTvisas. anu, ojaxis wevrebi SesaZlebelia

sxvadasxva partiebs aZlevdnen xmas, Jurnalisti SeiZleba muSaobdes liberalur

gazeTSi magram ganwyobiT iyos konservatori, monadireTa klubis wevrebi SeiZleba

sruliad gansxvavebul socialur fenebs ekuTvnodnen da a.S. Tuki SevadarebT

erTmaneTs kerZo piris, moqalaqisa da amomrCevlis rolebs, davinaxavT, rom,

magaliTad, romelime konkretuli politikosis mxardaWera aranair kavSirSi ar unda

iyos samsaxureobrivi warmatebis miRwevasTan (romelsac pirvel rigSi pirovnebis

unar-Cvevebi da profesiuli da pirovnuli Tvisebebi unda ganapirobebdnen),

moqalaqeobrivi grZnobebi mis politikuri preferenciebs samarTliani da eTikuri

politikuri brZolis CarCoebSi unda aTavsebdnen, da a.S. naklebad diferencirebul

sazogadoebebSi amgvari rolebi erTmaneTSi aTqvefilia da erTganzomilebian viTa-

rebas qmnian. gavixsenoT samxreT italiis naklebad samoqalaqo konteqsti, rodesac

partiebisaTvis xmis micema didadaa ganpirobebuli Tanamdebobis an sxva preferenciis

miRebis surviliT, ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierTobebi gadaxlarTulia

patron-klientur da koruqciul qselebSi, sazogadoebrivi saqme ki, daqvemdeba-

rebulia kerZo interesebs.

vinaidan kerZo, samoqalaqo da politikuri eTika sxvadasxva principebs emyareba,

rac Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT, es aRreva niSnavs eTikuri sazomis ararsebobas, da,

sabolood, adamianTa Soris ndobis dakninebas. saarCevno demokratiis damkvidreba

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sisustis fonze (maT Soris sabazro ekonomikis sisustis

fonze) niSnavs, rom pirovneba aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs pirvel rigSi ara rogorc kerZo

adamiani da moqalaqe, aramed rogorc amomrCeveli. farid zaqarias terminologiiT, es

badebs ara liberalur sakonstitucio demokratiebs, aramed araliberalur

64

naSromebSi unda akavSirebdes politikas da morals, politikas zneobriobis

ganzomilebas aniWebds.

Tavis droze, ambobs habermasi, hobsma mmarTvelTa absoluturi Zalauflebis

legitimaciiT formuliT `auctoritac, non veritas, facit legem~ ecada mSvidobis damkvidrebas,

religiuri samoqalaqo omis SeCerebas, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, rogorc konfliqtis

wyaros, neitralizebas. kanti, ori saukuniT gvian, axdens moraluri azrovnebis

reabilitacias, praqtikuli gonis damkvidrebas kanonis formiT, is kanonebs

uqvemdebarebs maTi warmoqmnis princips - sajaro sferos. amave sferoSi axdenen

adamianebi inteleqtualur emansipacias.

SemdgomSi, hegelis naSromebSi, sazogadoebrivi azris bunebis gageba transfor-

macias ganicdis. hegelTan mas ukve aRar aqvs WeSmaritebis bazisis formirebis

funqcia, is umravlesobis subieqtur Sexedulebaze daiyvaneba. hegelisTvis

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris dayofili, masSi erTmaneTs ebrZvian kerZo interesebi da

korporaciebi. sazogadoebrivi azri aq saRi azris mniSvnelobas iZens. sazogadoebrivi

sivrce aRar emsaxureba WeSmaritebis gamovlenas da aRar aris gonis samflobelo,

aramed masSi xdeba subieqturi kerZo Sexedulebebis SeTavseba (integrireba) im

obieqtebTan, romelsac saxelmwifo ganasaxierebs. hegeli uaryofs TviT ideas

politikuri moralis sazomiT gazomvisa, amdenad, mmarTvelobis racionalizacia

sajaro sivrcis meSveobiT mis koncefciaSi adgils ar ikavebs.

marqsma sazogadoebrivi azri `yalb cnobierebad~ gamoacxda. is ubralod faravs

burJuaziis klasobriv interess. misi daniSnulebaa kapitalisturi eqspluataciis

warmoCena `bunebriv wesrigad~. yvela idea, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebas edo

safuZvlad, aris, marqsis mixedviT, fiqcia: ar arsebobs SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba;

misi fuZemdebluri `Riaobis~ principi (yvelasaTvis Ria sivrce) irRveva, mas ara aqvs

ufleba gaaigivos sakuTari Tavi naciasTan da sazogadoebasTan. adamianis uflebebisa

da mesakuTreTa uflebebis gaigiveba badebs ideologias. gansxvavebiT hegelisgan,

saxelmwifo marqsisTvis ganasaxierebs ara WeSmaritebas, aramed ideologias, da

klasobriv dominacias.

politikuri filosofiis es evolucia asaxavs im transformacias, romelsac

ganicdis sajaro sivrce warmoqnidan da Semdgom. Tuki meTvramete saukunis versia iyo

mimarTuli imaze, rom politikuri mmarTvelobis racionalizacias sWirdeboda im

`bunebrivi wesrigis~ warmoCena, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebaSi, es ki xdeba

sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis gziT, SemdgomSi es idea eWvis qveS dgeba.

sazogadoebrivi azrisa da gonis konvergencias SeuZlebels xdis, Semdgomi kritikuli

gaazrebis mixedviT, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli interesTa konfliqtebi (klasTa brZola)

da saxelmwifo biurokratiis interferencia. amdenad, win wamoiwia sazogadoebrivi

azris axali — liberaluri — versia, romlis Tanaxmadac is aRar gamoxatavs

obieqturad bunebriv wesrigs, aramed iZens realisturi da racionaluri pragmatuli

arenis funqcias, sadac mopaeqre interesebi ebrZvian erTmaneTs imis gareSe, rom es

brZola gadaizardos Zalismier konfliqtSi.

(komentri: habermasi warmoaCens am liberalur versias rogorc ufro adrindeli

respublikuris transformcias axal fazaSi. sinamdvileSi isini paralelurad

Tanaarseboben, da erTmaneTisgan ar warmoiSvebian, aramed rogorc idealuri tipebi

`met-nakleboben~. kontinenturi evropisTvis da inglisisTvis dResac damaxasiaTebe-

lia sruliad gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba `WeSmaritebis~ mimarT. is tendencia, rom

sazogadoebrivi azri unda gamoxatavdes `ratios~ da adgendes WeSmaritebas (iseve,

rogorc kanoni) misaRebia kontinentze da sruliad ucnobia inglisSi. aseve, habermasis

debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba ganasaxierebs voluntas, xolo sazogado-

61

ebrivi azri ratios, ratom ar unda ganvixiloT Sebrunebulad demokratiis Tvalsa-

wieridan? `arasajaro azri~, romelsac iwunebs Semdgom habermasi, xom SeiZleba xalxis

`voluntad~ iyos ganxiluli, romelsac unda zRudavdes mmarTvelebis ratio? sxva saqmea,

rom Tuki xalxi ara marto gamoxatavs nebas, aramed marTavs kidec, maSin mas unda

hqondes meqanizmebi, raTa sazogadoebrivi azri iyos erTdroulad volunta-c da ratio-c.)

swored liberaluri midgoma kritikulad udgeba sazogadoebrivi azris

dominirebas, rogorc (gavixsenoT tokvili) individis SesaZlo SezRudvasa da

`moraluri Zaladobis iaraRis formas~ (mili), anu sazogadoeba ar aris gonierebis

wyaro, aramed aris pirovnebis Tavisuflebis SemzRudavi. am peridSi midis brZola xmis

uflebis gavrcobisaTvis (mecxramete saukune), vinaidan Tuki sazogadoebrivi azri

yvelas azri ar aris, aramed viRaceebis nebis gamomxatveli, sxvebis neba araTanabar

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. sazogadoebrivi azris mmarTveloba, milis Tanaxmad, aris

umravlesobis tirania da mediokratia. `And what is a still greater novelty, the masses do not now take their opinions from dignitaries in Church or state, from ostensible leaders, or from books. Their thinking is done for them by men much like themselves, addressing them or speaking in their name, on the spur of the moment, through the newspapers~.

2 (mili, cit. hab. gv.133)

amdenad, sazogadoebrivi azris liberaluri xedva sruliad gamoricxavs misTvis

sruli mmarTvelobiTi legitimaciis miniWebas, aramed mxolod reprezentaciisa,

romelsac Zalauflebis SemzRudavi funqcia eqneba, da ara mmarTvelobiTi funqcia.

Semdgom periods, garkveulwilad, habermasi postliberaluri ganviTarebis

periodad ixilavs, rodesac axali tendenciebi Cndeba, romlebic ukargaven sajaro

sivrces mis politikur funqcias. sabazro ekonomikis masobriv zrdas, habermasis

mixedviT, mohyva `socialuris~ sferos aRzeveba, kerZo da sazogadoebrivi sferoebis

aRreva, da saxelmwifos garkveuli `refeodalizacia~ (im mdgomareobasTan dabruneba,

rodesac kerZosa da sazogaddoebrivs Soris zRvari ar arsebobs). aman gavlena

moaxdina sajaro sivrcis arszec: `sazogadoebis racionalur-kritikuli gansja aseve

am `refeodalizaciasac~ Seewira. diskusiebma, rogorc socializaciis formam, adgili

dauTmo komunaluri erTobis, rogorc aseTis, fetiSizms~ (gv.158). imavdroulad

transforamcias ganicdis literaturuli sajaro sivrce, romelic gardaiqmneba

kulturaze mosaubre sazogadoebidan kulturis momxmarebelTa sazogadoebad.

amasTan, sajaro sivrceSi monawileoba aRar efuZneba (kerZo sakuTrebis mqone) kerZo

mesakuTreTa avtonomias, da amdenad damokidebulobis axali urTierTobebiT

ganimsWvala. ormagi roli `moqalaqisa~ da `kerZo pirisa (mesakuTresi)~ romelic

manamde sazRvravda burJuaziuli sajaro sivrcis racionalur xasiaTs, sustdeba.

`mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi iwyebs dasustebas is institutebi, romlebic

manamde uzrunvelyofdnen sazogadoebis, rogorc kritikulad moazrovne erTobis,

Sekrulobas~. (gv. 162). socializacia sul ufro da ufro emyareba iseT `jgufur

moqmedebebs~, rodesac yvela Tavs ikavebs politikuri da literaturuli kamaTisgan.

politikuri kamaTebi, Tumca ki narCundeba, magram isev da isev `samomxmareblo~,

formalizebul formats iZens da iwarmoeba xelfasiani specialistebis mier

`gasayidad~ da `mosaxmarad~.

`mkiTxvelTa sazogadoebis kritikuli diskusiebis adgils ikavebs `gemovnebaTa da

preferenciebis urTierTgaziareba~ momxmarebelTa Soris. . . `gemovnebaTa gamovlena~

xdeba moxmarebis nawili~ (gv.171).

2 “da, rac kidev ufro axleburia, masebi sakuTar Sexedulebebs ar sesxuloben eklesiisa Tu saxelmwifos

warCinebuli pirebisgan, aRiarebuli liderebisgan an wignebidan. maT azrebs gamoTqvamen adamianebi,

romlebic maTi msgavsia. es adamianebi mimarTaven masebs an laparakoben masebis saxeliT amwuTieri

viTarebis gavleniT, gazeTebis meSveobiT.”

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`masmediis mies warmoCenili samyaro mxolod moCvenebiTad aris sajaro sivrce~ -

da es debuleba habermasidan moyolebuli dRemde specialistebis msjelobis erT-

erTi centraluri problemaa, romelsac Cven kidev davubrundebiT.

politikuri sajaro sivrce, masmediis gavleniT iqneba es Tu yvela faqtoris

erTobilobiT, icvlis Tavis bunebas erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtTan mimarTebaSi.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebidan masobriv samomxmareblo kulturaze gadasvla

ukavSirdeba ideebisa da ideologiebis rolis transformacias. `yalbi cnobiereba~

romelic Cndeba sazogadoebaSi, aRar aris, mecxramete saukunisgan gansxvavebiT,

ideebis Sekruli kompleqsi, romelic qmnis samyaros logikur suraTs. axla is ufro

waagavs qcevis normebis kompleqss, mibaZvis paterns. Sesabamisad, partiuli

agitatorebisa da propagandistebis adgils ikaveben specialistebi, romlebic

`yidian~ politikas da politikosebs Sinaarsisgan ganurCevlad. iwyeba sazogadoebiT

manipulirebis teqnologiebis ganviTareba. manipulirebuli sajaro sivrce

mimarTulia pirvel rigSi arasajaro Sexedulebebis formirebaze; misTvis sajarooba

ar aris prioriteti, aramed saarCevno qceva. Tuki sajarooba, sityvis Tavisufleba da

sazogadoebrivi sajaro azris formireba Tavis (Sinagan) miznad iazrebdnen simarTlis

warmoCenas, da realobis swor asaxvas (amitomac iyo saWiro racionaluri msjeloba da

yvelasaTvis sityvis micema), manipulirebuli azris mizania xmebi - amomrCevelTa xmebi,

romlebic faruli kenWisyris Sedegad grovdeba.

amdenad, masobrivi demokratiebis sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos

sazogadoeba, romelic iRebs monawileobas kenWisyraSi, sul sxvanair urTierTobebSia

xelisuflebasTan, vidre mecxramete saukunis sazogadoebrioba, romelic metwilad

sazogadoebrivi azris CamoyalibebaSi monawileobda. am axali sazogadoebriobisgan

xelisuflebas pirvel rigSi sWirdeba is qceva, romelic arCevnebze vlindeba, da

swored am qcevis uzrunvelsayofad mimarTulia mTeli Zalisxmeva, anu imaze, rasac

habermasi arasajaro sazogadoebriv azrs uwodebs.

habermasi am naSromSi ukve safuZvels uyris Tavis Semdgom Teorias komunikaciuri

qcevis Sesaxeb, rodesac is asxvavebs sajaroobis or funqcias - kritikul msjelobas da

manipulaciur qcevas, da ukavSirebs maT sajaro da arasajaro sazogadoebrivi azris

formirebas. SemdgomSi habermasi asxvavebs sami idealuri tipis racionalur qcevas:

dramaturgiuli, instrumentuli da komunikaciuri. manipulaciuri politika,

romelic mimarTulia saarCevno xmebis mopovebaze, am sqemis mixedviT aSkarad

dramatrugiuli xasiaTisa unda iyos, xolo yvelaze did yuradRebas habermasi

komunikaciur racionalobas aqcevs, romelic rogorc Cven es adre davafiqsireT,

Cveni klasifikaciiT respublikuri diskursuli eTikis vels iqneba mikuTvnebuli.

rasac habermasi ar akeTebs, magram rasac Cven aq xazi unda gavusvaT, es aris imave

dakvirvebis cota sxva kuTxiT danaxva-—im kuTxiT, romliTac o’doneli aRwers

TiTqmis imave dilemas - demokratiis, respublikanizmisa da liberalizmis politikuri

tradiciebis urTierTqmedebas. marTalia, o’doneli mxolod axal demokratiebze

laparakobs, magram arsebiTad imave problemas aRwers, rasac habermasi (gavixsenoT,

rom germaniac, sxva dasavluri qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT axlad

demokratizebul qveyanad unda CaiTvalos). orive es avtori negatiurad uyurebs

demokratiuli legitimaciis gaZlierebas liberaluri da respublikuri

komponentebis sisustis (an dasustebis) fonze.

burJuaziul samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, habermasis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqvs

ormagi socialuri funqcia-—is aris CarTuli literaturul sajaro sivrceSi da

politikur sajaro sivrceSi. es imas niSnavs, rom mas erTdroulad ori socialuri

roli aqvs - kerZo pirisa da moqalaqisa. rogorc kerZo piri, is, literaturul sajaro

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