sadoqtoro naSromi ilias CiloRlu xelmZRvaneli: profesori irina...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti

saerTaSoriso ekonomiuri urTierTobebis specialoba

saerTaSoriso regionuli integraciis upiratesobebi

Turquli da qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis

sadoqtoro naSromi

ilias CiloRlu

xelmZRvaneli: profesori irina gogoriSvili

Tbilisi

2009

avtoris stili daculia

Tbilisi

2

Sesavali 3

SESAVALI 3 2

SESAVALI 3

TAVI I. REGIONULI SABAJO URTIERTOBEBIS TEORIULI ANALIZI 8

1.1. regionuli integraciisa da evrokavSiris ganviTarebis ekonomikuri tendenciebi. 8

1.2. evropis sabaJo kavSiris politika 39

1.3. TurqeT-evrokavSiris urTierTobebis mimoxilva 57

TAVI II. TURQETIS SABAJO KANONMDEBLOBIS SEFASEBA 64

2.1. TurqeTis mier evrokavSirTan sabaJo kavSiris CamoyalibesaTvis gadadgmuli nabijebi 70

2.2. TAVISUFALI VAWROBIS SETANXMEBA EVROPIS TAVISUFALI VAWROBIS ASOCIACIASTAN 79

TAVI III. SABAWO KAVSIRIS GAVLENA TURQETIS SAVAWRO URTIERTOBEBZE 92

3.1. sabaJo kavSirSi monawileobis gavlena TurqeTis sagareo vaWrobaze 95

3.2 TurqeTis sagareo vaWrobis regresiuli analizi 104

TAVI IV. TURQULI KOMPANIEBIS DAMOKIDEBULEBA SABAJO KAVSIRIS MIMART 112

4.1. faqtoruli analizi Turquli kompaniebisaTvis 117

4.2.saimedoobis analizi 121

TAVI V. QARTULI KOMPANIEBIS DAMOKIDEBULEBA SAVI ZRVIS EKONOMIKURI TANAMSROMLOBISADMI 124

5.1. faqtoruli analizi qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis 136

5.2. saimedoobis analizi 146

Cven mier gamoTlebis Sedegebi mocemulia Semdeg cxrilebSi 166

DASKVNA 177

3

Sesavali

problemis aqtualoba: meoce saukunis dasasruls regionuli

integraciis sakiTxi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi xdeba. qveynebi sul ufro

da ufro uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs da sxvadasxva saSualebebs iyeneben

urTierTobis gasamyareblad. regionuli vaWrobis SeTanxmebebi

saSualebas aZlevs ganviTarebad qveynebs ganaviTaron samrewvelo dargebi

da am dargebis produqciis eqsportis moculobis gafarToebiT

saerTaSoriso bazarze gavidnen. regionuli integraciis momxreTa azriT,

proteqcionisturi politika zRudavs qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobebs. dabali konkurenciis gamo produqciis xarisxic dabalia,

sawarmoebis mflobelebi ar cdiloben teqnologiebis gaumjobesebasa da

axali bazrebis moZiebas, rac momxmarebels aiZulebs SeiZinos dabali

xarisxis produqcia maRal fasad. regionuli integracia ki amcirebs an

zogierT SemTxvevaSi saerTod auqmebs proteqcionistur barierebs da

aZlevs momxmareblebs sxvadasxva firmebis mier warmoebul maRali

xarisxis produqcias Soris arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. mecnieri

lifsi1 (lifsi miCneulia sabaJo gaerTianebebis Teoriis Tanaavtorad)

regionuli da საbaJo gaerTianebebis warmatebad ekonomikur literaturasa

da praqtikaSi savaWro sabaJo nakadebis gafarToebasa da diversifikacias

miiCnevs. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesebSi

miRweuli warmatebebi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli regionul da sabaJo

gaerTianebebSi maTi monawileobis intensiurobaze. qveynebi msoflio

vaWrobaSi TavianTi wilis gafarToebas cdiloben da amis miRwevis erT-

erTi gza ki regionuli integraciis procesis gaRrmavebaa. gansakuTrebiT

1950-iani wlebidan qveyanaTa ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis regionuli

TanamSromloba sagareo vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi

sakiTxebis gadamwyvet faqtorad iqca. dRes msoflio vaWrobis naxevarze

1 Lipsey, R.G. (1957), “The theory of customs unions: trade diversion and welfare”,Journal of Economics 24, gv. 40–46

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meti ama Tu im sabaJo gaerTianebis an organizaciis farglebSi

mimdinareobs. msoflioSi ukve 250-mde aseTi gaerTianeba arsebobs.

evrokavSiri erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi regionuli integraciaa

romelic warmatebiT funqcionirebs. evrokavSiris mTavari, mizani mis

farglebSi mcxovrebi 400 milionamde adamianisaTvis keTildReobis,

simSvidisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofaa. Sesabamisad, saukeTeso

regionuli integraciis evrokavSiris ekonomikur sivrceSi gaerTianeba

TurqeTisTvis mTavari mizania. aseve damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg

saqarTvelosTvis strategiul mizans warmoadgens evrokavSirTan

urTierToba. amasTan erTad aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikuri integraciis

winaaRmdegobebi mZime dasaZlevia, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac maT

ekonomikuri agentebis cnobiereba da mentaliteti warmoqmnis.

mravali wlis manZilze TurqeTi evrokavSirSi Sesvlas cdilobs. am

did gzaze sabaJo gaerTianebis Seqmna qveynebisaTvis erT erTi aucilebeli

moTxovnaa. TurqeTma miznad daisaxa evrokavSirSi sruli integracia. es

sakiTxi mudmivi ganxilvis Temaa mecnierTa, biznesmenTa, politikosTa da

ubralo adamianTa wreebSi. aqamde sadavo sakiTxad rCeba, Tu konkretulad

ras moutans qveyanas am organizaciis wevroba. 1980-ian wlebSi sabaJo

gaerTianebis Seqmnis dasruleba erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlenaa,

romelic liberalizaciis Semdeg TurqeTis ekonomikaze axdenda gavlenas.

TurqeTma gauRo kari evrokavSirs, amavdroulad evrokavSirTan

Tavisufali vaWrobis SesaZlebloba miiRo. SeTanxmebis xelmoweridan 12

wlis Semdeg gamoikveTa SeTanxmebis rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi

mxareebi. dRes evrokavSiri TurqeTis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sabaJo

partnioria - Turquli eqsportis TiTqmis naxevari evrokavSirze modis.

warmodgenili naSromi moicavs or kvlevas regionuli integraciis

sakiTxze, romelTaganac erTi ikvlevs qarTuli kompaniebis

damokidebuleba Savi zRvis qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis

organizacia da regionis samrewvelo ganviTarebas, xolo meore

aanalizebs Turquli kompaniebis damokidebulebas evrokavSiris sabaJo

gaerTianebis mimarT da misi gavlenis asaxvas savaWro urTierTobebze.

კვლევის მიზანი და ამოცანები: naSromSi davisaxeT Semdegi miznebi:

1. TurqeTis evrokavSiris sabaJo xelSekrulebaSi monawileobis

upiratesobebis daxasiaTeba;

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2. regionuli itegraciis gavlenis analizi sabaJo SeTanxmebaSi monawile

ekonomikuri subieqtebis saqmianobaze Turquli kompaniebis magaliTze;

3. sabaJo SeTanxmebaSi monawile ekonomikuri subieqtebisaTvis

rekomendaciebisa da rCevebis SemuSaveba;

4. ekonomikuri subieqtebisaTvis regionuli integraciis sabaJo SeTanxmebaSi

monawileobis momgebiani Sedegebis gamovlena.

mocemuli miznebis miRwevisaTvis dasaxulia Semdegi amocanebi:

1) qveynisaTvis regionuli integraciis Sedegebis Seswavla TurqeTis

magaliTze da am mizniT misi sagareo vaWrobis analizi evrokavSiris sabaJo

kaSirSi gaerTianebamde da gaerTianebis Semdeg;

2) kerZo kompaniebis mier regionuli integraciis Sesaxeb Sefasebebis

warmoCena da sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebis gavlenis analizi maT saqmianobaze;

am mizniT Turqul da qarTul ekonomikur sivrceSi Catarebuli empiriuli

kvlevis Sedegebis warmoCena;

3) regionul gaerTianebaSi monawile qveynebis, maTi mTavrobebisa da

kompaniebisaTvis sabaJo SeTanxmebebis sargeblianobis damadasturebeli

masalebis gaanalizeba.

4) dasabuTebuli rCevebisa da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba mTavrobebis, kerZo

kompaniebis, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis maTi

sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebaSi etapobrivi integraciisa da warmatebuli

saqmianobisTvis. agreTve SevecadeT gveCvenebina kerZo kompaniebis

damokidebuleba.

5. qarTuli kompaniebis damokidebulebis daxasiaTeba da analizi regionul

integraciaSi monawileobisa da kerZod Savi zRvis qveynebis ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis organizaciis mimarT.

kvlevis meTodologia da kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli siaxleebi: dasaxuli

miznebisa da am miznebidan gamomdinare SedarebiTi kvlevis safuZvelze Cven

SevecadeT warmogvedgina Sedegebi, romlebic aqamde ar iyo gamokvleuli.

savaWro kavSirisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaswavlad TurqeTSi Catarebuli

kvlevebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze, uaxlesi statistikuri meTodebis

gamoyenebiT ganvaxorcieleT am Sedegebis sxvadasxva gzebiT miRebis

mcdeloba. kvlevis monacemebi gaanalizebulia statistikuri programiT

(SPSS). faqtor analizis varimaqs–rotaciis meTodi(Varimax Rotation- romelic

gvexmareba SekiTxvebis faqtorTan davakavSirebaSi, T-testis, ANOVA

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testis, uoler-dunkanis(Waller-Duncan) testis, man-uitnis (Mann-Whitney)

testis da qronbaxis alfis(Cronbach Alpha) saimedoobis analizis

gamoyenebiT. regresiuli analizis Sedegebis gamosaTvlelad ki programa

Excell–i iqna gamoyenebuli.

Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze miRebulia Semdegi Sedegebi:

1. regresulma analizma gviCvena, rom evrokavSiris sabaJo kavSiris Seqmnam

dadebiTi Sedegebi moutana TurqeTis sagareo vaWrobas. gafarTovda sabaJo

nakadebi da moxda samrewvelo da agraruli produqciis diferencirebis

gaRrmaveba. (gv.78).

2. regresuli analizis safuZvelze miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobis

Semowmeba kerZo kompaniebisaTvis Cven mier Sedgenili specialuri

kiTxvarebiT ganxorcielda. kiTxvarebis Sedegebi regresiuli analizis

Sedegebs daemTxva (gv.88). am Sedegebis mixedviT, gamokiTxulTa umetesoba

dadebiTadaa ganwyobili sabaJo gaerTianebis mimarT. isini Tvlian, rom

sabaJo kavSiri aZlevs Turqul firmebs axali sabaJo urTierTobebis

Camoyalibebis saSualebasa da TavianTi maRalxarisxovani produqciis

axal bazrebze gatanis SesaZleblobas. Turqul kompaniebSi (romlebsac

savaWro urTierTba aqvT evrokavSirTan) Catarebulma gamokiTxvam

daadastura regresiuli analizis Sedegebi sabaJo kavSiris dadebiTi

gavlenis Sesaxeb. sabaJo kavSiris gaformebis Semdeg Turqul bazarze

importis gafarToebam adgilobrivi firmebisa da kompaniebis xarisxisa da

konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis aucileblobis piroba Seqmna, ris

Sedegadac maT daiwyes axal bazrebSi SeRweva.

3. Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad naSromSi daxasiaTebulia qarTuli

firmebis damokidebuleba Savi zRvis qveynebis ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis (BSEC) da regionuli integraciis mimarT. gamokiTxvis

Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom regionuli integraciisaken gadadgmuli nabijebi

qarTuli kompaniebis warmomadgenlebis mier miCneulia dadebiTad. maTi

pasuxebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis isini

aucilebel pirobad Tvlian regionul procesebSi CarTvas (r=.32.p=.01) aq

aRiniSneba maRali korelacia da saqarTvelos ekonomikis damokidebuleba

Savi zRvis regionis ganviTarebis procesebTan. maT sjeraT, rom nebismieri

dezintegraciis tendencia regionSi uaryofiTad aisaxeba maT biznesze,

xolo TanamSromloba stabilurobis sawindari iqneba. agreTve

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aRsaniSnavia gamokiTxulTa samomavlo imedebi –isini Tvlian, rom BSEC-Si

monawileoba evrokavSiris wevrobisaken mimavali gzaa.

4. meore gamokiTxviT Seswavlil iqna qarTuli kompaniebis praqtikuli

mzadyofna TanamSromlobisaTvis. am mxriv agreTve SemuSavda ramdenime

rekomendacia saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis ekonomikuri politikis,

efeqturobis zrdisa da ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebis kuTxiT.

Seswavlil iqna, agreTve, Tu qarTuli ekonomikis romeli seqtori muSaobs

yvelaze warmatebulad da gakeTda mosalodneli prognozi am

mimarTulebiT.

kvlevis praqtikuli mniSvneloba: kvleva Sedgeba vaWrobis,

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, kerZo firmebisa da regionuli integraciis

procesebis gaanalizebiT miRebuli Sedegebisagan. ase rom, is SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnas ekonomikis saministros, savaWro palatis, vaWrobis

saministros, kerZo kompaniebisa da sazogadoebis mier imisaTvis, rom

Seicnon regionuli integraciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.

.ekonomikis ministris moTxovniT disertantis mier (08.01. 2009 wels)

gadagzavnilia rekomendaciebis CamonaTvali.

kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi publikaciebi:

1- The Effects of Customs Union Agreement on Turkish Economy, Jurnali “socialuri

ekonomika”, 2005 wlis nomeri 5, gv. 52-61

2- Customs Union and Turkey- Historical Perspectives, Jurnali socialuri

ekonomika 2005 wlis nomeri 3, gv. 52-61

3- Attitutes of Turkish Firms toward Customs Union, Seventeenth Annual World Business

Conference, FHR Lim A Po School of Management, Paramaribo Suriname, June,18-

22,2008.

website:http://www.imda.cc/IMDA/IMDAWEB/imda/17%20World%20Business%20Congress/

Total_Final_Program_2008-IMDA4.pdf

4- Attitudes of Georgian Firms toward Regional Integration, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

problemebi 2008, mecnierTa xedva, 31,12,2008

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Tavi I. regionuli sabaJo urTierTobebis Teoriuli analizi

1.1. regionuli integraciisa da evrokavSiris ganviTarebis ekonomikuri

tendenciebi.

meoce saukune mTel msoflioSi cnobilia, rogorc regionuli

sabaJo integraciis era. aRniSnul periodSi cvlilebebi ganicada, rogorc

ganviTarebuli, ise ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikam. sabaJo politika am

etapze gaxda umniSvnelovanesi berketi sxva qveynebTan urTierTobisas.

qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxSi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebSi

monawileobis faqtori gadamwyveti iyo. 1947 wels 23-ma qveyanam miaRwia

JenevaSi saerTo SeTanxmebas sabaJo tarifebze. SeTanxmebis mTavari mizani

iyo dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba mTel msoflioSi.

momdevno wlebSi aRniSnuli gaerTianebis wevri gaxda bevri ganviTarebadi

ekonomikis mqone qveyana. 1995 wels msoflio savaWro organizaciis

Camoyalibeba didi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo msoflio vaWrobis

liberalizaciis TvalsazrisiT. msoflio savaWro organizacia

funqcionirebs rogorc saerTaSoriso organizacia, raTa awarmoos

molaparakebebi sabaJo barierebisa da konkurenciis Semaferxebel sxva

winaaRmdegobaTa Sesamcireblad. msoflio savaWro organizaciis ZiriTadi

mizania, moaxdinos msoflio savaWro politikis liberalizacia da amiT

wvlili Seitanos ekonomikur zrdasa da ganviTarebaSi.2 msoflio savaWro

organizaciis wevri TiTqmis yvela 145 qveyana nawilobriv mainc regionuli

SeTanxebis monawilea.

saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebi umeteswilad xorcieldeba

sabaJo gaerTianebebis wevrebs Soris. aRniSnuli saxis SeTanxmeba uamrav

movaleobas akisrebs wevr qveynebs. am movaleobaTa nawili msoflio

savaWro organizaciis mieraa Seqmnili. iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa

2 http://ffas.usda.gov/info/factsheets/wto.html (bolo viziti: 24. 08, 2008)

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saqarTvelo, sadac mTliani Sida produqtis wili erT mosaxleze

Seadgens 1401.8 USD3 dolars da TurqeTi, sadac mTliani Sida produqtis

wili erT mosaxleze 8000 dolaria erTi da imave reJimis farglebSi

moqmedeben. mecnieri vineris4 Tanaxmad, gansxvavebuli pirobebis gamo

sabaJo gaerTianebebi SesaZloa ekonomikuri keTildReobis maCveneblebis

gauaresebis mizezi gaxdes ara marto arawevr qveynebSi, aramed mTlianad

msoflioSi, radganac resursebis moxmareba araTanabradaa ganacilebulia

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.

dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, 170-ze meti regionuli integraciis

SeTanxmeba moqmedebs, xolo 70 Camoyalibebis procesSia. msoflio savaWro

organizaciis monacemebiT, mimdinare SeTanxmebebis dasrulebis Sedegad

regionuli integraciis SeTanxmebaTa saerTo raodenoba 300-s miaRwevs

(Altomonte C. , 2007).5

1996 wlis monacemebiT, yvela ganviTarebuli qveyana (garda

iaponiisa), sul mcire, erTi regionuli integraciis SeTanxmebis wevri iyo.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom Tavdapirvelad evrogaerTianeba eqvsi

wevrisagan Sedgeboda da Semdgom maTi ricxvi 27 wevramde gaizarda

regionuli integraciis kidev erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia aSS-s mier

kanadasa da meqsikasTan erTad NAFTA-s Camoyalibeba. regionul

gaerTianebaSi monawiloebis Sedegad warmoqnili pozitiuri Sedegebi

ubiZgebs sxva qveynebs msgavsi qmedebisaken. aziuri da wynarokeanuri

ekonomikuri gaerTianeba (Asia Pasific Economic Cooperation) regionis

TanamSromloba axdens vaWrobis, investirebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis

stimulirebas. msoflio savaWro organizaciisa da sxva sabaJo

gerTianebebisgan gansxvavebiT, aRniSnul TanamSromlobas ar gaaCnia

SeTanxmebis valdebulebebi da moTxovnebi misi wevri qveynebis mimarT.

gadawyvetilebebi miiReba mxolod konsesusisa da molaparakebebis

Sedegad. aziuri da wynarokeanuri ekonomikuri gaerTianebaSi (Asia Pasific

Economic Cooperation) TanamSromloba aerTianebs 21 wevr qveyanas, (am

regionul gaerTianebaSi msoflio mosaxleobis 41%-ia, msoflio mTliani

3 http://www.investingeorgia.org/about_us/faq/( bolo viziti: 19.12, 2008) 4 Viner, J. (1950). The Custom Union Issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 5 Carlo A. (2007). “Regional Economic Integration and the Location of Multinational Firms, Review of World Economics,, Vol. 143, gv. 277-303

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Sida produqtis 55% da msoflio savaWro urTierTobebis, eqsport

importis TiTqmis 49%6).

52 qveynis monawileobiT moxda afrikuli gaerTianebis Camoyalibeba.

arsebobs aRmosavleT aziis ekonomikuri integracia7 qveynebs Soris

regionuli kooperaciis ganviTarebis mizniT. Seqmnilia aseve andianis

gaerTianeba, aseve “islamuri qveynebis organizacia” da sxva. qvemoT

mocemuli cxrilisa da grafikis Tanaxmad, SeTanxmebaTa didi nawili

samocdaaTian wlebSi Seiqmna, regionuli integraciis SeTanxmebebi

aqtiurad ganaxlda oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi. saboloo gaaqtiureba ki moxda

1998 wels SeTanxmebaTa raodenobam ukve arsebuli SeTaxmebebis saerTo

raodenobis 52%-s miaRwia. ukanaskneli monacemebiT, msoflioSi qveynebis

umetesoba, sul mcire, erTi regionuli integraciis SeTanxmebis monawilea

da msoflio savaWro urTierToebebis erTi mesamedi mainc regionuli

integraciis parglebSi xorcieldeba.

cxrili 1.1. regionuli integraciis SeTanxmebaTa saerTo raodenoba

1949-2008 ww.

wlebi raodenoba

1949-1959 3

1960-1969 17

1970-1979 42

1980-1989 13

1990-1998 87

1999-2008 61

6 http://www.apec.org/apec/about_apec.html (bolo viziti: 24.08.2008) 7 ekonomikuri integracia aRmosavleT aziaSi mkacrad orientirebulia bazarze. oTxmociani wlebis mcdeloba, CamoeyalibebinaT aRmosavleT aziis regionuli ekonomikuri dajgufeba, marcxiT damTavrda ramodenime mizezis gamo. 1997-1998 ww. finansurma krizisma gaaZliera qveynebis regionuli Tavdacvis meqanizmi aRniSnuli krizisis dasaZlevad da samomavlo danakargebis Tavidan asacileblad. ramac gamoiwvia integraciisaTvis ramodenime safinanso programis Seqmna, maT Soris savaluto hejirebis

RonisZiebebi, romelic cnobilia “Chiang Mai Initiative”-is saxeliT.

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sul 229

wyaro:http:www.wto.org/English/tratop_e/region_negoti_e.htm(bolo viziti: 20.10.2008)

wyaro: www.wto.org (bolo viziti: 20.10.2008)

regionuli integraciis gamomwvevma mizezebma da Sedegebma mZafri

debatebi gamoiwvia mkvlevarebsa da integraciis politikis gamtareblebs

Soris. mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis, rom regionuli integracia ucxouri

investiciebis mozidvis xarjze dadebiT gavlenas axdens qveynis

ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. regionuli integraciis SeTanxmebaTa dadebiTi

gavlena investiciebze aixsneba sabaJo liberalizaciis Sedegad

regionuli bazrebis zrdiT da sabaJo politikis disciplinis SeqmniT,

axali sainvesticio wesebis SemoRebiT, ris Sedegadac xdeba bazarze

Sesvlis gamartiveba (mag. axali momsaxurebis SeTavazebiT), aseve axal

investorTa dacviTa da mTavrobis politikis mimarT ndobis gazrdiT

(Bernar Hoekman and Richard Newfarmer 2005)8

zogadad sabaJo reformebi iyofa sam jgufad. 1-tarifebis calmxrivi

Semcireba, 2-farTod gavrcelebuli mravalmxrivi molaparakebebi, 3-

regionuli sabaJo xelSekrulebebi. pirveli saxis SeTanxmeba

damokidebulia qveynebze, romlebsac surT tarifebis procentis Semcireba

erTmaneTs Soris. erT qveyanas SeuZlia hqondes SeTanxmeba meore

qveyanasTan, raTa Seamciros tarifebi. meore aris globaluri SeTanxmeba

(msoflio savaWro organizaciis sazRrebSi) da bolos qveynebs Soris

SeTanxmebebi, romlebic SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: Tavisufali

8 Hoekman B. and Newfarmer R. (2005), Preferential Trade Agreements, Investment Diciplines and Investment Flows, Journal of world Trade (39/5), gv. 949-973

http://www.wto.org/�

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vaWrobis zona (FTA), sabaJo kavSiri (CU), saerTo bazari (CM), monetaruli

kavSiri (MU) da ekonomikuri kavSiri (EU).

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, regoinaluri sabaJo SeTanxmebebi Zalian

damaxasiaTebelia dRevandeli msoflio realobisaTvis da

saxelmwifoebisaTvis gardauvalia am maTSimonawileobis miReba. TurqeTma es

Zalian adre gaigo da mimarTa sabaJo kavSirs. bevri kvleva Catarda am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

sabaJo kavSiri 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomistebis Seswavlis sagans

warmoadgens. 1970-ian wlebamde isini sabaJo kavSirs mxolod Teoriad

Tvlidnen, magram 1970-ian wlebSi, Sidamrewvelobis ganviTarebis Semdeg

regionuli sabaJo liberalizaciis idea daibada. gaCnda meti optimizmi

integraciis rolis Sesaxeb mas Semdeg, rac moxda vaWrobis gaanalizeba

barierebiT da barierebis gareSe. magram kvlav grZeldeba diskusia sabaJo

kavSiris Sesaxeb. anton j. venablesma (Anton J. venables9) 2003 wels gaaanaliza

regionuli intergaciis SeTanxmebebis Sedegebi da scada epasuxa kiTxvaze,

Tu rogor nawildeba sabaJo kavSirSi monawileobis sargebeli da

danakargebi monawile qveynebs Soris. Sedegebi damokidebulia wevrebis

SedarebiT upiratesobebze erTmaneTTan da danarCen msofliosTan. qveynebi,

romlebsac aqvT SedarebiTi upiratesoba partniorebTan da danarCen

msofliosTan, met mogebas iReben.

1965 wlamde ekonomikuri intergacia or periodad iyofa. pirvel

periodSi vineris10 mier gamokvleuli iyo sabaJo kavSiris gavlena

warmoebaze, moxmarebasa da savaWro nakadebze. lifsis11 mixedviT, sabaJo

kavSiris SeqmniT miRebuli socialuri mogebis an wagebis xuTi SesaZlo

wyaro arsebobs: 1) specializireba SedarebiTi upiratesobis mixedviT, 2)

masStabis ekonomia, 3) cvlilebebi vaWrobis pirobebSi 4) cvlilebebi

efeqturobaSi ucxouri konkurenciis gamo, 5) cvlilebebi ekonomikur

zrdaSi.

meore periodSi 1960 wlis Semdeg ekonomistebma TavianT Tavs dausves

kiTxva - Tu ra iyo maTi, integraciis gegmaSi CarTvis, realuri miznebi.

manamde meore RirsSesaniSnavi Teoriis ganviTarebiT ekonomistebi mividnen

9 Venables Anthony J. (2003),Winners And Losers From Regional Integration Agreements,,. The Economic Journal, 113 (October), gv. 747–761. _ Royal Economic Society. 10 Viner, J. (1950). The Custom Union Issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York 11 Lipsey, R. (1960) "The Theory of Customs Union: A General Survey," Economics Journal

13

im daskvnamde, rom Tavdapirvelad nebismieri SeTanxmeba vaWrobis

regionuli liberalizaciisaTvis, normatiuli Sexedulebebidan

gamomdinare, ar aris aucileblad pozitiuri, Tavad partniorebisTvisac

ki. lifsi da sxva mecnierebi amtkicebdnen, rom sabaJo kavSiri momavalSi

iqneboda momgebiani misi wevrebisTvis. mecnierebis jonsonis12, maselis13 da

berglasis14 gamokvlevebi iyo am SexedulebaTa saukeTeso gamoxatuleba.

evrogaerTianebaSi sabaJo kavSiris Seqmnis pirvel etapze bevri

ekonomisti fiqrobda, rom es iyo ufro politikuri da kulturuli

kavSiri, vidre ekonomikuri, magram mogvianebiT regionuli gaerTianebis

ufro meti ekonomikuri gavlenis gamo politikuri da kulturuli

dabrkolebebi gaqra, ramac ekonomistebs aTqmevina, rom evrokavSiri aris

erTaderTi realurad warmatebuli integracia.

vaWrobaze sabaJo kavSiris efeqtebi gamoikvlies mandelma, kempma da

miureim (Mundell 196515 da Kemp, Murray 196416). earsma Seajama maTi Sedegebi da

daaskvna, rom sabaJo kavSiris mizani aris msoflio Semosavlebis

keTilsindisieri ganawileba wevr qveynebs Soris danarCen msofliosTan

vaWrobis pirobebis gaumjobesebiT. sabaJo kavSiris Camoyalibeba ufro

rekomendirebulia patara qveynebisaTvis, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT

damoukideblad moaxdinon gavlena vaWrobis pirobebze. sabaJo kavSirTan

SeerTebiT qveyanas SeuZlia gaakeTos is, rasac ver SeZlebda marto.

zogadi modelebis saSualebiT (Vanek, 196817) aixsneba, Tu rogor

nawildeba mogeba wevr da arawevr qveynebs Soris. umTavresad iTvleba,

rom qveyana, romelsac hqonda savaWro urTierToba gaerTianebamde Tavis

momaval partniorTan, savaraudod moigebs integraciiT, maSin, rodesac

partniorebi didi savaWro qselebiT danarCen msofliosTan waageben. am

ukanasknelTa garda, yvelas SeeZlo gaeumjobesebina Tavisi savaWro

pirobebi. savaWro pirobebis gaumjobeseba damokidebulia savaWro

urTierTobebis moculobaze mesame qveynebTan.

12 Jhonson H. (1965). An economic theory of protection, tariff bargaining and the formation of Customs Union, journal of political economy, gv. 256-283 13 Marsell B. (1965). A new look a customs union theory. Economic journal, gv. 742-757 14 Berglas E. (1979). “Preferential Trading Theory: The n Commodity Case”. JPE; V.87-#2, gv.315-331. 15 Mundell R. (1964). “T ariff Preferences and the Terms of Trade”. Manchester School; V.32-1, gv. 1-13. 16 Kemp, Murray, C., (1964), The Pure Theory of International Trade, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 176-177. 17 Vanek, J. (1968), "The Factor-Proportions Theory: The N-Factor Case", Kyklos, 21(4) gv. 749-756.

14

gviani 1970-iani wlebisa da adreuli 1980-iani wlebis yvela mcdeloba,

mieRoT ufro naTeli daskvnebi meti saqonelisa da meti qveynebis CarTviT

martiv winaklasikur modelSi, CaiSala (Riezman18 1979, Collier 197919, McMillan and

McCann 198120, Lloyd 198221). piriqiT, yvela es modeli ufro bundovans xdida

isedac damabnevel analizebs, romlebic eZebdnen imis mizezebs, Tu ratom

erTvebian qveynebi diskriminaciul savaWro SeTanxmebebSi. am yvelafris

gamosasworeblad, vaWrobis pirobebi Sesaxeb debatebs axlaxans daemata

ufro mkafio miniSneba. krugmani (Krugman 199122) mianiSnebs aSkara faqtze:

mosalodnelia, rom optimaluri tarifi (Common External Tariff) iyos ufro

maRali, vidre gaerTianebamde arsebuli tarifis procenti wevri

saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romelic miRebulia maTi gaerTianebuli moqmedebis

Sedegad mesame qveynebTan konkurentunarianobis gazdis mizniT. kempma da

uanma ki daamtkices (Kemp da Wan (197623), rom sabaJo kavSirebi potenciurad

kargia imis gamo, rom yovelTvis aris SesaZlebloba, Tavidan iqnas

acilebuli vaWrobis damzaralebeli Sedegebi, magram krugmani aRniSnavs,

rom sabaJo kavSiri amavdroulad yovelTvis gamoiwvevs vaWrobis Sedegebis

cvlilebas arawevri qveynebis keTildReobis da zog SemTxvevaSi mTlianad

msoflios keTildReobis mosalodneli SemcirebiT.

kordenma (Corden 197224) gaaanaliza, Tu ra argumentebia mniSvnelovani

praqtikaSi da aCvena, rom Cveulebrivi vaWrobis ganviTarebisa da misi

Sedegebis garda arsebobs damatebiTi efeqti, romelic dakavSirebulia

tarifebis moxsnis safuZvelze danaxarjTa Semcirebis efeqTTan. sabaJo

kavSirSi yofna iwvevs proteqcionizmTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis Semcirebas

adgilobrivad miwodebul saqonlzec. 1970-ian wlebSi masStabis ekonomiis

argumenti gaerTianda intraindustriuli vaWrobis swrafi zrdis

18 Riezman R. (1979). “A 3x3 Model of Customs Unions”. JIE; V.9-, gv. 341-354. 19 Collier P. (1979). “The Welfare E ffects of Customs Union: An Anatomy”. EJ; V.89-, gv. 84-95. 20 McMillan J. and McCann E. (1981). “Welfare E ffects in Customs Unions”. EJ; V.91-, gv. 697-703. 21 -Lloyd P.J. (1982). “3x3 Theory of Customs Unions”. JIE; V.12-, gv. 41-63. 22 Krugman, P., (1991), "The Move to Free Trade Zones," Symposium Sponsored by the Federal ReserveBank of Kansas City, Policy Implications of Trade and Currency Zones. 23 Kemp, Murray and Henry Jr. Wan. (1976). "An Elementary Proposition Concerning the Formation of Customs Unions", J. of Int. Econ. 6:1, gv. 95-98. 24 Corden W.M. (1972). “Economies of Scale and Customs Union Theory”. JPE; V.80-#3, gv. 465-475.

15

TeoriasTan, romelic pirvelad Camoayaliba Ggrubelma da loidma (Grubel and

Lloyd 197525). riTic is daupirispirda hekSer-olinis Teorias.

evrokavSirSi mravali weli ikvlevdnen sabaJo kavSiris Teoriul

efeqtebs da cdilobdnen epasuxaT kiTxvaze, Tu ratom Seiqmna is saerTod.

1960-ian wlebamde moduri iyo, vineris mosazreba romlis mixedviT sabaJo

kavSirebis analizis safuZvelze savaWro urTierTobebi farTovdeba

Tavisufali nawilobrivi upiratesobis SeTanxmebebiTa da saerTo bazris

SeqmniT. amis Semdeg gamoCnda kvlevebi romlebic axasiaTebdnen TiToeuli

am integraciis formebis warmoSobas (Wonnacott, Lutz da Mark 198926).

saerTo bazris Teoria jer kidev naklebad aris ganviTarebuli

miuxedavad imisa, rom faqtorTa bazrebis integraciis Sesaxeb

evrokavSirSi gamokvlevebi arsebobda (Wooton 198827, da Michael 199228). uotonis

mier ganxiluli iyo sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom eqnebodaT Tu ara mogeba wevr

qveynebs sabaJo kavSiridan saerTo bazarze gadasvliT. man daamtkica, rom

yvelaferi damokidebuli iqneboda arCeuli optimaluri tarifis (CET-is)

doneze. Tu es ukanaskneli Seesabameba misaReb dones, saerTo bazris Seqmna

keTildReobis momtania. TumcaMes mtkicebebi ar aris sakmarisi. uotonis

Sedegi SenarCunebuli iqneba im SemTxvevaSi Tu wevr qveynebSi sagadasaxado

procenti faqtorebis Semosavlebis procentis (e.i. saSemosavlo

gadasaxadebis) Tanabaria. sxva sityvebiT, saerTo bazarze gadasaxadebis

harmonizacia aucilebeli pirobaa. aqedan gamomdinare, gansxvavebebma Sida

pirdapir da arapirdapir gadasaxadebs Soris SeiZleba daazaralon vaWroba

iseve, rogorc gare barierebma, magaliTad tarifebma.

1980-ian wlebSi arasruli konkurenciis pirobebSi masStabis ekonomiis

argumenti warmatebulad daukavSirda saerTaSoriso vaWrobis axal

modelebs, romelic aSkarad samrewvelo ekonomiidan gamomdinareobda

(Krugman 197929). am mxriv sainteresoa, sabaJo kavSiris Seqmna ramdenadaa

konkurenciis politikis Semcvleli an damateba. fiqroben, rom vaWrobis

25 Grubel, Herbert G., and Peter Lloyd. 1975. Intra-Industry Trade: The Theory and Measurement of International Trade in Differentiated Products, London 26 Wonnacott, Paul and Lutz, Mark, (1989), "Is There a Case for Free Trade Areas?" in Schott, Jeffrey, FreeTrade Areas and U.S. Trade Policy, Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, gv .59-84 27 Wooton I. (1988). “Towards a Common Market: Factor Mobility in a Customs Union”. CJE;V.21-#3, gv. 525-534 28 Michael M. (1992). “From Customs Union to Common Market: The Need for Factor-Tax Harmonization”. EcLets; V.39-#?, gv. 79-84. 29 Krugman, P. (1979). Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition and International Trade. Journal of International Economics 9 (4): gv.469–479.

16

liberalizaciam SeiZleba Secvalos konkurenciis politika, radgan

adgilobrivi monopoliebi saerTaSoriso konkurenciiT gakontroldeba. es

argumenti kvlav aqtualuri gaxda Sida bazarze mosalodneli sargebelis

zrdasTan dakavSirebiT (Smith and Venables 1988)30.

ekonomistebs dRes naTeli suraTi aqvT, Tu ratom warmoiSva yvela es

gaugebroba sabaJo kavSiris SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. 1960-iani da 1970-iani

wlebis modelebis umetesoba savaraudod gulisxmobda, rom integraciis

gegma xorcieldeboda mcire da didi qveynis (an qveynebis jgufs) Soris,

romlebic ar iyvnen mezoblebi maSin, rodesac danarCeni msoflio verc ki

SeamCnevda, ra xdeboda. am konteqstSi savaraudoa (mecnieri Toviasis

mosazrebiT 1978) rom cire qveynebs did qveynebTan SedarabiT meti sargebeli

avqT, marTalia amis dasabuTeba rTulia magram praqtika amaze metyvelebs.

yvela mcire qveyana cdilofs integraciul savaWro SeTaxmebebSe

monacileobas. kongretulaT es sCans Semdegi faqtebidan rodesac

gaerTianebulma samefom gaaforma Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTaxmeba, FTA (Free

Trade Agreement) eqvs mcire evropul qveyanasTan portugaliam maSin gadawyvita

EC-Si (Economic Community) evropul TanamegobrobaSi Sesvla.

zogierTi didi qveyana, dainteresebuli iyo patara qveynebTan

partniorobiT. Teoretikosebis umetesobas ainteresebda am SeTanxmebaze

xelmoweris ekonomikuri azri iseTi qveynebisaTvis, rogorebic aris mag.,

didi britaneTi da aSS an evrokavSiri. ekonomistebi fiqroben, SesaZloa

aseT SeTanxmebebs “mxolod politikuri mizezi hqonda” (“EC-s Seqmnis,

“gavlenis sferoebis Seqmna”, “demokratiis gaZliereba”), magram aSkaraa, rom

yvela sabaJo kavSiri ar aris Seqmnili araregionul safuZvelze

radikalurad gansxvavebuli zomis ekonomikis mqone wevrebiT da politikuri

TvalsazrisiT. Tu potenciuri wevrebis masStabebi Tanabaria,

urTierTdaxmarebis CarTva integraciis SeTanxmebebSi, yvela wevrs, rogorc

eqsportiors, aZlevs mogebis garantias. rogorc importiorma, man SeiZleba

zogjer waagos, zogjer moigos. es SesaZloa momxdariyo mag. oTxi Tanabari

zomis sabaJo teritoriebis pirveladi gaerTianebis dros - safrangeTis,

italiis, germaniis federaciuli respublikisa da beniluqsis mier EC’s

Seqmnisas. Tavdapirvelad maT daaweses “erovnuli sabaJo bloki” dasavleT

30 Smith A. and Venables A. (1988). “Completing the Internal M arket in the European Community:Some Industry Simulations”. EER; V.32-#?, gv. 1501-1525.

17

evropaSi, geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare. EC-is gafarToebam

eqvsidan cxramde da Semdeg Tormetamde regionuli integraciidan

gamomdinare, mas wevri qveynebisaTvis damatebiTi mimzidveloba SesZina. es

qveynebi dainteresebulni iyvnen, gaezardaT TavianTi eqsporti.

EC patara “kavSiridan” did gaerTianebamde ganviTarda. magram maTi

warmateba amiT ar Semoifargla: - mas Semdeg, rac ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis axali wesebi dawesda, teqnologiurad ganviTarebul

qveynebSi gaizarda maT mier warmoebuli produqciis masStabi da

geografiuli areali. aseT situaciaSi axali wevrebis damateba da bazris

gafarToeba, bunebrivia, zrdis sawarmoebis SesaZleblobebs da aZlevs

saSualebas, awarmoon produqcia, romelsac adre ar iwarmoebdnen (mag:

kompiuteris sacalo Rirebuleba mcirediTaa meti arawevri qveynebisagan

importirebul imave saqonelze). es amcirebs korden-is vaWrobis akrZalvis

efeqts (romelic EC-is gagebiT aris “auRebeli cixe-simagre” wevri

qveynebisTvis), Tumca, radgan vaWrobis xvedriTi wili danarCen qveynebTan

mcirea, mosalodnelia, rom manamde arawevri qveynebisagan importirebuli

saqonlis xarjebi gacilebiT gaizrdeba, radgan am qveynebSi aRniSnuli

saqonlis warmoeba Sesabamisad mcirdeba (Venables 198731).

TurqeTis ucxour vaWrobaze sabaJo kavSiris gavlena gaanalizebulia

da gamokvleulia regresiuli analizis meTodebiT. Tu gavaanalizebT

vaWrobis statistikas TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris, aSkaraa, rom sabaJo

kavSiris Semdeg gaizarda rogorc TurqeTis eqsporti evrokavSirSi, aseve

importi evrokavSiridan. magram importis zrda Warbobs eqsportis zrdas.

es ki uaryofiT gavlenas axdens wminda eqsportze. sabaJo kavSirma mecnieri

sekis mosazrebiT ar gamoiwvia vaWrobis struqturis didi cvlileba

TurqeTidan evrokavSirisken (Seki, 2005)32.

TurqeTma evrokavSirTan sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebis xelmoweriT miiRo

SesaZlebloba, gaezarda mTliani Sida produqtis mogeba wliurad 1-dan 1.5%-

mde. magram amasTanave man SeiZleba dakargos satarifo Semosavlebi rac

daaxloebiT mSp-s 1.4 %. damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis (dRg)

formaluri Semcirebac ki mSp-s zrdis paralelurad aanazRaurebs

31 Krugman, P. (1980), "Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade," Amer. Econ. Rev., 70:5, gv. 950-959. 32 Seki I. (2005), “Gümrük Birliði’nin Türkiye’nin Net ihracatI Üzerine Etkileri, 1985 – 2003”.

18

tarifebis SemcirebiT gamowveul danakargebs da gazrdis sabaJo kavSiridan

miRebul socialur keTildReobas (Glenn W. Harrison T. F. RutherfordDavid G. Tarr,

1996)33.

utkulu da seimeni (2004)34 adastureben, rom gadaxrebi minimalur

donezea. sabaJo kavSiris monacemebis mixedviT, ar arsebobs tarifebi da

kvotebi industriul saqonelze TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris. arsebuli

forma, marTalia, zrdis TurqeTis SedarebiT upiratesobas msoflio

bazarze, Tumca amcirebs evrokavSiris bazarze, rac savaraudod gamowveulia

sabaJo kavSiris SeqmniT.

radgan evrokavSirs 1971 wlidan ukve gauqmebuli qonda tarifebi

TurqeTTan importze, sabaJo kavSirs ar moutania mniSvnelovani

liberalizacia TurqeTis eqsportisaTvis evrokavSirSi. samagierod,

TurqeTis mxridan evrokavSirisTvis tarifebis Tanmimdevrulma gauqmebam

gamoiwvia TurqeTSi evrokavSiris importis umniSvnelo zrda. magram rogorc

statistikidan Cans, cvlilebebi importSi ar iyo iseTi mniSvnelovani,

rogorc elodnen. sabaJo kavSiri warmoadgens TurqeTis evrokavSirSi sruli

integraciisaTvis mniSvnelovan wingadadgmul nabijs (Sertoglu* & Ozturk, 2003)35.

Uulgenis da zahbriadis (Ulgen S. and Zahariadis Y. 200436) azriT, evrokavSir-

TurqeTis sabaJo kavSiris amoqmedeba metad mniSvnelovani nabijia TurqeTis

evrokavSirSi integraciis gzaze. TurqeTi aris evrokavSiris kandidati

qveyana da evrokavSiris sabaJo gaerTianebis wevri. faqtobrivad, Tu

saqonliT vaWrobas miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, igi evropuli bazris

mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens.

sabaJo integraciis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba SeiZleba miRweuli iqnas

SeTanxmebis pirobebis gadaxedviT da arsebuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvriT.

aseve masSi iseTi sferoebis CarTviT, rogoricaa momxaxureba da soflis

meurneoba. zemoT naxsenebi avtorebi askvnian, rom TurqeT-evrokavSiris

sabaJo kavSirs aqvs bevri dadebiTi mxare da saimedo sawyisebze

funqcionirebs. magram amasTan aRniSnaven, rom orive mxarem ufro moqnilad

33 Harrison G. W., Rutherford T. F., Tarr D. G. (1996). “Economic Implications for Turkey of a Customs Union with the European Union”. 34Utkulu, U. da Seymen, D. (2004): “Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness: Evidence for Turkey vis-a-vis the EU/15”, European Trade Study Group 6th Annual Conference, 9-11 September. 35 Sertoglu, K. da Ozturk I. (2003). “Turkey and European Union Relations: Concept of Customs Union”. Pakistan horizon. Vol.56 No:3. gv 15-25 36 Ulgen, S. da Zahariadis, Y. (2004) The Future of Turkey-EU Trade Relations: Deepening vs Widening. CEPS EU-Turkey Working Papers No. 5.

19

unda imuSaos, sabaJo akrZalvebis Sesamcireblad da sabaJo integraciis

ufro srulyofili pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.

neiaptim, taSkinma da ungorma (Neyapti, Taskin and Ungor37) gamoikvlies,

rom miuxedavad sabaJo kavSirisa, Semosavlebi eqsport-importidan

evrokavSiris qveynebisTvis dabalia. amavdroulad sabaWo kavSirSi yofnis

efeqti TurqeTis eqsportze ufro Zlieria, vidre adre. importisaTvis ki

piriqiT: Turquli liris realuri kursis zrdas dadebiTi gavlena qonda

importze, gansakuTrebiT ki evrokavSiris qveynebidan. es xdeboda

gansakuTrebiT 1993 da 2000 wlebSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom

sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebam xeli Seuwyo TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris

vaWrobis gazrdas. garda amisa, vaWrobidan Semosavlebis efeqti mcire iyo.

es niSnavs, rom Turquli liris maRali kursis periodSi TurqeTis

evrokavSirTan vaWrobisTvis Seiqmna didi riski, rac iwvevda eqsportis

ufro did SezRudvas vidre iyo adre.

mersenierma da ieldanma (Mercenier J. Yeldan E. 1997)38 aRmoaCnes, rom

Turquli ekonomika savaraudod ganicdida socialur danakargebs. amis

sapirispirod Hharisonma, ruTerfordma da Tarma miuTiTes socialuri

keTildReobis momentebze. (Harrison, Rutherford, Tarr, 199739). amisTvis maT

gamoiyenes kompiuterze dafuZnebuli zogadi Tanafardobis modeli.

kompiuterul gamoTvlebze dafuZnebuli zogadi Tanafardobis modeliT

gamoangariSebulia sabaJo kavSiris gavlena TurqeTisa da evrokavSiris

TanamSromlobaze. radgan saSualo tarifi araagrarul importze 2%-ze

naklebia, vaWrobis diversificirebis xarjebi sabaJo kavSiris pirobebSi

sakmaod mcirea. mesame qveynis bazrebze xelmisawvdomobis gazrda

(evrokavSiris ormxrivi SeRavaTiani xelmisawvdomobis SeTanxmebebiT) iwvevs

did mogebas, rac uzrunvelyofs TurqeTis mSp-s daaxloebiT 1-1.5%-iT

gazrdas. evrokavSiris xelSekrulebasTan mierTebiT dRg-s SemoReba

formalurad (misi gazrdis magivrad satarifo Semosavlebis danakargebis

37 Neyapti, B., Taskin, F. da Ungor, M. (2007) “Has Customs Union Agreement Really Benefited Turkey’s Trade?”, Applied Economics, Vol 39: 16, pp. 2121-2132. 38 Mercenier, J. da Yeldan E. (1997). "On Turkey’s Trade Policy: Is a customs union with Europe enough?" European Economic Review 41, gv. 871-880. 39 Harrison G., Rutherford, T. Tarr, D., (1997)Economic implications for Turkey of a Customs Union with the European Union, European Economic Review, Volume 41, Issues 3-5, gv. 861-870

20

asanazRaureblad) gazrdis socialuri keTildReobis mogebas. (Harrison,

Rutherford, Tarr 1997).40

sabaJo kavSirSi Sesvla niSnavda evrokavSirSi integraciisaken

gadadgmul nabijs. amasTan arsebobs imis niSnebic, rom mTavrobis

konkretuli midgomis kursis mowinaaRmdege politikurma oponentebma

SeiZleba SeZlon vaWrobis sruli liberalizaciisaTvis ganxorcielebuli

nebismieri samomavlo moqmedebis dablokva. analitikurma kvlevebma aCvena,

rom socialuri keTildReobis gasaumjobeseblad saWiroa sabaJo reformis

gagrZeleba da momavalSi arasatarifo barierebis moxsnac evrokavSiris

qveynebTan vaWrobaze.

deardofisa da stimis (Deardoff and Stem (1994)41 modelis SedarebiTi

upiratesoba aCvenebs, rom sabaJo garTianebis formireba iwvevs

globaluri ekonomikuri keTildReobis ufro met zrdas, vidre es

moxdeboda qveyanebs Soris mxolod sabaJo molaparakebebis SemTxvevaSi.

bondis (Bond 199642) analizi moicavs sabaJo gaerTianebis gavlenas

mcire ekonomikaze. analizis Tanaxmad, vaWrobis moculobis zrda

importirebul saqonelze zrdis ekonomikur keTildReobas, Tuki Sida

produqtis fasebi ufro maRalia, vidre fasebi msoflio bazarze. tarifis

Semcireba aseve aumjobesebs ekonomikuri keTildReobis dones, ramdenadac

importirebuli saqonlis moculobis Semcireba ar xdeba.

gotom da hamadam (Goto and Hamada 1997)43 ganixiles regionuli sabaJo

SeTanxmebebis gavlena wevr da arawevr qveynebze. Sedegebma aCvena, rom

regionalizmi auaresebs arawevri qveynebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis

dones, Tuki Tavisufali vaWrobis zonis an sabaJo kavSiris gareT

tarifebi ar aris gazrdili.

mecnierma karlo altomontem Teoriuli kvlevis Sedegebi Seadara

realur sabaJo da ucxouri investiciebis monacemebTan, rac eyrdnoba im

4200 mravalnacionaluri firmebis magaliTs, romlebic 1990-1999 wlebSi

40 Harrison G., da Rutherford, T., da Tarr, D. (1997). "Economic implications for Turkey of a Customs Union with the European Union," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 41(3-5), gv 871-880 41 Deardoff da Robert M. Stem, (1994). Analytical and Negotiating Issues in the Global Trading System, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994, Chapter 2, gv. 27-94. 42 Bond, (1996), The Size of Trading Blocs, Market Power and World Welfare Effects," Journal of International Economics 40, gv. 411-437. 43 Goto J. da Hamada K. (1997). “EU, NAFTA, and Asian Responses: A Perspective from the Calculus of P articipation”. in T . Ito and A. Krueger, eds. Regionalism versus Multilateral Trade Agreements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press/NBER, gv. 91-110.

21

investirebas axdendnen centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi. sabaJo

barierebis SemcirebiT gamowveuli Sedegebis kontroli yovelTvis ar

iwvevs eknomikuri saqmianobis dadebiTi Sedegebis SenarCunebas.

mravalmxrivi regionuli integraciis SeTanxmebebi xSirad moqmedeben,

rogorc dispersiuli Zala (da sxva araferi) mravalnacionaluri firmebis

mdgomareobaze(Altomonte C., 200744).

hiu eduardsi (Edwards T., 2007)45 xsnis regionuli integraciis sxva

aspeqtebs, sadac patara qveynebi ufro metad arian dainteresebulni,

gaxdnen ekonomikuri gaerTianebis wevri qveynebi. vorvik (Warwick) indeqsis

mixedviT, ekonomikuri globalizacis mamoZravebeli Zalaa irlandia,

belgia, hon-kongi da singapuri. rac pirdapir miuTiTebs rom ekonomikuri

globalizaciis procesi met gavlenas axdens Ria ekonomikis mqone patara

qveynebze (rogoricaa irlandia, belgia an hon-kongi), vidre didi

ekonomikis mqone qveynebze. regionuli integracia aiZulebs qveynebs,

moaxdinon sxvadasxva sferoebSi specializacia.46

norbert fiesi (Norbert Fiess, 2007)47 aRniSnul sakiTxs Semdegnairad

xsnis: vaWroba miiCneva mniSvnelovan Tu ara, yvelaze mniSvnelovan,

saSualebad biznes ciklis gadasatanad erTi qveynidan meoreSi.

Teoriulad sabaJo SeTanxmebebSi integraciis biznes ciklze gavlena

dauzustebelia. vaWrobis zrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios misi cvlilebebi. Tu

sabaJo SeTanxmebebSi integracia moaxdens Sidasamrewvelo vaWrobis zrdas,

rogorc specializaciis procesis nawils, maSin mosalodnelia biznesis

ciklis Secvla, radgan misi formireba moxdeba konkretuli warmoebis

mier. xolo Tuki sabaJo SeTanxmebebSi integracia gamoiwvevs

Sidawarmoebis wilis zrdas, mosalodnelia biznes ciklis gaerTianeba,

radganac konkretuli warmoeba msgavs gavlenas moaxdens sabaJo

partniorebze.

regionuli integracia dadebiT gavlenas axdens ekonomikis zrdaze,

kompaniebi afarToeben TavianT saqmianobas, radgan eZlevaT saSualeba,

44 Carlo A. (2007). “Regional Economic Integration and the Location of Multinational Firms, Review of World Economics,, Vol. 143, pp. 277-303 45 Edwards T.H., (2007) Measuring Global and Regional Trade Integration in Terms of Concentration of Access, Loughborough University, Warwick and Kiel Institute for the World Economy, gv. 256-276. 46http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/csgr/research/workingpapers/2006/wp20606.pdf (bolo viziti: 20.12.2008) 47 Norbert F. (2007), Business Cycle Synchronization And Regional Integration: A Case Study For Central America, The World Bank Economıc Revıew, VOL. 21, NO. 1, gv. 49–72.

22

miyidon produqti wevr qveynebs SezRudvebis gareSe. SedarebiT naklebi

yuradReba eqceva regionuli integraciis efeqtebis zrdis Seswavlas.

gamonaklisia bertelonis48 gamokvlevebi. regionuli aspeqtebis dinamikuri

wonasworobis zrdis modelis gamoyenebiT man aRmoaCina, rom integraciaSi

monawileobis miRebis Semdeg ekonomikuri zrdis tempi damokidebulia

ramodenime faqtorze, rogoricaa: integraciis SeTanxmeba iwvevs Tu ara

vaWrobis warmoqmnas an vaWrobis cvlilebas, TiToeuli wevri qveynis

SedarebiT upiratesobisa da sabaJo barierebis cvlilebas. regionuli

integraciis Sesaxeb arsebul gamokvlevaTa analizze dayrdnobiT

(aRniSnul faqtorebze ekonomikuri zrdis damokidebulebis gamo), ar

arsebos calsaxa pasuxi kiTxvaze, rogoria regionuli integraciis

gavlena ekonomikur zrdaze. Tumca regionuli integraciis sakiTxSi

aRniSnuli gavlena mniSvnelovnad iTvleba (Baldwin, 1989)49.

dResdReobiT ar arsebobs saerTo warmodgena (an SeTanxmeba)

regionuli integraciis globalurobis sazomze. iqmneba azri, rom qveynebi

ganuwyvetliv kargaven erovnul individualobas, Tumca mravali

gamokvleva amtkicebs, rom sinamdvileSi erovnuli sazRvrebi jer kidev

udides rols TamaSoben qveynebis ekonomikur saqmianobaSi hiu edvardsis

mier Catarebuli kleva (T.Huw Edwards, 199250), Cveni azriT, SedarebiT swori

gzaa regionuli integraciis gasaanalizeblad.

regionalizmis sakiTxis irgvliv ikveTeba ramodenime sadavo sakiTxi:

aumjobeseben Tu ara sabaJo gaerTianebebi globalur ekonomikur

keTildReobas, axerxeben Tu ara sabaJo gaerTianebebi globaluri sabaJo

liberalizaciis procesSi warmoqmnili siZneleebis gadalaxvas da ra

gavlenas axdenen sabaJo gaerTianebebi misi wevri qveynebis ekonomikaze.

evrokavSiri (EU) erTaderTia regionalur organizaciebs Soris,

romelmac ganviTarebis procesSi monetarul kavSirs miaRwia. ekonomikis

sferoSi erovnuli sabWos gadawyvetilebis mimRebi xelisufleba

nebayoflobiT Seiqmna koleqtiuri saagentoebiT. ekonomikuri integracia

gagrZeldeba momavalSic moqmedebebis gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtriT,

48 Berthelon M., (2004) Growth Effects Of Regıonal Integratıon Agreements, presented at the joint Central Bank of Chile-World Bank Conference March 22, 23, Chili 49 Baldwin, Richard & Martin, Philippe & Ottaviano, Gianmarco I P, (1998). "Global Income Divergence, Trade and Industrialization: The Geography of Growth Take-Offs," CEPR Discussion Papers 1803, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers 50 Edwards, S. (1992), “Trade orientation, distortions and growth in developing countries”, Journal of Development Economics, 39, 31-57.

23

vidre sxva regionalur gaerTianebebSi (NAFTA, MARCESUR, BSEC,APEC). jer

kidev mTavar politikur sakiTxebSi integraciis procesi mimdinareobs

gacilebiT nela, vidre ekonomikur seqtorSi, Tumca es ori sfero

SeuZlebelia mTlianad ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan, radgan ekonomikuri

gadawyvetilebebis miReba politikuri procesis nawilia da suverenuli

Zalebis kapitulacia SesamCnevi xarisxiT ukve moxda.

EevrokavSiris Seqmna da ganviTareba aseve araprecedentuli warmatebis

istoriaa. is gamoiyeneboda modelad sxva msgavsi eqsperimentebisaTvis da

yvelaze xilvad imedad, imis dasamtkiceblad, rom ekonomikuri integracia

win uZRvis SesaZlo politikur integracias. Tumca es nabiji isev Soreuli

momavlisaa, evrokavSirma miaRwia ramdenime ekonomikur mizans da es

miRwevebi aris misi Semadgeneli saxelmwifoebis gazrdili keTildReobis

Sedegi. 51

istoriis manZilze evropis gaerTianebis araerT mcdelobas qonda

adgili. romis imperiam TiTqmis miaRwia evropis integracis sruli

ekonomikuri integraciis saSualebiT, radgan romauli mmarTvelobis dros

dasavleT evropis regionTa umetesobas hqonda saerTo sakanonmdeblo

sistema. miuxedavad amisa, gaerTianeba daiSala, rogorc ki romis imperia

ganadgurda. napoleonma aseve scada evropis gaerTianeba sakuTari wesebiT,

magram uSedegod.52

1929 wels safrangeTis premier ministri, Aristide Brigandi, sityviT

gamovida saxelmwifoTa asambleis ligis Sexvedraze, sadac man gamoTqva

evropuli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebis idea, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda

solidarobaze da gamoiwvevda ekonomikur ayvavebasa da politikur da

socialur SeTanxmebul moqmedebas. bevrma saxelganTqmulma ekonomistma, maT

Soris jon meinard keinzma, mxari dauWira am ideas. ligis moTxovniT,

Brigandma warmoadgina memorandumi evropuli federaluri kavSiris sistemis

organizaciaze 1930 wels. didma depresiam, faSizmis zrdam da Semdeg meore

msoflio omma Sida saomari moqmedebebiT gazarda samomavlo mxardaWera.

1940-iani wlebis pan-evropuli iluziebi arasdros ganxorcielebula

mcirediTac ki, radgan arc hitlers da arc bevr mis ierarqs, rogoric iyo

51 Bennett A. LeRoy da Oliver K. James,(2002) International Organizations, Principles and Issues, Seventh Edition, Prentice Hall, gv.263. 52 Tore T. (1999), An Introduction to the European Community and to European Community Law,75 N.D.L.Rev. 59

24

gebelsi, mcireodeni ganzraxvac ar hqondaT, absolituri germanuli

hegemonia gaecvalaT evropuli konfederaciis Seqmnaze. nacistur Zalasa da

demokratiuli principebis naklebobaze dafuZnebuli evropis integrirebas

ar SeiZleboda hqonoda swori winapiroba evrokavSirisTvis.

1945 wels evropis kontinentis saxelmwifoebma ngreva ganicades. maTi

ekonomika da politikuri struqtura daimsxvra. msoflios arasodes enaxa

manamde ngrvebis iseTi masStabebi, rogoric gamoiwvia meore msoflio omma.

amjerad, omiswina periodisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro integrirebuli da

gaerTianebuli evropis Seqmnis momxreebi aRmoCndnen iseTi maRali rangis

evropeli politikosebi, rogorebic iyvnen uinston CerCili, Kkonrad

Aadenaueri da Jean Mmonne. evropuli integraciisken swrafvis mTavari

mizani iyo erovnuli saxelmwifoebis uflebaTa SezRudva radgan

darwmundnen, rom erovnulma saxelmwifom iTamaSa centraluri roli meore

msoflio omis gamowvevaSi.

meore msoflio omis katastrofis Semdeg evropelebma daiwyes

evrokavSiris Seneba, raTa daecvaT evropa katastrofuli omebisagan. 1946

wlis 19 seqtembers uinstion CerCilma zuriCis universitetSi gamosvlisas

ganacxada, rom Seiqmneboda aSS-s msgavsi evrokavSiri. am gamosvlis

pirveladi Sedegi iyo 1949 wels evropis sabWos Seqmna.

K(Monnet J. da Shuan R.) Jan mone da robert Sumani safrangeTidan da

konrad adenaueri germaniidan iyvnen axali evropis mniSvnelovan damcvelebs

Soris. ori msoflio omiT gamowveuli areulobis miuxedavad, isini

cdilobdnen moexdinaT alternatiuli, dadebiTi, konstruqciuli

urTierTobebis damyareba formalur mtrebs Soris. ekonomikuri intergaciiT

gamowveuli miRwevebis manipulirebiT isini cdilobdnen yvela, praqtikul

doneze SeeqmnaT axali, kooperatiuli kavSirebi safrangeTsa da germaniis

federaciul respublikas Soris, romlebic mTavari moTamaSeebi iyvnen

kontinenturi evropis ekonomikaSi. maT qondaT gaZlierebuli, nabij-nabij

gaTvlili starategia ekonomikuri integraciis miznebis misaRwevad. maTi

praqtikuli motivacia iyo evropis saxelmwifoebis politikur

urTierTobebze dadebiTi gavlenis moxdenis molodini, rac gamoixateboda

didi ekonomikuri integraciis progresSi.53

53 Viotti Paul R.& Kauppi V.,(2001). Mark, International Relations and World Politics, Second addition, Prentice-Hall,Inc. , gv.362

25

ase rom, safrangeTisa da germaniis mTavrobebis SeTanxmebis Semdeg

robert Sumanma gamoacxada Tavisi deklaracia. man daiwyo deklaracia

ramdenime Sesavali winadadebiT: “exla fuWi sityvebis dro ar aris, magram

mkveTri, konstruqciuli moqmedebebis droa. safrangeTma imoqmeda da misi

saqmianobis Sedegebi SeiZleba saucxoo iyos. Cven54 vimedovnebT amas. man

imoqmeda arsebiTad mSvidobisaTvis. rom mSvidoba iyos upirvelesad unda

iyos evropa. germaniis ukompromiso kapitulaciidan TiTqmis xuTi wlis

Semdeg safrangeTi pirvelad dgams gadamwyvet nabijs evropis Seqmnisaken da

germaniac monawileobs am gaerTianebaSi. es aris is, ramac sruliad unda

Secvalos mdgomareoba evropaSi da dauSvas sxva saerTo saqmianobebi, rac

aqamde SeuZlebeli iyo.

yovelive amis Semdeg Seiqmneba mowinave evropa, soliduri da

gaerTianebuli evropa. evropa, sadac cxovrebis done gaizrdeba

gaerTienebuli warmoebisa da gafarToebuli bazrebis wyalobiT, rac dabla

dawevs fasebs...”

regionuli integraciis procesis msvlelobaSi evrokavSiri

TandaTanobiT gaxda mniSvnelovani faqtori rogorc saxelmwifoebis Sida

saqmeebSi, aseve maT erTmaneTTan urTierTobebSi. Tavdapirvelad evrokavSiri

iyo pasuxismgebeli ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorebis regulirebaze

(qvanaxSiri, foladi, soflis meurneoba), Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi

TandaTanobiT gazrdil davalebebze pasuxismgeblobis asaRebad evropuli

institutebi Seiqmna. 1950 wels safrangeTis premier ministrma, robert

Sumanma wamoayena winadadeba dasavleT evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis

mrewvelobis integrirebisaTvis. Sedegad, 1951 wels Seiqmna evropis

qvanaxSirisa da foladis sabWo ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community), eqvsi

wevri qveyniT: belgia, dasavleT germania, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi, italia

da niderlandebi. am SeTanxmebis mizani iyo wevri saxelmwifoebis foladisa

da qvanaxSiris resursebis gaerTianeba.55

evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis sabWos SeTanxmeba warmatebuli

miRweva iyo, radgan xuTi wlis manZilze imave eqvsma qveyanam gadawyvita

ufro Sors wasvla da TavianTi ekonomikis sxva seqtorebis integraciac.

54 Fontaine P., A new idea for Europe, The Schuman declaration — 1950–2000, Second Edition, gv.13 55 Baylis J. da Smith Steve, (2001) The Globalisation of World Politics, Second Addition, Oxford University Pres, gv 495

26

cxrili 1.2. evroparlamentSi warmomadgenlobiTi raodenoba TiToeuli qveynisaTvis

adgilebis

raodenoba

adgilebis

procentuli

raodenoba

adgilebis

procentuli

raodenoba

belgia 24 3.3 % litva 13 1.8 %

CexeTis res. 24 3.3 % luqsemburgi 6 0.8 %

dania 14 2.0 % ungreTi 24 3.3 %

germania 39 13.5 % malta 5 0.7 %

estoneTi 6 0.8 % holandia 27 3.7 %

saberZneTi 24 3.3 % avstria 18 2.5 %

espaneTi 54 7.4 % poloneTi 54 7.4 %

safrangeTi 78 10.7 % portugalia 24 3.3 %

irlanida 13 1.8 % slovenia 7 1.0 %

italia 78 10.7 % slovakeTi 14 2.0 %

kviprosi 6 0.8 % fineTi 14 2.0 %

latvia 9 1.2 % SvedeTi 19 2.6 %

gaerTianebuli

samefo

78 10.7 %

sul: 732

wyaro: http://europa.eu.int/institutions/parliament/index_en.htm (bolo viziti: 13.03.2008)

amsterdamis xelSekrulebam56 da Semdeg lisabonis xelSekrulebam

evroparlamentis Zalaufleba kidev ufro gazarda, radgan mas axla aqvs

zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis ufleba ministrTa

sabWosTan erTad. am sakiTxebze parlaments, rogorc ministrTa sabWos

sruluflebian partniors, aqvs sawyiss kanonmdeblobebze molaparakebebis

warmoebis ufleba.57

arsebobs sxva dawesebulebebi, rogoricaa evrosasamarTlo, auditorTa

sasamarTlo, evropis sainvesticio banki, evropis centraluri banki, evro

ekonomikuri da socialuri komiteti, regionebis komiteti, kulturisa da

ganaTlebis komiteti, konstituciuri saqmeebis komiteti.

mengisTaem da Tealma (Mengistae T. and Teal F., 1998)58 gamoikvlies vaWrobis

liberalizacia, regionuli integracia da firmaTa funqcionireba afrikis

qveynebis samrewvelo seqtorSi da daadgines, rom konkurenciis

56 amsterdamis xelSekruleba, romelic evrokavSiris politikuri liderebis mier SeTanxmda 1997 wlis 17 ivniss da xeli moewera 2 oqtombers, aris wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs Soris orwliani molaparakebebisa da TanamSromlobis kulminacia. is Sevida ZalaSi evrokavSiris 15 wevri saxelmwifos xelis moweris Semdeg arsebuli konstituciuri procedurebis dacviT. 57Andress Duff,Treaty of Amsterdam: Text and Commentary, (London, Federal Trust, 1997) gv. 143-145 58 Taye M. da Teal F. (1998), Trade Liberalisation, Regional Integration and Firm Performance in Africa’sManufacturing Sector, Centre for the Study of African Economies University of Oxford, Report to the European Commission.

http://europa.eu.int/institutions/parliament/index_en.htm�

27

gaTvaliswinebiT integracia ar aris sasurveli patara kompaniebisaTvis.

es gamokleva ewinaRmdegeba regionuli integraciis Sesaxeb arsebul saerTo

mosazrebebs Tumca mniSvnelovania.

BSEC-i rogorc regionuli gaerTianeba naklebadaa gamokvleuli radgan

jer kidev mcire droa misi Seqmnis Semdeg gasuli. nikolas dimam (Nikolas

Dima 2003) axsna BSEC–is mniSvneloba regionis qveynebisaTvis. TurqeTma

BSEC–is Camoyalibeba aRiqva, rogorc axali era regionuli

ganviTarebisaTvis. \ruseTi, romelic geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT

upirveles dazaralebulad iTvleboda am axali gardaqmnebis Sedegad

regionSi, uxalisod Sexvda aRniSnul movlenas, magram daTanxmda im mizeziT

rom Tavs gareT darCenis uflebas ver miscemda. Eekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT

BSEC-i upirvelesad mniSvnelovania ukrainis, rumineTis, bulgareTisa da

saqarTvelosaTvis. M miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebi ar aris BSEC–is wevri, igi erT-erTi wamyvani moTamaSea am regionSi.

Mman xeli Seuwyo progress Savi zRvis regionSi sabWoTa memkvidreobis

negatiuri Sedegebis likvidirebas da ganviTarebisa da demokratiis

mxardaWeriT im qveynebisaTvis, romlebic mzad iyvnen, mieRoT gamowveva

axaliregionuli integraciis warmoqmis iniciativa gaamyara. saqarTvelom,

ukrainam, azerbaijanma da moldovam agreTve Camoayalibes GUAM-is

(saqarTvelo, ukraina, Azerbaijani, moldova) jgufi, romelic aRqmul iqna,

rogorc aSS-s mier STagonebuli kavSiris cda da gamoiwvia ruseTis

gaRizianeba. GUAM-s ara aqvs SidasamTavrobo organizaciebis arcerTi

Cveulebrivi instituciuri maxasiaTebeli da didi miRwevebiTac ar

gamoirCeva (Veremis T., 2006)59.

BSEC’i blokia Tu usafrTxoebis erToba? s. CelaCi da panagiola manolo

(Celac S. da Manoli P., 2006) Tvlian, rom BSEC ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos “sabaJo

blokad” an “usafrTxoebis erTobad”. dasawyiSive BSEC miiCneoda regionuli

ekonomikuri integraciis mizniT Seqmnil organizaciad, romelic unda

dafuZnebuliyo Tavisufali, damoukidebuli qveynebis mier maTi ganviTarebis

daCqarebisa da ekonomikuri gaZlierebis mizniT saerTo progresisa da

keTildReobisaTvis. amitomac BSEC-is dokumentebi xazs usvamen

59 Thanos V., (2006), “The Involvement of the International Center for Black Sea Studies in the Union, Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies,Vol. 6, No. 2, gv. 157–168.

28

xelSekrulebebis im punqtebs, romlebSic warmodgenilia monawile qveynebis

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ormxrivi sargeblobis maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa

miRweva jerjerobiT Zalian Znelia radgan misi monawile qveynebis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis doneebs Soris didi gansxvavebaa da zogjer interesebic

gansxvavebulia.

saqarTvelom gamoiara Rrma socialur-ekonomikuri krizisi. Tumca,

umetesi qveynebis msgavsad, samxreT kavkasiis respublikebisaTvis civi omis

Semdgomi periodi gansakuTrebulad mtkivneuli aRmoCnda. eTnikur

konfliqtebs, ltolvilebis gazrdil raodenobasa da siRaribes Tan daerTo

ekonomikuri stagnaciisa da korufciis wlebi, rac savaraudod 2003 wlis

noemberSi dasrulda e.w. vardebis revoluciiT da qveynis mosaxleobas

axali imedebi moutana. im problemebs Soris, romelic axali mTavrobis

winaSe dadga, yvelaze aqtualuri iyo siRaribe da ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

post-revoluciurma mTavrobam miaRwia warmatebebs iseT sferoebSi,

rogoricaa saxelmwifo biujetis mniSvnelovnad gazrdili Semosavlebi,

korufciasTan brZola da efeqturi urTierTobebis damyareba saerTaSoriso

safinanso institutebTan. Tumca man dauSva Secdomebic zogadad

demokratiuli saxelmwifos SenebaSi da gansakuTrebiT ekonomikur

politikaSi. misi garTulebuli urTierTobebi ruseTTan da amavdroulad

rusi investorebis gazrdili raodenoba gansakuTrebiT damafiqrebelia.

qveynis politika unda iyos kargad awyobili, raTa daicvas demokratia da

xeli Seuwyos samomavlo ekonomikur zrdas.

ekonomikuri integraciis etapebi

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis da investiciis donis gazrdasTan erTad

viTardeba ekonomikis integraciis done mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebs

Soris. evokavSiri SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc amis erT-erTi yvelaze

naTeli magaliTi, romelmac ekonomikis integracia daiwyo autrakikuli

eriT. es magaliTi ki did iSviaTobas warmoadgens. arsebos ekonomikuri

integraciis ganviTarebis garkveuli etapebi, romelic iwyeba vaWrobaSi

barierebis SemcirebiT da Semdgom misi mTlianad aRmofxvriT da

sruldeba erTiani ekonomikis kavSiris SeqmniT. qvemoT ganxilulia yvela

ekomonikuri integraciis yvela etapi.

29

Tavisufali vaWrobis urTierTSeTanxmeba

ekonomikis integraciis pirveli etaps warmoadgens Tavisufali

vaWrobis an SeRavaTiani vaWrobis urTierTSeTanxmeba. Tavisufali

vaWrobis urTierTSeTanxmeba aRmofxvris importze sabaJo gadasaxadis

tarifs da agreTve sabaJo kvotas am xelSekrulebis monawile qveynebs

Soris. es urTierTSeTanxmeba SeiZleba moicavdes mxolod ramdenime

seqtors an saerTaSoriso vaWrobis yvela aspeqts. Tavisufali vaWrobis

urTierTSeTanxmeba vaWrobis davis gadasaWrelad arsebobs garkveuli

struqturebi. amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens Crdilo amerikis

Tavisufali vaWrobis urTierTSeTanxmeba.

ormxrivi vaWrobis liberalizaciis gegmis garda Tavisufali

vaWrobebis urTierTSeTanxmeba awarmoebs garkveul SezRudvebs wevr

qveynebTan. agreTve Tavisufali vaWrobebis urTierTSeTanxmeba SesaZloa

moicavdes am sferos garkveul uzrunvelyofas im SemTxvevaSi Tu

xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi ganacxadeben Tanxmobas. am SemTxvevaSi

ar aris aucilebeli SeaTanxmeba an raime garkveuli wesdebis codna

aramed saWiroa standartebis da ekonomikuri intuiciis unari. arc

Tavisufali kapitali da muSa xeli warmoadgens Tavisufali vaWrobis

aucileblobas. aseve, Tavisufali vaWrobis urTierTSeTanxmebis qveynebi

inarCuneben Tavisufali vaWrobas sxva qveynebTan, romlebis ar arian am

xelSekrulebis wevri qveynebi.

agreTve, FTA-s funqciis Sesasruleblad saWiroa monawile qveynebma

miigon Sesabamisi ZiriTadi wesebi mesame mxarisTvis, romelic Semova

Tavisufal vaWrobaSi. is saqoneli, romelic warmoebulia Tavisufali

vaWrobis teritoriaze (da gavlenas axdens SeTanxmebaze) sazRvrebs

gadakveTs baJis tarifis gadaxdis gareSe, magram ZiriTadi wesebis

pirobebi unda amtkicebdes rom saqoneli warmoebulia im qveyanaSi,

romelsac es saqoneli Semoaqvs. ZiriTadi wesebis arasebobis SemTxvevaSi,

mesame mxaris qveynebi, romlebic cdiloben FTA-sTan daaxloebas,

Seecdebian gamonaxon sxva gzebi - is qveynebi sadac sabaJo tarifi iqneba

SedarebiT dabali – da naklebi sabaJo tarifiT Semovidnen FTA-s

qveynebSi.

30

sabaJo kavSiri

F sabaJo kavSiri (CU) eyrdnoba rogorc Tavisufali vaWrobis sferos,

ise vaWrobis Sida barierebis aRmofxvras, igi mouwodebs monawile

mxareebs sagareo vaWrobis kursis harmonizaciisken. (SeTanxmebisken).

sagareo vaWrobis kursis harmonizacia moicavs saerTo sagareo tarifebis

daarsebas da im saqonelze, romalic qveyanaSi Semodis mesame qveynidan,

garkveuli wilis dakisrebas da aseve, SeZlebisamebr, saerTo vaWrobis

anazRaurebis saSualebas, rogoricaa gadayris winaaRmdeg Catarebuli

RonisZiebebi. sabaJo kavSirma aseve SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos vaWrobis

anazRaurebis meqanizms. sabaJo kavSiris wevrebi molaparakebebs awarmoeben

iseT organizaciebTan, rogoricaa msoflio vaWrobis organizacia (WTO).

AmTavari wesebis arseboba ar warmoadgens aucileblobas im qveynebSi

sadac moqmedebs sabaJo kavSiri, radgan yvela tvirTi romelic Sedis

sabaJo kavSiris sazRvarze ekisreba qveyanaSi arsebuli tarifi.

ZiriTadi wesebis aRmofxvra mTavari sargebelia sabaJo kavSirisTvis

Tavisufal vaWrobis sferoSi. ZiriTadi wesebis SesanarCuneblad saWiroa

FTA-s wevr qveynebis vrceli dokumentacia da am wesebis sazRvrebze

moqmedeba. Ees yovelive ki dakavSirebulia TanxebTan da SesaZloa

gamowvios dava am kanonebis axsnisas da aseve uamravi sxva dabrkoleba. CU

uzrunveloyofs mniSvnelovan administraciul Tanxis danazogs da

sargebels.

sabaWo kavSiris sargeblobis uzrunvelsayofad wevrma qveynebma unda

daTmon garkveuli Tavisufleba- rogoricaa damoukidebeli vaWroba.

vaWrobis da ekonomikis Sefasebis zrda, rogorc sagareo politikis

saSualeba, iwvevs sabaJo kavSiris mier dakisrebul SezRudvebs

damoukidebel sagareo politikaze.

saerTo bazari

saerTo bazari warmoadgens gansakuTrebul nabijs mniSvnelovani

ekonomikuri integraciisken. sabaJo kavSiris arsebuli mdgomareobis

SenarCunebasTan erTad, saerTo bazari auqmebs yvelanair bariers xalxis,

kapitalisa da sxva resursebis mobilurobas mocemul raionSi, da aseve

utarifo barierebs vaWrobaSi, rogoricaa normatiul-samarTleblivi

reJimi vaWrobis standartebTan mimarTebaSi.

31

saerTo bazris Seqmna Cveulebriv moiTxovs mniSvnelovan politikur

SeTanxmebas rig sferoebSi. magaliTad, muSa-xelis Tavisufali mimosvla

saWiroebs SeTanxmebas momuSaves kvalificirebasa da sertifikaciasTan.

saerTo bazari gaigivebulia fuladi da monetaruli kursis

urTierTSeTanxmebasTan romelic ganpirobebulia mzardi ekonomikuri

damoukideblobiT am regionSi da agreTve im zegavleniT romelic erT

erTma wevrma qveyanam SesaZloa moaxdinos sxva wevr qveyanaze. Yovelive es

ganapirobebs mkacr pirobebs wevri qveynebisTvis damoukidebeli politikis

gasatareblad.

saerTo bazaris Seqmnis mTavari upiratesoba mdgomareobs ekonomikuri

efekturobaSi. uzomo mobilurobiT, muSa-xeliT da kapitaliT

SesaZlebelia ufro swrafi da efeqturi reagireba ekonomikur

cvlilebebze da signalebze saerTo bazris meSveobiT, ris Sedegadac

moxdeba resursebis ufro efeqturi gadanawileba.

ekonomikuri kavSiri

ekonomikuri integraciis yvelaze Rrma forma, ekonomikuri kavSiri

saerTo bazars uqmnis ramodenime politikuri sferos regulirebis

saWiroebas. upirvelesyovlisa ekonomikuri kavSiri moiTxovs

koordinirebas finansur-biujetovan da fulad-kreditul politikaSi,

muSa-xelis bazarze, agreTve regionalur ganviTarebas, transportisa da

industriuli politikis ganxilvas. Imis gamo rom yvela qveyana iyenebs

saerTo ekonomikur teritorias, am raionebSi gamoiyeneba

kontrproduktiuli gansxvavebuli politika.

ekonomikuri kavSiri xSirad moicavs saerTo valutisa da fulad-

kredituli politikis gamoyenebas. valutis kursis cvlilebiT

gamowveuli moulodnelobis likvidireba aumjobesebs ekonomikuri

kavSiris funqcionirebas, radgan vaWroba mimdinareobs ufro Tavisuflad,

damoukideblad kursis cvlilebisa. Igive SeiZleba iTqvas adgilobriv

biznes gadawyvetilebebze.

saWiro iqneba supranacionaluri komitetebi romlebic gaakontoleben

vaWrobas wesebis erTsaxovani gamoyenebisTvis. am kanonebis aRsruleba

moxdeba nacionalur doneze, magram qveynebi uars ityvian uSualod

individualur kontrolze am sferoSi.

ekonomikuri integraciis safexurebis ZiriTadi elementebi:

32

Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba (FTA)

nulovani tarifi wevr qveynebs Soris da gauqmebuli utarifo barierebi

sabaJo kavSiri (CU)

FTA +saerTo gare tarifi

saerTo bazari (CM)

CU + kapitalis da muSa-xelis Tavisufali mimosvla, zogierTi politikis

regulireba

eonomikuri kavSiri (EU)

CM + saerTo ekonomikuri politika da komitetebi

NAFTA-s gaaCnia mkveTri organizaciuli struqtura. mis centralur

instrumentad iTvleba komisia თavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb, romelSic

Sedian SeTanxmebis samive qveynidan vaWrobis ministrebi. komisia

zedamxedvelobs SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebasa da mis TandaTan daxvewa-

Semuშavebas. misi movaleobaa kamaTebis daregulireba, romlebic

warmoiSveba SeTanxmebis interpretaciisas. komisia agreTve Tvalyurs

adevnebs 30-ze meti komitetisa da naftas samuSao jgufebis saqmianobas.

samive qveynis minitrebi SeTanxmdnen imis თaobaze rom komisia Tavis

saqmianobaSი xels Seuwyobda NAFTA-s koordinirebul samdivnos (NCS),

romlis Seqmnac igigmeboda 1997 wlis bolos meqsika sitiSi. sekretariatis

mთavari saqmianobaa emsaxuros naftas muSaobis oficialur arqivs da

Seasrulos komisiisaTvis sameurneo sekretariatis roli.

cxovrebis donis efeqturad uzrunvelyofisaTvis naftaSi Seiqmna 30-ze

meti samuSao jgufi da komiteti. is Ziriთadi sferoebi romlebSიc

mimdinareobs normebis Seqmnaze muSaoba თavad Seicaven saqonlis

warmoebas, sasoflo sameurneo saqonliT vaWrobasa da subsidiebs

ekonomikis am sferoSi da sxv. es samuშao jgufebi da komitetebi

yovelwliurad warudgenen angariSs mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb naftas

komisias.

naftas samuSao jgufebi da komitetebi egreTve uzrunvelyofen garkveuli

forumis Seqmnas imisaTvis rom Seswavlil iqnas vaWrobis samomavlo

liberalizaciis meTodebi wevr qveynebs Soris, agreTve isიni qmnian arenas

33

sakamaTo sakiTxebis ganxilvisaTvis, raTa maT ar miscen SemdgomSი

gamwvavebis saSualeba.

NAFTA-s CarCoebSi dadgenili davebis gadawyvetis instrumentebi Sedgeba

sami safexurisgan:

• tardeba molaparakebebi mxareTa Soris imisTvis, rom davebis

gadawyvetis damakmayofilebeli gadawyvetileba miRebul iqnas;

• Tu pirveli raundis ganmavlobaSi ver xerxdeba SeTanxmebis

miRweva, maSin saqme gansaxilvelad komisiaSi gadadis;

• Tu komisias ar SeuZlia gadawyvitos saqme, maSin igi gadadis

maRalkvalificiuri specialistebis jgufis ganxilvaSi, romelic Sedgeba

xuTi wevrisgan da iZleva garantias imisa rom sakamaTo sakiTxebi

samarTlianad gadawydeba.

dResdReobiT vaWrobis umetesi nawili, romelic warmoebs CrdiloeT

amerikaSi xorcieldeba naftas mkafiod da naTlad dadgenili normebis

Sesabamisad. Tumca miuxedavad yvelafrisa aseTi uzarmazari masStabis

vaWrobis sferoSi aucileblad warmoiSoba sakamaTo sakiTxebi. aseT

situaciebSi nafta yovelTvis mxars uWers mTavrobebs Soris megobrul

Seთanxmebas, romelTa interesebsac icaven komitetebi, samuSao jgufebi da

an sakonsultacio organoebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu ormxrivi SeTanxmeba ar

iqneba miRweuli nafta mimarTavs problemis swraf da efeqtur ganxilvas

eqspertTa jgufebis meSveobiT.

NAFTA-s SeTanxmeba Seicavs grandiozul gegmas tarifebis

ganadgurebasa da arasatarifo barierebis Semcirebas Tavisufali

vaWrobis zonaSi biznesis arsebuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT. is

TavisTavSi moicavs investiciebis, mamsaxurebis, inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis, dasaqmebuli adamianebis gadaadgilebas sazRvrebs gareT da

ra Tqma unda konkurenciis wesebs.

dResdReobiT NAFTA-s miznebs Seadgens:

barierebis moxsna vaWrobaze da stimulireba saqonlis moZraobisa da

momsaxurebisa SeTanxmebis monawile qveynebs Soris;

• Seqmna da mxardaWera samarTliani konkurenciis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebisa

Tavisufali vaWrobis zonaSi;

• investiciebis mozidva da am mxriv SesaZleblobebis mniSvnelovani

gadaWarbeba SeTanxmebis wevr qveynebSi;

34

• inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis aucilebeli da efeqturi

dacvis meqanizmebis uzrunvelyofa TiToeul qveyanaSi;

• mocemuli SeTanxmebis efeqturi miReba da Sesruleba adgilobrivi

kamaTebis regulirebisaTavis;

• momavali samqveyniani, regionaluri da saerTaSoriso kooperaciis

bazis Seqmna da sazRverebis daweseba SeTanxmebis gafarToebis

gaumjobesebisa da gaZlierebis mizniT.

naftam gaiTvaliswina satarifo barierebis moSorebis programa, romelSic

Sedis oTxi etapi. pirvel etapze satarifo sazRvrebis nawili unda

gauqmebuliyo dauyovnebliv SeTanxmebis xelmowerisTanave, meore etapze -

5 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mesame etapze - 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo bolo

etapze ki - 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

Setanxmebis praqtikuli realizaciisaTvis rogorc ukve aRvniSneT Seqmnil

iqna naftas institucionaluri struqtura. naftas centralur instituts

warmoadgenda Tavisufali vaWrobis komisia vaWrobis ministrebis doneze,

romelsac unda edevnebina Tvalyuri SeTanxmebis SesrulebisaTvis da

aRmoeCina xelSewyoba kamaTebis gadaWrisaTvis, romlebic warmoSobil

iqnebodnen misi interpretaciisas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom naftas sazRvrebSi amerikam, kanadam da meqsikam

SeinarCunes TavianTi savaWro kanonmdebloba

pirvel etapze amerikam dauyovnebliv moaSora 84% tarifebi meqsikur

eqsportze, gamoklebiT «navTobis eqsporti» da 79% kanaduri eqsportze.

Tavis mxriv, meqsika valdebuli iyo likvidireba moexdina satarifo

sazRvrebis 43%-isa amerikul saqonelze da 41% - kanadur saqonelze,

romeltaganac 80%-s warmoadgens Ziritadi kapitali (manqana-

mowyobilobebi, eleqtronuli detalebi, satransporto saSualebebi) da

qimiuri saqoneli.

meore etapze 1999 w. amerikam da kanadam likvidireba moaxdines tarifebisa

TiTqmis 1200 saxis saqonelze(masSi Sedioda avtomobiluri produqcia da

teqstiluri produqcia), romlebic 1991 wels Seadgendnen 80% meqsikuri

«navTobis eqsporti» -isaa. meqsikamac Tavis mxriv moaSora

tarifebi(sazRvrebi) TiTqmis 2500 saxis saqonelze, romelTaTvisac

amerikasa da kanadaSi eqsporti Seadgens Sesabamisad 18% da 19%s.

35

mesame etapze, romelic dasrulda 2004 wels, amerikam da kanadam moxsnes

satarifo barierebi 12 da 7 %-ze meqsikur «navTobis eqsportze »,

amavdroulad meqsikam moxsna tarifebi 48%ze amerikul da kanadur

eqsportze.

meoTxe etapze, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi yoveli am sami qveynidan

auqmebs darCenil satarifo SezRudvebs importze gansakuTrebiT

”mgrZnobiare” saqonelze (xorbali, fqvilis rZe, fasoli(lobio)

meqsikisaTvis; rZis nawarmebi da frinveli kanadisaTvis; xili da

bostneuli amerikisaTvis). gadasaxadebi zemoT CamoTvlil saqonelze

gaTvaliswinebulia rom gauqmdes mTlianad 2010 wlisaTvis.

meqsikis xelisuflebis SexedulebiT, tarifis sazRvrebis moSoreba

vaWrobaze mocemuli sqemiT xels Seuwyobs myari samewarmeo klimatis

Seqmnas meqsikuri mwarmoeblebisaTvis da regionuli investiciuri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. garda amisa meqsikas gamouCnda SesaZlebloba

ekonomikis modernizaciisa da misi adaptaciisa meurneobis axal

pirobebTan.

aucilebelia yuradReba mivaqcioT agreTve arasatarifo sazRvrebis

moSorebis saWiroebas, romlebic arTuleben saqonlis Tavisufal

moZraobas qveynebs Soris. naftas SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad «Tu esи ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli SeTanxmebis mier, arcerT qveyanas ar SeuZia moiTxovos

sazRvrebi nebismieri saqonlis importze sxva qveynidan an nebismieri

saqonlis eqsportze sxva qveyanaSi, garda iseTi SemTxvevebisa, romlebic

gaTvaliswinebulia statiebSi XI (gatt)GАТТ».

NAFTA-s CarCeobSi gansazRvrulia saerTo wesebi saqonlis

mwarmoebeli qveynis dasadgenad. am wesebis mixedviT saqoneli CaiTvleba

warmoebulad mocemul regionSi, Tu is mniSvnelovnad gadamuSavda

sxvadasxva meTodebiT, sami qveynidan erT-erT-Si. gamomdinare meTodidan

Crdilo amerikuli komponentis wili saqonlis Rirebuleba unda

Seadgendes araumcires 50-60 %-s. saqonlis mwarmoebeli qveynis

gansazRvrisas gansakuTrebuli wesebi gamoiyeneba warmoebis sxvadasxva

produqciisTvis: kompiuterebis, avtomobilebisa da mosarTavebi.

NAFTA-s erT-erT Taviseburebas warmoadgens is, rom miuxedavad misi

Seqmnis ZiriTadi miznisa – qveynebs Soris vaWrobis sruli

liberalizacia, is uSvebs zogierT gamonakliss. molaparakebisas

36

mxareebi moiTxovdnen nafta-dan rigi dargebis amoRebas: kanadis mxirdan –

kulturas, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mxridan – sazRvao gadazidvebi,

meqsikis mxridan ki – navTobwarmoebas. meqsikisTvis navTobis warmoeba

warmoadgens strategiul dargs. saxelmwifos aqvs gansakuTrebuli

ufleba mocemul dargSi investiciisa da gaaCnia mniSvnelovani

warmomadgenloba masSi saxelmwifo kompaniis saxiT, romlis saxelia

remeqsi (REMEX). amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi miiswrafoda mieRo ufleba

kapital dabandebisa, meqsikuri navTob warmoebis sxvadasxva seqtorSi.

meqsikis saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebma mainc SesZles SeenaxaT ZiriTadi

SezRudvebi kapital dabandebisa navTob warmoebaSi.

NAFTA-s SeTanxmebis farglebSi ganixileboda sxvadasxva sakiTxebi,

iseTebi rogoric aris momsaxureobiT vaWrobebi, investiciebis mimosvla,

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebada a.S.

mravali wlis manZilze aSS-sa, kanadasa da meqsikas Soris sadavo

sakiTxad rCeboda investicirebis sakiTxi. rac Seexeba aSS-sa da meqsikas,

davebi erovnuli warmoebebsa da ucxour investiciebze datova erTgvari

ara ndobis faqtori. Tumca, saboloo jamSi, problemis mogvarebiT

meqsikis mTavrobam gaanaliza, rom ucxouri kapitali qveynisTvis

sasicocxlo rols TamaSobda.

NAFTA-s Tanaxmad CrdiloeT amerikuli regionis investorebisTvis

samive wevr qveyanaSi wesdeba aradiskriminaciuri reJimi, imisTvis rom

SesaZlebeli iyos investorebis mxridan axali sawarmoebis Seqmna,

kompaniebis dafuZneba da SeZena, maTi gafarToeba da marTva.

evrokavSirisgan gansxvavebiT NAFTA-s miznad ar hqonda dasaxuli

saxelmwifoTaSorisi administraciuli organoebi Seeqmna da agreTve is

kanonebi, romlebic gamarTavdnen am sistemas. NAFTA aris mxolod

saerTaSoriso savaWro SeTanxmeba saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis

CarCoebSi.

Tu gavaanalizebT am SeTanxmebis ZiriTad arss da SevadarebT

evrokavSirs, gavigebT, rom misi mTavari mizani ar aris mxolod sasazRvro

barierebis moxsna monawile qveynebs Soris. NAFTA-s farglebSi nabij-

nabij xdeba yvelanairi sasazRvro gadasaxadis likvidacia, aseve ixsneba

saeqsporto da saimporto SezRudvebis umetesoba. Tavisufali

gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba iqmneba ara mxolod saqonlisaTvis, aramed

37

momsaxurebisTvisac, kapitalisTvis, profesionalurad momzadebuli

samuSao ZalisTvis da a.S. SeTanxmebis monawile mxareebi SeTanxmdnen im

aucilebel saSualebebze da moqmedebebze, romelic daicavda

inteleqtualur sakuTrebas, harmonizacias gauwevda teqnikur standartebs,

sanitarul da fitosanitarul normebs. dokumenti Seicavs aucilebel

moTxovnebs mxareebisaTvis, im meqanizmebis Sesaqmnelad, romelic

gadawyvetda davebs (antidempingi, subsidia da a.S.), romlebic organizaciis

Camoyalibebis adreul etapze aucileblad gaCndeboda. aucileblad unda

aRiniSnos is rom, SeTanxmebaSi ar aris gansazRvruli problemebis

gadawyvetis gzebi. es problemebi exeba ZiriTadad socialur sferos,

iseTi rogoricaa magaliTad umuSevroba, ganaTleba, kultura da a.S.

mniSvnelovania imis gansjა, Tu sami qveynidan TiToeuli ras moeloda

aRniSnuli SeTanxmebidan anu ra iyo mizani TiToeuli monawile mxarisa.

amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis es unda yofiliyo vaWroba da sagareo

politika. GATT-is daarsebidan (1947 w.) adreul 1980-ian wlebamde amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi momxre iyo mravalmxrivi vaWrobis reJimisa. aSS-s

surda mieRo sargebeli Tavisi konkurentunariani soflis meurneobis

produqciidan, maRalteqnologiuri servisebidan, magram mcdelobebs, rom

liberalizacia momxdariyo aRniSnul seqtorebSi hqonda umniSvnelo

warmatebebi. amerikis maSindeli drois savaWro warmomadgenelma – viliam

brokma gadawyvita, rom aRniSnul sferoSi warmatebis misaRwevad saWiro

iyo ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi regionaluri SeTanxmebis gaformeba. am

ideiT man pirvelad mimarTa axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs, magram mxolod

israeli aRmoCnda SeTavazebis momxre. amis Semdeg igi moubrunda

CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebs. kanada, miuxedavad Sida winaaRmdegobisa

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT TanxmobiT Sexvda SemoTavazebas

Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb, magram meqsikam uarhyo igi,

mxolod ramodenime wlis Semdeg gadawyvita meqsikis mTavrobam, rom

aRniSnul SeTavazebaze daTanxmeba Tavisive qveynis interesebSi Sedioda.

aSS-s gadmosaxedidan Tu ganvsjiT es iyo mniSvnelovani warmateba

mravalmxrivi vaWrobis sistemisTvis. aSS-sa da kanadas Soris aRniSnuli

Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb gaformebuli SeTanxmebis metad sakamaTo

sakiTxi aRmoCnda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. saprezidento kandidati

ros peroti winaswarmetyvelebda masiur umuSevrobas da dabal xelfasebs

38

NAFTA -dan gamomdinare. magram im wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac NAFTA

amoqmedda aSS-s ekonomikam ganicada ayvavebis faza, Seiqmna milionobiT

samuSao adgilebi da daeca umuSevrobis maCveneblebi.

kanadis upirvelesi mizani Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis

gaformebiT aSS-sTan iyo, rom uzrunvelyo im bazris dacva, romelic

Seadgenda Tavisi sagareo vaWrobis 3/4-s. 80-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi

monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis kombinaciiT interesis maCvenebelma

aSS-Si miaRwia uprecendento dones, ramac mniSvnelonvad gaaZliera aSS-s

dolari. rac Seexeba kanadas is ar aRmoCnda warmatebuli savaWro

kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciaSi. amis miuxedavad, xelSekrulebis meqanizmma

kanadis bazarze dadebiTi Sedegi iqonia, kanadis meore mizani Tavisufali

xelSekrulebis gaformebis iyo kanadis industriis racionalizacia.

zogierTi es industriebi daculi iyo maRali savaWro barierebiT da

moculi iyo kanadis bazris geografiuli fragmentebiT da aqedan

gamomdinare ver xdeboda misi realizacia. amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan

gazrdilma vaWrobam gamoiwvia aseTi industriebis SejibrebiTobis unarze

ayvana. mas Semdeg rac aSS-sa da kanadas Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis

Sesaxeb xelSekruleba Sevida ZalaSi kanada ufro metad aRmoCnda

damokidebuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze da gansakuTrebiT vaWrobaze

amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan.

meqsikis mTavari moTxovna Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb

amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan warmoadgenda mcdelobas, rom moezidaT

ucxoeli investorebi. rogorc ganviTarebad qveyanas meqsika saWiroebda

orives: kapitalsa da teqnologiebs, romelic unda miRebuliyo gazrdili

ucxouri investiciebidan. aseve meqsikisTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovani iyo

gacilebiT gaumjobesebuli da ufro usafrTxo Sesvla amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis bazarze, magram ZiriTadad Tavisufali vaWrobis

Sesaxeb xelSekruleba moicavda ufro met wilad investiciebis

ganxorcielebas, vidre vaWrobas.

39

1.2. evropis sabaJo kavSiris politika

sabaJo kavSiri aris evrokavSiris ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi elementi. sabaJo kavSiris ganxilva daiwyo romis xelSekrulebis

Semdeg da gagrZelda 1968 wlamde. Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT sabaJo

kavSiris yvelaze mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi Semdegnairad: wevr

saxelmwifoebs Soris yvelanairi sabaJo movaleobebisa da SezRudvebis

gauqmeba; saerTo sabaJo tarifis CCT (Common Customs Tariff) SemoReba, romelic

gamoyenebuli iqneba evrogaerTianebaSi mesame qveynis produqciaze; saerTo

komerciuli politikis Seqmna sabaJo kavSiris gare sivrcisaTvis.

saerTo procedurebi da wesebi iqna SemoRebuli saerTo

administraciul dokumentTan SAD (Single Administrative Document) erTad,

romelic miznad isaxavda adre gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva dokumentebis

Canacvlebas. saerTo bazris ZalaSi SesvliT 1993 wels, yvela Semaferxebeli

kontroli Sida sazRvrebze gauqmda. ase rom, wevri saxelmwifoebis sabaJo

samsaxurebma dakarges Tavisi funqciebi saaqcizo movaleobebis, dRg-sa da

statistikuri monacemebis Segrovebis sferoSi.

gaerTianeba iRebda specialur SeTanxmebebs vaWrobis gasamartiveblad,

magaliTad, evropis ekonomikur sivrcesTan EEA (European Economic Area)

dadebuli SeTanxmeba da ganviTarebis wasaxaliseblad evropul bazrebze

SeRavaTiani SeRwevis miRebiT. LOmé konvencia, romelsac xeli moaweres

afrikis, karibisa da okeaneTis qveynebma ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific countries)

ekonomikuri da safinanso kavSiri

ekonomikuri da safinanso kavSiri EMU (Economic and monetary union) aris

saxeli kavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri da fuladi politikis

SeTaxmebis procesisa saerTo valutis, evros SemoRebis saSualebiT. es iyo

erT-erTi sakiTxi ori Sida samTavrobo konferenciebisa IGCs (Intergovernmental

Conferences), romlebmac daasrules debatebi mastrixtSi 1991 wlis dekemberSi.

xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda, rom ekonomikuri da safinanso kavSiri

unda miRweuliyo sam etapad:

pirveli etapi (1990 wlis 1 ivlisidan 1993 wlis 31 dekembramde): wevr

saxelmwifoebs Soris kapitalis Tavisufali moZraoba, ekonomikuri

politikis mWidro koordinireba da centralur bankebs Soris mWidro

TanamSromloba;

40

meore etapi (1994 wlis 1 ianvridan 1998 wlis 31 dekembramde): wevri

saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri da safinanso politikebis SeerTeba (fasebisa

da sazogadoebrivi finansebis stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad) da evropis

safinanso institutis EMI (European Monetary Institute) da 1998 wels evropis

centraluri bankis ECB (European Central Bank) Seqmna;

mesame etapi (1999 wlis 1 ianvridan): gacvliTi kursis ucvlelad

gamagreba, savaluto bazrisa da eleqtronuli gadasaxdelebisTvis saerTo

valutis SemoReba, rasac 2002 wlis 1 ianvars mohyva evros gamoCena.

evrokavSiris ganviTarebis tendenciaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli

mniSvnelobisaa radgan isini uSualoT zemoqmedeben Turquli exsportis

stimulirebasa da gafarteobaze Semdegi mimarTulebebi:

sabaJo politika

gaerTianebas aqvs gansakuTrebuli valdebuleba saerTo komerciuli

politikisTvis (EC xelSekrulebis 133-e muxli). am politikis mixedviT,

sabaJo kavSiri Seiqmna gaerTianebis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, tarifis

kursSi cvlilebebis regulirebis, ara wevr qveynebTan tarifisa da sabaJo

SeTanxmebebis daskvnebis, importisa da eqsportis politikisa da sxva

erTgvari principebiT. gadawyvetilebebi miiReba kvalificiuri umravlesobis

mier sabWoSi.

satransporto politika

es aris evrokavSiris erT-erTi ZiriTadi ekonomikuri Semadgeneli.,

imisaTvis rom miaRwios warmatebas saerTo bazarze da uzrunvelyos

moqalaqeebisa da produqciis Tavisufali moZraoba. saerTo satransporto

politikis formireba nela mimdinareobda. pirveli cxadi mniSvnelobis

moqne miRwevebi mxolod 1985 wlis Semdeg gamoCnda. amis mizezs ramdenime

faqtori warmoadgenda. magaliTad, farTod gansxvavebuli samrewvelo

struqturebi wevr qveynebsa da transportis sxvadasxva saxeobebs Soris;

saxelmwifo monopoliebis arseboba; tradiciuli sabazro struqturebi;

uTanasworo gadasaxadi; mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli, xSirad SeuTavsebeli

teqnikuri wesebi; Zlieri dainteresebuli jgufebi, romlebic gamowvevebisa

da SesaZleblobebis gasazrdelad upiratesobas status-qvos aniWeben.

41

saerTo agraruli pilitika

agraruli seqtori aris evrokavSiris davis sagani integraciis miRwevis

dasawyisidan. sxva seqtorebTan SedarebiT, rogoricaa mrewveloba, igi

gansxvavebulad aris gaTvaliswinebuli. samrewvelo seqtorSi Sida

SeRwevadobis umetesoba dafuZnebuli iyo Sida bazris tarifebze, mcire

pirdapiri manipulirebiT. Tumca agrarul dacvaze zrunvisas situacia

savsebiT gansxvavebuli iyo. evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs hqondaT sakmaod

maRali SeRwevadoba TavianT Sida agrarul bazrebze sasazRvro dacvasTan

erTad. isini icavdnen agrarul seqtors fasebis daweviTa da stabilurobis

dacviT. romis xelSekrulebaSi xazgasmulia soflis meurneobis specifikuri

buneba, gamokveTilia saerTo agraruli bazris saWiroeba (muxli 38) da

saerTo agraruli politikis aucilebloba (muxli 39).60

CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) Seiqmna 1960-ian wlebSi. misi mizani iyo

evropis sakvebiT momaragebis uzrunvelyofa da fasebis stabiluroba

rogorc mwarmoeblebis aseve momxmareblebis sasargeblod. 1950-ian wlebSi

sakvebi produqtebi iyo mwiri da Zviri, arCevani da xarisxi iyo dabali.

evrokavSirma gamoiyena saerTo agraruli politika, rom daxmareboda

fermerebs warmoebaSi da daecva fasebi. am gziT ,,msoflio bazarze” sakvebis

produqtebis fasebSi arsebuli arastabiluroba aRmoifxvra sakvebis

importze tarifebis, eqsportis anazRaurebisa da sabazro menejmentis

gaerTianebiT.

2003 wlis ivnisSi evrokavSirma miiRo axali kanoni saerTo agraruli

politikisaTvis. evrokavSiris ministrebi SeTanxmdnen, gaetarebinaT

radikaluri cvlilebebi saerTo agrarul politikaSi. axali politika

amoqmedda 2005 wels. es politika iTvaliswinebda or mniSnolovan sakiTxs:

msxvilfexa saqonlisa da cxvris moSenebaSi CarTuli da marcvleulis

mwarmoebeli fermerebi miiReben wliur daxmarebas, romelsac isini

gadaixdian sami wlis periodSi 2000-2002 wlebSi. irlandieli

fermerebis SemTxvevaSi es daxmareba iqneba mTlianad gamomdinare

warmoebidan. danarCen regionebSi fermerebi ar iqnebian valdebuli

Seinaxon cxovelebi an moiyvanon marcvleuli, raTa Sesabamisi daxmareba

miiRon.

60 Akder et al. (1990), Paalberg (1993) are used to discribe Common Agricultural Policy.

42

qvoturi sistema msxvilfexa saqonelze, cxvrisa da miwis damuSavebaze

gauqmdeba. rZis kvoturi sistema SenarCundeba. evrokavSiris dacvis

struqturiT rZis warmoeba Semcirdeba da fermerebs gadauxdian

pirdapir ,,kompensacias” Semcirebis procesis dasaxmareblad. 61

sazRvrebis darRveva

radgan qveynebs SeuZliaT Tavisufali molaparakeba ekonomikur

integraciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, romlebsac isini Tvlian

saWirod, praqtikaSi formaluri SeTanxmebebi iSviaTad icavs zemoT

ganxilul oTxive safexurs. aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios gaurkvevloba

terminologiaSi da aseve gaurkvevloba saxelmwifo ekonomikur

integraciiaSi msoflios zogierT nawilSi. kanadis SemTxvevaSi, qveyana

aris Tavisufali vaWrobis zona SeerTebul Statebsa da meksikas Soris.

Tumca, Crdilo-amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba aseve Seicavs

SeTavazebebs, romlebic nawilobriv gaanTavisuflebs kapitalisa da muSa-

xelis mimosvlas regionSi – saerTo bazris nawils. kanadam agreTve

warsulSi scada Seemcirebina savaWro zomebis gamoyeneba mdgomareobis

gamosworebis mizniT CrdiloeT amerikaSi. Tumca es miuTiTebs survilze

ganaviTaros Crdilo-amerikis integracia, xolo Semdegi nabiji – sabaJo

kavSiri – amJamad ar warmoadgens politikur prioritets.

evrokomisia

komisia damoukidebelia nacionaluri mTavrobebisgan. misi saqmea rom

warmoadginos da mxari dauWiros evro gaerTianebis interesebs

mTlianobaSi. is aproeqtebs winadadebebs axali evropuli kanonebis

Sesaxeb, romlebsac igi warudgens xolme evro parlaments da sabWos .

komisiis wevrebis raodenoba gansxvavebulia qveynebis zomis mixedviT.

didi qveynebidan aris 2 wevri da erTi sxva qveynebidan. komisiaSi aris

sxvadasxva departamentebi romlebic koordinireben politikas,

anxorcieleben gadawyvetilebebs, nergaven cxovrebaSi instruqciebs da

anxorcieleben marTvas. gadawyvetilebebi miRebuli komisiis mier ixileba

ministrTa sabWoSi raTa iqnes damtkicebuli.

komisia gansxvavdeba sxva institutebisgan evrokavSiris sistemaSi

misi”iniciativebis ZaliT”. es niSnavs rom mxolod komisias aqvs ufleba

iniciativebisa sferoebSi , cnobili rogorc “pirveli boZi”(kategoria

61 http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood/cap.htm (bolo viziti: 13.04.2008)

43

romelic Seicavs politikis umetes mxareebs). Tumca, evrokavSiris sabWos

da evro parlaments, orives SeuZliaT formalurad iTxovon, rom komisiam

gamosces kanonebi specifiur Temaze. sferoebSi romlebic arian

sazRvrebSi “meore boZisa”(sagareo politika da Tavdacva) da “mesame

boZisa”(kriminaluri kanoni), komisia anawilebs uflebas kanonebis

inicirebisa wevr saxelmwifoebTan.

evrosabWo

EevrosabWo evrokavSiris mTavari sakanonmdeblo institutia. rogorc

zemoT avRniSneT evrosabWo ganixilavs komisiis winadadebebs da igebs

saboloo gadawyvetilebebs Tu rogor imoqmedos Semdgom. evrosabWoSi

warmodgenilia erTi ministri TiTo qveynidan, romelic axorcielebs

Tavis valdebulebas mudmivi komitetis winaSe. Ministrebi eswrebian

Sexvedrebs sadac ganixileba vaWrobis, sagareo urTierTobis, meurneobis

da finansuri sakiTxebi. evrokavSirSi sxdomebi mimdinareobs inglisurad,

frangulad da germanulad.

maatrixis xelSekrulebis 202 muxlis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli miznebis misaRwevad, xelSekrulebiT dadgenili

pirobebze dayrdnobiT evrosabWo valdebulia:

- uzrunvelyos wevr qveynebs Soris saerTo ekonomikuri kursis

koordinireba

- qondes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis ufleba

- mianiWos komisias sabWos mier wardgenili wesebis ganxorcielebis

ufleba. evrosabWom aseve SesaZloa wamoayenos garkveuli

moTxovnebi an SeinarCunos uflebebi, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi,

sakuTari Zalis gamosavlenad. yvela zemoxsenebuli moqmedeba unda

eTanxmebodes sabWos mier wamoyenebul principebsa da kanonebs,

aseve unda moqmedebdes erTsulovnad.

evrosabWo axorcielebs Semdgom movaleobebs:

- kanonmdebloba: evrosabWo gamoscems kanonebs evrokomisiis da evro

parlamentis rekomendaciebze dayrdnobiT.

- evro gaerTianebis biujetis damtkicdeba: sabWo da parlamenti unda

daeTanxmon biujets.

- sagareo da Tavdacvis kursi: radgan yvela Statis warmomadgenels

damoukideblad SeuZlia ganaviTaros sagareo da davdacviTi kursi,

44

sabjo cdilobs rom miaRwios saerTo sagareo da TavdacviT kurss

gawevrianebuli Statebisatvis.

- ekonomikuri kursi: sabWo am sferoSic cdilobs miiRos hqondes

saerTo ekonomikuri kursi gawevrianebul statebs.

- samarTali: sabWo cdilobs koordinireba gauwios samartlebriv

sistemas wevr saxelmwifoebSi, gansakuTrebiT iseT sferoebSi,

rogoricaa terorizmi.

- eonomikuri dafinansuri sakiTxebi (Ecofin): Sedgeba wevr

saxelmwifoebis ekonomikisa da finansTa ministrebisgan.

- soflis meurneoba da meTevzeoba: erTerTi uZvelesi forma

romelic TveSi erTxel axvedrebs soflis meurneobis da Tevzjeris

ministrebs da komisiis wevrebs romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian,

miwaTmoqmedebaze, meTevzeobaze, kvebis, usafrTxoebasa da

veterinarebis problemebze, aseve sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis

dacviaze.

- samarTali da Sinagan saqmeTa sabWo (JHA): es konfiguracia

aerTianebs wevr saxelmwifoebis samarTlisa da Sinagan saqmeTa

ministrebs.

- dasaqmeba, socialuri politika, janmrTelobisa da momxmarebelTa

uflebaTa (saqmeTa) sabWo (epsco): Sedgeba dasaqmebis. socialuri

dacvis, momxmarebelTa uflebaTa dacvis, janmrTelobisa da

Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa ministrebisgan.

- konkurentunarianoba: Seqmnilia 2002 wlis ivnisSi wina sami

konfiguraciis Serwymis Sedegad (Sida bazari, mrewveloba da

samecniero gamokvlevebi). dRis ganrigis mixedviT es formireba

Sedgeba ministrebisgan, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian iseT

sferoebSi, rogoricaa evropis sakiTxebi, mrewveloba da samecniero

gamokvlevebi.

- transporti, telecomunikacia da energia: dafuZnda 2002 wlis

ivnisSi, romelic Seiqmna am sami kursis da SerwymiT. Camoyalibeba

xdeba daxloebiT erTxel or Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

- garemo: Sedgenilia garemos dacvis ministrebisagan romlebic

ikribebian oTxjer weliwadSi.

45

- ganaTleba, axalgazrdoba da kultura: aertianebs ganaTlebis,

kulturuli, axalgazrduli da urierTobaTa saministroebs,

romlebic ikribebian sam oTxjer weliwadis ganmavlobaSi.

wevri saxelmwifos TiTqmis yvela wevri da lideri nacionalur

doneze ekuTvnis garkveul politikur partias. Es nacionaluri

politikuri partiebi ki ekuTvnis oficialur politikur jgufebs

romlebic arseboben evroparlamentSi. Tumca, evrosabWoSi Cven ver vnaxavT

aseT politikur jgufebs an politikur kavSirebs. is qveynebi romlebic

imarTeba amdagvari politikuri jgufebiT xSirad ver Tanxmdebian

garkveul sakiTxebze.

qvemoT mocemuli cxrili asaxavs partiaTa jgufebis ganawilebas

sabWoSi, 2005 wlis noembris monaceebiT, evropis parlamenturi aliansebis

mixedviT, romlebSic TiToeuli qveynis wevri arapirdapiraa asocirebuli.

evro parlamenti

E vroparlamenti (EP) aris erTaderTi demokratiulad arCeuli

instituti evrokavSirSi. evroparlamenti, rogorc demokratiuli erTobis

safuZveli, warmoadgens udides mravalerovan parlaments msofloSi.

parlamentis sxdomebze ganixileba sazogadoebisTvis, komisisa da

sabWosTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. saparlamento arCevnebi tardeba

yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel. parlamenti Sedgeba 626 wevrisgan (MEPs.)

2004 wlidan evroparlamentSi 25 wevri qveynidan 732 warmomadgeneli iqna

arCeuli. (warmomadgenelTa ricxvi dadgenilia Nice Treaty-s xelSekrulebis

safuZvelze) evroparlamentSi warmomadgenlebi ganawilebulni arian maTi

qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT. parlamentis wevrebi

warmoadgenen 375 milion evropis moqalaqes. evroparlamenti valdebulia

daicvas evropis interesebi da Tavisi sazogadoebis uflebebi.

evrokavSiris moqalaqeebi xSirad mimarTaven evroparlametis wevrebs raime

problemis SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis saTxovnelad. evroparlamentis wevrebs

SeuZliaT Tavad gadawyviton arsebuli problema an ganixilon komitetis

sxdomaze. miuxedavad imasa rom evroparlamenti gamoirCeva azris da

Sexedulebis mravalferovnebiT, mainc arsebobs sakiTxis Secnobis da

ganxilvis garkveuli CarCo. evroparlamentis udidesi Zala

dakavSirebulia evrokavSiris biujetTan. evroparlamentma SesaZloa

miigos, Secvalos an uaryos evrokavSiris biujeti.

46

evro sasamarTlo

evro sasamarTlos mandati gawerilia muxlSi # 220 (164) da

uzrunvelyofs rom kanoni dacul iqnas am xelsSekrulebis ganmartebisas.

sasamarTlos, 230 muxlis Tanaxmad, aqvs Zala gadaxedos Tanamegobrobis

institutebis mier miRebuli aqtebis kanonierebas, rogoricaa

evroparlamenti, evrosabWo da evrokomisia.

sasamarTlo Sedgeba wevri qveynebis mier daniSnuli 12

mosamarTlisgan. isini daniSnulni arian wevri qveynebis mTavrobebis

saerTo SeTanxmebiT. TiToeuli iniSneba 6 wlis vadiT, romlis gasvlis

Semdegac isini SeiZleba kvlav arCeul iqnan erTi an ori damatebiTi

vadiT sami wliT. sasamarTlos pasuxismgebloba exeba disputebs, wevr

qveynebsa da evrokavSiris institutebs Soris. sasamarTlos ar aqvs

uflebamosileba sisruleSi moiyvanos Tavisi gadawyvetilebebi.

gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba damokidebulia modave mxareTa Tanxmobaze.

ekonomikisa da monetaruli kavSiri

ekonomikisa da monetaruli kavSiri (EMU) ewoda evrokavSiris wevri

qveynebis ekonomikisa da monetaruli kursis politikis

urTierTSeTanxmebis process axal valutis, evros, SemogebasTan

dakavSirebiT. es Tema ganixileboda erT-erT saxelmwifoTa Soris

konferenciaze (IGCs) da 1991 wlis dekemberSi dasrulda maastrixtSi.

xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs EMU-s 3 etaps:

pirveli etapi moicavs ( 1990 wlis 1 ivlisidan 1993 wlis 31

dekembramde): wevr qveynebs Soris Tavisufali kapitalis brunvas,

ekonomikuri sferos koordinacias da centralur bankebs Soris mWidro

TanamSromlobas.

meore etapi moicavs (1994 wlis 1 ianvaridan 1998 wlis 31 dekembramde):

wevr qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri da monetaruli kursis SeTanxmebas (raTa

uzrunvelyos fasebis mdgradoba da finansuri stabiluroba), evropis

monetaruli institutis (EMI) da 1998 wels, evropis centraluri bankis

(ECB) daarsebas;

mesame etapi moicavs (1999 wlis 1 ianvridan): valutis kursis damyarebas,

axali valutis SemoRebas ucxouri valutis bazarsa da elektronuli

angariSsworebisTvis, romelic 2002 wlis 1 ianvars dasrulda evros

daarsebiT.

47

romis xelSekrulebebi

1957 wlis 25 marts, maT xeli moaweres romis xelSekrulebebs.62 am

SeTanxmebis mixedviT wevrma saxelmwifoebma moaxdines savaWro barierebis

moxsna, raodenobrivi SezRudvebisa da sxva ZiriTadi msgavsi efeqtebis

gauqmeba wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris importsa da eqsortze da Seqmnes

“saerTo bazari”. SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva miznebi iyo;

SeeqmnaT saerTo sagareo tarifi63 da saerTo sagareo politika mesame

qveynebisTvis. gaeuqmebinaT wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris xalxis, servisebisa da

kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis xelSemSleli faqtorebi.

saerTo sasoflo politikis miReba, saerTo wesebi konkurenciaze,

dabegvra da kanonebis daaxloeba. wevr qveynebSi saerTo bazris saTanado

funqcionerebisTvis uaRresad saWiro kanonis miReba.

1967 wels evropis sami sabWos institutebi SeerTda. amis Semdeg iyo

marto komiteti da ministrTa sakonsulo, iseve rogorc evro parlamenti.

Tavdapirvelad, evro parlamentis wevrebi irCeodnen erovnuli

parlamentebis mier, magram 1979 wels pirveli pirdapiri arCevnebi Sedga,

romelic wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs saSualebas aZlevda xma miecaT

sasurveli kandidatisaTvis. mas Semdeg pirdapiri arCevnebi imarTeba yovel

xuT weliwadSi.

mastrixtis xelSekrulebam (1992) warmoadgina TanamSromlobis axali

formebi wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebs Soris – magaliTad TavdacvaSi,

“sasamarTlo da saSianao saqmeebis” sferoSi. arsebul “sazogadoebriv”

sistemaze am Sida samTavrobo TanamSromlobebis damatebiT, mastrixtis

xelSekrulebam safuZveli Cauyara evrokavSiris (EU) Seqmnas.

verokavSiris gafarToeba

britaneTma da sxva OEEC-is wevrma qveynebma, romelbic ar Sediodnen

EEC-Si, 1960 wels Seqmnes asternatiuli asocoacia, evropis Tavisufali

vaWrobis asociacia (EFTA), magram Semdeg gaaanalizes, rom EEC iyo ufro

warmatebuli vidre EFTA da gadawyvites miemarTaT wevrobisTvis. maT

62evropis ekonomikuri sabWos Seqmnis xelSekruleba, 25 marti, 1957, 298 U.N.T.S. 11 da evropis atomuri egergiis sabWos Seqmnis xelSekruleba, 25 marti, 1957, 298 U.N.T.S. 140 erTad aRiniSnebian rogorc romis xelSekrulebebi. 63 saerTo sagareo tapiri aris igive rac sabaJo valdebulebebi, kvotebi, baJi an sxva vaWrobis ara-satarifo barierebi, romelic wesdeba yvela Semomaval produqtze,garda im qveynebisagan, romlebTanac erT kavSirSi imyofeba. es Seqmnilia reeqsportirebis dasrulebisTvis.

48

Seitanes gancxadeba evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisTvis. evrokavSiris wevrebis

ricxvi gaizarda cxramde, mas Semdeg rac gaerTianebuli samefo, dania da

irlandia SeuerTda mas 1973 wels.

1980 wels evrokavSiris wevri iyo 10 qveyana, roca saberZneTi

gawevrianda masSi da is iTvlida 12 wevr saxelmwifos 1986 wels, rodesac

espaneTi da portugalia SeuerTda kavSirs.

1986 wels gawevrianda espaneTi da portugalia. es iyo pirveli

SemTxveva, rodesac wevrma saxelmwifoebma SeamCnies imigraciis problema

axali da Raribi kandidati qveynebisagan. germaniam, safrangeTma da

britaneTma yuradReba gaamaxvila yvela mimdinare movlenebze, axali wevri

qveynebidan mosalodneli ukontrolebeli imigraciisa, Sromis bazris

gadavsebis, xelfasebis Semcirebisa da rasobrivi problemebis warmoSobis

Sesaxeb. aseTi SiSi ar gamarTlda, magram msgavsi SesaZlo ukontorlebeli

imigraciis SemTxvevis arseboba gaxda 2004 wlis gafarToebis

winaaRmdegobis winapiroba.

1993 wlis kopenhagenis kriteriumebi aris wesebi, romelic gansazRvravs

ramdenadaa saxelmwifo evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisTvis Sesaferisi.

kriteriumebi moiTxovs, rom erovnul saxelmwifos gaaCndes institutebi,

romlebic xels Seuwyoben da daicaven demokratiul mTavrobas, adamianis

uflebebs, koordinireuli sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebas da miiReben

evrokavSiris valdebulebebsa da ganzraxvebs. es sawevro kroteriumebi

Camoyalibda da Seiqmna 1993 wlis ivnisSi evropis sakonsuloSi, kopenhageni,

dania.

amonaweri kopenhagenis Tavmjdomareobis daskvnebidan:

wevroba moiTxovs kandidat qveyanas miRweuli qondes im institutebis

stabuliroba, romlebis garantias aZleven demokratias, kanonebis siswores,

adamianis uflebebs da umciresobebis pativiscemasa da dacvas, sabazro

ekonomikis funqcionirebis arsebobas, iseve rogorc konkurenciuli

zewolis gaZlebis SesaZleblobasa da sabazro simZlavres kavSiris SigniT.

wevroba winaswar varaudobs kandidatis wevrobis valdebulebebis aRebis

SesaZleblobebs, rac moicavs kavSiris politikuri, ekonomikuri da fuladi

miznebis erTgulebas.

am elementebis umetesoba daculi iqna bolo aTwleulebis manZilze

evro sakonsulos, evro komitetisa da evro parlamentis kanonmdeblobebiT,

49

iseve rogorc samarTlianobis evro sasamarTlosa da adamianebis uflebebis

evro sasamarTlos iurisprudenciiT.

TiToeul kandidat qveyanasTan urTierTobis dros, regularulad

mowmdeba kopenhagenis kriteriumebis dakmayofilebis progresi. amis

safuZvelze xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba Tu da rodis unda SeuerTdes

mocemuli qveyana kavSirs, an ra saqmianobebia gansaxorcielebeli wevrobios

realizaciamde.

kopenhagenis kriteriumebi iyofa sam jgufad – geografiuli,

politikuri da ekonomikuri.

avstriam, fineTma da SvedeTma warmoadgines referandumi wevrobaze 1994

wels da Sedegebi iyo Semdegi;

avstria – 66.6% mxardaWera (12 invisi)

fineTi – 56.9% mxardaWera (16 oqtomberi)

SvedeTi – 52.8% mxardaWera (13 noemberi)

norvegia – 43.1% mxardaWera (28 noemberi)64

avstria, SvedeTi da fineTi gaxdnen wevrebi 1995 wlis 1 ianvars. radgan

norvegiis referendumis SemTxvevaSi 52..2% iyo gawevrianebis mowinaaRmdege,

norvegiis mTavrobis winadadeba gawevrianebaze uaryofili iqna meore

cdisTis.

dasavleT da aRmosavleT germania ganmeorebiT miRebuli iqna 1995 wels.

2002 wlis 13 dekembers kopenhagenSi kandidatebisa da wevri

saxelmwifoebis molaparakebebis Semdeg gamocxadda saboloo

gadawyvetileba am qveynebis SeerTebis Sesaxeb, rasac evroparlamentma mxari

dauWira 2003 wlis 9 aprils.

kviprosi kandidati gaxda daSvebiT, radgan saberZneTma moTxova wevr

saxelmwifoebs mieRoT kviprosi, sxva SemTxvevaSi isini imuqrebodnen

gafarToebaze vetos dadebiT. 2003 wlis 16 aprils Tanxmobis xelSekruleba

daido 10 axal wevrsa da 15 Zvel wevrs Soris aTenSi.

evro gaerTianebam miaRwia Zalian did areals 2004 wels. am wels

evrokavSirSi gaxda 25 wevri saxelmwifo estoneTis, latviis, litvis,

poloneTis, CexeTis respublikis, ungreTis, slovakeTis, sloveniis, ialtisa

da kviprosiis SeerTebis Semdeg. am qveynebs qondaT referendumi

64 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ History_of_the_european_union

50

SeuerTdebodnen Tu ara bloks. es referendumi ZalaSi Sevida 2003 wels da

Sedegebi iyo Semdegi;

malta – 54%^mxardaWera (8 marti)

slovenia – 90% mxardaWera (23 marti)

ungreTi – 83% mxardaWera (12 aprili)

litva – 91% mxardaWera (10-11 marti)

slovakeTi – 92% mxardaWera (16-17 marti)

poloneTi - 77% mxardaWera (7-8 ivnisi)

CexeTis respublika – 77% mxardaWera (13-14 ivnisi)

estoneTi – 67% mxardaWera (14 seqtemberi)

latvia – 67% mxardaWera (20 seqtemberi)65

zemoT aRniSnuli qveynebis erTiani mosaxleoba Seadgenda daaxloebiT

75 milions; maTi mTliani Sida produqti iyo 840 bilioni amerikuli

dolari (Sesyidvianobis Zalis Tanasworoba; CIA msoflio safaqto wigni

2003), rac zomeSi TiTqmis utoldeboda espaneTisas.

Tumca, erTobis wevrobis ufro metad ambiciuri zrda gamoCnda sabWoTa

kavSiris daSlis Semdeg 1991 wels. evrokavSirma pirvelad miiRo aRmosavleT

evropa mtkiced dasavleTSi, raTa daecva is isev komunizmSi an

didtatorizmSi Cavardnisagan. amas SeiZleba ewodos evrokavSiris yvelaze

ufro ambiciuri gafarToeba. uecrad gaxda SesaZlebeli gaerTienebuli da

dakavSirebuli evropis naxva atlantikida uralamde, imis rac SeuZlebeli

iyo civi omis dros. ase rom 1991 wels gaerTianebis SeTanxmebebi daido

evropis erTobasa da iseT qveynebs Soris rogorebic iyo ungreTi,

poloneTi, CexeTis respublika da slovenia. gaerTianebis SeTanxmebebi

gulisxmobda yofili konumisturi qveynebisTis daxmarebas ekonomikur

reformirebasa da evrogaerTianebaSi samomavlo wevrobisken swrafvaSi.

bulgareTma da rumineTma daasrules molaparakebebi 2004 wlis 14

dekembers da evrokavSirSi gaerTiandebian 2007 wlis 1 ianvars. bulgareTisa

da rumineTis Tanxmobis xelSekruleba daido 2005 wlis 25 aprils

luqsemburgSi, romelic 25 wevrian evrokavSiris kanonier organoebs aZlevda

weliwad-naxevars xelSekrulebebis ratificirebisaTvis.

65 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_european_union

51

2005 wlis 11 maiss bulgareTis erovnulma asambleam xeli moawera

Tanxmobis xelSekrulebas evrokavSirTan. ori kenWisyra gaimarTa 240

wevrisagan Semdgar parlamentSi.

sxva sakiTxia TurqeTis ganacxadi evrokavSiris wevrobaze. 2004 wlis 16-

17 dekembers 25 evrokavSiris wevri qveynis liderebis sakonsulos samitze

briuselSi, TurqeTma sabolood moigo jildo “gadamwyveti progresisTvis”,

misi ekonomikis reformirebasa da adaniamebis uflebebis dacvis Sida

mdgomareobis gamosworebaSi. ganisazRvra TariRi, 2005 wlis 3 dekemberi,

Tanxmobis molaparakebebis dasawyebad. miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev

mniSvnelovani sakiTxia TurqeTis wevrobisTvis Sesabamisoba politikuri,

kulturuli da ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo. aseve sakiTxavia debatebis

gagrZeleba saberZneTTan da kviprosTan.

gafarToebis upiratesobebi aris rogorc politikuri aseve ekonomikuri.

mokled: mSvidobis, stabilurobisa da ayvavebis zonis gafarToeba evropaSi

gazrdis misi xalxis dacvas.

100 milionze meti adamianis damateba, swrafad zrdad ekonomikaSi,

evrokavSiris 370 milioniani bazrisTvis gaaZlierebs ekonomikur zrdas da

Seqmnis samuSao adgilebs mis rogorc Zvel aseve axal wevr saxelmwifoebSi.

evropaSi Seiqmneba cxovrebis ukeTesi pirobebi moqalaqeebisaTvis,

radgan axali wevrebi iReben evrokavSiris politikas garemos dacvisa da

danaSaulis, narkotikebisa da aralegaluri imigraciis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad.

gafarToeba gaaZlierebs kavSiris rols msoflio saqmianobebSi –

sagareo da TavdacviTi politika, savaWro politika da sxva globaluri

mmarTvelobis sferoebi.

centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi gaCnda stabiluri demokratiebi.

ekonomikurma reformebma am qveynebSi gamoiwvia maRali ekonomikuri zrdis

procenti (orjer ufro meti vidre evrokavSiris saSualo zrda) da ukeTesi

dasaqmebis perspeqtivebi. es procesi ganxorcielda evrokavSiris wevrobis

perspeqtivis daxmarebiTa da waxalisebiT da evrokavSiris finansuri

daxmarebiT.

arawevri qveynebic miiReben sargebels gaerTianebuli evropiT. serTo

savaWro wesebi da saerTo administraciuli procedurebi iqneba SemoRebuli

gafarToebuli kavSiris saerTo bazrisTvis. es gaamartivebs dakavSirebas

52

evropaSi yvela firmisaTvis da gaaumjobesebs sainvesticio da savaWro

pirobebs, moutans sargebels ara marto evrokavSirs, aramed Cvens savaWro

partniorebsac msoflios maStabiT.

verokavSiris instituciuri struqtura

evrokavSirs aqvs oTxi mTavari dawesebuleba gadawyvetilebis mirebis

procesa da misi politikis SesrulebaSi. esenia evrokomisia, ministrTa

sabWo, evroparlamenti da sasamarTlo. sxva organoebi, rogoricaa

ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo da regionaluri sabWo TamaSoben

garkveul rols gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.

qvemoT mokledaa aRwerili dawesebulebebis zogierTi maxasiaTeblebi;

evrokomisia

komisia aris erovnuli mTavrobebisagan damoukidebeli. misi movaleobaa

evrokavSiris interesebis warmodgeba da dacva. is adgens winadadebebs axali

evropuli kanonebisaTvis, romelsac warudgens evroparlamentsa da sabWos.66

komisiis wevrebis raodenoba gansxvavebulia qveynis zomis mixedviT.

didi qveynebidan aris ori warmomadgeneli da sxva qveynebidan TiTo wevri.

komisiaSi aris sxvadasxva ganyofilebebi, romlebic koordinireben

politikas, gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebas, kanonmdeblobebis gaZlierebas da

administraciul Sesrulebas. komisiis gadawyvetilebebi aris ministrTa

sabWos dadasturebis sagani.

komisia gansxvavdeba sxva institutebisagan evrokavSiris sistemaSi

“iniciativis ZaliT”. es niSnavs, rom mxolod komisias aqvs kanonmdeblobis

iniciativis ufleba arealSi, romelic cnobilia rogorc “pirveli

sayrdeni” (kategoria, romelic moicavs politikis sferoebis umetesobas).

Tumca evrokavSiris sabWosa da evroparlaments SeuZliaT formalurad

Txovon komisias romelime sakiTxis dakanoneba. sferoebSi, romlebic Sedis

“meore sayrdensa” (sagareo politika da Tavdacva) da “mesame sayrdenSi”

(kriminaluri kanoni), komisia iziarebs inicitivis Zalauflebas sxva wevr

saxelmwifoebTan erTad.

komisia aseve asrulebs “xelSekrulebebis meurvis” rols, rac moicavs

pasuxismgeblobis aRebas darRveviTi procedureis inicirebisas evro

sasamarTloSi wevri qveynebisa da sxvebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic SemCneuli

iqnebian evrokavSiris xelSerkrulebisa da sxva saerTo kanonebis

66http://europa.eu.int/institutions/comm/index_en.htm

53

darTvevaSi. komisia awarmoebs molaparakebebs saerTaSoriso savaWro

SeTanxmebebze (msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi) da sxva saerTaSoriso

SeTanxmebebze evrokavSiris saxeliT. is amasTan dakavSirebiT mWidrod

TanamSromlobs evro sabWosTan.

komisia valdebulia SearCios teqnikuri sazomebi, raTa ganazorcielos

miRebuli kanonmdeblobebi sabWos mier da umetes SemTxvevaSi parlamentis

mier. es kanonmdeblobebi komitetebis damtkicebis sagania, romlebic

warmodgenilia wevri saxelmwifoebisagan.

komisia aseve aregulirebs konkurencias kavSirSi, akontrolebs

yvelanair gaerTianebebs erTobis SigniT da moqmedebs im kompaniebis

winaaRmdeg, romlebic arRveven evrokavSiris konkurenciis kanonebs.67

evrosabWo

evrosabWo aris evrokavSiris ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo organo. rogorc

winaT aRiniSna, evrosabWo ganixilavs komisiis mier warmodgenil

winadadebebs da iRebs saboloo gadawyvetilebebs. is Sedgeba yvela

qveynidan warmodgenili TiTo ministrisagan da axorcielebs Tavis samuSaos

ucvleli komitetis mniSvnelobiT.68 ministrebi Cveulebriv eswrebian

Sexvedrebs, romlebic Seexeba vaWrobas, sagareo urTierTobebs, soflis

meurneobasa da finansebs. sabWos samuSao enebia inglisuri, franguli da

germanuli.

mastrixtis xelSekrulebis 202-e muxlis mixedviT: am xelSekrulebiT

gansazRruli miznebiT miRweulia sabWos jerovaneba xelSekrulebis

dadgenilebebis Sesabamisad:

- wevri saxelmwifoebis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri politikis koordinirebis

uzrunvelyofa.

- Zalauflebis qona gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad,

- komisiisaTvis Zalauflebis miniWeba saqmianobebSi, romelsac sabWo

iRebs, sabWos mier gamocxadebuli wesebis Sesasruleblad. sabWom

SeiZleba aseve Seinaxos ufleba, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, Tavad

gamoiyenos pirdapiri ganxorcielebis Zalebi. zemoT mocemuli

procedurebi unda Seesabamebodes sabWos mier manamde miRebul

67http://omniknow.com/common/wiki.php?in=en&term=European_Commission 68John Fitzpatrick,” CrdiloeT amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis momavali: regionaluri ekonomikuri institutebis rolisa da CrdiloeT amerikisa da dasavleT evropis harmonizaciis kanonis SedarebiTi analizi” (1996), 19 Hous. gv. 26

54

principebsa da wesebs, komisiis winadadebaze muSaobisa da

evroparlamentis Sexedulebis gacnobis Semdeg.

Sedegad sabWo asrulebs Semdeg funqciebs:

- kanonmdebloba: sabWo atarebs evrokavSoris kanons evrokomisiisa da

evroparlamentis rekomendaciebiT.

- evrokavSiris biujetis damtkiceba: sabWo da parlamenti unda daeTanxmon

biujets.

- sagareo da TavdacviTi politika: Tumca TiToeul wevr qveyanas aqvs

Tavisufali sagareo da TavdacviTi politika, sabWo eZebs gzebs saerTo

sagareo da TavdacviTi politikis misaRwevad wevri

saxelmwifoebisaTvis.

- ekonomikuri politika: sabWo aseve cdilobs saerTo ekonomikuri

politikis Seqmnas wevri qveynebisaTvis.

- sasamarTlo: sabWo cdilobs wevri saxelmwifoebis sasamarTlo

sistemebis koordinirebas, gansakuTrebiT terorizmis sferoSi.

- ekonomikuri da finansuri saqmianoba (Ecofin): wevri saxelmwifoebis

ekonomikisa da finansTa saministroebis Sedgeba.

- soflis meurneoba da meTevzeoba: erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli konfiguracia,

romelic TveSi erTxel Tavs uyris soflis meurneobisa da meTevzeobis

ministrebs da komisiis wevrebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian soflis

meurneobaze, meTevzeobaze, sakvebis usafrTxoebaze, veterinarul

SekiTxvebsa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis sakiTxebze.

- iusticiisa da Sinagan saqmeTa sabWo (JHA): es konfiguracia aerTianebs

wevri saxelmwifoebis iusticiisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebs.

- dasaqmebis, socialuri polisis, janmrTelobisa da momxmarebelTa

saqmeebis sabWo (EPSCO): dasaqmebis, socialuri dacvis, momxmareblebis

dacvis, janmrTelobisa da Tanabari uflebebis saministroebisagan

Sedgeba.

- konkurencia: Seiqmna 2002 wlis ivnisSi sami wina gaerTianebis SeerTebiT

(Sida bazari, industria da kvleva). ganawesis sakiTxebis mixedviT, es

gaerTianeba Sedgeba saministroebisagan, romlebsac exebaT evro saqmeebi,

industria da mecnieruli kvlevebi.

- transporti, telekomunikacia da energetika: aseve Seiqmna 2002 wlis

ivnisSi sami polisis gaerTianebiT da aseve ganawesSi mocemuli

55

gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebis SesrulebiT. formireba ikribeba daaxloebiT

or TveSi erTxel.

- garemo: garemos dacvis saministroebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic ikribebian

weliwadSi oTxjer.

- ganaTleba, axalgazrdoba da kultura (EYC): ganTlebis, kulturis,

axalgazrdobisa da urTierTobebis saministroebisagan Sedgeba,

romlebic weliwadSi sam-oTxjer ikribebian.

TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos TiTqmis yvela lideri da ministri

miekuTvneba politikur partiebs saxelmwifo doneze. bevri aseTi erovnuli

partia warmoadgens formalur politikur jgufebs evroparlamentSi. Tumca

sabWoSi ar aris formaluri politikuri jgufebi da aliansebi da msgavsi

politikuri partiebiT warmodgenili qveynebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian

organos winaSe wamoyenebul sakiTxebze. qvemoT mocemuli cxrili aRwers

amJamindel partiaTa SemoerTebis rRvevas sabWoSi, rogorc 2005 wlis

noemberSi evroparlamenturi aliansebis SemTxvevaSi moxda, romelTanac

yvela wevri saxelmwifos lideri arapirdapirad iyo dakavSirebuli.

evroparlamenti

evroparlamenti (EP) aris erTaderTi demokratiulad arCeuli

instituti evrokavSirSi. rogorc gaerTianebis demokratiuli safuZvelis

forma es aris udidesi mravalerovani parlamenti msoflioSi. parlamenti

ganixilavs sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs da komisiisa da sabWos

SekiTxvebs. parlamentis wevrebis arCeva xdeba yovel xuT weliwadSi da

Seadgens 626 wevrs (MEPs). 2004 wlidan 732 warmomadgenelia arCeuli 25

wevri saxelmwifosagan evroparlamentisaTvis (es ricxvi damtkicebulia

Nice-s xelSekrulebiT). warmomadgenlebis raodenoba ganawilebulia qveynebs

Soris mosaxleobis mixedviT. parlamentis wevrebi warmoadgenen

evrokavSiris 375 milion moqalaqes, parlamenti TavisTavs xedavs, rogorc

evropis interesebisa da mosaxleobis uflebebis dacvis garants. veropis

moqalaqeebis regularulad ukavSirdebian parlamentis wevrebs sakiTxebis

warmoSobisas. evroparlamentis wevrs SeuZlia Tavad gadaWras moqalaqis

problema an wamoayenos is komisiaSi. es aris mTavaris diskusiis samiznis

gafarToebisaTvis kanonmdebelTa wreebSi. Tumca misi Sexedulebebi aris

aucileblad sxvadasxvagvari, parlamentSi arsebobs Zlieri organo codnisa

da problemaTa gadawyvetis interesis. parlamentis udidesi Zalaufleba

56

ukavSirdeba evrokavSiris biujets, mas SeuZlia miiRos, Secvalos an uari

Tqvas biujetze.

amsterdamis xelSekrulebam69 evroparlamentis Zalauflebebi kidev

ufro gazarda, radgan mas axla aqvs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis ufleba

ministrTa sabWosTan erTad zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze. am sakiTxebze

parlaments aqvs ufleba sawyiss kanonmdeblobebze molaparakebebis

warmoebis, rogorc ministrTa sabWos sruluflebianma partniorma.70

arsebobs sxva dawesebulebebi, rogoricaa; evrosasamarTlo, auditorTa

sasamarTlo, evropis sainvesticio banki, evropis centraluri banki, evro

ekonomikuri da socialuri komiteti, regionebis komiteti, kulturisa da

ganaTlebis komiteti, konstituciuri saqmeebis komiteti.

evrosasamarTlo

evrosasamarTlos mandati gawerilia 220-e muxlSi (164 muxli) da

adasturebs, rom am xelSekrulebis interpretaciaSi kanoni aris

Seswavlili.71 evrosasamarTlos, 230-e muxlis Tanaxmad (173 muxli), aqvs

ufleba ganixilos aqtebis legitimuroba, romlebic miRebulia

evroparlamentis, sabWos da komisiis mier.

evrosasamarTlo Sedgeba 12 mosamarTlisagan, romlebic daniSnulia

wevri saxelmwifoebis mier. isini iniSnebian wevri qveynebis mTavrobebis

SeTanxmebuli gadawyvetilebiT. TiToeuli iniSneba eqvswliani vadiT,

romlis Semdeg SeiZleba isev dainiSnos erTi an ori samwliani periodiT.

sasamarTlos movaleobaa wevr qveynebsa da evrokavSiris institutebs Soris

ganxilvebi. sasamarTlos ar aqvs gadawyvetilebebis iZulebis ufleba.

gadawyvetilebebze zegavlena damokidebulia modave mxareebis mier

gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.

69 amsterdamis xelSekruleba, romelic evrokavSiris politikuri liderebis mier SeTanxmda 17 ivniss da xeli moewera 2 oqtombers 1997 wlis, aris orwliani molaparakebebisa da TanamSromlobis kulminacia wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs Soris. is Sevida ZalaSi evrokavSiris 15 wevri saxelmwifos xelis moweris Semdeg arsebuli konstituciuri procedurebis dacviT. 70Andress Duff, amsterdamis xelSekruleba: teqsti da komentari, (londoni, federaluri sasamarTlo, 1997) 143-145 71amsterdamis xelSekrulebam gaaumjobesa evrokavSiris xelSekruleba, evrokomitetebis mier Seqmnili xelSekrulebebi da sxva msgavsi aqtebi, oficialuri Jurnali 97/C 340/01, luqsemburgis oficialuri gamomcemloba, ISSN 0378-6968, noemberi, 1997

57

1.3. TurqeT-evrokavSiris urTierTobebis mimoxilva

mkvlevarebs Soris iyo diskusiebi imis Taobaze, TurqeTi ekuTvnis

aRmosavleTs Tu dasavleTs. sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebam daasrula am

saxis argumentebi da daadgina TurqeTi evropis nawilad.

CU-s xelmoweris erT-erTi mizania teqnologiuri ganviTarebis

procesis daCqareba da pirdapiri sazRvargareTuli investiciebis

xelSewyoba. am process SeuZlia teqnologiuri ganviTarebis stimulireba,

produqciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba, aqedan gamomdinare ki, saSiano

samrewvelo dargebis konkurentianobis gazrda. amas dadebiTi gavlena

eqneba TurqeTis ekonomikaze.

1993 wels TurqeTma miiRo ,,kopenhagenis kriteriumebi”, maTi Sesruleba

aris sruluflebiani wevrobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna, romelic xazs

usvams miRebis procesis mniSvnelobas imiT, rom axali wevrebisagan iTxovs

Semdegi punqtebis arsebobas:

• funqcionirebadi sabazro ekonomika;

• evrokavSiris SigniT konkurenciis zewolasa da bazris ZalebTan

gamklavebisaTvis aucilebeli SesaZleblobebis arseboba;

• wevrebisaTvis aucilebeli yvela moTxovnis Sesruleba.

zemoTxsenebuli sami pirobis Sesruleba did SesaZleblobebsa da

gamowvevebs uqmnis evrokavSirTan TurqeTis integracias. pirvel rigSi,

funqcionirebadi sabazro ekonomikis arseboba moiTxovs fasebisa da

vaWrobis liberalizacias da Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo sistemas, sakuTrebis

uflebebis CaTvliT. makroekonomikuri stabiluroba da konsensusi

ekonomikuri politikis Sesaxeb, sabazro ekonomikis efeqtianobis zrdas

uwyobs xels. efeqtianobas zrdas, agreTve, xels uwyobs kargad

ganviTarebuli safinanso seqtori da bazarSi SeRwevisa da bazridan

gasvlisTvis mniSvnelovani barierebis ararseboba. mas Semdeg, rac

TurqeTma miiRo importis Canacvlebis politika, 1980 wels TurqeTma

daiwyo eqsportis wamaxalisebeli politikiT sabazro ekonomikisaTvis

safuZvlis Cayra. am miznis misaRwevad, TurqeTis mTavrobam gaatara

reformebis seria, romelTa mizanic iyo: fasis kontrolisa da subsidiebis

gauqmeba, vaWrobaSi kerZo seqtoris rolis Semcireba, kerZo seqtoris

zrdis xazgasma, sagareo vaWrobis liberalizacia, tarifebis Semcireba,

58

kapitaluri transferis gacvlis simartivis kontroli da sagadasaxado

sistemis reforma. am konteqstSi, TurqeTis evrokavSiris wevrobis

ganacxadis ganmxilvelma komisiam 1989 wels daaskvna: ,,TurqeTis

ekonomikuri da politikuri situacia ver gvarwmunebs, rom SeTavsebis

problemebi, romelic Seeqmneba TurqeTs evropul sazogadoebaSi

gawevrianebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa gadalaxul iqnes saSualo vadebSi”.

Tumca, 2003 wlis regularul moxsenebaSi, komisiam ganacxada: ,,miuxedavad

imisa, rom jer kidev arsebobs makroekonomikuri aradabalansirebuloba,

TurqeTma sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesa ekonomikis funqcionireba”.

TurqeTis ekonomikis mimdinare daxvewa, rac gamowveulia

funqcionirebadi sabazro ekonomikis arsebobiT, agreTve aRniSnulia

komisiis 2004 wlis regularul moxsenebaSi Semdegi qvesaTaurebis qveS

(evropuli komisia, 2004):

.gaumjobesda saerTo konsensusi ekonomikur politikasTan dakavSirebiT;

•mosaxsenebeli periodis meore naxevarSi ekonomikis stabiluroba

sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda;

•mimdinare angariSebis balansi swrafad dastabilurda 2001 wlis krizisis

Semdeg;

•Sromis bazris situacia gauaresda ukanaskneli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi;

•inflaciam sagrZnoblad daiklo;

•monetaruli da valutis gacvliTi kursis politikam deflacia gamoiwvia;

•bolo drois ganmavlobaSi SesamCnevia mniSvnelovani progresi fiskaluri

disbalansis SemcirebaSi;

•gaumjobesda kerZo seqtoris buRalteriis gamWvirvaloba da sagadasaxado

administraciis efeqtianoba;

•makroekonomikuri politika Seesabameba farTo midgomas reformebis

mimarT;

•sabazro Zalebis urTierTqmedeba gaizarda;

•fasebis sxvaobam daiklo;

•kerZo seqtori Seadgens TurqeTis ekonomikis 80%-s;

•progresi privatizaciis procesSi SedarebiT SezRuduli rCeba;

•bazarSi SeRwevis da bazridan gamosvlis barierebma daikles, Tumca mainc

abrkoleben Sida konkurencias;

59

•safinanso seqtori ufro jansaRi gaxda, Tumca jer ,mainc ver miaRwia

ganviTarebis sasurvel dones;

•arasabanko safinanso seqtoris roli SedarebiT SezRuduli rCeba;

•bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi SeimCneva progresi sabanko seqtoris

regulirebasa da zedamxedvelobaSi.

moTxovnaTa Sesruleba damokidebulia sabazro ekonomikisa da stabiluri

makroekonomikuri ganrigis arsebobaze, rac saSualebas aZlevs ekonomikur

agentebs miiRon gadawyvetilebebi prognozirebadi klimatis pirobebSi. es

agreTve moiTxovs adamianuri da fizikuri kapitalis saWiro raodenobas

infrastruqturis CaTvliT. unda moxdes saxelmwifo sawarmoebis

restruqturireba da sawarmoebma unda Cadon meti investicia

efeqtianobaSi. garda amisa, rac ufro metad xelmisawvdomi iqneba gare

finansireba sawarmoebisaTvis da rac ufro metad warmatebulni iqnebian

isini restruqturirebasa da inovatorobaSi, miT ufro metad SeeZlebaT

maT adaptireba. saboloo jamSi, ekonomika ukeT SeZlebs wevrobis

moTxovnebis Sesrulebas, Tu moxdeba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri

integracia gawevrianebamde. im produqtebis raodenobac da

mravalferovnebac, romlebiTac mimdinareobs vaWroba evrokavSiris wevr

qveynebTan erTad, miuTiTebs amgvar integraciaze. am konteqstSi 1995 wels

sabaJo kavSiris Seqmnas mohyva damatebiTi Rirebulebis gaCena

TurqeTisaTvis, radgan mas mouwia evrokavSiridan industriuli

produqciis importze gadasaxadebis gauqmeba, iseve rogorc evrokavSiris

wevrebs. mas agreTve mouxda igive tarifebisa da SezRudvebis daweseba,

rac evrokavSirs, im produqciisaTvis, romlis warmoebac evrokavSiris

farglebs gareT moxda. sxva sityvebiT, avaldebulebs TurqeTs dauwesos

SeRavaTiani baJi im qveynebs, romlebic sargebloben SeRavaTiani baJiT

evrokavSiris bazarze Sesasvlelad. es niSnavs, rom TurqeTi gaxdeba

SedarebiT Ria ekonomikis qveyana. amis sanacvlod, TurqeTi Semdeg

sargebels miiRebs: safinanso mxardaWera evropisagan, farTo gasavali

evrokavSiris bazarze da msoflio bazrebis ndoba TurqeTis mimarT,

romelic gamowveuli iqneba axali statusiT.

TurqeTi miizidavs investorebs, romelTac moundebaT Sua aziaSi,

kavkasiaSi Tu Savi zRvis regionSi gasvla. aris kidev ramodenime qveyana,

60

magaliTad aSS da iaponia, romlTac surdaT savaWro kavSiris mewileoba.

pirdapiri sazRvargareTuli investiciis raodenobam moimata bolo

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi.

cxrili 2.4. pirdapiri sazRvargareTuli investicia TurqeTSi 1993-2005

wlebSi (milioni aSS dolari)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

mTilanad 2938,3 3837,0 1678,2 1645,8 1700,4 3059,0 1196 425,6 410,6 856,3 882,5

vrokavSirid

an

1848,4 3272,3 1022,4 1065,9 1166,3 1950,0 769, 167, 67,2 215,6 279,2

evrokavSiri

dan

procentebSi

62.91 85.28 60.92 64.76 68.59 63.74 64.3 39.3 16.3 25.18 31.6

wyaro: www.dtm.gov.tr/dtmweb/index.cfm? (bolo viziti: 12.11. 2008)

evrokavSir (EU)–TurqeTis sabaJo kaSiri (CU) Seiqmna 1995 wlis 31

dekembers. es warmoadgens TurqeT-evrokavSiris xangrZlivi istoriuli

damokidebulebis Sedegs da 40 wliani komerciuli urTierTobebis

warmatebul dasasruls. am SeTanxmebas xeli moewera arsebul regionalur

sabaJo bloksa (evrokavSirsa) da damoukidebel qveyanas Soris, romelmac

xeli unda Seuwyos kompleqsuri regionuli wesrigis Seqmnas. TurqeTi aris

erTaderTi kandidati qveyana, romelsac aqvs sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmeba

evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevrobis gareSe. sabaJo kavSiris

xelSekruleba moiTxovs samrewvelo seqtorisaTvis evrokavSiris saerTo

sagareo tarifis (CET) miRebas, romelic abaTilebs yvelanair tarifs

samrewvelo saqonelze. es SeTanxmeba ar moicavs sasoflo - sameurneo

produqcias, magram ar gamoricxavs soflis meurneobis saboloo

integraciis SesaZleblobasac axlo momavalSi.

1995 wels Camoyalibebuli sabaJo kavSiri TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs

Soris aris ekonomikur SeTanxmebaze ufro meti, romelmac gavlena moaxdina

TurqeTis moqalaqeebis socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebaze. SeTanxmebam

xeli Seuwyo TurqeTis teqnologiur ganviTarebasa da stabilurobas, rac

aseve mniSvnelovani iyo da aris TurqeTisTvis evrokavSiris sruluflebiani

wevrobis misaRebad.

arsebobda gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi imis Taobaze Tu romeli

mimarTulebiT jobda TurqeTisTvis (aRmosavleTiT Tu DasavleTiT)

http://www.dtm.gov.tr/�

61

integraciul procesebSi monawileoba. evrokavSirTan sabaJo SeTanxmebam

dasrula am saxis diskusia da sabolood Camoayaliba TurqeTis ekonomikuri

da politukuri orientacia.

sabaJo kavSirSi monawileobis Sedegebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze

aRsaniSnavia rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba qveynebs Soris ganviTarda da

regionulma SeTanxmebebam amaSi mTvari roli iTamaSa. msoflioSi arsebobs

sabaJo blokebi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gasaZliereblad.

zogierTi msgavsi sabaJo blokebia NNAFTA (Crdilo amerikuli Tavisufali

vaWrobis zona), APEC (aziuri da wynariokeanis qveynebas ekonomikuri

mTanamSobroba).BBaldwin-isa da Venable-is (1995)72 mixedviT, msoflio vaWrobis

50%-ze gavlenas axdens regionuli SeTanxmebebi.

sabaJo kavSiris Sedegad TurqeTis vaWrobaze moxdenili efeqtebis

analizi da am sakiTxze firmebis Sexedulebebis gageba uaRresad

mniSvnelovania. arsebobs biznes kompaniebis jgufi, romlebzec ufro metad

axdens gavlenas es SeTanxmeba.

TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris oficialuri urTierToba daiwyo 1959

wlis 31 ivliss, rodesac TurqeTma mxari dauWira evropis eqvsi qveynis mier

ekonomokuri erTobis Seqmnas. Semdeg TurqeTma xeli moawera ankaris

SeTanxmebas 1963 wlis 12 seqtembers evropis ekonomikur gaerTianebasTan.

ankaris SeTanxmebiT, Camoyalibda gaerTianebis sabWo, romelic ikribeboda

periodulad da ganixilavda partniorobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. es

instituciuri sistema gafarTovda saboloo etapze sabaJo kavSiris

Camoyalibebamde. es SeTanxmeba aris aseve sabaJo kavSiris dasawyisi.

romelsac ganvixilavT detalurad Semdeg TavebSi.

sabaJo kavSiri ganixileboda, rogorc evrokavSirSi wevrobisaken

gadadgmuli nabiji sruluflebiani wevrobisaken ganusazRvrel samomavlo

vadaSi. evrokavSirma calmxrivad mianiWa TurqeTs SeRavaTiani tarifebi da

finansuri daxmareba, magram tarifebisa da arasatarifo barierebis

Semcirebis ormxrivi procesi TurqeTSi arsebuli ekonomikuri da piltikuri

mdgomareobis gamo 1970-ian wlebamde gadaido.

72 Baldwin, R., and A. Venables (1995). Regional Integration Agreements. In G.Grossman and K. Rogoff (eds.), Handbook of International Economics. Vol. III.Amsterdam: Elsevier.

62

TurqeTma ar daasrula Tavisi valdebulebebi cvlilebebis periodSi da

tarifebis Semcireba SeCerda 1978-1988 wlebSi. 1980 wlis samxedro

gadatrialebis Sedegad gayinuli urTierTobebi aRdga TurqeTis

sruluflebiani wevrobis ganacxadiT 1987 wlis 14 aprils. im dRidan

TurqeTis saxelmwifo dagegmvis organizaciis mier daiwyo mravalmxrivi

mcdeloba TurqeTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis statusis mis

kanonmdeblobasTan Sedarebisa da SeTanxmebisaTvis. 1989 wlis gamoxmaurebiT

evrokavSiris komisiam gansazRvra, rom isini ver SeZlebdnen axali wevris

miRebas, manam ar dasruldeboda Sida bazris Camoyalibebis periodi. sabaJo

kavSiris dasruleba iyo rekomendirebuli, rogorc pirveli nabiji.

evrokomixiis (13.10.1999 wels) regularuli angariSis gamoqveynebiT

evrokavSirma TurqeTis gawevrianebis perspeqtiva warmoadgina. 1999

dekemberSi helsinkis samitze TurqeTma evrokavSiris wevrobis kandidati

qveynis statusi73 miRo.

2001 wlis 8 marts evrosabWom miiRo TurqeTTan TanamSromlobis

prioritetebis ganmsazRvreli SeTaxmeba, romelic saWiroa evrokavSiris

kriteriumebTan Sesabamisobis miRwevisaTvis. am TanamSromlobis safuZvelze

TurqeTi aris evrokavSiris saerTo prioritetuli sferoebis qveS, romelic

aRwerilia komisiis 2000 wlis mudmiv angariSSi. TurqeTis evrokavSirSi

gawevrianebisaTvis saWiro prioritetebisa da pirebobis Sesasruleblad

gansazRvrulia evrokavSiris mxridan finansuri daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofa.

TurqeTi isev iyo mTavari ganxilvis sagani kopenhagenis samitze 2002

wels da masTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli iqna Semdegi gadawyvetilebebi:

TanamSromlobis Sesworebuli SeTanxmebis momzadeba

samuSaos koncentrireba kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciaze

sabaJo kavSiris ganviTareba da gaRrmaveba

safinanso TanamSromlobis mniSvnelovani zrda

TurqeTis safinanso daxmarebis CarTva Sesworebuli SeTaxmebis

biujetSi.

73 helsinkis samitis Sedegad TurqeTi, sxva kandidati saxelmwifoebis msgavsad daiwyebs gaerTianebis wina strategiiT sargeblobas reformebis daxmarebisa da mxardaWerisaTvis.

63

2005 wlis 3 oqtombers evrosabWom74 TurqeTTan gadawyvida TurqeTTan

Ria SeTanxmeba (open accession) daewyo.

74 evrosabWom gaauqma Tavisi wina daskvnebi TurqeTTan mimarTebaSi, romliTac helsinkSi is daeTanxma TurqeTis kandidatobas evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisTvis. man 2004 wlis dekembris Sexvedris komisiis angariSsa da rekomendaciebze dayrdnobiT gadawyvita, rom rodesac TurqeTi miaRwevs kopenhagenis politikur da ekonomikur kriteriumebs maSin TavSekavebis gareSe evrokavSiri miiRebs TurqeTis gawevrianebaze sabolo gadawyvetilebas.

64

Tavi II. TurqeTis sabaJo kanonmdeblobis Sefaseba

TurqeTis sabaJo kanonmdebloba drodadro adgilobrivi da

globaluri cvlilebebis mixedviT icvleba. SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom

TurqeTis sabaJo kanonmdebloba ganpirobebuli iyo swrafi

industrializaciiT, centraluri dagegmviT, centridan marTuli import

Semcvleli industrializaciis politikiT.

TurqeTi aqtiurad Caeba Tavisufal vaWrobaSi danarCen

msofliosTan. am mxriv ZiriTadad orma faqtorma ganapiroba is, rom

amJamad TurqeTSi moqmedebs liberaluri sabaJo sistema, romelic

damyarebulia Tavisufal da samarTlian konkurenciaze, diskriminaciis

ararsebobasa da vaWrobis barierebis aRmofxvraze. pirveli faqtori iyo

is valdebulebebi, romelic unda Sesrulebuliyo msoflio savaWro

organizaciis (WTO) zedamxedvelobis qveS, xolo meore ki -- urTierToba

evrokavSirTan, rac miznad isaxavda TurqeTis am organizaciaSi

gaerTianebas. am ori mTavari faqtorma ganapiroba TurqeTSi Tavisufali

sabazro ekonomikis ganviTareba sabaJo vaWrobis liberalizacia da

globalur ekonomikur sistemaSi integracia. imisaTvis, TurqeTma miaRwios

dasaxul miznebs, (rogoricaa sakuTari savaWro reJimis evrokavSiris

reJimTan SeTanxmeba), man xeli moawera Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebas

mraval qveyanasTan da amJamadac awarmoebs molaparakebebs ramodenime

saxelmwifosTan.

rodesac TurqeTma miiRo evrokavSiris stabilizaciis programa, sabaJo

sakiTxi masSi mTavar elements Seadgenda. 1958 wlis stabilizaciis

programis mixedviT, TurqeTma safuZveli Cauyara axal sabaJo reJims,

romelic moicavs importis licenziebs, importis marTvis regulaciebsa da

saqonels, romelic ar SeiZleba iqnes importirebuli. eqsportis

gadasaxadebma, romelic dawesebuli iyo qveynisaTvis inflaciis

asacileblad, gamoiwvia eqsportiorebisaTvis TviTRirebulebis zrda.

agreTve moxda eqsportis liberalizacia sxvadasxva aspeqtSi. eqsportis

fasis kontrolireba ufro realuri gaxda. eqsportis fasebi, romelic

maRal doneze iyo dawesebuli, saerTaSoriso dones gauTanabres.

TurqeTi iyenebda importis Camnacvlebeli industrializaciis (ISI)

strategias TiTqmis naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi 1930-an 1980-an wlebamde,

65

gamonakliss warmoadgenda drois mokle monakveTi 1950-dan 1953 wlamde,

rodesac iyenebdnen liberalur sabaJo politikas.

TurqeTis sabaJo kanonmdebloba miRebul iqna, raTa daecva

adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi saerTaSoriso konkurentebisagan da gaezarda

saxelmwifos kontroli resursebis ganawilebasa da produqciis

warmoebaze. arsebobda sxva ramodenime punqtic, romlebic qveviTaa

moyvanili:

• ucxour saqonelze maRali tarifisa da qvotis daweseba

adgilobrivi mrewvelobis dasacavad;

• TurqeTis mTavrobis mier zogierTi seqtoris mxardaWera,

rogoricaa rkinis madnis mopoveba da foladis damzadeba imisaTvis, raTa

gaeRvivebina konkurencia industrializaciis procesSi da Tavi aeridebina

CaketilobisaTvis saxelmwifo mwarmoeblebis (SEE) (State Economic

Enterprises)SeqmniT;

• kreditis odenobisa da fasis kontroli, raTa zegavlena

hqonoda investiciebis xvedriT wilze kerZo seqtorSi;

• valutis dadgenili kursis SenarCuneba da misi kontroli, rac

ganapirobebs adgilobrivi valutis maRal kurss.

1950 wlis sagareo vaWrobis reJimi Zalian SezRuduli iyo da mas

kontrolis, regulirebisa da valutis kursis mudmivi cvalebadoba

axasiaTebda. amrigad, sabaJo kanonmdebloba naTlad ar asaxavda raime

grZelvadian mizansa Tu strategias. piriqiT, igi kidev ufro SezRuduli

gaxda mas Semdeg, rac aucilebeli gaxda saswrafo gadawyvetilebebis

miReba mzardi sabaJo deficitis sapasuxod. 1950-53 wlebis liberaluri

vaWrobis politikasTan dakavSirebuli pirveli eqsperimenti ar iyo

Tavisufali vaWrobis gzaze dadgomis grZelvadiani mcdeloba. 1958 wlis

programa makoreqtirebeli iyo da miznad ar isaxavda ufro liberaluri

sabaJo reJimis Seqmnas, romelic mudmivad iqneboda gamoyenebuli.

amavdroulad, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom tarifebis SezRudvis pakets

(devaluation package) Tan axlda monacemebis damamaxinjebeli ramodenime

elementi, Tumca SenarCunebul iqna importSemcvleli zrdis midrekileba.

1950-ani wlebis saerTo ekonomikuri politika, umeteswilad, qveynis Sida

problemebisaken iyo mimarTuli, magram igi ar iyo damyarebuli arc zust

66

ekonomikur Teoriaze da arc formalur dagegmvaze. ekonomikuri politika

umeteswilad damyarebuli iyo myisieri reaqciaze da masSi SeimCneoda

koordinaciis politikis mimarT interesis nakleboba.

ekonomikam 1950 wlis bolosaTvis dacemis ukidures wertils miaRwia.

saerTo jamSi, 1950-an wlebSi demokratiuli mTavrobis yvelaze metad

gakritikebuli aspeqti iyo daugegmavi da arakoordinirebuli qmedebebi,

romelebsac safuZveli Caeyara ,,liberaluri” ekonomikuri politikis

mTavrobiseuli aRqmis gamo. 1950-ani wlebis dasasruls, ekonomikuri

krizisi politikur krizisSi gadaizarda.

1929-1980-ani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, TurqeTis ganviTarebis strategiaSi

dominirebda importis Canacvlebis politika, romelsac gaaCnda sabaJo

kontrolis Sesustebis ori moklevadiani periodi: 1950-53ww. da 1970-73ww.

1960-ani da 1970-ani wlebi ganpirobebuli iyo importis intensiuri

CanacvlebiT, romelic ganxorcielda efeqturi raodenobrivi SezRudvebiTa

da gaufasurebuli erovnuli valutis reJimis winaswargansazRvruli

politikiT.

retrospeqtivaSi SegviZlia uxeSad gamovarCioT sami qveperiodi. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirvel xuTwlian gegmaSi (1963-67)

importis Canacvleba iyo industrializaciis miznis miRwevis xerxi, ukve

meore xuTwlian gegmaSi (1968-72) importis Canacvlebisa da Sinagani

saqmeebis mimarT mimarTuli politika gadasaxadebis dabalansebis

sirTulidan gamomdinareobda (Kruger, 199675).

gegmis avtorebis mixedviT, sabaJo politikis roli saSinao

mrewvelobis (e.w. ,,axalSobili industriis” argumenti) dacvaSi

mdgomareobda da kapitaltevadi produqciisa da nedleulis importis

nebarTva ganixileboda, rogorc umTavresi elementi sami miznis misaRwevad.

1960-ani da 1970-ani wlebis ganviTarebis gegmebs momdevno sami mizani

aerTianebda.

• ekonomikuri zrda;

• mwarmoeblebisaTvis zrdis maRali samizneebis dawesebiT

gamowveuli struqturuli cvlilebebi;

75 Krueger, A. O., 1993, "Free Trade Agreements as Protectionist devices: Rules of Origin," NBER, Working Paper No. 4352.

67

• importTan konkurirebadi industriebis ganviTareba da

eqsportis gamravalferovneba.

ISI (Import Substitution Industrialization) strategia (importSemcvleli

industrializacia), romelic Sinagani saqmeebis gankargvas iTvaliswinebda,

warmatebuli aRmoCnda, rameTu moxda zrdis maCveneblebis maRal doneze

SenarCuneba. etatizmze (Etatism-)76 orientirebuli politika 1973-74 wlebis

pirvelive ”navTobis Sokisgan” daimsxvra, maSin rodesac saSinao

politikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba, saSinao inflaciisa da sagareo

valis zrda dasaSvebze maRal doneze mimdinareobda, sesxebis gacema ki

sabolood Sewyda. yvela am mizezis gamo, sagareo valis krizisi 1978 wels

gardauvali gaxda. etatisturi politikis mniSvnelovani faqtori,

romelmac ganapiroba misi daSla, iyo xelfasebis gadaWarbebuli zrda,

rac gamowveuli iyo samuSao Zalis bazris liberalizaciiTa da 1961 wlis

konstituciis mier profkavSirebis garantirebuli legalizaciiT.

cxrili 2.1. TurqeTis ganviTarebis strategia respublikis Seqmnis periodidan

periodi instituciuri wyoba ganviTarebis strategia

1923-29 kerZo sawarmo, Tavisufali vaWroba dabali

tarifebiT (lozanis SeTanxmeba)

dasavlur gamocdilebaze

gadasvla (vesternizacia),

aRorZineba, infrastruqtura,

industrializacia,

sagadasaxado reforma

1929-39 etatizmi, Sereuli ekonomika farTo kerZo

sawarmoo seqtoriT, sagadamxdelo balansis

kontroli, primitiuli xuTwliani dagegmva

Sida problemebis

mosagvareblad mimarTuli

importis Canacvleba,

infrastruqturis

industrializacia

1939-46 etatizmi, Sereuli ekonomika, samxedro ekonomika

neitralitetis SesanarCuneblad

omis gaTvaliswineba

1946-50 moSvebuli etatizmi, Sereuli ekonomika,

kontroli

aRorZineba, gaZlierebuli

yuradReba agrokulturis

mimarT

1950-53 demokratia, vaWrobis liberalizacia, Sereuli

ekonomika

agrokulturaTa zrda da

meqanizacia

76 qveynis moqalaqeTa saqmianobaze yovelmxrivi kontrolis daweseba (Total control of the State over an individual citizen).

68

1953-59 demokratia, Sereuli ekonomika, sagadamxdelo

balansis kontroli

agrokulturaTa zrda,

importis Canacvleba

1959-62 demokratia Canacvlebulia samxedro reJimiT,

Sereuli ekonomika

stabilizacia

1962-78 demokratia, Sereuli ekonomika, srulyofili

dagegmva, samuSao Zalis bazris liberalizacia

importis Canacvleba

industrializaciiT

1978-80 igive rac 1962-78 wlebSi stabilizacia

1980-85 samxedro reJimi, romelsac moyva SezRuduli

demokratia, Sereuli ekonomika, sabaJo da

finansuri liberalizacia, samuSao Zalis bazris

SezRudva

stabilizacia, eqsportze

orientirebuli zrda

1985-95 demokratia, Sereuli ekonomika, sabaJo da

finansuri liberalizacia, mzardi inflacia

eqsportze orientirebuli

zrda

1995-06 demokratia, Sereuli ekonomika, sabaJo da

finansuri liberalizacia, CU-s miReba,

inflaciis kontroli

eqsportze orientirebuli

zrda

wyaro: http://www.ecomod.net/conferences/ecomod2003/ecomod2003_papers/Utkulu.pdf (bolo viziti:

27.01.2009)

dervis q. , melo j., robinsoni s. (Dervis K., Melo J., and Robinson S., 1981)77

afaseben 1960-ani da 1970-ani wlebis importis Canacvlebis zomebis Sedegebs.

maTi TqmiT, ISI-s politikam didi wvlili Seitana mTliani Sida produqtis

zrdaSi, gansakuTrebiT 1960-an wlebSi. amrigad, isini mxars uWeren im

xedvas, rom importis Canacvlebam (1960-ani wlebis TurqeTis SemTxvevaSi)

SesaZloa moaxdinos bunebrivi upiratesobebis eqspluatacia da

amavdroulad iyos uaRresad efeqturi, Tumca adre Tu gvian es

upiratesobebi gaqreboda. maTi azriT, TurqeTma am etaps 1970-an wlebSi

miaRwia.

1980 wlis ianvarSi TurqeTis ekonomikuri politika radikalurad

Seicvala. am dros, ramdenime arawarmatebuli mcdelobisa (1978-1979) da

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF) Cavardnili programis Semdeg

mTavrobam gamoacxada ekonomikuri reformis programa. qveynis Sinagani

problemebisken mimarTuli ISI programa Seicvala sagareo ekonomikur

politikaze orientirebuli ELstrategiiT. ekonomikuri reformis programa

ZiriTadad Sedgeboda momdevno miznebisagan, romlebic nawilobriv

77 Dervis, K., J. de Melo and S. Robinson (1981), General Equilibrium Models for Development Policy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Vol.91. gv. 891-906

http://www.ecomod.net/conferences/ecomod2003/ecomod2003_papers/Utkulu.pdf�

69

Sesrulebul iqna: amis Semdeg TurqeTi daadga saeqsporto zrdis

strategiis.am strategiis Sinaarsi Semdegnairad Camoyalibda:

• Sinagan politikaze orientirebuli ISI strategiis Sewyveta da

misi Canacvleba sagareo politikaze orientirebuli strategiiT, romelic

damyarebuli iyo sabazro ekonomikaze (es gaxlavT TurqeTis ekonomikuri

reformis programis makro da umTavreso mizani);

• mTavrobis pirdapiri intervenciis Semcireba samrewvelo

seqtorSi;

• barierebis Semcireba pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisaTvis;

• farTo safaso liberalizacia, maT Soris valutis kursisa da

saprocento ganakveTis realuri da moqnili donis dadgena;

• importis safexureobrivi liberalizacia;

• mWidro monetaruli kontroli da disciplina saSinao

STanTqmis aRsakveTad da inflaciis donis dasawevad;

• finansuri seqtoris reforma. 1980-ani wlebis miwuruls

arsebobda mxolod mcire SezRudva finansur bazarze;

• kerZo sawarmoebis reforma maTTvis zedmeti tvirTis

Sesamsubuqeblad da efeqturnobis gasazrdelad;

• privatizaciis waxaliseba da kerZo sawarmoebis raodenobis

gansazRvra;

• kerZo investiciis programis deregulacia da racionalizacia;

• eqsporti strategiis mTavari mmarTveli Zalaa, anu eqsportis

xelSewyobis metad efeqturi zomebi eqsportis swraf zrdas uwyobs xels;

• gadaidga nabijebi sagareo valebis gaumjobesebuli

menejmentisa da kreditunarianobis gaZlierebisaken.

70

2.1. TurqeTis mier evrokavSirTan sabaJo kavSiris CamoyalibesaTvis

gadadgmuli nabijebi

mosamzadebeli etapi (1964-1969): drois am monakveTSi TurqeTis

ekonomika dauaxlovda evrokavSiris standartebs, rasac didi zegavlenis

moxdena SeeZlo TurqeTis am organizaciaSi gaerTianebaze. am periodSi

evrokavSiris wevrebma Seamcires sabaJo gadasaxadi zogierT produqtze,

rogoricaa bamba da leRvi, rac warmoadgenda TurqeTis eqsportis

sagrZnob nawils. evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba (EEC) TurqeTis

ekonomikas did daxmarebas uwevda, raTa mas daeZlia sirTuleebi momdevno

gardamaval da damasrulebel etapebze.

gardamavali etapi (1973-1996): 22-wliani gardamavali etapi, romlis

drosac arsebiTi zomebi mimarTuli iyo vaWrobis liberalizaciisa da

Zlieri sabazro struqturis Seqmnisaken. mxareebma miaRwies im

gadawyvetilebas, rom Sesrulda yvela piroba, romelic aucilebeli iyo

sabaJo kavSiris Sesaqmnelad. evrokavSirma nulamde daiyvana sabaJo

gadasaxadebi samrewvelo produqciaze, zeiTunis zeTis, Saqris, wvenebisa

da sxva ramdenime produqtis garda. 1971 wlis Semdeg Turquli warmoebis

samrewvelo produqcia evrokavSiris qveynebSi yovelgvari sabaJo

gadasaxadis gareSe Sedioda, gamonakliss warmoadgenda Turquli safeiqro

produqcia, romlisTvisac sabaJo gadasaxadi 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi

dayavdaT nulamde. evrokavSiris qveynebma, mcire gamonaklisis garda,

gaauqmes raodenobrivi SezRudvebic amgvar produqciaze. TurqeTis

agrokulturaTa produqciis eqsporti, romelic aRiricxeboda saerTo

agrokulturaTa politikiT (CAP ,Common Agricultural Policy) 1987 wlis 1

ianvridan gaTavisuflda importis Cveulebrivi gadasaxadisagan, Tumca ara

cvalebadi gadasaxadisagan. zogierTi produqtisaTvis sabaJo gadasaxadis

moxsnas Tan axlda raodenobrivi SezRudvebisa da sezonuri qvotebis

daweseba, misaTiTebeli fasebis Seswavlis moTxovna an minimaluri

saimporto fasebisa da nebayoflobiTi eqsportis SezRudva. 1972 wlis 31

dekembers TurqeTma gazarda sabaJo gadasaxadi 10 %-iT, Tumca momdevno

wels igi isev Semcirda. aqedan gamomdinare, saboloo jamSi am maCvenebels

TiTqmis araviTari cvlileba ar ganucdia. 1976-dan TurqeTma SeaCera yvela

valdebulebis Sesruleba. es gagrZelda 1987 wlamde, rodesac TurqeTma

ganacxada sruluflebian wevrad gaxdomis survili. evrokavSirSi

71

gawevrianebis 12-wlian siaSi TurqeTi Sevida tarifebis 30%-ani klebis

maCvenebliT, xolo 22-wlian siaSi -- 20%-ani klebis maCvenebliT. qvemoT

mocemul cxrilSi SegiZliaT ixiloT sabaJo gadasaxadis Semcirebis gegma

damatebiTi protokolis mixedviT.

cxrili 2.2. sabaJo gadasaxadebis TandaTanobiTi klebis siCqare momdevno

wlebis ganmavlobaSi

pirveli 12 weliwadi da tarifebis

klebis siCqare

tarifebis klebis siCqare 22 wlis

ganmavlobaSi

TariRi wliuri

klebis %

saerTo

klebis %

TariRi wliuri

klebis %

saerTo

klebis %

1.1.1973 10 1.1.1973 5 5

1.1.1974 10 10 1.1.1974 5

1.1.1975 10 1.1.1975 5

1.1.1976 10 20 1.1.1976 5 10

1.1.1977 20 1.1.1977 10

1.1.1978 10 30 1.1.1978 10

1.1.1979 10 40 1.1.1979 5 15

1.1.1980 10 50 1.1.1980 15

1.1.1981 10 60 1.1.1981 15

1.1.1982 10 70 1.1.1982 15

1.1.1983 10 80 1.1.1983 5 20

1.1.1984 10 90 1.1.1984 20

1.1.1985 10 100 1.1.1985 10 30

1.1.1986 10 40

1.1.1987 40

1.1.1988 10 50

1.1.1989 50

1.1.1990 10 60

1.1.1991 10 70

1.1.1992 70

1.1.1993 10 80

1.1.1994 10 90

1.1.1995 10 100

Source: http://ec.auropa.au/taxation_customs/rules origin/customs_unions/article_414_en.htm (bolo viziti: 02.02.2009)

es periodi dasrulda 1995 wels, rodesac xeli moewera sabaJo kavSiris

SeTanxmebas.

http://ec.auropa.au/taxation_customs/rules origin/customs_unions/article_414_en.htm�

72

damasrulebeli etapi: 1995 wlis martis asocirebuli sabWos

gadawyvetilebiT, sabaJo kavSiris politika ZalaSi Sevida 1996 wlis 1

ianvars. es damasrulebeli etapi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nabijia

TurqeTis ekonomikis modernizaciisken da misi integraciisken

evrokavSirSi.

sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, TurqeTi valdebulia Cajdes

Semdeg kriteriumebSi:

saerTo sabaJo wesebi;

saerTo wesebi importisTvis;

importis dempingis dacva;

importis uwyvetobis dacva;

raodenobis limitirebis gansazRvris menejmenti;

saerTo wesebi eqsportisTvis;

oficialurad saeqsporto kreditis mxardaWera .78

sabaJo kavSiris wevrad gaxdomis molodinSi, TurqeTma daiwyo

evrokavSiris sabaJo an vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli mravali kanonis miReba,

romlebic moicavda sagareo vaWrobis reJims, konkurenciis politikas,

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebisa da momxmareblebis dacvas. garda

CamoTvlilisa, evrokavSiri TurqeTisgan moiTxovda :79

sabaJo gadasaxadebis gauqmebas 1996 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis unda

mohyoloda eqvivalenturi efeqti samrewvelo produqciiT ormxrivi

vaWrobisaTvis; 1999 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis moxdeboda gadasaxadebis

gauqmeba qvanaxSirisa da foladis darCenil 142 saxis produqciaze

(rogorc daTvlilia 12-cifriani ricxvis doneze SeTanxmebuli

saqonlis kodirebuli sistemiT, HS) (aRniSnulia evropis qvanaxSirisa

da foladis sazogadoebiT); da agreTve 1999 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis

unda momxdariyo gadamuSavebuli agrokulturaTa produqciis

samrewvelo komponentze gadasaxadebis gauqmeba;

1996 wlis 1 ianvramde evrokavSiris saerTo sagareo tarifis (CET)

miReba mesame qveynis samrewvelo da gadamuSavebuli agrokulturaTa

produqciis importis winaaRmdeg (garda ramodenime punqtisa,

78 Karluk Ridvan (1996) AB ve Turkiye, 1996, Istanbul Menkul Kiymetler Borsasi Publishing p. 535. 79 Based on WTO document WT/REG22/1, 13 February 1996, and Togan (1997).

73

romelic aRniSnulia asocirebuli sabWos gadawyvetilebis 2/95

danarTSi)80,

2001 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis SeRavaTiani baJis SeTanxmebebis miReba,

romlebic miRebul iqna evrokavSirsa da mesame qveynebs Soris;

1996 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis SezRudvebis gauqmeba raodenobaze an

zomaze, rasac unda mohyoloda eqvivalenturi efeqti evrokavSirTan

samrewvelo produqciiT vaWrobaSi;

1996 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis evrokavSiris savaWro politikis (safeiqro

politikis gareSe) regulirebasTan daaxloeba da misi danergva, maT

Soris, importis saerTo wesebi, raodenobrivi qvotebis marTvis

procedurebi da oficialurad mxardaWerili saeqsporto kreditebi;

1996 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis evrokavSiris sabaJo debulebis miReba

produqciis warmomavlobis dargSi romelSic Sedis: produqciis

sabaJo Rirebuleba; saqonlis Setana sabaJo kavSiris teritoriaze;

sabaJo deklaracia; produqciis gaSveba Tavisufal cirkulaciaSi;

sabaJo procedurebi; saqonlis gadaadgileba; sabaJo davalianeba;

apelaciis uflebebi;

1996 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis evrokavSiris konkurenciis normebis miReba;

2001 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis teqnikuri barierebis moxsnasTan

dakavSirebuli evrokavSiris instrumentebis sakuTar

kanonmdeblobaSi Setana;

adekvaturi da efeqturi dacvis uzrunvelyofisa da inteleqtualuri,

samrewvelo da komerciuli sakuTrebis uflebebis dacva; umetesi

zomebis dauyovneblivi miReba da 1999 wlis 1 ianvars farmacevtuli

produqciis standartizacis aTviseba, amisaTvis ki satranzito

periodis gamoyeneba, romelic dasrulda 1999 wlis 31 dekembers,

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul aspeqtebze

SeTanxmeba TRIPS-s (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)

mixedviT .

80 TurqeTi SeinarCunebs maRali dacvis xarisxs imasTan SedarebiT, rac mocemulia CET-Si, garkveuli ”mgrZnobiare” produqciis mimarT, rac 290 saxis saqonlis eqvivalenturia (samgzavro manqanebi 2000 kubur sm-ze mcire ZraviT, velosipedebi, tyavis qeisebi da CanTebi, fexsacmelebi da maTi nawilebi, aveji, keramikis nawarmi, rkinisa da foladis mavTulebi da Tokebi, romlebic ar arian eleqtronulad izolirebulni, qaRaldis CanTebi da tomrebi da cementis fertilizatorebi).

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm�

74

umTavresi sferoebi, sadac sabaWo kavSiris SeTanxmebebi (CUD Customs

Union Decision) SezRudulia, aris is sferoebi, sadac TurqeTi ar aris

daSvebuli bazris umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebSi: saerTo agraruli

politika (CAP) agrokulturaTa produqciis Tavisufali

gadaadgilebis CaTvliT; muSaxelisa da kapitalis Tavisufali

gadaadgileba; winsvla erTiani valutis SemoRebis mimarTulebiT.

evropuli ekonomikuri zonis (EEA) qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, TurqeTi

SesaZloa gaxdes anti-dempinguri zomebis samizne evrokavSiris

mxridan. Tavidanve gansazRvruli evrokavSiris safinanso daxmareba

TurqeTis mimarT jerac ar aris xelmisawvdomi, ramac didi gavlena

moaxdina evrokavSir-TurqeTis urTierTobebze.

TurqeTma gaauqma tarifebi da gadasaxadebi samrecvelo

produqciaze, romelic evrokavSiridan Semodis da daiwyo

evrokavSiris optimaluri taripis CET-is gamoyeneba mesame qveynebidan

importirebul saqonelze. aman gamoiwvia am importze tarifebis

xelSesaxebi Semcireba. evrokavSiris azriT, TurqeTma unda

(I) gaamaxvilos yuradReba kanonmdeblobis SeTavsebaze iseT

sabaJo aspeqtebTan, rogoricaa ormagi gamoyenebis saqonlis

kontroli, yalbi da mekobruli produqcia da kulturuli

saqoneli;

(II) (II) damatebiT imuSaos Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebze da im

sabaJo procedurebze, romelTac ekonomikuri zemoqmedeba

gaaCniaT;

(III) moaxdinos saqmianobis harmonizacia iseT seqtorebSi,

rogoricaa sakvebi produqtebi, farmacevtuli nawarmi da

kosmetika; gaaumjobesos sxvadasxva organoebis

funqcionireba (standartizacia, akreditacia da

Sesabamisobis Sefaseba);

(IV) miiRos konkurenciis gamaZlierebeli normebi;

(V) gaaZlieros inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis kanonis danergva;

(VI) daareguliros komerciuli xasiaTis saxelmwifo

monopoliebi, raTa miaRwios diskriminaciis faqtoris

75

gauqmebas bazris aTvisebis procesSi EC-sa da Turqul

operatorebs Soris.81

evrokavSiris axali iniciativa, romelic exeboda TurqeTisTvis

finansuri daxmarebis momatebas, ZalaSi Sevida 2001 wlis dekemberSi.

es axali iniciativis CarCo miznad isaxavs mSp-s “namatidan”

gamomdinare midgomas finansur TanamSromlobaSi evropul

sazogadoebasa da TurqeTs Soris da agreTve gadaxdis (finansuri

daxmarebis) procesis daCqarebas. rac Seexeba kandidat qveynebs,

finansurma daxmarebam aqcenti unda gaakeTos miRebis partniorobasa

da evrokavSirSi gaerTianebis nacionalur programaze NPAA-ზე

(National Programme for the Adoption of the Acquis). 82

ganxiluli sakiTxebis analizis safuZvelze qveviT CamoTvlilia

sabaJo kavSiris wevrobis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi:

sabaJo kavSiriSi TurqeTis gaerTianebis dadebiTi mxareebia:

• Turq mwarmoeblebs mouwevT maRali xarisxis produqciis warmoeba,

romelic savaraudod SedarebiT dabal fasSi gaiyideba maRali

konkurenciis gamo;

• mwarmoeblebs miecemaT SesaZlebloba, SeaRwion ganviTarebuli

qveynebis bazrebze;

• farTo bazarze gasvla did SesaZleblobebs gauxsnis Turq

mewarmeebs;

81 satranzito periodis ganmavlobaSi, romelic dasrulda 2001 wlis 1 ianvars, TurqeTma

SeinarCuna satarifo dacvis maRali xarisxi imasTan SedarebiT, rac mocemulia CET-Si

garkveuli ”mgrZnobiare” produqciis mimarT, rac 290 saxis saqonlis eqvivalenturia HS Tormet-cifrian doneze (samgzavro manqanebi 2000 kubur sm-ze mcire ZraviT, velosipedebi, tyavis qeisebi da CanTebi, fexsacmlebi da maTi nawilebi, aveji, keramikis nawarmi, rkinisa da foladis mavTulebi da Tokebi, romlebic ar arian eleqtronulad izolirebulni, qaRaldis CanTebi da tomrebi da cementis fertilizatorebi).

82 politikuri da ekonomikuri kriteriumebi, romlebic unda Seasrulos kandidatma qveyanam evrokavSirSi gasaerTianeblad, 1993 wlis ivnisSi kopenhagenis evropuli sabWos sxdomaze dadginda. es kriteriumebia: ”demokratiis garanti instituciebis stabiluroba, kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis uflebebisa da umciresobebis dacva; funqcionirebadi sabazro ekonomikis arseboba, amasTan konkurenciis zewolisa da kavSiris sabazro Zalebis gamklavebis SesaZlebloba; wevrobis valdebulebebis Sesruleba, rogoricaa, politikuri, ekonomikuri da monetaruli miznebis erTguleba.” kandidatma qveyanam unda SeZlos evrokavSiris moTxovnebis Sesruleba, anu sakanonmdeblo da institucionaluri wyobileba, romelic cnobilia, rogorc acquis da Sedgeba 29 Tavisagan. 2001 wlis martSi,

TurqeTma miiRo Turquli nacionaluri programa Acquis-is dasanergad (NPAA). evropuli komiteti (2002).

76

• evrokavSirsa da Turqul firmebs Soris (igulisxmeba evrokavSirTan

erToblivi programiT) finansuri TanamSromlobis gamo gaumjobesdeba

TurqeTis infrastruqtura;

• TurqeTi gaxdeba centri evrokavSiris im firmebisaTvis, romlebic

gadawyveten Tavisi saqonlis centralur aziaSi, Savi zRvis regionsa da

axlo aRmosavleTSi gatanas;

• gaizrdeba ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis moculoba.

TurqeTisTvis sabaJo kavSirSi gawevrianebis uaryofiTi mxareebia:

• patara sawarmoebi dazaraldebian teqnologiebisa da codnis

naklebobis gamo;

• importi mesame qveynebidan daiklebs;

• Turqul firmebze zegavlenas moaxdens maRali konkurencia;

• firmebis mogeba Semcirdeba;

• Tu waxaliseba ar iqneba iseTave, rogoric aris evrokavSirSi, maSin

evrokavSiris mxardaWera sakuTari mwarmoeblebis mimarT negatiur

gavlenas iqoniebs Turq mwarmoeblebze;

• TurqeTSi muSaxelis fasi moimatebs, amrigad, Turqi mwarmoeblebis

erT-erTi upiratesoba gaqreba.

saerTo sabaJo tarifi (CCT)

saerTo sabaJo tarifis mixedviT, rodesac TurqeTi axdens imports

mesame qveynidan, man unda gamoiyenos evrokavSiris saerTo sabaJo tarifi

samrewvelo saqonelze da ar moiTxovos sxva sabaJo gadasaxadebi. mas

Semdeg, rac xeli moewera sabaJo kavSiris xelSekrulebas 1995 wels,

TurqeTma Seasrula CCT-is (Common Customs Tarif ) 85%.

sabaJo kavSiris moqmedeba 1996 wlis Semdeg

sabaJo kavSirSi gawevrianebis Semdeg TurqeTs mouwevs ramodenime zomis

miReba, romelsac evrokavSiris SigniT iyeneben. rac Seexeba danergvis

procedurebs, arsebobs sakanonmdeblo CarCo, romelic warmodgenilia

sabaJo kavSiris mier. am CarCoSi mxareebis valdebulebebi warmoiSveba

sabaJo kavSiris gadawyvetilebebidan, romlebic ukavSirdeba sabaJo

gadasaxadis gauqmebas, raodenobriv SezRudvebs da im zomebs, romelTac

eqnebaT Sesabamisi efeqti.

1996 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis Sesrulda iqna sabaJo kavSiris zogi ormxrivi

valdebuleba. amasTan erTad, mgrZnobiare produqtebTan dakavSirebuli

77

Semcirebebi, rac ganpirobebuli iyo asocirebuli kavSiris sabWos № 2/95

mier, jer kidev grZeldeba.

teqnikuri barierebis gauqmeba vaWrobisaTvis

is zomebi, romlebic miRebul iqna sabaJo kanonis miTiTebiT, ar aris

sakmarisi sasurvel doneze saqonlis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis

uzrunvelsayofad. amis gamo evrokavSiris wevrma qveynebma gadawyvites,

gahyolodnen ufro liberalur gzas da gaauqmes darCenili barierebi,

romlebic xels uSlida saqonlis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas. wevri qveynebi

SeTanxmdnen, rom gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi

TurqeTic Seecdeboda mieRo sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri berketebi:

xarisxi, akreditacia da a.S. raTa momxdariyo teqnikuri barierebis

maqsimaluri SezRudva. asocirebuli sabWos gadawyvetilebiT (№ 2/95),

gamocxadda kanonebis is CamonaTvali, romelTa miRebac aucilebeli gaxda.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani elementi gaxlavT is, rom am procesis

mimdinareobisas, Tuki TurqeTi Seasrulebs SeTanxmebis moTxovnebs, maSin

teqnikuri barierebi Turquli produqciis mimarT gauqmdeba evrokavSiris

wevrebis mier da TurqeTs ar mouxdeba lodini gardamavali periodis

dasrulebamde.

evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan SeTanxmeba

gadawyvetileba standartizaciis reJimTan dakavSirebiT sagareo

vaWrobaSi gamoqveynda 1996 wlis martis “oficialur gazeTSi” № 22222 da

ZalaSi Sevida 1996 wlis aprilSi. saerTaSoriso standartebis garda, am

reJims mohyva sxva reJimebi, rogoricaa personaluri usafrTxoeba,

erovnuli usafrTxoebis moTxovnebi, garemos dacva da momxmareblis dacva.

standartebi

sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebis Semdeg TurqeTi Seasrulebs

standartizaciis, gazomvis, xarisxis, akreditaciis, Semowmebisa da

serTificirebis moTxovnebs 5 wlis vadaSi.

TurqeTis statistebis institutma, TSE (Turkish Standart Institute) , romelic

aris uflebamosili da pasuxismgebeli TurqeTis standartis momzadebaSi

yvela saxis masalaSi, produqciis warmoebasa Tu momsaxurebaSi, daiwyo

evrokavSiris standartebis miReba, raTa momxdariyo TurqeTis

kanonmdeblobis 32 muxlis misadageba 2000 wlis bolosaTvis, amasTan

TurqeTma miiRo evrokavSiris standartebis TiTqmis 90 %.

78

imisaTvis, rom moxdes importuli saqonlis evrokavSiris normebTan

gaTanabreba, 1999 wels TurqeTma ramdenime teqnikuri barieri SemoiRo.

kanonis mixedviT, TurqeTSi importirebuli saqoneli unda Sesabamebodes

saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebul standarts.

amrigad, TurqeTma daiwyo urTierToba evrokavSirTan da 1963 wels

xeli moawera ankaris xelSekrulebas, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1964 wlis 1

dekembers. grZelvadiani gegma evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevrobaa. es

SeTanxmeba iyo evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis (EEC) erT-erTi

pirveli SeTanxmebaTagani. am SeTanxmebis mixedviT, gasavlelia sami etapi:

mosamzadebeli etapi, tranzituli da damasrulebeli etapebi. am

SeTanxmebis wyalobiT daiwyo evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobisa da

TurqeTis erTmaneTTan daaxloeba. es SeTanxmeba xels uwyobs vaWrobis

dabalansebul gaZlierebasa da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaRvivebas

mxareebs Soris, amavdroulad igi mTeli seriozulobiT aRiqvams TurqeTis

ekonomikis swrafi ganviTarebisa da Turqi xalxis sacxovrebeli pirobebis

gaumjobesebis saWiroebas. zemoaRniSnuli SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, me-3, me-4 da

me-5 muxlebis mixedviT unda moxdes sabaJo kavSiris daarseba.

79

2.2. Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciasTan

Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba TurqeTsa da EFTA-s (European Free Trade

Agreement )Soris ZalaSi Sevida 1992 wlis 1 aprils (1992 wlis seqtemberSi

islandiasTan). (EFTA-s wevrebia: islandia, lixtenSteini, norvegia da

Sveicaria). SeTanxmeba moicavs samrewvelo produqtebs (HS-Harmonized System

25-e da 97-e Tavebis SualedSi arsebuli produqtebis CamonaTvali)83;

gamonakliss warmoadgens agrokulturebTan damokidebulebaSi myofi cxra

produqti maT Soris: manifoldi, sorbitoili, kaseini, kvercxisa da rZis

albumini da deqstrini. 2002 wels Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis

mixedviT xorcieldeboda EFTA-dan TurqeTis importis 99%-s da EFTA-Si

misi eqsportis 90%-s. SeTanxmeba agreTve moicavda inteleqtualur

sakuTrebas, konkurencias, saxelmwifos daxmarebasa da anti-dempings.

Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba TurqeTsa dafuZnebulia TurqeTis

evrokavSirTan SeTanxmebis asimetriul, msgavs modelze. 1993 wlis 1

ianvridan EFTA-dan importirebul samrewvelo produqciaze TurqeTma

daawesa igive sabaJo gadasaxadi, rogorc importze evrokavSiridan. rac

Seexeba Tevzeuls, TurqeTma daawesa ukeTesi pirobebi EFTA-s qveynebisTvis

evrokavSirTan SedarebiT. gadamuSavebuli agrokulturaTa produqciis

vaWroba imave sistemiT mimdinareobs, rogorc TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs

Soris, magaliTad, MHF (Mass Housing Fund) gadasaxadi gadamuSavebuli

agrokulturaTa produqciis komponentebze 1999 wlis 1 inavrisaTvis

Semcirda ,,gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli agrokulturaTa komponentebis”

misaRwevad. 1992 wlis 1 aprils EFTA-s qveynebma gaauqmes yvela sabaJo

gadasaxadi importze an TurqeTidan Semomaval misi Sesabamisi efeqtis

mqone produqciaze, garda teqstilisa da tansacmlisa. teqstilsa da

tansacmelze tarifebi gauqmda 1996 wlis 1 ianvars.

sabaJo kavSiridan gamomdinare pasuxismgeblobebisa da misi

komerciuli prioritetebis gaTvaliswinebiT, TurqeTma dRemde xeli

moawera cxramet SeTanxmebas. amJamad am cxrameti SeTanxmebidan mxolod

cxra moqmedebs: EFTA-sTan, israel-Tan, bulgareT-Tan, makedonias-Tan,

xorvatiaas-Tan, bosnia-hercogovinas_Tan, palestinas_Tan, tunissa da

saqarTvelosTan.

83 http://www.vvg-law.com/publications/19990409protocols.pdf (bolo viziti: 05.01.2009)

80

Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba TurqeTsa da EFTA-s qveynebs Soris,

romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1992 wlis aprilSi, iyo pirveli gadadgmuli

nabiji evrokavSiris SeRavaTiani sabaJo reJimis miRebis gzaze sabaJo

kavSiris ZalaSi Sesvlamde. 1996-2000ww., drois monakveTSi prioriteti

mieniWaT evropis im qveynebs, romlebic im periodSi jer ar iyvnen

evrokavSiris wevrebi. FTA xelSekrulebas xeli moewera litvasTan,

ungreTTan, estoneTTan, CexeTTan, slovakeTTan, poloneTTan, sloveniasTan

da latviasTan. rodesac zemoT CamoTvlili qveynebi gaxdnen evrokavSiris

wevrebi 2004 wlis maisSi, FTA am qveynebis mimarT aRar gamoiyeneboda.

israelTan, rumineTTan da bulgareTTan xelmowerili FTA ZalaSi Sevida

Sesabamisad 1997 wlis maisSi, 1998 wlis TebervalSi da 1999 wlis

ianvarSi.84

balkaneTi TurqeTis kidev erTi prioriteti iyo. FTA makedoniasTan

mimarTebaSi ZalaSi Sevida 2000 wlis seqtemberSi. amas moyva FTA-s ZalaSi

Sesvla xorvatiasTan da bosnia-hercogovinasTan 2003 wlis ivlisSi.

barselonis procesis biZgiT, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebma TurqeTis

prioritetebis siaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikaves. 2004 wels FTA-s xeli

moewera tunisTan da palestinasTan. imave wels dasrulda SeTanxmeba

tunisTan da siriasTan Tavisufali savaWro zonis Sesaxeb. preferenciuri

savaWro xelSekrulebebi palestinasTan da tunisTan ZalaSia 2005 wlis 1

ivnisidan da 2005 wlis 1 ivlisidan. 2008 wlis 1 oqtombers xeli moewera

FTA-s xelSekrulebas saqarTvelosTan.

cxrili 2.3. TurqeTis mier Tavisufali vaWrobis zonis xelSekrulebis

xelmowerisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRebi

qveyana xelmoweris TariRi ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRi

israeli 14.03.1996 01.05.1997

rumineTi 29.04.1997 01.02.1998

ungreTi 08.01.1997 01.04.1998

litva 02.06.1997 01.03.1998

estoneTi 03.06.1997 01.07.1998

CexeTis respublika 03.10.1997 01.09.1998

slovakeTi 20.10.1997 01.09.1998

84 http://www.dtm.gov.tr/Ab/ingilizce/sta/stamenu.htm (შესვლის თარიღი: 20.05.2006)

81

bulgareTi 11.07.1998 01.01.1999

Llatvia 16.06.1998 -

slovenia 05.05.1998 -

poloneTi 04.10.1999 -

maroko 07.04.2004

tunisi 28.08.2004

saqarTvelo 01.11.2008

წყარო: Prime Ministry, Foreign Affairs Undersecretariat of Turkey, December,2005

evropa-xmelTaSua zRvispireTis TanamSromloba

1995 wlis noemberSi evrokavSiri da xmelTaSua zRvispireTis 12

partniori qveyana Caeba evropa-xmelTaSua zRvispireTis TanamSromlobis

politikur, ekonomikur da socialur programaSi, romlis mizania

,,gaziarebuli keTildReobis sivrcis” Seqmna, evropa-xmelTaSua

zRvispireTis Tavisufali vaWrobis zonis CaTvliT 2010 wlisaTvis. es unda

moxerxdes evropa-xmelTaSua zRvispireTis asocirebuli SeTanxmebiT,

romelzec mimdinareobda molaparakebebi evrokavSirsa da mis xmelTaSua

zRvispirel partniorebs Soris. TurqeTma miaRwia ormxrivi Tavisufali

vaWrobis SeTanxmebas israelTan da amJamad molaparakebebis procesSia sxva

xmelTaSua zRvispirel partniorebTan, romlebic ar arian evropuli

sazogadoebis wevrebi, raTa Seasrulos evropa-xmelTaSua zRvispireTis

TanamSromlobis moTxovnebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTi iyenebs evrokavSiris CET-s 1996 wlis 1

ianvridan, mas jer ar miuRia evrokavSiris satarifo klasifikacia da

TurqeTis axali nacionaluri tarifi jer kidev sakmaod rTulia, igi

Sedgeba TerTmeti siisagan, romlebic Tavis mxriv moicaven 19,530

klasificirebul satarifo xazs HS Tormet-cifrian doneze. es siebi

umetes wilad moicavs gadasaxadebis dones, romlebic garkveul

seqtorebSi MFN-is doneze dabalia (magaliTad, agrokulturaTa produqcia

da gadamuSavebuli agrokulturaTa produqcia), nedleuls garkveuli

seqtorebisaTvis (magaliTad, sasuqisaTvis da qimikatebisaTvis), an im

produqtebs, romlebsac agreTve moicavs regionuli SeTanxmeba (EFTA,

israeli da rumineTi).

TurqeTi agreTve SeinarCunebs CET-Si zogierTi ,,mgrZnobiare”

produqciis aRniSnul doneze maRali dacvis xarisxs (HS Tormet-cifrian

82

doneze 290 saxis saqonlis eqvivalenti) xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. am

saqonelSi Sedis Zraviani satransporto saSualebebi, romelTa Zravis

simZlavre 2,000 kubur sm-ze naklebia, fexsacmelebi da maTi nawilebi,

aveji, keramikis nawarmi, rkinisa da foladis mavTulebi da Tokebi,

romlebic ar arian eleqtronulad izolirebulni, qaRaldis CanTebi da

tomrebi da cementis fertilizatorebi). am gamonaklisebs ar gaaCniaT didi

zegavlena saSualo maCvenebelze. seqtoruli maCveneblebi agreTve

gviCveneben arsebiT sxvaobas, sxvaobiT 0-dan 365 procentamde da 24

procentian standartul gadaxras; saSualoze maRali maCveneblebi yvelaze

naTlad Cans sakvebSi, sasmelSi, Tambaqosa da TevzeulSi. TurqeTis

satarifo struqturaSi grZeldeba tarifebis donis mniSvnelovani zrda.

saboloo jamSi, TurqeTSi tarifebi iklebs nedleulsa da

naxeverfabrikatebze. es gulisxmobs SedarebiT dabali dacvis dones

produqciis gadamuSavebis bolo etapebze, vidre Cans nominaluri

ganakveTebidan. ufro mniSvnelovani seqtorebi, romelTac agreTve

deeskalacia aReniSnebaT, aris: ,,sxvagvari sawarmoo” dargebi, maT Soris

saiuveliro, musikaluri instrumentebi, sportuli aRWurviloba

(nedleulidan dawyebuli, srulad gadamuSavebuli produqciiT

dasrulebuli); ZiriTadad metalurgia (naxevarfabrikatebiT dawyebuli,

srulad gadamuSavebuli produqciiT dasrulebuli); qimikatebis da masTan

dakavSirebuli produqciis nawarmi (naxevarfabrikatebiT dawyebuli,

srulad gadamuSavebuli produqciiT dasrulebuli); qaRaldi da qaRaldis

produqcia, beWdva da gamocema (naxevarfabrikatebiT dawyebuli, srulad

gadamuSavebuli produqciiT dasrulebuli).

TurqeTis tarifebi umetes wilad ad valorem safuZvelzea

damyarebuli (tarifebis 98%), rac xels uwyobs gamWvirvalobis gazrdas,

Tumca gadasaxadebi HS Tormet-cifriani donis 337 saxeobiss produqcias

exeba. ed valorem tarifebis moqmedebis sfero Cveulebriv sakmaod

maRalia, umetes wilad moicavs agrokulturisa da gadamuSavebul

produqcias. TurqeTi iyenebs ara- ad valorem tarifebs Tavisi tarifebis

evrokavSiris optimalur tarifebTan (CET gadamuSavebul agrakulturaTa

produkciaaze) daaxloebisTvis. Tumca daaxlovebul tarifs gaaCnia

satarifo ganakveTis uCveulod maRali maCvenebeli.

83

aseTi mravalferovneba satarifo ganakveTebSi da garkveuli

seqtorebis deeskalacia miuTiTebs naTlad gamoxatuli mimarTulebis

ararsebobaze satarifo politikaSi. savaraudod, es aris ,,SesaclelaT

gankuTnili” tarifi, romelic danerges agrokulturaTa produkciaze imis

nacvlad, rom ganexorcielebinaT neitraluri midgoma. rogorc aseTi, igi

asocirdeba Semosavlis dakargvasTan, rac gamowveulia resursebis

araoptimaluri gadanawilebiT.

msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO) da TurqeTi:

1995 wlis 26 marts TurqeTi gaxda msoflio savaWro organizaciis

wevri. ukanaskneli TPR-is (Trade Policy Review) Semdeg TurqeTma Secvala

saSinao kanonmdebloba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebasa da

telekomunikaciebTan dakavSirebiT da ZalaSi Seiyvana axali

kanonmdebloba sabaJosTvis (anti-dempinguri zomebi, standartebsa da

teqnikur regulirebasTan, bankingTan, energiasTan da saxelmwifo

uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebiT) raTa Seesrulebina evrokavSiris da WTO-

ს mier dawesebuli moTxovnebi.

TurqeTmaFxelSekrulebebi Tavis yvela sabaJo partniors SeuTanxma.

TurqeTi ar aris mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebis xelmomweri mxare, romelic

urugvais raundidan gamomdinareobs; igi aris saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofis

mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebisa da samoqalaqo sahaero xomaldebis vaWrobis

damkvirvebeli; da agreTve informaciuli teqnologiuri SeTanxmebis

ITA(Information Technology Agreement) monawile mxare.

TurqeTi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs dohas SeTaxmebebs DDA(Doha

Development Agenda). DDA-Si mis interess warmoadgens samarTliani,

konkurentunariani da winaswargansazRvrebadi savaWro garemo, romelic

gamomdinareobs tarifebis momavali mravalmxrivi Semcirebidan, satarifo

stuqturis gamartivebisagan da arasatarifo barierebis gauqmebisagan,

alkoholuri sasmelebis garda, yvela saxis produqciis dacvis xarisxis

momavali gazrdisagan da agrokulturaTa vaWrobis samarTliani

garemosagan. premier ministris 2002 wlis 13 seqtembris cirkularTan

SeTanxmebiT, daarsda sxvadasxva komiteti da samuSao jgufi, romlebsac

unda emuSavaT DDA-s sakiTxebze da daedginaT is strategia, romelsac

unda gahyoloda TurqeTi mravalmxrivi molaparakebebis dros. msoflio

savaWro organizaciaSi agrokulturaTa sakiTxze mimdinare

84

molaparakebebis WrilSi, TurqeTs miaCnia, rom SesaZlebelia tarifebis

kidev metad Semcireba maSin, rodesac ganviTarebuli qveynebi

mniSvnelovnad amcireben an saerTod auqmeben eqsportis subsidiebsa da

saSinao mxardaWeras. zogadad, TurqeTi didi yuradRebiT akvirdeba

evrokavSiris pozicias msoflio savaWro organizaciis molaparakebebSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki araagrokulturaTa produqciaze, radgan evrokavSiris

mier Semcirebebis gagrZeleba zegavlenas iqoniebs TurqeTis ekonomikis

qveseqtorebze.

dRemde TurqeTi Cabmuli iyo msoflio savaWro organizaciis davebis

mogvarebis meqanizmis 12 SemTxvevaSi. TurqeTis mier savaWro zomebTan

dakavSirebiT Svidi konsultacia iyo moTxovnili; maTgan sami exeboda

teqstilisa da tansacmlis produqtebis importis raodenobriv SezRudvas.

TurqeTi iyo mosarCele mxare or SemTxvevaSi (egviptisa da samxreT

afrikis respublikis winaaRmdeg). saqme egviptis winaaRmdeg exeboda

saboloo anti-dempingur zomebs, mxareebi SeTanxmdnen misaReb vadebze,

romlis drosac moxdeboda DSB (Dispute Settlement Body) rekomendaciebis

miReba. rac Seexeba samxreT afrikis respublikas, 2003 wlis 15 aprils

TurqeTma moiTxova formaluri konsultacia CamonaTvalis formiT

saboloo antidempingur gadasaxadebze samxreT afrikis respublikis

matylis importze. TurqeTma agreTve monawileoba miiRo davebSi, rogorc

mesame mxarem, erT-erTi iyo aSS-s winaaRmdeg ,,saboloo dacvis zomebi

foladis garkveul saxeobaze”- sakiTxze; xolo meore ki -- argentinis

winaaRmdeg - sadac daobdnen ,,saboloo antidempingur zomebze italiidan

keramikuli iatakis filebis importze”. 2003 wlis 2 maiss TurqeTma

ganacxada Tavisi survili, SeerTeboda aSS-s da avstraliis mier

moTxovnil konsultaciebs, romlebic exeboda ,,geografiuli

indikatorebisa da warmomavlobis dacvas agrokulturaTa da sakveb

produqciaze evropul sazogadoebaSi”.

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia ECO (Economic Cooperation

Organization) aris samTavrobo, regionuli organizacia, romelic daarsda

1985 wels iranis, pakistanis da TurqeTis mier im mizniT, rom moxdes

damaarsebel qveynebs Soris socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad. ECO aris regionuli TanamSromlobis

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_e.htm#dsb�

85

ganviTarebis organizaciis RCD (Regional Cooperation for Development)

gamgrZelebeli. RCD moRvaweobda 1964-79 wlebSi. 1992 organizacia

gafarTovda da miiRo Svidi axali wevri: avRaneTi, azerbaijani, yazaxeTi,

yirgizeTis respublika, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi da uzbekeTi. ECO Seudga

ramdenime prioritetuli seqtoris TanamSromlobis programis Sesrulebas,

maT Soris energiis, vaWrobis, transportis, agrokulturis da

narkotikuli nivTierebebis kontrolis sferoebSi.

vaWrobis liberalizacia ECO-s muSaobis sferos mniSvnelovani

nawilia. 2000 wlis 6 marts xeli moewera ECO savaWro CarCo-

xelSekrulebas, rac miznad isaxavda wevr qveynebs Soris savaWro

urTierTobebis gazrdas liberalizebuli regionuli savaWro

xelSekrulebis formulirebiT. sami wlis mzadebis Semdeg ECO savaWro

SeTanxmeba (ECOTA) Sedga da 2003 wlis 17 ivliss xeli moewera avRaneTis,

iranis, pakistanis, tajikeTisa da TurqeTis mier. SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs

tarifebis Semcirebas (ara nakleb 10%-isa weliwadSi) maqsimum 15%-Ti

yvelaze meti momdevno 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis

organizaciis savaWro SeTaxmeba ECOTA-s (Economic Cooperation Organization Trade

Agreement) gaaCnia kavSiri saxelmwifo monopoliebTan, saxelmwifo

daxmarebasTan, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis dacvasTan, dempingur

da antidempingur zomebTan.

ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi

TurqeTma xeli moawera ormxriv savaWro SeTanxmebas 14 qveyanasTan,

raTa SeuTavsos Tavisi savaWro reJimi evrokavSirisas (cxrili 2.3).

TurqeTis mier Catarebuli ukanaskneli cvlilebis Semdeg ormxrivi

SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sevida Semdeg qveynebTan: CexeTis respublika,

slovakeTis respublika, estoneTi, latvia, slovenia, bulgareTi, poloneTi,

makedoniis respublika, xorvatia da bosnia hercogovina. savaWro

SeTanxmebebs gaaCniaT standartuli modeli, TiToeuli mxaris

evrokavSirTan SeRavaTiani savaWro safuZvelze dayrdnobiT. moxda

industriuli saqonlis ormxrivi vaWrobis liberalizacia satranzito

periodis bolos, ormxrivi SeTaxmeba moxda agrokulturul da

gadamuSavebul agrokulturul saqonelze. Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba

TurqeTsa da litvas, ungreTs, estoneTs, CexeTis respublikas, slovakeTis

respublikas, poloneTs, sloveniasa da latvias Soris Sewyda 2004 wlis 1

86

maiss, maSin rodesac es qveynebi gaxdnen evrokavSiris wevrebi. TurqeTi

agrZelebs am qveynebTan TanamSromlobas savaWro kanonebis farglebSi.

molaparakebebi grZelda marokosTan, egviptesTan, fareris kunZulebTan,

palestinasTan, libanTan, albaneTTan da tunisTan. xolo SeTanxmebis

monaxazi gaegzavnaT iordanias, maltas, samxreT afrikis respublikas,

alJirs, sirias, serbia-montenegros da meqsikas.

sxva SeRavaTiani savaWro SeTanxmebebi

upiratesobaTa- prefenciebis ganzogadebuli sistema GSPU-s (Generalized

System of Preferences) mTavari mizania monawile mxareebis nacionaluri savaWro

wesebis, kanonmdeblobisa da struqturis evrokavSiris Sinagani bazris

direqtivebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.

rogorc evrokavSirTan sabaJo kavSiris monawile qveyana, TurqeTi

valdebulia, Camoayalibos iseTi savaWro reJimi, rogorsac SeRavaTiani

sabaJo gaerTianebuli sistema moiTxovs. 2002 wlis 1 ianvridan TurqeTma

SeuTanxma Tavisi reJimi evrokavSiris GSPP-is danergvisa da produkciis

CamonaTvalis cvlilebebs. radganD igi ar exeba agrokulturaTa

produqcias, amitom isini gamotovebulni arian GSP reJimidan da

SeRavaTebi miniWebulia samrewvelo saqonelze. maSin, rodesac TurqeTi

iRebda evrokavSiris G GSPP -s, man SeRavaTebi daawesa nedleulsa da

naxevarfabrikatebze. satarifo SeRavaTebi daxarisxebulia produqciis

,,mgrZnobiarobis” mixedviT. gadasaxadebi aramgrZnobiare produqciaze

mTlianad gauqmebulia, xolo mgrZnobiare produqciaze Semcirebulia (HHS-

is 28-e, 29-e TavebSi da HS 8540.11, 8540.12.00, 94.05 qveTavebSi aRniSnuli

produqcia evrokavSirTan SesabamisobaSia moyvanili da klasificirebulia,

rogorc mgrZnobiare). Semcireba xdeba MFN-is keTilsamezoblo reJimis

sagadasaxado ganakveTis 3.5 saprocento erTeuliT. garda amisa, iq, sadac

evrokavSiris G GSPPsqemis (romelic gamoyenebaSia 2001 wlis 31 dekembridan)

SeRavaTebi mgrZnobiare produqciaze uzrunvelyofen 3.5 saprocento

erTeulze maRal Semcirebas, maRali ganakveTi iqneba gamoyenebuli.

gadasaxadebi gauqmebulia yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis.

iseve rogorc evrokavSiri, TurqeTic iyenebs SeRavaTian baJs SerCeuli

qveynebis mimarT, romlebic iTvlebian ganviTarebad qveynebad. beneficiari

qveynebi yovelwliurad cxaddebian TurqeTis saimporto reJimis

danarTebSi. TurqeTi cdilobs etapobrivad gazardos GSPPsistemis

87

moqmedebis areali, Sinagani ekonomikuri pirobebis Sesabamisad.

molaparakebebi evrokavSirTan ganrigis Seqmnis Sesaxeb kvlavac

mimdinareobs. Turquli eqsporti SeRavaTianad ibegreba avstraliis,

kanadis, iaponiis, axali zelandiis, ruseTis federaciisa da aSS-s GSP

sqemebis mixedviT. ruseTis federaciam gaagrZela SeRavaTiani baJi

Turquli importisaTvis da igi (MFN keTil samezoblo reJimis) ganakveTis

75%-iani tarifiT ibegreba yvela saxis produqciaze, amerikis SeerTebulma

Statebma ganavrco gadasaxadisagan Tavisufali SeTanxmeba 744 saxis

saqonelze.

TurqeTi ar gaxlavT ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris dadebuli savaWro

SeRavaTebis globaluri sistemis SeTanxmebis (GSTP (Global System of Trade

Preferences) wevri.

88

2.3.. TurqeT-evrokavSiris safinanso TanamSromloba

savaWro kavSiris mier Seqmnili axali konkurenciis pirobebSi,

TurqeTis ekonomikis adaptaciisaTvis (evrokavSirTan misi

infrastruqturuli kavSirebis gasaumjobeseblad, agreTve evrokavSirsa da

TurqeTs Soris ekonomikuri gansxvavebebis Sesamcireblad) mosamzadebel

periodSi evropulma sazogadoebam gamoyo Semdegi safinanso resursebi: 927

milioni evro, 78 milioni evro, 1005 milioni evro. igive periodSi, ver

moxda 600 milioni evros toli meoTxe safinanso protokolis realizeba

erTi wevri qveynis mier vetos uflebis gamoyenebis gamo.

satranzito periodSi safinanso daxmareba Seadgens 557 milion evros,

393 milion evros da 950 milion evros. savaWro kavSiris mier miRebuli

damatebiTi protokoliT gaTvlili evropis sainvesticio bankis 750

milioni evros odenobis kreditis miReba ver ganxorcielda erTi wevri

qveynis mier vetos uflebis gamoyenebis gamo.

wxrili 2.5. sabaWo kavSiris wina periodi: (1963-1995)

krediti

gamoiyo 927 milioni evro daixarja 927 milioni evro

grantebi

gamoiyo 78 milioni evro daixarja gamoyenebulia 78 milioni

evro

gamoiyo 1005 milioni evro gamoyenebulia 1005

milioni evro

wyaro: http://www.dtm.gov.tr/ab/ingilizce/mali-ing.htm (bolo viziti: 10.12.2008)

wxrili 2.6. sabaWo kavSiris periodi (1996-1999):

krediti

gamoiyo 2,062 milioni evro daixarja 927 milioni evro

grantebi

gamoiyo 754 milioni evro daixarja gamoyenebulia 393

milioni evro

sul 2,816 milioni evro daixarja gamoyenebulia 950

milioni evro


http://www.dtm.gov.tr/ab/ingilizce/mali-ing.htm�


89

cxrili 2.7. saakanditato periodi (1999-2006)

dasaxeleba Tanxa

(milioni €)

saxeoba periodi

MEDA-II 889 grantebi 2000-2006

EUROMAD-II 1,470 EIB(evropis sainvesticio

banki) sesxi

2000-2006

evropulistrategia

TurqeTisaTvis

150 grantebi 2000-2002

savaWro kavSiris

gaZliereba da

gaRrmaveba

450 EIB sesxi 2000-2004

winaswari miRebis

SesaZlebloba

8,500 EIB sesxi 2000-2003

evro-med partniorobis

SesaZlebloba

1,000 EIB sesxi 2001-2006


winaswari miRebis SesaZleblobis mier gacemuli kreditebi ganawilda

TurqeTsa da sxva 12 kandidat qveyanas Soris, romelTa nawilic axlaxan

gaxda evrokavSiris wevri.

evro-medis TanamSromlobis mier gacemuli kreditebi ganawilda

TurqeTsa da sxva MEDA (Mediterranean Development Agency) qveynebs Soris.

2002 wlidan, am dasaxalebebis qveS warmoebuli safinanso daxmareba

moxvda TurqeTis biujetis winaswari miRebis SesaZleblobis evrokavSiris

biujetis saTaurSi.

CU-mde (sabaJo kavSiri), TurqeTma evrokavSirisgan saerTo jamSi

miiRo 1.05 milioni evro (eqvivalenti). amaSi Sedioda 78 milioni evro (eqv)

rogorc granti da 927 milioni evro, rogorc iafi kreditebi oTxi

safinanso protokolis, damatebiTi protokolisa da specialuri

daxmarebis CarCoSi.

1980 wlis samxedro Carevis Semdeg evrokavSirma gadawyvita, gaeyina 75

milion evroiani (eqv) grantis nawili, romelic 1987 wlamde unda

moxmareboda specifikuri proeqtebis Sesrulebas. 1964-1995 wlebSi


90

TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris xelmowerili safinanso daxmarebebi

mocemulia cxrilSi 2.5.

aRsaniSnavia agreTve 1966-1998 wlebSi mimdinare movlenebi. miuxedavad

imisa, rom TurqeTi ukve iyo mokavSire qveyana, igi iRebda 705 milioni

evros odenobis daxmarebas, maSin rodesac, sxva xmelTaSuazRvispiruli

qveynebi, romelTac ubralod xeli hqondaT mowerili savaWro

SeTanxmebebze, iRebdnen met daxmarebas. magaliTad, 1978-1991 wlebs Soris,

egviptem da yofilma iugoslaviam miiRes Sesabamisad 895 da 800 milioni

evros odenobis daxmareba.

sabaJo kavSiris egidiT TurqeTma miiRo 376 milioni evros

eqvivalentis odenobis granti da 544.5 milioni evros (eqv) odenobis sesxi,

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis ganviTarebis saagentosa da

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis TanamSromlobis egidiT post-helsinkur periodSi,

evropulma komisiam miiRo ramodenime gadawyvetileba evrokavSiris mier

TurqeTisaTvis safinanso daxmarebis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT. amis gamo,

TurqeTis wili TiTqmis gaormagda da sagranto daxmarebaSi 889 evro

Seadgina, xolo II-is mier gamoyofilma sesxma -- 1, 470 milioni evro (2000-

2006).

momavalSi grantis odenoba Seadgens 170 milion evros weliwadSi,

rac gasuli wlebTan SedarebiT gaormagebuli raodenobaa. garda amisa, 15

milion evroiani sagranto paketi da 450 milion evroiani damatebiTi sesxi

damtkicda evropuli komisiisa da evropuli sainvesticio bankis mier.

komisiam agreTve gasca 135 milioni evros odenobis granti 2000-2002

wlebSi. garda amisa, komisia SeTanxmda 51 milioni evros odenobis

grantisa da miwisZvrisaTvis saSiSi adgilebisaTvis 600 milioni evros

odenobis sesxis gamoyofaze.

deisaTvis, 1964 wlidan moyolebuli, evrokavSiris mier dagegmili

daxmarebis odenoba TurqeTis mimarT 1,478 milioni evros odenobis

grantebsa da 3,391.5 milioni evros odenobis sesxs Seadgens.

aRniSnuli monacemebi gansaxilvelia im kuTxiT, rom saberZneTma,

espaneTma da portugaliam maTi wevrobis wina da momdevno periodebSi, 1988

wlamde miiRes arsebiTi sesxebi, romelTa odenobac Seadgenda 12 milionis

eqvivalents evroSi.

91

am odenobis daxmareba iseTi qveynisaTvis, romlis mosaxleoba

daaxloebiT 70 milions Seadgens, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba

CaiTvalos sakmarisad.

92

Tavi III. sabaWo kavSiris gavlena TurqeTis savaWro urTierTobebze

sabaJo kavSiris zegavlena erovnul ekonomikebze mas Semdeg gaxda

Ziebis sagani, rac warmoiSva SeTanxmebebi Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb.

amis msgavsi ganxilvebi grZeldeboda TurqeTSi mravali wlis manZilze,

gansakuTrebiT ki 1964 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac xeli moewera ankaris

SeTanxmebas. miuxedavad mravali diskusiisa, mTavar sakiTxad rCeba, Tu ra

upiratesobebsa da danakargebs moutans TurqeTs sabaJo kavSiris wevroba.

es sakiTxi saWiroebs empiriul analizs. warmodgenili kvleva miznad

isaxavs aRmoaCinos savaWro kavSiris gavlena Turqul vaWrobaze sabaJo

kavSiris SeTanxmebis xelmoweramde da misi xelmoweris Semdeg. am sakiTxis

ganxilva ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu mas Semdeg periodebad davyofT:

pirveli 1990–1995–sabaJo kavSiris Seqmnamde, meore 1996–2000–romelic

gviCvenebs savaWro SeTanxmebis Sedegebs pirveli xuTi wlis manZilze, da

sabolood 2001–2006. am analizis danawevreba Semdegi mizezebis gamoa

marTebuli:

a) rogorc qvemoT mocemuli grafa gviCvenebs 1990–1995 da 1996–2000 wlebSi

ar aris aRsaniSnavi cvlilebebi Turqul vaWrobaSi TurqeTsa da

evrokavSirs Soris, magram es cvlilebebi aRiniSneba 2001 wlis mere. am

gansxvavebebisa da cvlilebebis ukeT Sesaswavlad Cven davyaviT es kvleva

sam nawilad regresuli analizis gamoyenebiT;

b) 2001 wels TurqeTSi didi ekonomikuri krizisi iyo–Turquli lira

TiTqmis orjer gaufasurda. Cven davinteresdiT am gaufasurebis gavleniT

Turqul eqsportze;

g) zogierTma sxva politikur–ekonomikurma movlenebma agreTve iqonia

gavlena zemoT xsenebul cvlilebebze. evrokavSiri iyo TurqeTis udidesi

savaWro partniori eqsportis TvalsazrisiT sabaJo kavSiramde da kvlav

inarCunebs dominantis pozicias am xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdegac.

xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg savaWro nakadebi sagrZnoblad

gaizarda, evrokavSiridan importi izrdeba, magram ufro metad izrdeba

TurqeTis eqsporti evrokavSirSi (ix. crili 3.1.)

eqsportTan fiqsirdeba Turquli importis metad mniSvnelovani

zrda. es kvleva ganixilavs imports seqtorebis mixedviT, rac ufro

naTeli daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad Tu izrdeba

93

sainvesticio saqonlis importi. es imas niSnavs, rom importirebuli iqna

danadgar–mowyobilobebi, rac samomavlod eqsportis gazrdas gamoiwvevs.

cxrili 3.1. TurqeTis sagareo vaWroba da evrokavSiris wili (milioni

dolari)

msoflio evrokavSiri evrokavSiris

wili (%)

weli eqsp-

orti

cvl

.

(%)

imp-

orti

cvl

. (%) eqs/imp

eqs-

porti

ცვლ.

(%)

imp-

orti

ცვლ.

(%))

eqs/

imp

eqsp-

orti

imp-

orti

moc-

uloba

1990 12,959 22,302 58.1 7,21 9,93 72.0 55.6 44.5 48.6

1991 13,593 4.9 21,047 -5.6 64.6 7,38 2.3 9,9 -0.03 74.5 54.2 47.0 49.4

1992 14,714 8.2 22,871 8.7 64.3 7,91 7.1 10,66 7.6 56 53.7 46.6 61.9

1993 15,348 4.3 29,429 28.7 52.2 7,599 -3.9 13,875 30 54.8 49.5 47.1 48.0

1994 18,105 18.0 23,270 -20.9 77.8 8,635 13.63 10,915 -21.3 79.1 47.7 46.9 47.3

1995 21,636 19.5 35,707 53.4 60.6 11,078 28.3 16,861 54.5 65.7 51.2 47.2 48.7

1996 23,224 7.3 43,627 22.2 53.2 11,549 4.3 23,138 37.2 49.9 49.7 53.0 51.9

1997 26,261 13.1 48,559 11.3 54.1 12,248 6.1 24,870 7.5 49.2 46.6 51.2 49.6

1998 26,974 2.7 45,921 -5.4 58.7 13,498 10.2 24,075 -3.2 56.1 50.0 52.4 51.5

1999 26,587 -1.4 40,671 -11.4 65.4 14,348 6.3 21,401 -11.1 67.0 54.0 52.6 53.2

2000 27,775 4.5 54,503 34.0 51.0 14,510 1.1 26,610 24.3 54.5 52.2 48.8 50.0

2001 31,342 12.8 41,399 -24.0 75.7 16,118 11.1 18,280 -31.3 88.2 51.4 44.2 47.3

2002 36,059 15.1 51,553 24.5 69.9 18,459 11.4 23,321 27.6 79.2 51.2 45.2 47.7

2003 47,252 31.0 69,339 34.5 68.1 24,484 32.6 31,695 35.9 77.2 51.8 45.7 48.2

2004 63,167 33.7 97,540

40.7 64.8

34,451 40.7 45,434 43.3 75.8 54.5 46.6 49.7

2005 73,414 16 116,553 19.5 63.0 38,394 11.4 49,152 8.2 78.1 52.3 42.2 46.1

2006 85,141 15.9 137,032 17.3 62.1 43.924 14.4 53.849 9.4 81.6 51.6 39.3 44.0

wyaro: www.tuikstat.gov.tr/PreistatistikTablo.do?istab_id=627( bolo viziti: 11.12.2008)

cxrili 3.1 gviCvenebs TurqeTis eqsport/imports msofliosa da

evrokavSirSi 1990 wlidan. garda amisa, eqsport–importis ganayofis sveti

gviCvenebs importis wils romelic SeiZleba dafinansdes eqsportidan

miRebuli SemosavlebiT. cxrili naTlad gviCvenebs, rom TurqeTis

eqsport/importi stabilurad izrdeba 1990 wlidan, rac ganpirobebulia

msoflioSi zrdadi ekonomikuri integraciisken tendenciiT. 2001

wlisTvis agreTve ar SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba TurqeTis

94

vaWrobaSi evrokavSirsa da danarCen msoflios Soris. importis

dafinansebis wilic am or segmentSi ar aris didad gansxvavebuli.

95

3.1. sabaJo kavSirSi monawileobis gavlena TurqeTis sagareo vaWrobaze

sabaJo kavSiris Seqmnisas wevri qveynebi ayalibeben Tavisufali

vaWrobis zonas erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi da saerTo gare tarifebs

arawevri qveynebisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, wevri qveynebi afarToeben

erTmaneTSi vaWrobas, radgan proteqcionistuli barierebi, iseTebi

rogoricaa tarifebi, kvotebi, subsidiebi, gauqmebulia. amis Sedegad wevr

qveynebs Soris izrdeba im saqonliTa Tu momsaxurebiT vaWroba, romlis

warmoebaSic ama Tu im qveyanas SedarebiTi upiratesoba gaaCnia.

zogadad Tavisufali savaWro zona qmnis im vaWrobas, romelic ar

iarsebebda misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi. Sedegad mwarmoebeli qveynisgan ama

Tu im produqtis miwodeba yvelaze efeqturi xdeba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi

sagareo vaWrobis gafarToeba aumjobesebs qveynis keTildReobas.

cxrili 3.1 gviCvenebs, rom TurqeTis eqsporti evrokavSirSi 1995 wels

iyo 11,078 milioni dolari xolo 2006 wels ki 43,924 milioni dolari,

rac 25.2%–ian zrdas niSnavs. Turqulma importma 1995 wels Seadgina 16,861

milioni dolari, xolo 2006 wlisTvis ki 53,849–31.3%–iani zrda.

evrokavSiris wili eqsportSi iyo 51.2% 1995 wels da 2006 wlisTvis es

maCvenebeli gaizarda 51.6%–mde, rac imis maCvenebelia, rom evrokavSiri

karga xania TurqeTis ZiriTadi saeqsporto areali. TurqeTis importis

wili 1995 wels iyo 47.2% da 2006 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli Semcirda

39.3%mde. 3.1 cxrilis mixedviT, savaWro gaerTianebebis Seqmnam evrokavSirs

ukeTesi Sedegi moutana vidre TurqeTs, es ki imaSi gamoixateba, rom

TurqeTis importi ufro gaizarda, vidre eqsporti. savsebiT normaluria,

rom sawyis etapze sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebas uaryofiTi Sedegebi hqonda

TurqeTisTvis–es gamowveuli iyo dabali konkurenciiT. magram

samomavlod, rodesac moxdeba teqnologiebis transferi, wevr qveynebs

Soris saerTo sawarmoo da samecniero urTierTobaTa gafarToeba,

TurqeTis ekonomika aucileblad ganicdis progress.

vaWrobis diversifikaciis efeqti

rodesac qveyana nergavs saerTo tarifebs yvela sxva

saxelmwifosaTvis, is mudam moaxdens imports yvelaze efeqturi

mwarmoeblisgan, radgan yvelaze efeqturi mwarmoebeli qveyana miawodebs

saqonels yvelaze dabal fasad. Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis

96

SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba ase ar aRmoCndes. Tu SeTanxmeba xelmowerilia

naklebad efeqtur mwarmoebel qveyanasTan, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom

maTi produqti gaxdes ufro iafi saimporto bazarze, vidre metad

efeqtiani mwarmoeblisa, radgan mxolod erTi maTgani ixdis gadasaxadebs.

Sedegad xelSekrulebis gaformebis Semdeg importiori qveyana SeiZens

produqcias maRali danaxarjebis mqone mwarmoebeli qveynisgan, nacvlad

SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebis mqone mwarmoeblisa, romelTanac adre

hqonda urTierToba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT es gamoiwvevs vaWrobis

diversifikacias.

zogadad vaWrobis diversifikacia niSnavs, rom Tavisufali vaWrobis

zona gadaamisamarTebs vaWrobas zonis gareT arsebuli efeqturi

momwodeblisgan, zonis farglebSi arsebuli momwodeblisken. vaWrobis

diversifikacia zogierT SemTxvevaSi amcirebs qveynis keTildReobas,

magram rig SemTxvevebSi qveynis keTildReoba SeiZleba gaumjobesdes

vaWrobis diversifikaciis Sedegad.

evrokavSiri iyo TurqeTis erT-erTi savaWro partniori sabaJo

kavSiris Seqmnamde. arsebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, 1990–2006 wlebSi ar

SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs

Soris(agreTve evrokavSiris arawevr qveynebs Soris) vaWrobis moculobaSi.

ase rom am SemTxvevaSi adgili ar hqonia vaWrobis diversifikacias.

samomxmareblo efeqti

imis gamo, rom savaWro kavSiris Seqmnis Sedegad savaWro barierebi

moxsnili an daweulia, mesame qveynebis produqcia xdeba ufro Zviri

saerTo sabaJo valdebulebebis gamo. saqoneli sabaJo kavSiris SigniT

ufro iafi xdeba, rac mis zrdis moxmarebas.

cxrili 3.2. TurqeTis eqsporti qveyanaTa jgufebis mixedviT (milioni dolari)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

23,224 26,261 26,974 26,587 27,775 31,334 36,059 47,253 63,167 73,476

evrokavSiri(25) 12,098 12,900 14,132 14,922 15,086 16,854 19,468 25,899 34,451 38,400

1- evrokavSiri (15) 11,556 12,248 13,504 14,352 14,510 16,118 18,459 24,484 32,589 35,872

2- evrokavSiri (10) 542 652 628 571 575 736 1,010 1,415 1,862 2,528

TurqeTis Tavisufali

zonebi 447 611 831 780 895 934 1,438 1,928 2,564 2,973

sxva qveynebi 10,680 12,750 12,011 10,884 11,794 13,546 15,152 19,426 26,152 32,102

1-sxva evropuli 3,020 3,830 3,170 2,242 2,433 2,787 3,554 4,857 6,637 8,820

97

qveynebi

2-afrika 1,159 1,234 1,818 1,655 1,373 1,521 1,697 2,131 2,968 3,631

Cr.afrika 986 980 1,502 1,344 1,087 1,150 1,267 1,577 2,203 2,544

danarCeni afrika 174 253 316 311 285 371 430 554 765 1,087

3-amerika 1,898 2,376 2,657 2,869 3,596 3,685 3,914 4,269 5,733 5,960

Cr. amerika 1,740 2,149 2,389 2,586 3,309 3,297 3,596 3,973 5,207 5,276

centraluri amerika 72 103 146 163 167 201 197 166 334 411

samx.amerika 86 124 122 120 120 186 121 131 193 274

4-azia 4,520 4,783 3,984 3,817 3,871 4,592 5,230 7,813 10,465 13,213

axlo da Sua

aRmosavleTi 2,595 2,821 2,681 2,566 2,573 3,261 3,440 5,465 7,921 10,184

danarCeni azia 1,925 1,962 1,304 1,250 1,298 1,331 1,790 2,348 2,544 3,029

5-avstralia da axali

zelandia 65 80 76 87 135 98 122 158 264 271

6-sxva qveynebi 18 447 306 215 385 864 637 197 84 208

qveyanaTa jgufebi

OECD qveynebi 14,456 15,609 17,003 18,077 19,006 20,616 23,551 30,425 40,518 44,355

EFTA qveynebi 336 414 357 362 324 316 409 538 667 821

Savi zRvis ek.

TanamSromlobis org.

(BSEC) 2,926 3,825 3,290 2,232 2,467 2,932 3,599 5,044 6,779 8,619

dsT 2,664 3,512 2,667 1,533 1,649 1,978 2,279 2,963 3,962 5,057

kveynebi

(azerbaiJani,TurqmeneTi,

yazaxeTi,uzbekeTi da

yirgizeTi) 747 908 835 574 572 557 619 899 1,194 1,409

islamuri qveynebis

Tanamegobroba 4,143 4,218 4,391 3,961 3,573 4,197 4,725 7,205 10,214 13,061

wyaro: www.tuikstat.gov.tr/PreistatistikTablo.do?istab_id=625(boloviziti: 11.12.2008)

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, evropis bazari yvelaze mniSvnelovania

Turquli eqsportisTvis–evrokavSiris wili TurqeTis saerTo eqsportSi

mudam aRemateboda 50%–s. 2004 wlisTvis evrokavSirma miiRo aTi axali

wevri qveyana, magram am aTi qveynis wili SedarebiT umniSvneloa–

saSualod 3 %.

meore mxriv, 1995–2000 wlebSi gaizarda TurqeTis eqsporti Crd. amerikaSi

(kerZod aSS–Si), magram am periodis Semdeg es maCvenebeli kvlav

daubrunda 1990 wlis niSnuls. 1990 wels aSS–Si eqsportma Seadgina 968

milioni dolari, 1996 wlisTvis– 1.8 milioni, xolo 2000 wlisTvis daeca

98

3.1 miliardamde. 2004 wels TurqeTis eqsportma aSS–Si Seadgina 5.7

milioni dolari da 2005 wlisTvis 5.9 milioni–Sesabamisad dafiqsirda

3.9%–iani zrda wina welTan SedarebiT.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad regionSi axali qveynebi warmoiSva.

TurqeTis siaxlovem am regionTan da am qveynebisTvis saWiro

samomxmareblo saqonlis gayidvis SesaZleblobam misca TurqeTs am

regionSi eqsportis gazrdis saSualeba.1998 wlamde eqsporti dsT–s

qveynebSi stabilurad izrdeboda. magram 1998 wels ruseTis federaciaSi

momxdarma krizisma uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina am qveynebis moTxovnaze.

amis gamo TurqeTis eqsportma am qveynebSi kleba daiwyo, xolo Semdeg ki

2000 wlamde stabilur maCvenebelze SeCerda. 2000 wlis Semdeg am

maCvenebelma kvlav zrda ganagrZo–2004 wlisTvis TurqeTis eqsportma am

regionSi 3.962 milioni dolari Seadgina, xolo 2005 wels ki 5.057

milioni–dafiqsirda 27 %–iani zrda.

TurqeTis eqsportisTvis Zlier mniSvnelovania Sua aRmosavleTis

qveyanaTa jgufi. 1990ian wlebSi am mimarTulebiT eqsportma ver miaRwia

sasurvel maCveneblebs. 1990 wlidan 2000 wlamde TurqeTis eqsporti Sua

aRmosavleTSi mxolod 700 milioni dolariT gaizarda xolo qveynis

mTlian eqsportSi misma wilma 11,8%dan 8%mde daiklo. magram ukanaskneli

wlebis manZilze, gansakuTrebiT ki erayis omis dasrulebis Semdeg

eqsportma Sua aRmosavleTSi sagrZnoblad moimata. es zrda gamowveuli

iyo eraySi eqsportis gazrdiT. 2004 wlisTis TurqeTis eqsportma Sua

aRmosavleTSi Seadgina 7.2 milioni dolari, xolo 2005 wlisTvis am

maCvenebelma miaRwia 10.184 miliards (dafiqsirda 28%iani zrda). am

cvlilebebis paralelurad Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebSi TurqeTis

eqsportis wilma qveynis mTeli eqsportis 11.5 % miaRwia.

cxrili 3.3 TurqeTs importi qveyanaTa jgufebis mixedviT (milioni dolari)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

43,62 48,559 45,921 40,671 54,503 41,399 51,554 69,340 97,540 116,774

evrokavSiri (25) 23,51 25,316 24,570 21,833 27,388 18,949 24,519 33,495 45,444 49,220

1- evrokavSiri (15) 23,13 24,870 24,075 21,401 26,610 18,280 23,321 31,696 42,359 45,468

2- evrokavSiri (10) 379 446 495 432 777 668 1,198 1,799 3,084 3,752

TurqeTis Tavisufali

zonebi 297 361 418 508 496 303 575 589 811 760

99

sxva qveynebi 19,81 22,882 20,934 18,330 26,619 22,147 26,461 35,256 51,285 66,793

1- sxva evropuli qveynebi 4,778 5,315 5,127 4,869 7,288 6,613 8,658 11,987 18,416 23,861

2-afrika 1,994 2,197 1,758 1,687 2,714 2,819 2,696 3,338 4,820 6,047

Crd. afrika 1,618 1,813 1,493 1,404 2,257 2,115 2,138 2,519 3,231 4,212

danarCeni afrika 376 385 265 283 457 704 558 820 1,589 1,835

3-amerika 4,634 5,453 5,016 3,799 4,799 3,841 4,065 4,922 6,595 7,857

Crd. amerika 3,860 4,641 4,230 3,257 4,167 3,390 3,421 3,741 5,114 5,823

centraluri amerika 240 108 117 91 80 41 103 169 209 287

samx. amerika 534 704 669 452 551 410 541 1,012 1,271 1,747

4-azia 7,951 8,791 8,286 7,197 10,306 7,901 9,716 14,099 21,085 28,548

Sua da axlo aRmosavleTi 3,315 2,774 2,084 2,124 3,373 3,016 3,186 4,455 5,585 7,967

danarCeni azia 4,636 6,017 6,202 5,073 6,933 4,884 6,530 9,644 15,500 20,581

5-avstralia da axali

zelandia 428 547 439 157 305 232 313 247 302 321

6-sxva qveynebi da regionebi 29 579 307 621 1,208 741 1,013 662 67 158

qveyanaTa jgufebi

OECD qveynebi 31,116 34,838 33,496 28,356 35,682 26,011 32,985 43,899 59,650 66,107

EFTA qveynebi 1,112 1,287 1,169 926 1,155 1,481 2,512 3,396 3,911 4,440

Savi zRvis ek.

TanamSromlobis org.

(BSEC) 3,897 4,495 4,358 4,308 6,746 5,553 6,588 9,298 15,368 20,480

dsT 3,074 3,615 3,724 3,734 5,693 4,630 5,555 7,777 12,927 17,252

Turquli respublikebi 304 399 449 457 628 283 468 623 754 1,267

islamuri qveynebis

Tanamegobroba 5,587 5,233 4,238 4,078 6,321 5,540 6,072 8,195 10,631 14,459

wyaro: www.tuikstat.gov.tr/PreistatistikTablo.do?istab_id=625(boloviziti: 11.12.2008)

evropuli qveynebis wili Turqul importSi Zalze mniSvnelovania,

metwilad am qveynebis axlo mdebareobisa da maTi ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis gamo. evropul qveynebs Soris evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi

pirvel adgilzea. evrokavSirs mohyveba dsT–s qveynebi–navTobisa da

bunebrivi airis mowodebis gamo. 1996–2005 wlebSi TurqeTis importi

evrokavSiridan gaizarda 209%iT.

Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebs Turqul importSi mesame adgili ukavia

navTobis mowodebis gamo. Crd. amerika am siaSi rigiT meoTxea aSS-sa da

TurqeTs Soris gaRrmavebuli savaWro urTierTobebis gamo.

100

cxrili3.4 TurqeTis eqsporti evrokavSirSi saqonlis jgufebis

mixedviT(milioni dolari)

sainvesticio

saqoneli

Sualeduri

saqoneli

samomxmareblo

saqoneli

Rirebu

leba

Wili

(%) Rirebuleba

wili

(%) Rirebuleba

wili

(%)

1994 252 2.9 2,805 32.5 5,577 64.6 8,634

1995 318 2.9 3,528 31.8 7,232 65.3 11,078

1996 396 3.4 3,727 32.3 7,425 64.3 11,548

1997 423 3.5 4,105 33.5 7,721 63.0 12,249

1998 489 3.6 4,612 34.2 8,397 62.2 13,498

1999 631 4.4 4,981 34.7 8,737 60.9 14,349

2000 666 4.6 5,203 35.9 8,631 59.5 14,500

2001 960 6.0 5,751 35.8 9,359 58.2 16,070

2002 1,274 6.9 5,834 31.6 11,330 61.4 18,438

2003 2,077 8.5 7,431 30.4 14,929 61.1 24,437

2004 3,925 11 10,985 31.5 19,985 57.3 34,895

2005 4,892 13 11,758 30.9 21,350 56.2 38,000

2006 5,081 11.6 15.492 35.3 23.250 52.9 43.924

wyaro: www.tuik.gov.tr (boloviziti: 11.05.2008)

cxrili 3.4 gviCvenebs, rom 1994–2005 wlebSi SeimCneva aRsaniSanvi zrda

sainvesticio, Sualeduri da samomxmareblo saqonlis eqsportSi.

samomxmareblo saqonlis eqsporti gaizarda 5.577 milioni dolaridan

(1994w.) 21.350 milionamde (2005w) rac 26%ian zrdas niSnavs. amave periodis

ganmavlobaSi Sualeduri saqoneli gaizarda 2.805 milioni dolaridan

11.758 milionamde, xolo sainvesticio saqonlis importi gaizarda 252

milioni dolaridan 4.892 milionamde.

cxrili 3.5 TurqeTis importi evrokavSiridan saqonlis jgufebis

mixedviT(milioni dolari)

sainvesticio

saqoneli

Sualeduri

saqoneli

samomxmareblo

saqoneli sul

Rirebuleba

wili

(%) Rirebuleba

wili

(%)

Rirebu

leba

wili

(%)

1994 3,209 29.4 6,912 63.3 795 7.3 10,916

http://www.tuik.gov.tr/�

101

1995 4,831 28.7 10,539 62.5 1,491 8.8 16,860

1996 7,388 31.9 12,880 55.7 2,870 12.4 23,138

1997 7,327 29.5 14,009 56.3 3,535 14.2 24,871

1998 7,182 29.8 13,270 55.1 3,622 15.0 24,074

1999 6,069 28.3 11,823 55.2 3,525 16.5 21,417

2000 7,254 27.4 14,116 53.3 5,114 19.3 26,484

2001 4,317 23.9 11,168 61.8 2,595 14.4 18,080

2002 5,361 23.3 14,417 62.8 3,196 13.9 22,974

2003 6,999 22.3 19,233 61.3 5,147 16.4 31,379

2004 10,672 23.7 26,819 59.5 7,613 16.9 45,104

2005 11,250 23.3 29,253 59.3 7,825 16.2 48,328

2006 12.186 22.6 32.567 60.5 8.776 16.3 53.849

wyaro: www.dtm.gov.tr (boloviziti: 11.05.2008)

saqonlis zemoTxsenebuli samive jgufis importis zrda migvaniSnebs

rom savaWro kavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg warmoiSva samomxmareblo efeqti.

Sualeduri saqonlis importi mTliani importis mniSvnelovan nawils

Seadgens da meryeobs TurqeTis ekonomikuri zrdis paralelurad. 1990iani

wlebis pirvel naxevarSi Sualeduri saqonlis importis wili 70%dan

53.3%mde Semcirda. 2002 wels TurqeTSi ekonomikuri aRmavloba dafiqsirda

ris Sedegadac es maCvenebeli 61.8%mde gaizarda. 2003–2004 wlebSi

Sualeduri saqonlis importis wilma kvlav kleba daiwyo da 2004

wlisTvis 60.5 % gaxda.

1990iani wlebis meore naxevris erT–erTi yvelaze aRsaniSnavi miRweva

samomxmareblo saqonelze importis zrda iyo. 1995–2000 wlebSi

samomxmareblo saqonlis importi 38.3%iT gaizarda. es gamowveuli iyo

msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevrobiTa da evrokavSirTan sabaJo

kavSiris formirebis saboloo stadiaSi gadasvliT. TurqeTis ekonomikis

aRmavlobisa da Semosavlebis donis zrdasTan erTad dafiqsirda

samomxmareblo saqonlis importis wilis Semcireba. am maCvenebelma 2004

wels 16.9 % miaRwia da 2005 wels 16.2% gaxda. aRsaniSnavia rom

samomxmareblo saqonlis importi TurqeTis mTlian importze ufro

meryevia. ekonomikis aRmavlobis periodSi dadebiTi samomavlo molodini

ganszRvravs momxmarebelTa moTxovnas. ukanaskneli 10–15 wlis manZilze


102

dafiqsirebulma ekonomikurma zrdam ganapiroba momxmarebelTa moTxovnis

gazrda.

1995–2002 wlebs Soris mTlian importTan SedarebiT sainvesticio

saqonlis importi SedarebiT nela izrdeboda. es tendencia Seicvala 2003

wels. 2004 wels sainvesticio saqonlis importis wilma mTliani

importis 23.7 % Seadgina.

vaWrobis zRvruli efeqti

vaWrobis zRvruli efeqti gansazRvravs qveynis keTildReobas sabaJo

kavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg. kavSiris wevroba aZlevs qveynebs saSualebas,

awarmoon saqoneli dabal fasad da Sesabamisad gazardon mogeba. es iwvevs

Semosavlebis Semodinebas, sabaJo kavSirSi xolo eqsportior qveynebs ki

mogebis sagrZnoblad gazrdis saSaulebas aZlevs.

rogorc grafa 3.1. da 3.2. gviCvenebs, ramdenime periodis gaanalizebaa

saWiro TurqeTis eqsport–importis Sesaxeb sruli suraTis Sesaqmnelad.

amis erT-erTi mizezi 1994–2001 wlebSi TurqeTSi momxdari ekonomikuri

krizisia. amis gamo gadavwyviteT, TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris

eqsport–importze savaWro gaerTianebebis gavlenis Seswavala sam

periodad dagveyo.

evrokavSiris wili TurqeTis vaWrobaSi 1990–1995 wlebSi arsebuli

45%dan 1996–2000 wlebSi 51%mde gaizarda, xolo 2001–2004 wlebSi ki 52.2%s

miaRwia. rogorc vxedavT, evrokavSiri TurqeTis ZiriTadi savaWro

partnioria, xolo savaWro gaerTianebis xelmoweris Semdeg es tendencia

sul ufro da ufro stabiluri xdeba.

1960–1970-ian wlebSi TurqeTi ZiriTadad sasoflo–sameurneo

produqciisa da nedleulis eqsportiori iyo, dResdReobiT ki

gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis produqcia eqsportis 80% Seadgens. amis

paralelurad TurqeTis wili evrokavSiris eqsportSi(importSi) misi

kandidati qveynebis mimarT 19%(16%)ia, da mas poloneTis Semdeg (eqsporti–

24%, importi 16%) meore adgili ukavia. TurqeTSi momuSave ucxouri

firmebis umetesoba evrokavSiris wevri qveynebidan aris. amJamad

teqnologiebis transferis mTavari wyaroa pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi. Turqulma firmebma 1980–1992 wlebSi 707 sapatento

xelSekrulebasa da SeTanxmebas moaweres xeli, maTgan 80% dakavSirebuli

iyo gadamuSavebeli mrewvelobasTan. am periodSi teqnologiebis

103

transferis mxriv mTavari roli germanulma da britanulma pirdapirma

ucxourma investiciebma iTamaSes. Turqma muSebma daaarses sakuTari

sawarmoebi evrokavSirSi da aZlierebdnen savaWro da sainvesticio

saqmianobas am regionSi.

grafa 3.1. TurqeTis eqsporti evrokavSirSi 1990-2005 wlebSi miliard dolari

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

wlebi

Eqspo

rtis

Rir

ebuleb

a

grafa 3.2. TurqeTis importi evrokavSiridan miliard dolari

0

10,000

20,000

30,000 40,000

50,000 60,000

1990 19911992 1993 199419951996 19971998199920002001 2002 2003200420052006

wlebi

impo

rtis

moculoba

104

3.2 TurqeTis sagareo vaWrobis regresiuli analizi

eqsport–importis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis pirdapiri analizi

gviCvenebs, rom SesaZlebelia mTliani periodis dayofa sam qveperiodad: 1.

1990–1995; 2. 1996–2000; 3. 2001–2006; TiToeuli qveperiodi xasiaTdeba

eqsportisa da importis zrdis gansxvavebuli maCveneblebiT. magram amave

dros monacemebi eqsport–importis Sesaxeb msgavsebebsac gviCvenebs:

1.xsenebuli periodebisTvis zrdis ganakveTebi erTnairia; 2. Tu pirvel

periods aviRebT saangariSebo bazad, vnaxavT, rom meore periodis

ganmavlobaSi eqsportic da importis klebulobda, xolo mesame periodis

dros ki es orive mCvenebeli zrdas ganicdida. yovelive es gviCvenebs 1990–

2005 wlebSi ekonomikis realur cvlilebebs. Cveni mizani amjerad aris

davTvaloT xsenebuli ganakveTebi da SevadaroT isini sarwmuno

statistikuri baziT. am miznis misaRwevad Cven viyenebT regresul analizs.

cxrili 3.7 TurqeTis eqsporti evrokavSirSi (milioni dolari)

(periodi1) (periodi 2) (periodi 3)

1990 4,232 1996 11,549 2001 16,118

1991 5,420 1997 12,248 2002 18,459

1992 6,356 1998 13,498 2003 24,484

1993 7,599 1999 14,348 2004 34,451

1994 8,635 2000 14,510 2005 38,394

1995 11,078

wyaro: www.dtm.gov.tr (bolo viziti: 11.05.2008)

dakvirvebis wlebi aRebul iqna damoukidebel cvladad: TiToeuli

periodis wlebi dainomra Sesabamisad 1990-1995 pirveli periodisTvis, 1996-

2000 meore perodisaTvis da 2001-2006 mesame periodisTvis, rogorc

eqsport–importis cxrilebi 3.7 da 3.8 gviCvenebs. eqsportisa da importis

fuladi maCveneblebi (milioni dolari) aRebul iqna damokidebul

cvladebad.


105

cxrili 3.8 TurqeTis importi evrokavSiridan (milioni dolari)

periodi 1 periodi 2 periodi 3

1990 9,563 1996 23,138 2001 18,280

1991 10,268 1997 24,870 2002 23,321

1992 11,256 1998 24,075 2003 31,695

1993 13,875 1999 21,401 2004 45,434

1994 10,915 2000 26,610 2005 49,152

1995 16,861


regresiuli analizis Sedegebi naCvenebia 3.9–3.20. gamosaxulebebSi:

aRsaniSnavia, rom periodebis eqsportis da importis zrda SegviZlia

gamovsaxoT regresuli gamosaxulebiT.

cxrili 3.9. TurqeTis eqsporti evrokavSirSi (milioni dolari) (periodi 1)

1990 4,232

1991 5,420

1992 6,356

1993 7,599

1994 8,635

1995 11,078

wyaro: www.dtm.gov.tr (bol oviziti: 11.05.2008)

korelaciis koeficienti=0.97

cxrili 3.10. dispersiuli analizi (ANOVA)

dispersiis wyro

Tavisuflebis

xarisxi SS MS fiSeris kriteriumi

regresia 1 29,08048 29,08048 134,603

naSTi 4 0,864185 0,216046

jamuri 5 29,94467

mniSneloba standartuli

cdomileba

stiudentis

kriteriumi

Tavisufali wevri 2,708 432.7126 6.258658102

qorda koeficienti 1,289 111.1103 11.60185305

E1=1,289*t+2,708.2 - (3.1.)



106

moyvanuli statististikuli analizis Sedegebidan sCans, rom adgili

avqs eqsportis mniSnolovan zrdas wlebis mixedviT, razes metyvelefs

korelaciis koeficientis (0.97) da fiSeris kriteriumi (134.6) maRali

mniSnolobebi.

miRebuli regresiuli gantolebis (3.1.) adekvaturobas adasturebs

stiudentis kriteriumis maRali mniSnelobebis (6.25 mniSnolovnaT metia

vidre cxrils, romelic udris 0.06685) . es ukanaskneli gvaZlevs uflebas

vTqvaT rom eqsportis zrdis ganakveTi udris regresuli gantolebis

qorda kooficientis mniSnelobas 1.289 (milioni/weliwadSi).

cxrili3.11. TurqeTis eqsporti evrokavSirSi (milioni dolari) (periodi 2)

1996 11,549

1997 12,248

1998 13,498

1999 14,348

2000 14,510



cxrili3.12. dispersiuli analizi (ANOVA)

dispersiis wyro

Tavisuflebis

xarisxi SS MS

fiSeris

kriteriumi

regresia 1 6435248 6435248 61.29143

naSTi 3 314982.8 104994.3

jamuri 4 6750231

koeficientebi standartuli

cdomileba

studentis

kriteriumi

Tavisufali wevri 1,0824 339.8436 31.84994

qorda koeficienti 0,802.2 102.4667 7.828884

E2=0.802*t+1,0824 (3.2.)

(3.2) regresiuli gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom zrdis ganakveTi udris

0.802 (milioni dolari/weli) romelic niSnavs rom, eqsportis zrdis

85 stiudentis kriteriumis cxrilis mniSnoloba darCeneli SemTxvevebisaTvis ar aris moyvanili, vinaydan Tavisuflebis xarisxis mcire mniSnolebibisaTvis is praktikulaT uclelia.


107

raodenoba ufro naklebia vidre sabaJo kavSirSi Sesvlamde iyo (1,289

milioni dolari). es imaze metyvelebs, rom sabaJo kavSiris efeqti mokle

vadian periodSi (1996-2000 w.) ar aris gazdili rogorc iyo mosalodneli.

korelaciis koeficienti (0.95), stiudentis kriteriumi (7.82) da fiSeris

kriteriumi (61.2) (cxrili.3.12) gviCvenebs rom gamosaxuleba 3.12 savsebiT

adeqvaturia, ase rom miRebuli Sedegebi sarwmunoa.

cxrili3.13. TurqeTis eqsporti evrokavSirSi (milioni dolari)

(periodi 3)

2001 16,118

2002 18,459

2003 24,484

2004 34,451

2005 38,394



cxrili 3.14. dispersiuli analizi (ANOVA)

dispersiis

wyro

Tavisuflebis

xarisxi SS MS

fiSeris

kriteriumi

regresia 1 3.67E+08 3.67E+08 75.49562

naSTi 3 14565618 4855206

jamuri 4 3.81E+08

koeficientebi

standartuli

cdomileba

stiudentis

kriteriumi

Tavisufali

wevri 8,218.183 2311.001 3.556114

qorda

koeficienti 6,054.311 696.7931 8.688822

E3=6,054.3*t+8,218 (3.3)

(3.3) regresiuli gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom zrdis ganakveTi udris

6,054 (milioni/weli). es niSnavs, rom sabaJo kavSirSi Sesvlis grZelvadian

periodSi TurqeTis eqsporti sakmaod gaizrda (2000-2005 w.), razec

metyvelebs korelaciis koeficientis (0.95), stiudentis kriteriumis (8.68-)

da fiSeris kriteriumis (75.4) maRali mniSnelobebi (ix. cxrili.3.14). garda


108

amisa isini gviCveneben, rom gamosaxuleba 3.13 savsebiT adeqvaturia, ase

rom miRebuli Sedegebi statistikurad sarwmunoa.

sabolood Cven xazi gavusviT stiudentis kriteriumis (t-time) maRal

maCvenebels samive periodisaTvis (8.6) rac agreTve gvarwmunebs Sedegebis

utyuarobaSi.

axla Cven SegviZlia SevadaroT zrdis maCveneblebi: umaRlesi fiqsirdeba

mesame periodSi, is oTxjer metia pirveli periodis Sesabamis maCvenebelze

da Svidjer meti meore periodis maCvenebelze.

analogiuri analizi SegviZlia importisTvisac warmovadginoT

cxrili3.15.TurqeTis importi evrokavSiridan,(milioni dolari) (periodi 1)

1990 9,563

1991 10,268

1992 11,256

1993 13,875

1994 10,915

1995 16,861




dispersii

s wyro

Tavisuflebis

xarisxi SS MS

fiSeris

kriteriumi

regresia 1 24072893 24072893 7.053897

naSTi 4 13650833 3412708

jamuri 5 37723726

koeficienti

standartuli

cdomileba

stiudentis

kriteriumi

Tavisufali

wevri 8,018 1719.791 4.662195

qorda

koeficienti 1,172.857 441.6015 2.655917

E=1,172*t+8,018 (3.4)


109

(3.4) regresiuli gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom importis zrdis saSualo

maCveneblebi pirveli periodisTvis udris 1,172 (milardi dolari). rogorc

zemoT moyvanil SemTxvevebSi korelaciis koeficientis (0.96), fiSeris

kriteriumis (7.05) da stiudentis kriteriumis (2.65), (ix. cxrili 3.16.)

adastureben Sedegebis statistikur sarwmunoebas.

cxrili3.17. TurqeTis importi evrokavSiridan,(milioni dolari)(periodi 2)

1996 23,138

1997 24,870

1998 24,075

1999 21,401

2000 26,610




dispersiis

wyro

Tavisuflebis

xarisxi SS MS

fiSeris

kriteriumi

regresia 1 1207563 1207563 0.261318

naSTi 3 13863140 4621047

jamuri 4 15070703

Tavisuflebis

xarisxi SS MS

Tavisufali

wevri 2,2976 2254.585 10.19092

qorda

koeficienti 3,47 679.7828 0.511193

3,475*t+2,2876 (3.5)

(3.5) regresiuli gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom importis zrdis maCveneblebi

meore periodisTvis Sesabamisia 3,47 agreTve dafiqsirda korelaciis

koeficientisa (0.080), fiSeris kriteriumis (0.26) da stiudentis kriteriumi

(0.51) (ix. cxrili 3.18.) maRali mniSnelobebi.


110

cxrili3.19.TurqeTis importi evrokavSiridan,(milioni dolari) (periodi 3)

2001 18,280

2002 23,321

2003 31,695

2004 45,434

2005 49,152


korelaciis koeficienti =0.96

3.20. dispersiuli analizi (ANOVA)

dispersiis

wyro

Tavisuflebis

xarisxi SS MS

fiSeris

kriteriumi

regresia 1 7.03E+08 7.03E+08 92.95395

naSTi 3 22695096 7565032

jamuri 4 7.26E+08

koeficientebi

standartuli

cdomileba t

Tavisufali

wevri 8,419 2884.707 2.918598

qorda

koeficienti 8,385 869.7719 9.641263

E=8,385*t+8,419 (3.6)

(3.6) regresiuli gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom importis zrdis maCveneblebi

pirveli periodisTvis Sesabamisia 8,385 agreTve dafiqsirda korelaciis

koeficientisa (0.96) da fiSeris kriteriumis (92.9) da stiudentis

kriteriumi (9.64), (cxrili 3.18.).

TurqeTis eqsportis zrdis da importis zridis SedarebiT Cven vxedavT

rom;

pirveli periodi: eqsportis pirveli periodis zrdis maCvenebeli

(wlebs Soris) Seadgens 1 miliard 289 milion dolars da importis zrdis

maCvenebeli (wlebs Soris) Seadgens 1 miliard 172 milion dolars. es

Sedegi gviCvenebs rom eqsporti moicavs ufro met zrdas.


111

meore periodi: eqsportis zrdis maCvenebeli (wlebs Soris) Seadgens 802

milioni dolars da importis zrdis maCvenebeli (wlebs Soris) Seadgens 3

miliard 47 milion dolars. aq ukve aSkarad Cans, rom importis zrda

ufro maRalia.

mesame periodis eqsportis zrdis maCvenebeli (wlebs Soris) Seadgens 6

miliard 54 milion dolars da am periodis importis zrdis maCvenebeli

(wlebs Soris) Seadgens 8 miliard 385 milion dolars. aq ukve eqsporti

iwyebs swraf zrdas da uaxlovdeba imporis zrdas.

es yvelaferi giCvenebs, rom TurqeTis arCevani (sabaJo kavSirSi

gawevrianeba) swori gadawyvetilebaa. ra Tqma unda, meore periodi iyo

uaresi, imitom rom Turquli kompaniebisTvis Zneli iyo am axal sabaJo da

ramdenime sxva kanonmdeblobasTan SeCveva.

112

Tavi IV. Turquli kompaniebis damokidebuleba sabaJo kavSiris mimarT

monacemebis Segroveba da respodentebi

kvleva Catarda 70 kompaniaSi stambulSi, denizliSi, ankarasa da

samsunSi 2005 wlis martsa da aprilSi. me personalurad vewvie 30

kompanias, xolo danarCen kompaniebSi anketebis gavavrcele sxvadasxva

qalaqSi. respodentebi SerCeuli iyvnen mosaxerxebeli SerCevis anu

dajgufebis gziT. 150 anketa gavrcelda da 70 maTgani iyo dabrunebuli.

gamoxmaurebis donem Seadgina 47 procenti. es misaRebi iyo, radgan

mkvlevari elodeboda gamoxmaurebis gacilebiT dabal dones. saerTo

tipiuri gamoxmaurebis done aris 50 procentze meti, ,,kargi” gamoxmaureba

aris 60 dan 70 procentamdeN(Kervin, 199286). aqedan gamomdinare, amorCevis

meTodi (im kompaniebze romlebidanac movida gamoxmauroba gakeTda aqcenti

da kvlevisTvis isini iyvnen SerCeuli), aRmoCnda yvelaze Sesaferisi

kvlevis administrirebisTvis. manamde kiTxvaris pretesti Catarda

respodentebis mcire jgufSi da Sedegi damakmayofilebeli iyo.

kvleva Catarda kompaniebis mflobelebTan an maT warmomadgenlebTan.

kompaniebis im warmomadgenlebma, romlebsac hqondaT savaWro

urTierTobebi evropis qveynebTan da icnobdnen sabaJo kavSiris pirobebs

Seavses anketebi da amiT miiRes kvlevaSi monawileoba.

SekiTxvebze pasuxebi damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu ra zegavlena

hqonda maT firmaze sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebas. Tu maTi Semosavlebi

aRemateboda danakargs, maSin maTi azriT, kavSirs hqonda dadebiTi efeqti

Turqul vaWrobaze, xolo Tu danakargebi mogebaze meti iyo, maSin maTi

azriT, sabaJo kavSirs hqonda uaryofiTi gavlena Turqul vaWrobaze.

anketa

monacemebi iyo Segrovebuli Cems mier administrerebadi

(TviTadministrirebadi) anketebiT, TiToeulis Sevsebis xangZlivoba

Seadgenda daaxloebiT 15 wuTs. anketa jer Sedga inglisurad da mere

gadarTargmna Turqulad Turquli kompaniebisaTvis. Semdeg biznes

profesorma da Turquli enis profesorma, romelic aseve aris inglisuris

kargi mcodne, Seamowmes Turquli Targmani. sabolood anketis Turquli

Targmani xelaxla gadaiTargmna inglisurad oTxi stiudentis mier, raTa

86 Kaynak E., Kucukemiroglu O., Akmal S., (2000), Journal of Marketing, Issue 9/10, gv. 1221-1241

113

davrwmunebuliyaviT, rom naTargmni anketa igive Sinaarsis iyo, rogoric

Tavdapirvelad inglisurad Camoyalibebuli versia. kvleva efuZneboda

anketebs, romelic Sedgeboda ori nawilisagan: pirveli Sedgeboda

kiTxvebis seriisagan, romelic iyo mimarTuli sabaJo kavSiris efeqtebze

TurqeTis vaWrobaze. meore seria ki Sedgeboda kiTxvebisagan sabaJo

kavSiris efeqtebze maT biznesze. gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva iyo

gamoyenebuli, rom anketa yofiliiyo rac SeiZleba martivi struqturis,

leqsikisa da zomis mixedviT.

cxrili 4.1. savaWro organizaciebis mimarT TiToeuli poziciis saSualo

qulebi

faqtorebi saSualo

qula

muSaxelis fasma aiwia TurqeTSi da erT-erTi upiratesoba Turqi

mewarmeebisa gaqra sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg

2.94

TurqeTi gaxda centri evrokavSiris firmebisTvis da isini

gadaitanen produqtebs centralur aziaSi, Savi zRvis regionSi

2.93

firmebis sargebeli gaizarda sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg 2.91

sabaWo kavSirma daaasusta Turquli kompaniebis

konkurentunarianoba

2.84

evropul bazrebze SeRweva maRal sabaJo SesaZleblobebs

moutans Turq mewarmeebs

2.71

ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebi gaizarda sabaJo kavSiris

Semdeg

2.69

mcire sawarmoebi dazaralda sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg, imitom

rom maT hqondaT dabali xarisxis teqnologia da mcire codna

2.67

sabaJo kavSirma Seqmna ufro meti savaWro SesaZleblobebi

TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris

2.64

TurqeTis infrastruqtura ganviTarda safinanso

TanamSromlobiT da aseve gaizarda TanamSromloba evrokavSirsa

da Turqul firmebs Soris erToblivi proeqtebis saSualebiT

2.64

sabaJo kavSiri aris didi tyuili 2.63

savaWro kavSiri exmareba Tavis mewarmeebs, rac uaryofiTad

moqmedebs Turq mewarmeebze

2.53

114

sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebis Semdeg Turq mewarmeTa

konkurentunarianoba da xarisxi amaRlda

2.36

sruluflebian wevrobamde sabaJo kavSiris wevrad gaxdoma didi

Secdoma iyo

2.31

sabaJo kavSiri moitans met sargebels TurqeTis sruli

gawevrianebis Semdeg evrokavSirSi

2.21

saerTo saSualo 2.07

saSualo qulebi aris dafuZnebuli 5 qulian Sefasebis skalaze

SualediT 1-dan=Zlier veTanxmebi 5-mde=Zlier ar veTanxmebi

gamokvlevis meqanizmi yuradRebas amxvilebda Semdeg sferoebze:

1 sabaJo kavSiris efeqti TurqeTis vaWrobaze

2 sabaJo kavSiris efeqti individualur firmebze

3 sabaJo kavSiris efeqti pirdapir ucxour investirebaze (FDI)

magaliTis Sefaseba

cxrili 4.1. asaxavs TviToeuli garemoebis faqtoris saSualo

qulebis Sedegebs romelic gamoyenebuli iyo kvlevaSi. gancxadebebi

pirvel cxrilSi dawyobilia saSualo qulebis sididisa da mniSvnelobis

mixedviT. yvelaze didi sSualo qula 2.94 iyo mieniWa gancxadebas, rom

muSaxelis fasma aiwia, rac aCvenebs rom, Turquli firmebi dazaraldnen

muSaxelis maRali Rirebulebis gamo. winamdebare ganacxadebaze pasuxi

mowmobs, rom muSaxelis kvalifikacia gaizarda, ramac gavlena iqonia mis

Rirebulebaze. Semdegma mtkicebam, rom Turq mewarmeTa upiratesoba gaqra

sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebis Semdeg da sabaJo kavSirma Seasusta Turquli

firmebis konkurentunarianoba (2.84), miiRes SedarebiT maRali qulebi. rac

mxars uWers im ideas, rom sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebam uaryofiTad

imoqmeda mcire da saSualo biznesze. bevri mcire da saSualo biznesis

sawarmoebi daixura am SeTanxmebis Semdeg. isini fiqroben, rom TurqeTi

gaxda evrokavSiris qveynebis centri da isini gadaitanen produqtebs

centralur aziaSi, Savi zRvis regionis da Sua aziis qveynebSi ( 2.93) da

mtkiceba ,,ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebi gaizarda sabaJo kavSiris

Semdeg” (2.69) niSnavs rom ucxouri firmebi ufro met investiciebs

axorcieleben TurqeTSi sabaJo kavSiris SeTaxmebis Semdeg. Tu

davakvirdebiT #3 grafiks 1995 wels evrokavSiris pirdapiri investiciebi

115

iyo 62,91% 1996 wels 85.28%, 1997 wels 60.92%. aq aris didi vardna 2002

wels, rac aris TurqeTSi 2001 wlis krizisis Sedegi.

biznesmenebi fiqroben, rom firmebis sargebeli gaizarda sabaJo

kavSiris Sedegad (2.91) da evrokavSiris bazrebze gasvla uzarmazari

savaWro SesaZleblobebia Turqi mewarmeebisTvis (2.71). bevrma kompaniam

daiwyo biznesi TurqeTSi sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg. Turqulma firmebma

SeTanxmeba dades maTTan da gazardes sakuTari produqciis xarisxi. meore

mxriv, isini ar eTanxmebian im azrs, rom sabaJo kavSirs eqneba ufro meti

pozitiuri efeqti sruli wevrobis Semdeg.(2.21). es mtkiceba aris erT-erTi

yvelaze saintereso Sedegi.

me movelodi maRal qulas am SekiTxvaze, Turq da evropel

specialistebs sjeraT, rom sabaJo kavSirs didi efeqti aqvs evrokavSiris

wevrobaze. yvelaze dabali qula aqvs mtkicebas, rom sabaJo kavSiris

wevroba iyo didi Secdoma srul wevrobamde (2.31). es mtkicebebi ganixiles

mecnierebma, zogierTi eTanxmeboda maT da zogic ara. Tumca biznesmenebi

fiqroben, rom sabaJo kavSirze xelis mowera dadebiTi efeqtis mqonea

evrokavSiris srul wevrobamde radgan evrokavSirSi sruli gawevrianeba

pirvel etabze SedarebiT iafi samuSao Zalis da kvaliciuri

specialistebis gadinebasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli rac gamoiwvevs

konkurentul upiratesebaTa Sesustebas da sxva.

mtkicebebi - ,,evrokavSiris bazarze gasvla moutans uzarmazar

savaWro SesaZleblobebs Turq mewarmeebs” (2.71) - SesaZlebelia gamowveuli

iyos imiT, rom Turqulma firmebma gazardes produqciis xarisxi. am

mtkicebaTa maRali qulebi aRniSnavs, rom Turqma mewarmeebma miiRes meti

savaWro SesaZleblobebi da daiwyes produqciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba.

imisTvis, rom daekmayofilebinaT evrokavSiris standartebi, bevri firma

ganaxlda. Tu Cven davakvirdebiT, zogierTma seqtorma moipova

popularoba da daiwyo maRali xarisxis produqciis warmoeba. es

seqtorebia: manqanaTmSeneblobis seqtori da feradi televizorebis

warmoebis seqtori. feradi televizorebis warmoeba gaizarda 1.8 milioni

calidan 8.8 milionamde 1996-2000 wlebSi. teqstili da mza tansacmlis

warmoeba: es seqtori 1998 wels saerTo manufaqturuli nawarmis 19%-s

Seadgenda, saerTo produqciis 5.5%-s, 21%-s da gaizarda 39% -mde saerTo

Turquli eqsportis farglebSi. eleqtronuli mrewveloba: sabaJo

116

kavSiris Sedegad nedleulis fasi daeca da am seqtoris wliuri

produqcia 1996-2000 wlebSi gaizarda 14%-iT, eqsporti-38%-iT. eqsporti

gaizarda 500 milioni dolaridan 1.2-1.3 miliard dolaramde.

sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis produqcia: 1995-2000 wlebSi macivrebis

warmoeba gaizarda 1.7 milionidan 2 milion calamde, sarecxi manqanebi

866000 dan 1.3 milionmade, mtversasrutebi 879000-dan 1.2 milionamde, msubuqi

avtomanqanebi 222000-dan 306000-mde, avtobusebi 12000-dan 47000-mde.87

87 Cakirci E. (2001), Economik Gelismeler ve Turkiye – AB Iliskleri (Economic Developmen and EU-Turkey Relations), Tutibay Publishing, Turkey, p.319

117

4.1. faqtoruli analizi Turquli kompaniebisaTvis

cxrili 4.2. sabaJo kavSirisadmi poziciis faqtorebis analizi

faqtoris wona

1 2 3 4

faqtori 1: pesimisturi

midgoma sabaJokavSiris mimarT

sabaJo kavSiri exmareba Tavis

mewarmeebs, rac uaryofiTad

moqmedebs Turq mewarmeebze

.749 .191 .058 .112

sabaJo kavSirma daaasusta

Turquli kompaniebis

konkurentunarianoba

.713 .076 .026 .057

mcire sawarmoebi dazaralda

sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg,

imitom rom maT hqondaT

dabali xarisxis teqnologia

da mcire codna

.604 .028 .107 .020

sabaJo kavSiri aris didi

tyuili .602 .209 .322 .367

sruluflebian wevrobamde

sabaJo kavSiris wevrad

gaxdoma didi Secdoma iyo

.576 .074 .202 .539

faqtori2: optimisturi

midgoma sabaJo kavSiris

mimarT

sabaJo kavSirma Seqmna ufro

meti savaWro SesaZleblobebi

TurqeTsa da evropas Soris

.083 .829 .107 .089

sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebis

Semdeg Turq mewarmeTa

konkurentunarianoba da

xarisxi amaRlda

.140 .806 .290 .009

118

firmebis sargebeli gaizarda

sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg .342 .542 .231 .128

sabaJo kavSiri moitans met

sargebels TurqeTis sruli

gawevrianebis Semdeg

evrokavSirSi

.141 .501 .208 .404

faqtori 3: oportunistuli

midgoma sabaJo kavSiris

mimarT

evropul bazrebze SeRweva

udides savaWro

SesaZleblobebs moutans

Turq mewarmeebs

.008 .010 .784 .032

ucxouri pirdapiri

investiciebi gaizarda sabaJo

kavSiris Semdeg

.198 .280 .705 .118

TurqeTi gaxda centri

evrokavSiris firmebisTvis da

isini gadaitanen produqtebs

centralur aziaSi, Savi zRvis

regionsa da Sua aziaSi

.193 .136 .623 .050

faqtori 4:

urTierTanamSromlobis

msurvelebi

TurqeTis infrastruqtura

ganviTarda safinanso

TanamSromlobiT da aseve

gaizarda TanamSromloba

evrokavSirsa da Turqul

firmebs Soris erToblivi

proeqtebis saSualebiT

.043 .093 .380 .765

muSaxelis fasma aiwia

TurqeTSi, da erT-erTi .030 .078 .021 .521

119

upiratesoba Turqi

mewarmeebis gaqra sabaJo

kavSiris Semdeg

faqtoris analizi warmoSobs hipoTetur konstruqciebs, e.w.

faqtorebs, romlebic warmoadgenen cvladebis krebuls. (Harman, 196788).

faqtorebis analizis ZiriTadi komponenturi meTodi gamoyenebuli iyo

varimaqsis monacvleobaSi (rotaciaSi). varimaqsis rotaciis Sedegad

miRebuli faqtorebi mocemulia cxrilSi 4.2.

pirveli faqtori cxrili 4.2. ,, sabaJo kavSiri exmareba Tavis

mewarmeebs, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs Turq mewarmeebze”(.749), ,,sabaJo

kavSirma daaasusta Turquli kompaniebis konkurentunarianoba” (.713),

,,mcire sawarmoebi dazaralda sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg imitom, rom maT

hqondaT dabali xarisxis teqnologia da mcire codna” (.604).

meore faqtori cxrilSi 4.2. Sedgeba: ,, sabaJo kavSirma Seqmna ufro meti

savaWro SesaZleblobebi TurqeTsa da evropas Soris” (.829). ,,sabaJo

kavSiris SeTanxmebis Semdeg Turq mewarmeTa konkurentunarianoba da

xarisxi amaRlda” (.806). ,,firmebis sargebeli gaizarda sabaJo kavSiris

Semdeg” (.542), da ,, sabaJo kavSiri moitans met sargebels TurqeTis

sruli gawevrianebis Semdeg evrokavSirSi” (.501).

mesame faqtori cxrilSi 4..2. aerTianebs Semdeg jgufs: ,,evropul

bazrebze SeRweva udides savaWro SesaZleblobebs moutans Turq

mewarmeebs”(.784), ,,ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebi gaizarda sabaJo

kavSiris Semdeg”(.705), ,,TurqeTi gaxda centri evrokavSiris firmebisTvis

da isini gadaitanen produqtebs centralur aziaSi, Savi zRvis regionsa

da Sua aziaSi” (.623),. es faqtori Seadgens mTliani variansis 11.99%-s

(faktoris wona).

meoTxe faqtori aerTianebs Semdeg jgufs: ,,TurqeTis

infrastruqtura ganviTarda safinanso TanamSromlobiT da aseve gaizarda

TanamSromloba evrokavSirsa da Turqul firmebs Soris erToblivi

proeqtebis saSualebiT” (.765), ,,muSaxelis fasma aiwia TurqeTSi da erT-

erTi upiratesoba Turqi mewarmeebisa gaqra sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg” (.521).

88 Kristopher J. Preacher and Robert C. MacCallum, (2003)Repairing Tom Swift’s Electric Factor,Analysis Machine, Understandıng Statıstıcs, 2(1), 13–43

120

cxrili 4.3. faqtoris analizis Sedegebi – pozicia sabaJo kavSiris mimarT

faqtorebi mniSvnelobis wonis %

dajamebis

maCvenebeli89 %

faqtori 1: pesimisturi

pozicia sabaJo kavSiris

mimarT

16.944 16.944

faqtori 2: pozitiuri

pozicia sabaJo kavSiris

mimarT

14.901 31.845

faqtori3:

oportunistuli pozicia

sabaJo kavSiris mimarT

14.271 46.116

faqtori4:

TanamSromlobis

msurvelebi

10.735 56.851

89 gviCvenebs faqtorebis mniSvnelobis wonebis jams (magaliTad 25,146 = 13,993 + 11,154 da a. S.)

121

4.2.saimedoobis analizi

am kvlevaSi iyo gamoyenebuli kronbaheris koeficienti alfa

sazomebis saimedoobis SefasebisTvis. nunali (Nunnally,197690) gvirCevs

saimedoobis koeficients 0.6 an masze mets, rogorc sabaziso sazomis.

kronbaheris koeficienti 1 iqneba indikatori uni-sivrculobis SkalaSi.

rodesac kronbaheris alfa iyo gamoTvlili yvela 14 SkalisTvis,

aRmoCnda, rom is iyo 0.653. aman SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom MmTliani Skala

yofiliyo unisivrculi (uni-dimensional). kronbaheris alfa koeficienti 0.653

SeiZleba iyos ganxiluli, rogorc misaRebi maRali saimedoobis

koeficienti. amaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom yvela 14

gamoyenebuli elementi (SekiTxva) zomavs erTsadaimaves mosazrebas

(pozicia sabaJo kavSiris mimarT). Sesabamisad, Semajamebeli sazomi

SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli imisTvis, rom pozicia sabaJo kavSiris mimarT

da respodentebis qulebi warmoadginoT (ixileT cxrili 4.4).

cxrili 4.4. saimedoobis statistika

kronbaheris alfa

elementebis

(SekiTxvebis)

raodenoba

yvela 0.653 14

faqtori 1 0.721 5

faqtori 2 0.637 4

faqtori 3 0.620 3

faqtori 4 0.348 2

faqtori 1 Sedgeba 5 elementisgan Sida konsistenciis saimedoobiT

0.653, faqtori 2 Sedgeba 4 elementisgan da aqvs saimedooba 0.721: faqtori 3

Sedgeba sami elementisgan da aqvs saimedooba 0.620, faqtori 4 Sedgeba ori

elementisgan da maTi saimedooba aris 0.348. miuxedavad imisa rom meoTxe

faqtoris saimedooba SedarebiT dabalia, faqtoris koeficienti sakmaod

polarizebulia. (ixileT cxrili 4.4.).

90 Nunnally, JC & Berstein, IH 1994, ‘Psychometric theory’, 3rd edn, Mc-Graw-Hill, New York.

122

rogorc vxedavT, diagramidan 4.1. 70 firmis anketebSi, 53% firmebis

mflobelebi an warmomadgenlebi pasuxobdnen, rom maTi vaWrobis

moculoba gaizarda sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg da 47 % firmam uaryofiTad

upasuxa. es Sedegi niSnavs, rom metma firmam gazarda eqsporti

vropavSiris qveynebSi sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebis Semdeg.

123

diagrama 4.2. aCvenebs, rom 51% firmebis mepatroneebi da

warmomadgenlebi pasuxobdnen, rom importi gaizarda sabaJo kavSiris

Semdeg, 49%-ma uaryo. isev aq SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom importi gaizarda

sabaJo kavSiris SeTanxmebis Semdeg. am ori grafikis Sedegad Cven

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sabaJo SeTanxmebis Semdeg vaWrobis moculoba

TurqeTsa da evrokavSirs Soris gaizarda.

sabaJo kavSirSi Sesvlis erT-erTi yvelaze didi problemaa mcire da

saSualo biznesisaTvis warmoqmnili arasaxarbielo uaryofiTi

garemoebebi. sarwmunoa, rom es SeTanxmeba udides gavlenas axdens am tipis

firmebze. imisTvis, rom davexmaroT am tipis firmebs, evrokavSiri axdens

maTi zogierTi xarjis subsidirebas. amitom Cven davamateT anketas

SekiTxva - ,,Cven viRebT finansur daxmarebas sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg”, raTa

gvenaxa, ramdeni maTgani iRebda grants evrokavSirisgan. diagrama 4.3.

aCvenebs, rom 23% miiRo safinanso daxmareba sabaJo kavSiris Semdeg da

77% Tqva, rom ar miuRiaT.

124

Tavi V. qarTuli kompaniebis damokidebuleba Savi zRvis ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobisadmi

Sromis es nawili ikvlevs qarTuli firmebis damokidebulebas

regionuli integraciis mimarT. amisaTvis respondentebs daevalaT,

efasuxad 26 kiTxvaze, raTa ganesazRvraT qarTuli firmebis

damokidebulebisa da sxva garemo faqtorebi. gamoviyeneT faqtoruli

analizebi varimaqs rotaciasTan erTad, raTa ganisazRvros is faqtorebi,

romlebic xazs usvams qarTuli firmebis ganwyobas regionuli

integraciis mimarT. qvemoT mocemulia damatebiTi miznebi da amocanebi.

- qarTuli firmebis mier BSEC-isadmi damokidebulebis, regionuli

politikis miRebis da Savi zRvis regionSi integraciis procesis gageba,

romelic ganxorcielda saqarTvelos mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargSi

moRvawe kompaniebis gamokiTxviTa da maTTvis kiTxvarebis darigebiT.

kvleva Catarda centralur da regional doneze (Tbilissa da sxva

qalaqebSi) TanamSromlobis siRrmis da mrewvelobasTan dakavSirebuli

problemebis mimarT damokidebulebis dasadgenad. agreTve imis gasagebad,

aRiqmeba Tu ara firmebisa da mTavrobis (centraluri da adgilobrivi)

wevrebis mier erToblivi muSaoba, rogorc daxmareba regional

integraciul gaerTianebaSi monawileobis problemebis gadasawyvetad.

vcadeT, gagverkvia damokidebuleba qarTuli kompaniebis damokidebuleba

mTavrobasTan TanamSromlobis amJamindeli donisa da Savi zRvis kveynebis

mTavrobebTan ekonomikuri kavSiris Seqmnis koncefciisadmi.

samrewvelo/samTavrobo kavSiris mimarT damokidebulebis garda, agreTve

dadginda am kavSirisTvis aucilebeli komponentebis raodenoba da

personaluri survili aseTi kavSirSi mxardaWerisa. am aspeqtSi arsebobs

ramdenime rekomendacia saqarTvelos mTavrobis mimarT, romelic exeba

ekonomikur politikas da ganviTarebisa da zrdis ZiriTadi regionuli

strategiis SemuSavebas.

imis dadgena, Tu saqarTvelos ekonomikis romeli seqtori

funqcionirebs yvelaze ukeT saSualebas gvaZlevs axali kompaniebisTvis

(an ukve arsebuli) rekomendaciebis micemisa, Tu romel dargSi moaxdinon

investireba.

125

- qarTuli firmebis damokidebulebis dadgena regionis qveynebis mimarT,

Tu rogor uyureben isini ganviTarebis process mezobel qveynebSi da maTi

damokiduleba BSEC-s mimarT rogorc evrokavSiris wevrobis regionuli

kandidatis statutis mopovebis xelSemwyobi piroba.

Savi zRva aris gzajvaredini evropasa da azias Soris, iseve rogorc

ruseTsa da axlo aRmosavleTs Soris. interesi am regionis mimarT

gaZlierda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. regioni mniSvnelovania

energetikis, usafrTxoebis, samxedro strategiisa da kulturis mxriv.

centraluri aziidan da axlo aRmosavleTidan wamosulma navTobma da

gazma unda gaiaros Savi zRvis gadamzidveli gzebi da navTobsadenebi

evropasa da dasavleTis sxva qveynebamde misaRwevad. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis

(BTC) navTobsadeni msoflios am regions Zalian sainteresos xdis.

sxva mniSvnelovani proeqtebia baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis (BTE)

gazsadeni, romelic BTC-is paralelurad ifunqcionirebs da dagegmili,

romelic SeaerTebs Turquli gazis qsels evropasTan rumineTis,

ungreTisa da avstriis gavliT. regionis iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa

saqarTvelo da ukraina, mxardaWeras iReben aSS-sgan NATO-s da

evrokavSiris gawevrianebis procesSi, raTa regioni usafrTxo da

stabiluri gaxdes. energetika ar gaxlavT erTaderTi ram, rac regions

mniSvnelovans xdis. aq arsebobs sxva sakiTxebic, romlebic gacilebiT

ufro problemuria, rogoricaa, teritoriuli mTlianobis problemebi,

garkveuli teroristuli dajgufebebi da a.S.

1992 wels, TurqeTis iniciativis wyalobiT, adriatikidan dawyebuli,

kaspiis zRvis regioniT dasrulebuli, yvela qveyanam xeli moawera

xelSekrulebas, romliTac daarsda Savi zRvis ekonomikuri

TanamSromloba (BSEC). misi wevrebia: albaneTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani,

bulgareTi, saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, moldova, rumineTi, ruseTi,

TurqeTi,serbeTi da ukraina. TiToeul wevrs sakuTari interesi gaaCnia am

kavSirSi gawevrianebisas. TurqeTs surs, gaaCndes kontrolis ufro

maRali xarisxi regionze, xolo ruseTis mizania, ganavrcos Tavisi

Zalaufleba am regionze, rameTu kavSiris wevrebis didi nawili adre misi

daqvemdebarebis qveS imyofeboda.

saqarTvelosaTvis BSEC-i aris nabiji evropisken da saqarTvelos

momavali mizania gaaxdes evrokavSiris wevri qveyana.

126

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg _ 90-ian wlebSi, saqarTvelom axali

sagareo savaWro ekonomikuri orientiri airCia, magram es nabijebi

dagvianebiT iqna gadadgmuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom yuradReba mieqca

vaWrobis liberalizaciasa da misi orientaciis srulyofas, eqsportis

xelSewyobas, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas, sazRvargareTis qveynebTan

da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan samarTlebriv-saxelSekrulebo bazis

gafarToebas da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebas, aseve qveynis sawarmoo

potencialis srulad amoqmedebis xelSewyobas, sagareo savaWro

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mkafiod gamoukveTelma strategiam saqarTvelo

calmxrivi, daubalansebeli sagareo ekonomikuri da politikuri

ganviTarebis kursiT waiyvana. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebs Soris, mSp-

is vardnis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo 1990-iani wlebis pirveli

naxevrisTvis erT-erTi pirveli gaxda.

1992 wlis 24-25 ivniss Savi zRvis auzis qveynebma _ saqarTvelom,

TurqeTma, bulgareTma, rumineTma, ukrainam da ruseTma, agreTve ”meore

eSelonis” qveynebma, romelTac ar aqvT gasasvleli Sav zRvaze, magram

damokidebulni arian masze _ moldovam, azerbaijanma, albaneTma da

saberZneTis mxarem, sul 11-ma qveyanam moawera xeli Savi zRvis qveynebis

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas. ”BSEC” (biseki) arsi

mdgomareobda Savi zRvis regionis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi, mis

mSvidobisa da stabilizaciis zonad gadaqcevaSi. ”bisekis” arsebobis

istoriaSi mniSvnelovani iyo 1994 wlis 30 ivniss q. TbilisSi Catarebuli

Sexvedra, rodesac xeli moewera ”Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis

bankis” damfuZnebel SeTanxmebas. bankis mizania Savi zRvis auzis

farglebSi regionaluri aspeqtebis mxardaWera da daxmarebebis aRmoCena.

1993 wels saqarTvelom evrokavSiris saparlamento asambleaSi

specialuri stumris statusi moiTxova. am dRidan iRebs dasabams

saqarTvelo-evropis sabWos mWidro TanamSromloba. evropis sabWo

saxelmwifoTaSorisi organizaciaa, romelic ganixilavs evrokavSiris

yvela umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs garda Tavdacvis sakiTxebisa. igi Seiqmna

1949 wlis 5 maiss londonSi, 10 saxelmwifos _ belgiis, daniis, irlandiis,

italiis, luqsemburgis, niderlandebis, norvegiis, gaerTianebuli samefos,

safrangeTisa da Sveicaris mier. evropis nebismier saxelmwifos SeuZlia

gaxdes evropis sabWos wevri im pirobiT, Tu aRiarebs kanonis uzenaesobasa

127

da adamianis uflebebis garantiebs, mis teritoriaze mcxovrebi TiToeuli

adamianis ZiriTadi Tavisuflebis principebs. 1999 wlis 14 aprils

saqarTvelom xeli moawera ”evropis sabWos wesdebis” saratifikacio

sigels, romelsac SeerTebis sigeli ewodeba.

2000 wlis 14 ivniss saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis axali

etapi daiwyo, rodesac igi gaxda msoflio savaWro organizaciis (vmo) 137-e

wevri.

verc saqarTvelo, verc sxva patara an Tundac didi qveyana ver

moaxerxebs iseTi ekonomikuri an politikuri modeliT ganviTarebas,

romelic winaaRmdegobaSi mova damkvidrebul evropul faseulobebTan. miT

umetes is ver moaxerxebs aseT SemTxvevaSi mdgradi stabiluri

ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas, radganac evropul integraciis procesSi

monawileobas Tavisi wesebi gaaCnia. daaxloeba evropis kavSirTan

moiTxovs qveynis iseT transformacias, romelic evropasTan erTgvarovan

reJimSi funqcionirebas uzrunvelyofs.

saqarTvelosTvis evrokavSirTan urTierTobis pirvel nabijs

warmoadgenda 1992 wlis 22 marti, rodesac evrogaerTianebam scno

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. amave wlis dekemberSi Caeyara safuZveli

diplomatiur urTierTobebs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris.

1993 wlidan evrokavSirma miznad daisaxa gaemravalferovnebina

Tavisi sagareo urTierTobebi mTeli rigi regionebisa da qveynebisaTvis

daxmarebebis gaweviT. erT-erTi regioni, romelsac evrokavSirma didi

daxmareba gauwia samxreT kavkasia iyo. 1993 wels q. briuselSi

evrokomisiis mier mowveul konferenciaze miRebul iqna deklaracia,

romlis safuZvelzec samxreT kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis regionis

qveynebisTvis SemuSavebul iqna regionuli programa _ TRACECA da mis

miznebad transportis tradiciuli saxeobebis _ rkinigzis, saavtomobilo

gzebis, sazRvao portebis, terminalebis _ mSenebloba, rekonstruqcia da

modernizacia, agreTve, evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto derefnis

evropul derefanTan mierTeba ganisazRvra.

saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris warmomadgenloba 1994 wels gaixsna.

amave wlis dekemberSi, briuselSi gaimarTa saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris

erToblivi sxdoma, sadac ganxilul iqna TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi

128

aspeqtebi. swored aq moxda evrokomisiisTvis partniorobisa da

TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi teqstis SemuSaveba.

evrokavSirTan saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi, gamoiyo 3 ZiriTadi

mimarTuleba:

1. saqarTvelosTvis soflis meurneobisa da sakvebi produqtebiT

daxmarebis aRmoCena;

2. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis ormxrivi xelSekrulebis

momzadeba;

3. saqarTvelosTvis humanitaruli da teqnikuri daxmarebis aRmoCena

TACIS, TRACECA, ECHO da sxva programebis farglebSi.

1995 wlis 17 ivliss evrokavSiris ministrTa sabWom miiRo

gadawyvetileba amierkavkasiis qveynebisTvis, aseve tajikeTisa da

yirgizeTisTvis 1995-96 wlebSi sakvebi da soflis meurneobis produqtebiT

daxmarebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb. saerTo jamSi am miznisTvis gamoiyo 197 mln.

ekiu, saidanac saqarTvelos ergo 47 mln. ekiu. aseTi saxis da odenobis

usasyidlo daxmarebas mesame qveynebis mimarT, evrokavSiris istoriaSi

precendenti ar hqonia.

TandaTan gamoikveTa evrokavSiris politikuri da ekonomikuri

interesebis sfero amierkavkasiaSi da kerZod _ saqarTveloSi. 1996 wels

evrokomisiam moamzada mniSvnelovani dokumenti “evrokavSiris strategia

amierkavkasiis respublikebTan urTierTobaSi”, romelic iTvaliswinebda

samxreT kavkasiaSi evrokavSiris poziciebis Semdgom ganmtkicebas.

1995 wlis ivlisSi evrokavSiris ministrTa sabWom miiRo

gadawyvetileba daewyo saqarTvelosTan molaparakeba partnioruli

TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis mosamzadeblad, romelic

moicavda aRmosavleT da centralur evropis saxelmwifoTa ekonomikasTan

daaxloebasa da momavali SesaZlo integrirebis pirvel etaps.

gadawyvetileba iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris

urTierTobaTa Tvisebrivad axal doneze ayvanasa da TanamSromlobas.

evropuli integraciis procesebSi CarTvis saqmeSi da saqarTvelos

ekonomikis transformaciis, misi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis

istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda 1996 wlis 22 aprils luqsemburgSi

129

xelmoweril SeTanxmebas “evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris

partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb”, romelmac Seqmna

saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv-iuridiuli baza saqarTvelosa da

evrokavSirs Soris politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebisTvis.

partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi arasodes

isaxavdnen miznad Sesabamisi qveynebis evrokavSirSi gasawevrianeblad

momzadebas. pTS-s CarCo Seiqmna im mizniT, rom daxmareboda yofili

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad aRmocenebul saxelmwifoebs

gaemyarebinaT TavianTi suvereniteti da SeeqmnaT demokratiisa da

liberaluri ekonomikis mqone sazogadoeba. praqtikulad es SeTanxmebebi

evropuli SeTanxmebebis analogiuria, mxolod politikuri dialogis,

ekonomikuri urTierTgaxsnilobisa da moqalaqeTa gadaadgilebis

SedarebiT ufro dabali donis uzrunvelyofiT.

SeTanxmeba evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris partniorobisa da

TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb aris ormxrivi SeTanxmeba, romelic evrokavSirsa

da saqarTvelos Soris politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul

urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebas uwyobs xels. mas safuZvlad udevs

mravalpartiuli demokratiis, kanonis uzenaesobisa da adamianis uflebaTa

dacvis, sabazro ekonomikis principebis saerTo valdebulebebi. igi

politikuri kavSirebis metad ganviTarebas, vaWrobisadmi xelSewyobas,

saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformaTa mxardaWerasa da saqarTveloSi im

aucilebel pirobaTa Seqmnas emsaxureba, romlebmac, SeiaraRebasa da

Tavdacvis sferoTa garda, saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris

urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba unda uzrunvelyon.

PCA ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 1 ivliss.

partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis mTavari

miznebia:

• mxareebs Soris politikuri dialogisTvis saTanado struqturis

SemuSaveba, ramac politikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba unda

uzrunvelyos;

• saqarTvelos Zalisxmevis mxardaWera demokratiis gaZlierebaSi,

ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da sabazro ekonomikaze sabolood gadasvlaSi;

• mxareebs Soris vaWrobisa da investirebis, agreTve harmoniuli

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mxardaWera da am gziT maTi myari ekonomikuri

130

ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;

• samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri, socialuri, finansuri, samoqalaqo,

samecniero, teqnologiuri da kulturuli TanamSromlobisTvis safuZvlis

Cayra.

SeTanxmeba aTwliani periodiT daido, SemdgomSi ki avtomaturad

gagrZeldeba, Tuki saqarTvelom an evrokavSirma ar moindomes misi

Sewyveta. es ar niSnavs, rom SeTanxmeba droTa ganmavlobaSi ar Seicvleba.

is ar aris

ucvleli struqtura – piriqiT, SesaZlebelia misi ganviTareba

evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelosaTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT,

evrokavSirsa da saqarTveloSi mimdinare ganviTarebis Sesabamisad,

gansakuTrebiT ki sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da demokratiis

mSeneblobaSi saqarTvelos winsvlis gaTvaliswinebiT.

SeTanxmeba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebs

saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris seriozul politikur dialogs.

politikuri dialogi asaxavs orive mxaris valdebulebas, xeli Seuwyon

saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas da daicvan euTo-s (evropis

usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis organizacia) principebi da debulebebi. am

TvalsazrisiT evrokavSiri aRiarebs, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis,

suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWera Tavis wvlils

Seitans evropaSi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.

evrokavSiri da saqarTvelo SeTanxmdnen, mianiWon erTmaneTs

upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi saqonliT vaWrobaSi. es niSnavs, rom

saeqsporto- saimporto urTierTobisas verc erTi mxare ver daawesebs

ufro maRal sabaJo gadasaxadebs da mosakreblebs, vidre msoflio

savaWro organizaciis nebismieri sxva qveynisaTvis, e. i. msoflios umetesi

danarCeni qveynebisaTvis aris dawesebuli.

am zogad wess mxolod ori gamonaklisi aqvs, romlebic

gaTvaliswinebulia msoflio savaWro organizaciis wesebSi. evrokavSiri

aRiqmeba erT qveyanad da saqarTvelo ar sargeblobs sabaJo

gadasaxadisagan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimiT, romelsac evrokavSiris

wevri qveynebi erTmaneTs aniWeben. is arc im upiratesi xelSekrulebebidan

miiRebs sargebels, romlebic evrokavSirs dadebuli aqvs centraluri

131

evropis im ramdenime qveyanasTan, sabolood evrokavSiris sruluflebiani

wevrebi rom unda gaxdnen.

SeTanxmeba krZalavs qvotebis (raodenobrivi SezRudvebis) dawesebas

saqarTveloSi warmoebuli produqciis evrokavSirSi importirebaze da

piriqiT.

mxareebi erTmaneTs mianiWeben Tav-TavianT teritoriaze sxva

qveynebisTvis gamiznuli saqonlis Tavisufali tranzitis uflebas.

saqoneli, romelic droebiT aris daSvebuli saqarTvelos an evrokavSiris

teritoriaze, anu romelic importirebulia, raTa SemdgomSi xelaxla

iqnas eqsportirebuli, ar eqvemdebareba saimporto gadasaxadebsa da

mosakreblebs.

biznesi da investiciebi _ evrokavSiri da misi wevri saxelmwifoebi

TavianTi qveynis teritoriaze saqarTvelos kompaniebs, maT filialebsa da

Svilobil sawarmoebs aniWeben mesame qveynebze aranaklebi upiratesobis

reJims. amgvarad, nebismier qarTvel mewarmes SeuZlia yovelgvari

SezRudvebis gareSe oficialurad awarmoos sameurneo saqmianoba evropis

teritoriaze. mxareebi uzrunvelyofen, rom maT teritoriaze momuSave

meore mxaris moqalaqis mimarT ar ganxorcieldeba diskriminacia Sromis

pirobebis, anazRaurebisa da samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis sferoSi.

fuladi gadasaxadebi da kapitalis moZraoba _ saqarTvelo da

evrokavSiri SeTanxmdnen, dauSvan, rom fuladi gadasaxadebi miRebuli

saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebisaTvis, agreTve gadaxda maTi moqalaqeebis

gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebiT ganxorcieldes Tavisuflad

konvertirebad valutaSi.

orive mxarem xeli unda SeuSalos inteleqtualuri, samrewvelo da

komerciuli sakuTrebis aralegalur importirebas an gayidvas. am

TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelom unda gaaumjobesos inteleqtualuri,

samrewvelo da komerciuli sakuTrebis uflebaTa dacva, raTa xeli

SeuSalos proeqtebis, savaWro niSnebis, patentebis, programebis, samxatvro

namuSevrebisa da a.S. ukanono gamoyenebas, da unda uzrunvelyos dacvis

iseTi done, rogoric evrokavSirSi arsebobs.

samarTlebrivi TanamSromloba _ saqarTvelosac da evrokavSirsac

kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli is garemoeba, rom rogorc amJamad arsebuli,

ise momavali kanonmdeblobis Tanamegobrobis kanonmdeblobasTan

132

SesabamisobaSi moyvana, gansakuTrebiT ki biznesTan dakavSirebul

sakiTxebSi, mniSvnelovani winapirobaa ufro mWidro ekonomikuri

kavSirebis ganviTarebisaTvis. saqarTvelom Tavisi kanonmdebloba

TandaTanobiT evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobas unda miusadagos. Tavis mxriv,

evrokavSiri saqmiani partniorebisTvis evrokavSiridan da saqarTvelodan

erTimeoris teritoriaze investirebisa da biznesis sferoSi xelSewyobas

uzrunvelyofs. evrokavSiri mzad aris, saWiroebisTanave gauwios

saqarTvelos aRniSnuli daxmareba.

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba _ SeTanxmebaSi gansazRvrulia is

sferoebi, sadac evrokavSiri da saqarTvelo urTierTTanamSromlobis

gaRrmavebasa da gafarToebas gegmaven. es sferoebia: ekonomikuri da

socialuri ganviTareba; saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT vaWroba msoflio

savaWro organizaciis standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT; adamianuri

resursebis ganviTareba; mewarmeobis ganviTarebis (maT Soris,

privatizaciis, investiciebisa da finansuri samsaxurebis ganviTarebis)

xelSewyoba; soflis meurneoba da sakvebi produqtebi; energetika;

transporti; turizmi; garemos dacva; regionuli TanamSromloba.

2004 wlis 14 ivniss evrokavSiris (ministrTa) sabWom miiRo

gadawyvetileba azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da somxeTis evropis

samezoblo politikaSi CarTvis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg saqarTvelos

evrokavSirTan urTierTobebi axal fazaSi Sevida da kidev ufro

intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo. xsenebuli politika, romelic evrokavSiris

gafarToebis bolodroindeli, mis istoriaSi yvelaze masStaburi talRis

gamoZaxils warmoadgens, monawile qveynebs axali saxis, Zalze mWidro

politikur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas sTavazobs.

evrokavSiris “samezoblo iniciativa” efuZneba iseTi RonisZiebebis

realizacias, rogorebicaa:

im saerTo standartebisa da wesebis Camoyalibeba, romlebmac,

evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg Camoyalibebul Sida bazarze,

“samezoblo iniciativaSi” monawile qveynebis SeRweva unda

uzrunvelyon;

evrokavSiris “samezoblo iniciativaSi” monawile qveynebisTvis

preferenciuli savaWro reJimebis miniWeba, evrokavSiris bazarze

SeRwevis gaiolebis mizniT;

133

adamianuri resursebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da kanonieri

migraciis safuZvlebis Seqmna;

TanamSromlobis gaZliereba usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi, kerZod

terorizmis, trans-nacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulebis,

narkotikebis tranzitis, trefikingis, fulis recxvisa da korufciis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, meti Zalisxmevis mimarTva, adamianis uflebaTa

dacvisa da kulturis sferoSi TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebisken;

evrokavSiris ufro aqtiuri monawileoba konfliqtebis Tavidan

acilebisa da krizisul situaciaTa marTvis sakiTxebSi, post-

konfliqturi reabilitaciisTvis damatebiTi saxsrebis moZiebis

CaTvliT;

evrokavSiris “samezoblo iniciativaSi” monawile qveyanaTa

integracia evropul satransporto, energetikul da

satelekomunikacio qselebSi, aseve samecniero kvlevaTa evropul

sivrceSi;

evrokavSiris “samezoblo iniciativaSi” monawile qveyanaTa

integracia globalur savaWro sistemebSi, vmo-Si maTi gaerTianebis

daCqarebis CaTvliT, investiciebis xelSewyobisa da maTi dacvis

axali instrumentebis Seqmna;

2006 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da evrokomisias Soris

dasrulda saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris evropuli samezoblo politikis

samoqmedo gegmis SeTanxmeba, romelic amave wlis 14 noembers iqna

miRebuli.

aRniSnuli samoqmedo gegmiT dasaxulma RonisZiebebma mniSvnelovnad

unda dauaxlovon saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da standartebi

evrokavSiris Sesabamis normebs. Aam gziT myari safuZveli Caeyareba

saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi ekonomikur integracias. mxareebma unda

gauxsnan erTmaneTs bazrebi da satarifo da arasatarifo barierebis

TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis

gziT, vaWrobisa da investiciebis stimulireba moaxdinon. aRniSnuli

samoqmedo gegma gulisxmobs evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos erTobliv

muSaobas savaWro urTierTobebis gasaRrmaveblad, mxareebs Soris

Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gaformebis CaTvliT. amis garda,

mxareebma Zalisxmeva unda mimarTon, raTa saqarTvelom SeZlos

134

evrokavSiris samrewvelo, sanitaruli da fitosanitaruli, aseve

veterinaruli standartebis dakmayofileba. amiT gaizrdeba evrokavSiris

preferenciaTa generalizirebuli sistemis efeqturoba da xeli Seewyoba

saqarTvelos eqsports ara mxolod evrokavSiris bazarze, aramed sxva

maRalganviTarebul qveynebSic. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts, rom

samoqmedo gegmis Sesabamisad, mxareebi CaerTvnen ormxrivi xelSekrulebis

Sesaxeb molaparakebebSi, geografiuli aRniSvnebis urTierTaRiarebisa da

dacvis mizniT.

amdenad, evropuli samezoblo politikis farglebSi xelmoweril

saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samoqmedo gegmas mxareTa Soris savaWro-

ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Tvisobrivad axal doneze gadahyavs da Zalze

konkretuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis gziT, evrokavSirTan Rrma

ekonomikuri integraciis perspeqtivebs xsnis.

aRsaniSnavia, rom samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis procesis

warmoCenis mizniT, saqarTvelos mTavroba yovel 6 TveSi atarebs

specialur konferenciebs, romlebis saqarTvelosa da mis evropel

partniorebs saSualebas aZlevs gazardon TanamSromlobis intensivoba,

raTa srulad gamoiyenon samezoblo politikis axali SesaZleblobebi.

saqarTvelo evrokavSiris GSP sistemis beneficiaris statusiT

sargeblobs 1995 wlidan, Tumca evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis

gadawyvetilebiT, evrokavSiris sabWos 2005 wlis 27 ivnisis ganawesis

Tanaxmad, evrokavSiris preferenciebis ganaxlebuli generalizebuli

sistemis axali sqemiT, saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebisa da efeqtiani

mmarTvelobisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli SeRavaTebi mieniWa (e.w. GSP+ savaWro

reJimi).

kvlevis baza

ganxiluli monacemebi mopovebul iqna saqarTveloSi moRvawe 112

cnobili kompaniis mflobelTa da warmomadgenelTagan. agniSnuli

kompaniebi mdebareoben TbilisSi, baTumSi, quTaisSi, borjomSi, rusTavsa

da xaSurSi. monacemTa Segrovebas dasWirda TiTqmis 6 Tve. Ggamoyenebul

iqna: a) ,,diax-ara” da skalirebuli SekiTxvebi, (b), respodentis mier

Sesavsebi (open-ended) kiTxvebi”, (g) gasaubreba gamokiTxvis zog

monawilesTan. 200-mde kiTxvari (56% pasuxebis wili) darigebul iqna

rogorc xeliT, ise el-fostiT. meilze pasuxebi Zalian iSviaTi iyo.

135

kompaniis sxvadasxva Tanamdebobis pirTa gamokiTxviT mopovebul iqna

mravali gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba BSEC-ze.

kiTxvaris Tavdapirveli versia Sedgenil iqna inglisur enaze; Semdeg

igi iTargmna qarTulad ukuTargmnis gamoyenebiT, rogorc iyo

rekomendirebuli brislinis (Brislin, 197091) mier.

91 Brislin (1970), Translation of the chronic heart failure questionnaire,Applied Nursing Research, Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages 278-283

136

5.1. faqtoruli analizi qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis

rogorc qvemoT mocemul cxrilebSia naCvenebi, analizis dros bevri

saintereso momenti gamoikveTa. cxrilebis Semdeg Cven agreTve

warmovadgineT histogramebi–pasuxebis sixSirisa da procentulobis

mixedviT.

cxrili 5.1. Sualeduri Sefaseba

Savi zRvis regionis adgilobrivi mTavrobisa da Tqveni sawarmos

erTiani ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebelia problemebis gadalaxva 3,92

momgebiani iqneba Tu ara regionisTvis rom Seiqmnas Savi zRvis

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis sabWo samrewvelo ganviTarebis

erTiani programebisTvis 3,82

Savi zRvis regionSi iseTi dargebi, rogoricaa mrewveloba,

mSenebloba, turizmi da sxva warmatebiT ganviTarda bolo aTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi. 3,79

wevri qveynebis mTavrobaTa Sida saxelmwifo TanamSromloba

dexmareba Tqvens sawarmos, maqsimalurad gamoiyenos zrdisa da

ganviTarebis potenciali. 3,76

Sida samTavrobo TanamSromloba da regionuli ganviTareba

gamoiwvevs mcire resursebis gamoyenebiT ufro efeqtiani

gadawyvetilebebis miRebas 3,76

vfiqrob, Savi zRvis TanamSromlobis sabWos wevri mTavroba unda

CaerTos wevri qveynebis samrewvelo ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri

kursis SemuSavebis procesSi 3,74

wevri qveynebis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba gavlenas moaxdens Savi

zRvis qveynebis politikur gaerTianebis Seqmnaze

3,73

visurvebdi, wvlili Sevitano Savi zRvis TanamSromlobis sabWos

wevri qveynebis samrewvelo ganviTarebis xelSewyobisa da

koordinaciis sakiTxSi 3,71

Savi zRvis pira regionis qveynebis adgilobrivma mTavrobam unda

uzrunvelyos centralur mTavrobasTan sakiTxebis ufro swrafi da

efeqtiani gadawyveta

3,70

arsebuli SidasamTavrobo struqtura da SeuTanxmebloba iwvevs

momsaxurebis dargebis naklovanebas Savi zRvis regionSi 3,69

137

ekonomikuri gerTianeba regionuli zrdisa da ganviTarebis kursTan

dakavSirebul molaparakebebze moaxdens gavlenas 3,68

Savi zRvis regionis samrewvelo seqtori gaizarda bolo aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi 3,56

Savi zRvis TanamSromlobis wevri qveynebis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba

gavlenas moaxdens Cemi seqtoris konkurenciis doneze 3,56

Cemi sawarmo gavlenas axdens, centraluri mTavrobis kursze Cemi

seqtoris zrdasa da ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT 3,55

Savi zRvis regionis saerTo ganviTarebs strategia 3,53

kvalificiuri muSaxelis nakleboba 3,52

kanonebisa da regulaciis erTgvarovneba 3,52

unda moxdes Tu ara regional integraciaSi ekonomikur

ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarJebis ganacileba qveynebs

Soris 3,43

strategiuli dagegmvisTvis saWiroa saerTo kursis SemuSaveba 3,42

SezRuduli finansuri resursebi problemebs qmnis 3,39

centraluri mTavrobis mier gatarebuli ekonomikis SemzRudavi

politikis kursi 3,36

mrewveloba, sadac vmuSaob, TanamSromlobs saxelmwifosTan

industriuli zrdisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxSi 3,35

araefeqturi satransporto sistema 3,35

bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi BSEC-Si warmatebiT viTardeba

Semdegi dargebi: soflis meurneoba, TevzWera, metyeveoba, samTo

mrewveloba, qvis mopoveba 3,33

warmoebis ganviTarebis strategiuli dagegmvis simcire wevri

qveynebis Sida ekonomikis doneze 3,27

samrewvelo seqtori gaizarda bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 3,10

kompania amJamad monawileobs Sida regionalur kooperaciaSi,

romelic xorcieldeba Savi zRvis regionis wevr qveynebs Soris 3,10

adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier gatarebuli ekonomikis SemzRudavi

politikis kursi 2,98

SesaZlebelia Savi zRvis regionis samrewvelo gaerTianebis

arseboba politikuri gaerTianebis arsebobis gareSe 2,05

saSualo maCvenebeli 3,48

138

cxrili 5.1. asaxavs naSromSi gamoyenebuli faqtorebis Sualeduri

maCveneblebis Sedegebs. monacemebi cxrilSi 5.1 qulebi ganlagebulia

Sualeduri maCveneblebis mniSvnelobis mixedviT. umaRlesi Sualeduri

maCvenebeli ( imis gamo rom maCveneblebis Sefasebis Skala 1 dan 5-mdea) 3.92

maRal Svaledur maCvenebels warmoadgens. hqonda adgili gancxadebas imis

Sesaxeb, rom Savi zRvis regionis qveynebis centraluri mTavrobebisa da

sawarmoebis erTiani ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebelia problemebis gadalaxva,

momgebiani iqneba Tu ara regionisTvis rom Seiqmnas Savi zRvis

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis sabWo samrewvelo ganviTarebis erTiani

programebisTvis Sefasda 3.82 quliT. aRniSnuli gancxadebebi qarTuli

firmebis regionuli integraciis mimarT dainteresebis maCvenebelia, rac

daexmareba sabazro moculobis gazrdaSi. integracia regionSi xels

Seuwyobs politikuri gaerTianebis Seqmnas momavalSi, rac gamoxatulia

Semdegi gancxadebiT: “wevri qveynebis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba gavlenas

moaxdens Savi zRvis qveynebis politikur, gaerTianebis Seqmnaze” I (3.73) da

monawileTa nawili Tvlis, rom Savi zRvis regionis samrewvelo

gaerTianebis arseboba politikuri gaerTianebis arsebobis gareSe

SesaZlebelia (2.05). kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRes im kompaniebis

warmomadgenlebma, romlebsac survili aqvT, wvlili Seitanon Savi zRvis

TanamSromlobis sabWos wevri qveynebis samrewvelo dagegmvisa da

koordinaciis sakiTxSi (3.71) biznes kompaniebis nawili amJamad

monawileobs Sida regionalur kooperaciaSi, romelic xorcieldeba Savi

zRvis regionis wevr qveynebs Soris (3.10), rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom

miuxedavad qarTuli sawarmoebis survilisa, arsebobdes regionuli

TanamSromloba, dResdReobiT aRniSnuli TanamSromloba naklebad

xorcieldeba. gancxadebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom Savi zRvis regionSi iseTi

dargebi, rogoricaa warmoeba, mSenebloba, turizmi da sxva warmatebiT

ganviTarda bolo aTi wlis ganmalobaSi (3.79) da warmatebiT viTardeba

Savi zRvis regionis Semdegi mrewveloba: soflis meurneoba, TevzWera,

metyeveoba, samTo mrewveloba, qvis mopoveba (3.33) imis aRmniSvnelia, rom

meoradi warmoeba saqarTveloSi metad ganviTarda, vidre - pirveladi.

gancxadebebma “Savi zRvis TanamSromlobis sabWos wvri mTavroba unda

CaerTos wevri qveynebis samrewvelo dagegmvisa da ekonomikuri kursis

139

SemuSavebis procesSi (3.74)”, Zalebis koordinacia kursis efeqturi

ganxorcielebisaTvis (3.70), regionuli mTavrobis SezRuduli kursi (2.98),

warmoebis ganviTarebis strategiuli dagegmvis simcire Sida regionalur

doneze (3.27) - miiRo SedarebiT dabali maCveneblebi.

cxrili 5.2. faqtoris analizi

faqtorTa wili

1 2 3 4 5 6

faqtori 1: saerTo regionuli

politika

strategiuli dagegmvisTvis saWiroa

saerTo kursis SemuSaveba ,811 ,042 ,142 ,026 -,109 -,018

gaviTarebis saerTo strategiis

SemuSaveba aucilebelia ,801 ,069 ,115 ,015 -,109 ,084

Zalebis koordinacia kursis

efeqturi ganxorcielebisaTvis

mniSvnelovania

,778 ,091 -,030 ,117 ,257 ,239

xarjebis gayofa ,726 ,243 -,144 -,055 ,267 -,071

kanonebisa da regulaciis

erTgvarovneba mniSvnelovania ,708 ,209 ,050 ,022 ,132 -,020

faqtori2: regionuli

ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli

problemebi

strategiuli dagegmvis SezRuduli

kursi industriuli ganviTarebis

Sida regionuli problemaa

,023 ,813 ,161 ,020 ,097 -,018

adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier

gatarebuli ekonomikis SemzRudavi

politikis kursi siZneleebs qmnis

regionSi

,171 ,713 -,245 ,198 ,040 -,049

SezRuduli finansuri resursebi

regionuli qveynebis problemaa ,087 ,683 ,295 ,012 -,025 ,122

araefeqturi satransporto sistema ,236 ,661 ,269 -,031 ,084 ,256

centraluri mTavrobis mier ,324 ,530 -,164 -,024 -,059 -,182

140

gatarebuli ekonomikis SemzRudavi

politikis kursi

faqtori3: regionuli integraciis

Sedegebi

ekonomikuri gerTianeba regionuli

zrdisa da ganviTarebis kursTan

dakavSirebul molaparakebebze

moaxdens gavlenas

,014 ,051 ,756 ,159 ,178 -,054

Cemi warmoeba gavlenas moaxdens

centraluri mTavrobis kursze,

romelic ukavSirdeba am seqtoris

zrdasa da ganviTarebas

-,010 -,053 ,696 ,019 ,066 ,125

wevri qveynebis mTavrobaTa Sida

saxelmwifo TanamSromloba

daexmareba Cems sawarmos, moaxdinos

zrdisa da ganviTarebis

potencialis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba

-,013 ,123 ,688 ,021 ,145 -,144

wevri qveynebis ekonomikuri

gaerTianeba gavlenas moaxdens Savi

zRvis qveynebis politikuri

gaerTianebis Seqmnaze

,114 ,089 ,578 -,044 ,066 ,028

faqtori4: regionis ekonomikuri

gaerTianeba

saqarTvelos samrewvelo

seqtori gaizarda bolo aTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi

,049 -,176 -,019 ,751 -,030 -,050

bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

warmatebiT viTardeba Savi zRvis

regionis Semdegi dargebi: soflis

meurneoba, TevzWera, metyeveoba,

samTo mrewveloba, qvis mopoveba

,047 ,161 -,026 ,695 ,271 ,017

141

Savi zRvis regionis samrewvelo

seqtori gaizarda bolo aTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi

-,099 ,191 ,075 ,558 ,351 -,082

kompania, sadac vmuSaob,

TanamSromlobs saxelmwifosTan

industriuli zrdisa da

ganviTarebis sakiTxSi

,103 ,082 ,301 ,503 -,260 ,156

faqtori 5: regionis potenciali

visurvebdi, wvlili Sevitano Savi

zRvis TanamSromlobis sabWos wevri

qveynebis samrewvelo ganviTarebis

xelSewyobisa da koordinaciis

sakiTxSi

,100 ,061 ,316 ,233 ,628 ,042

wevri qveynebis ekonomikuri

gaerTianeba gavelenas moaxdens

Savi zRvis qveynebis politikuri

gaerTianebis Seqmnaze

,108 ,000 ,023 , -067 ,576 ,021

faqtori6: regionuli integraciis

SezRudvebi

kvalificirebuli muSaxelis

nakleboba ,171 ,223 ,093 ,115 -,077 ,768

SesaZlebelia Savi zRvis

regionis samrewvelo

gaerTianebis arseboba

politikuri gaerTianebis

arsebobis gareSe

,083 -,052 ,020 -,271 ,115 ,498

faqtoris analizi

biznes kompaniebis pasuxebis analizis Sedegad ganisazRvra saqarTvelos

warmomadgeneli kompaniebis damokidebuleba regionuli integraciis

sakiTxisadmi. ZiriTadi komponentis faqtoruli analizis meTodi

gamoyenebuli iyo “varimaqs-rotaciis” (varimax rotation ) matriciT Sedegad

miRebuli faqtoruli analizis matrica naCvenebia 5.2 cxrilSi. analizis

142

Sedegad gamovlinda 6 faqtori, romelic jamSi Seadgenda saerTo cvladis

57,5 procents. mxolod is faqtorebi iyo SenarCunebuli, romlebsac aqvT

saSualo Sefaseba 1.0-mde da mxolod is faqtorebi iqna gamoyenebuli

interpretaciisaTvis, romlebsac aqvT 0.4-ze meti Sefaseba (cxrili 5.3).

pirveli faqtoria “strategiuli dagegmvisTvis saWiroa saerTo

kursis SemuSaveba (0.811)”, “gaviTarebis saerTo strategiis SemuSaveba

aucilebelia (0.801)”, “moqmedebis koordinireba kursis efeqturi

ganxorcielebisaTvis mniSvnelovania (0.778)”, “xarjebis gayofa (0.726)” da

“kanonebisa da regulaciis erTgvarovneba mniSvnelovania (0.708)”. es

faqtori Seadgens mTliani cvladis 13.9 procents da dasaxelebulia,

rogorc zogadi kursi. faktoris Semadgenel kiTxvebze pasuxis maRali

kulebi 0.7-dan 0.9-mde migvaniSnebs am faqtoris maRal mniSvnelobaze

respodentebisaTvis. am faktoris SedegaT umravlesoba eTanxmeba saerTo

kursis aucileblobas.

meore faqtori mTliani cvladis 11.1 procentia da moicavs:

“strategiuli dagegmvis SezRuduli kursi industriuli ganviTarebis

Sida regionuli problemaa (0.813)”, “regionuli mTavrobis SezRuduli

kursi siZneleebs qmnis regionSi (0.713)”, “SezRuduli finansuri resursebi

regionuli qveynebis problemaa (0.683)”, “araefeqturi satransporto

sistema (0.661)”, “centraluri MmTavrobis SezRuduli kursi (0.530)”.

aRniSnuli faqtori dasaxelebulia, rogorc regionuli ganviTareba.

respodentebis pasuxi faqtoris pirvel or kiTxvaze migvaniSnebs rom

BSEC-is wevr qveynebs Soris jer-jerobiT ar aris ganviTarebuli

institucionaluri struqturebi romlebic regionuli integraciis

ganviTarebas xels Seuwyobs. respodentebis umravlesoba miiCnevs rom es

institucionaluri struqturebis Seqmna ufro mniSnelovania vidre

finansuri resursebisa da satransporto sistemis problemebi.

“ekonomikuri gaerTianeba regionuli zrdisa da ganviTarebis

kursTan dakavSirebul molaparakebebze moaxdens gavlenas (0.756)”, “Cemi

warmoeba gavlenas moaxdens centraluri mTavrobis kursze, romelic

ukavSirdeba am seqtoris zrdasa da ganviTarebas (0.696)”, “wevri qveynebis

mTavrobaTa Sida saxelmwifo kooperacia dexmareba Cems warmoebas,

moaxdinos zrdisa da ganviTarebis potenciis maqsimizacia (0.688)” wevri

qveynebis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba gavlenas moaxdens Savi zRvis qveynebis

143

politikuri gaerTianebis Seqmnaze (0.578). aRniSnuli faqtori Seadgens

mTliani cvladis 10.7 procents da dasaxelebulia, rogorc regionuli

integraciis Sedegebi. respodenTta pasuxebis mixedviT savaraudoa rom

maTi azriT ekonomikuri gaerTianeba ufro molaparekebeze axdens

gavlenas vidre realuri ekonomikuri procesebis warmarTvaze. amasTanave

isini ar fiqroben rom ekonomikuri gaerTianeba albaT (realuri

ekonomikuri cvlilebebis ar arsebobis gamo) gamoiwvevs politikur

gaerTianebas.

meoTxe faqtori aerTianebs: saqarTvelos samrewvelo seqtori

gaizarda bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (0.751)”, “bolo aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT viTardeba Savi zRvis regionis Semdegi

mrewveloba: soflis meurneoba, TevzWera, metyeveoba, samTo mrewveloba,

qvis mopoveba (0.695)”, “Savi zRvis regionis samrewvelo seqtori gaizarda

bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (0.558)”, mrewveloba sadac vmuSaob

TanamSromlobs saxelmwifosTan industriuli zrdisa da ganviTarebis

sakiTxSi (0.503)”. aRniSnuli faqtori Seadgens mTliani cvladis 7.8

procents. respodentTa umravlesoba miiCnevs rom saqarTvelos samrewvelo

seqtori marTlac gaizarda SedarebiT naklebi raodeneba fiqrobs rom

mrewvelobis dargebi soflis meurneoba, TevzWera, metyeveoba, samTo

mrewveloba, qvis mopoveba marTlas ganviTarda Tumca maTi raodenoba 0.7-

dea. naxevarze odnav meti respodenti fiqrobs rom BSEC-is qveynebis

samrewvelo seqtori bolo aTi wlis gamovlobaSi ar gaizarda da kidev

ufro naklebi miiCnevs rom saxelmwifo seqtori kerZo firmebTan

TanamSromlobs. rogorc vxedavT am faqtorze pasuxebi garkveul wilad

winaaRdegobrvia. rac respodentebis dabal informaciul uzrunvelyofaze

miuTiTebs.

mexuTe faqtori aerTianebs: “wevri qveynebis mTavrobaTa Sida

saxelmwifo kooperacia dexmareba Cems warmoebas, moaxdinos zrdisa da

ganviTarebis potencialis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba (0.628)”, “visurvebdi,

wvlili Sevitano Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis qveynebis

samrewvelo dagegmvisa da koordinaciis sakiTxSi (0.576)”. aRniSnuli

faqtori Seadgens mTliani cvladis 7.7 procents. respodentTa

umravlesoba (0.6) Tvlis rom regionuli integracia xels Seuwyobs mis

bizness. maT Soris naklebs aqvs survili iTanamSromlos BSEC-s

144

sazRrebSi mimdinare procesebSi, magram mainc maTi raodenoba naxevarze

metia.

faqtori 6 “kvalificirebuli muSaxelis nakleboba (0.768)”,

“SesaZlebelia Savi zRvis regionis samrewvelo gaerTianebis arseboba

politikuri gaerTianebis arsebobis gareSe (0.498)” mTliani cvladis 5.9

procentia. aRniSnuli faqtori saxeldeba, rogorc regionuli

integraciis SezRudvebi. respodentTa pasuxebi miuTiTebs rom regionSi

BSEC-s regionSi marTlac arsebobs kvalificirebuli samuSao Zalis

nakleboba. am problemis gadawyveta respodentTa azriT SeuZlebelia

BSEC-is sazRrobSi ganviTarebuli institucionaluri struqturebis

gareSe.

am faqtorebs Soris pirvels- saerTo regionuli politikas eniWeba

yevelaze maRali - 13.9 procenti. es metyvelebs imaze, rom respodentebis

azriT es faqtori yvelaze mniSnelovani. respondentebs Soris meore

adgils ikavebs regionuli ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi –

11.5 procentiT, igi gansazRravs centraluri da adgilobrivi mTavrobis

mier gatarebul ekonomikis SemzRudavi politikis kursis siZneleebs,

romelic iqneba regionSi arsebul qveynebSi.

regionuli integraciis Sedegebi ikaveben mesame adgils 10.7

procentiT, radgan respodentebi Tvlian, rom regionaluri ganviTareba

xels uwyobs sakuTari kompaniis ganviTarebas.

meoTxe faqtori aris regionis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba arc ise

maRali SedegiT- 7.8 procentiT. es faqtori moicavs bolo aTi wlis

gamnmavlobaSi saqarTvelosa da Savi zRvis regionSi arsebul

industriuli ganviTarebis dabal maCveneblebs.

mexuTe faqtori - regionis potenciali gansazRvruli - 7.7

procentiT. es Sedegi gviCvenebs rom, es dabali Sedegi mianiSnebs imaze,

rom respodentebis umetesobas ar miaCniaT iyon regionSi industriuli

gaerTianebis aqtiuri wevri.

yvelaze dabali procentuli monacemebiT respodentebis azriT

ganisazRra meeqvse- regionuli integraciis SezRudvebis faqtori – 5.9

procentiT, romelic miuTiTebs regionSi arsebuli SezRudvebis

simcireze.

145

cxrili 5.3. regionuli integraciis faqtoruli analizis Sedegebi

faqtori

mniSvnelobis

wonis %

dajamebis

maCvenebeli92 %

faqtori 1: saerTo regionuli

politika 13,993 13,993

faqtori 2: regionuli

ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli

problemebi

11,154 25,146

faqtori 3: regionuli integraciis

Sedegebi 10,751 35,898

faqtori 4: regionis ekonomikuri

gaerTianeba 7,891 43,789

faqtori 5: regionis potenciali 7,798 51,586

faqtori 6: regionuli integraciis

SezRudvebi 5,962 57,549

92 gviCvenebs faqtorebis mniSvnelobis wonebis jams (magaliTad 25,146 = 13,993 + 11,154 da a. S.)

146

5.2. saimedoobis analizi

naSromSi gamoyenebulia kronbaxis koeficienti alfa monacemTa

saimedoobis Sesafaseblad. (Nunnally, 197693) aRniSnavs, rom saimedoobis

koeficienti unda iyos ara nakleb 0.60 imisaTvis, rom monacemebi saimedod

CaiTvalos. kronbaxis alfa koeficienti 1 gansazRvravs monacemTa srul

erTganzomilebianobas. ocdaeqvsive monacemis daTvlis Sedegad kronbaxis

alfam Seadgina 0.730. rac niSnavs, rom mTliani sidide

erTganzomolebiania. kronbaxis alfa koeficienti 0.730 monacemTa

saimedoobis xarisxis maRali maCvenebelia. ocdaeqvsive gamoyenebuli

monacemi gviCvenebs erT monacems (qarTuli firmebis damokidebulebas

regionuli integraciis mimarT) da amdenad, jamuri sazomi respondentTa

regionuli integraciis mimarT damokidebulebis maCveneblad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos.

cxrilSi 5.4. kronbaxis alfa koeficienti faqtoris yoveli monacemisTvis,

regionuli integraciis gaTvaliswinebiT. faqtori 1 Sedgeba xuTi

punqtisgan, saimedoobis koeficientis 0. 886 maCvenebliT; faqtori 2 moicavs

4 punqts da saimedoobis maCvenebelia 0. 882; faqtori 3 Sedgeba 5

punqtisgan da saimedoobis maCvenebeli utoldeba 0. 792, faqtori 4 moicavs

5 punqts da saimedoobis maCvenebelia 0. 657, faqtori 5 moicavs 3 punqts da

saimedoobis maCvenebelia 0. 658, faqtori 6 moicavs 2 punqts da saimedoobis

maCvenebelia 0. 401.

cxrili 5.4. saimedoobis statistika

kronbaxis alfa

koeficienti

punqtebis

raodenoba

sul .730 26

faqtori 1 .886 5

faqtori 2 .882 4

faqtori 3 .792 5

faqtori 4 .657 5

faqtori 5 .658 3

faqtori 6 .401 2

93 Nunnally, JC & Berstein, IH 1994, ‘Psychometric theory’, 3rd edn, Mc-Graw-Hill, New York.

147

cxrili5.6. fiqrobT Tu ara, rom ukanaskneli 10 wlis

manZilze saqarTveloSi industriuli seqtori ganviTarda?

kompaniebis

raudenoba procenti

0 - ara 18 14,8

1- diax 94 77,0

sul 112 91,8

upasuxo 10 8,2

Sedegebi

sul 122 100

148

cxrili 5.7. wina SekiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi

ramdenad? Zalian Zlieri (5), Zlieri (4), saSualo(3), SezRuduli

(2) Zalian SezRuduli (1)

kompaniebis

raudenoba procenti

1 4 3,3

2 13 10,7

3 52 42,6

4 20 16,4

5 5 4,1

სულ 94 77,0

upasuxo 28 23,0

Sedegebi

sul

122 100

149

rogorc cxrili 5.6. da grafebi 5.1. da 5.2. gviCvenebs, monawileTa 77

procenti (94 kompania) Tvlis, rom industriuli seqtori saqarTveloSi

ganviTarda bolo 10 wlis manZilze. maTgan 4.1% am zrdas Zalze

mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, 16.4 % –didad, 42.6 % –saSualod, 10.7 % mcired da

3.3 % Zalian mcired. 8.2.% miiCnevs, rom zrda ar dafiqsirebula. aTi

kompaniis warmomadgenels ki ar upasuxia am kiTxvaze.

cxrili5.8. mocemulTagan romel periodSi miaRwia saqarTvelom

ekonomikis zrdis umaRles maCvenebels?

upasuxa – 112

upasuxo - 0

kompaniebis

raudenoba procenti

1985-1990 13 11,6

1997-2002 4 3,6

2003-2008 95 84,8

sul 112 100,0

150

cxirili 5.9. ekonomikis romelma seqtorma miaRwia zrdis

umaRlesdones am periodSi (2003-2008)?

kompaniebis

raudenoba procenti

soflis meurneoba 7 6,2

soflis meurneoba, turizmi 1 ,9

soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba 2 1,8

soflis meurneoba, mopoveba 1 ,9

soflis meurneoba, mopoveba, satransporto 1 ,9

mSenebloba 39 34,8

mSenebloba, mopoveba 1 ,9


mSenebloba, turizmi 6 5,4

mSenebloba, turizmi, soflis meurneoba, 2 1,8

mSenebloba, turizmi, satransporto 3 2,7

mSenebloba 4 3,6


mSenebloba, satransporto 1 ,9

mopoveba 7 6,2

mopoveba, 1 ,9

mopoveba, mSenebloba 2 1,8

mopoveba, turizmi, soflis meurneoba, 1 ,9

servisi 1 ,9

turizmi 8 7,1

turizmi, mSenebloba 4 3,6

satransporto 2 1,8

satransporto, mSenebloba 1 ,9

satransporto 1 ,9

satransporto, mSenebloba 5 4,5

151

satransporto, mSenebloba 1 ,9

satransporto, turizmi 1 ,9

satransporto, turizmi, mSenebloba 2 1,8

satransporto, turizmi 3 2,7

sul 112 100,0

Cveni gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, kiTxvam–„mocemulTagan romel periodSi

miaRwia saqarTvelom ekonomikis zrdis umaRles maCvenebels?“ daadastura,

rom vardebis revolucia axali Tavia qarTul ekonomikaSi.gamokiTxulTa

umravlesobam saqarTveloSi ekonomikis mzardi ganviTarebis periodebis

Sesaxeb upasuxa: 84.4%–ma aRniSna 2003-2008 wlebi, 11.6%ma 1985-1990 wlebi,

3.6%ma 1997-2002 wlebi (ixileT grafa 5.3. da cxrili 5.8). garda amisa, iyo

dasmuli SekiTxva, Tu ekonomikis romelma dargma ganicada udidesi zrda

ama Tu im periodis ganmavlobaSi? pasuxebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

mSenebloba–34.8%, turizmi–7.1%, sasoflo–sameurneo mrewveloba–6.2%

(ixileT grafa 5.4 da cxrili 5.9). oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad,

mSeneblobas didi wili ukavia qveynis realur mSp–Si.–1.4% 2007 wlis

mesame meoTxedi. am wlis imave periodis ganmavlobaSi samSeneblo seqtori

20.8%–iT gaizarda. kvartalur maCveneblebze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom

warsul daRmaval svlasTan SedarebiT aRniSnuli seqtori swraf zrdas

ganicdis. yovelive es gamomdinareobs axalmosaxleobis zrdis, turizmis

seqtorSi didi investiciebis, energoresursebis reabilitaciisa da

infrastruqturis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo programebis danergviT.94

cxrili 5.10 gviCvenebs samSeneblo seqtoris SesamCnev zrdas. 2002 wlis

brunvam 317.5 miliard, 2007 wels erTi miliard dolars gadaaWarba. zrda

SeiniSneba agreTve daqiravebuli muSaxelis mxrivac: 2002 wels

daqiravebuli iyo 19963, xolo 2007 wels ki 360 000.

94 http://geplac.org/newfiles/Georgian EconimicTrends/2008/February%202008%20eng.pdf (mopovebulia

03maisi ,2008 weli)

152

cxrili5.10. saqarTvelos samSeneblo dargis monacemebi (million dolari)

wlebi 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

(9 month)

brunva, mln lari 317.5 309.0 387.4 778.8 1125.3 989.1

warmoebuli produqcia,

mln lari 322.2 297.9 377.1 746.1 1184.9 1048.3

damatebiTi Rirebuleba,

mln lari 91.8 89.1 127.1 245.9 401.4 ...

Sualeduri moxmareba,

mln lari 235.7 213.2 256.5 523.0 784.5 ...

fiqsirebuli aqtivebi,

mln lari 82.9 85.9 127.2 258.7 474.9 ...

daqiravebuli muSaxeli

(adamiani) 19963 18874 21344 38560 46681 36085

saS.xelfasi

daqiravebulze,lari 176.6 199.5 237.9 292.3 391.0 583.

wyaro: www.statistics .ge (შესვლის თარიღი: 20.05.2008)

153

cxrili5.11. mocemul seqtorTagan romeli gaizrdeba momdevno

aTwleulis manZilze? (SegiZliaT airCioT erTze meti)

upasuxa- 112

upasuxo- 0

kompaniebis

raudenoba procenti

soflis meurneoba 12 10,7

soflis meurneoba,mopoveba 1 ,9

soflis meurneoba,turizmi 5 4,5

sof.meurneoba,turizmi, gadamuSaveba 1 ,9

sof.meurneoba,meTevzeoba 1 ,9

soflis meurneoba,turizmi 8 7,1

sof.meurneoba,turizmi, sabanko 1 ,9

sof.meurneoba,turizmi, mSenebloba 3 2,7

sof.meurneoba,turizmi, mopovebiTi 1 ,9

sof.meurneoba,satransporto 1 ,9

sof.meurneoba,satransporto,turizmi 1 ,9

sabanko,turizmi,satransporto 1 ,9

mSenebloba 1 ,9

mSenebloba 8 7,1

mSenebloba,gadamuSaveba 2 1,8

mSenebloba,gadamuSaveba,turizmi 1 ,9

mSenebloba,turizmi 9 8,0

mSenebloba,gadamuSaveba,turizmi 1 ,9

gadamuSaveba 3 2,7

gadamuSaveba, sof.meurneoba 1 ,9

gadamuSaveba,turizmi,mSenebloba 2 1,8

turizmi 20 17,9

turizmi,mSenebloba 5 4,5

turizmi,mSenebloba,gadamuSaveba 1 ,9

154

turizmi,mSenebloba,transporti 1 ,9

turizmi, gadamuSaveba 1 ,9

turizmi, gadamuSaveba,meTevzeoba 2 1,8

turizmi,satransporto 1 ,9

satransporto 5 4,5

satransporto,samSeneblo 2 1,8

satransporto,samSeneblo,turizmi 9 8,0

sul 112 100,0

kiTxvaze: - mocemul seqtorTagan romeli gaizrdeba momavali aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi“–pasuxebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda: turizmi–17.9%,

sasoflo–sameurneo mrewveloba–10.7%, mSenebloba–9%.(ixileT cxrili 5.11

da grafa 5.5.)

155

cxrili 5.12. CamoTvlil (miTiTebul) pirveladi industriis

seqtorTagan romeli gaizarda yvelaze metad? (SegiZliaT airCioT

erTze meti seqtori)

kompaniebis

raudoneba procenti

sof.meurneoba 41 36,6

sof.meurneoba, mompovebeli 2 1,8

sof.meurneoba, meTevzeoba 5 4,5

sof.meurneoba, metyeveoba 3 2,7

sof.meurneoba, mompovebeli 2 1,8

meTevzeoba 5 4,5

metyeveoba 12 10,7

metyeveoba, meTevzeoba 1 ,9

metyeveoba, mompovebeli 1 ,9

mompovebeli 7 6,2

upasuxo 21 18,8

156

mompovebloba 11 9,8

mompovebeli, sof.meurneoba 1 ,9

sul 112 100,0

gamokiTxvis momdevno SekiTxva iyo: „romeli pirveladi industriebi

gaizarda ukanaskneli aTi wlis manZilze?“ pasuxebi Semdegnairad

gadanawilda: sof.meurneoba 36.6%, metyeveoba 10.7%, mompovebloba 9.8%. am

SekiTxvaze pasuxisgan 18.8% Seikava Tavi (ix. grafa 5.6 da cxrili 5.12.). rac

Seexeba meoradi industriis dargebis zrdas, pasuxebi Semdegia: mSenebloba

da turizmi–26.8%, mSenebloba–20.5%, turizmi–16.1% (ixileT grafa 5).

cxrili 5.13. fiqrobT Tu ara, rom gasuli 10 wlis manZilze Savi zRvis

regioni meoradi industriis ganviTarebaSi warmatebuli iyo? (meoradi

industria moicavs mrewvelobas, mSeneblobas, turizms da sxva saxis

momsaxurebas

157

kompaniebis

raudoneba procenti

mSenebloba 23 20,5

mSenebloba, mrewveloba 1 ,9

mSenebloba, mrewveloba 1 ,9


mSenebloba, turizmi, mrewveloba 2 1,8


mSenebloba, turizmi 1 ,9

mSenebloba, turizmi, mrewveloba 4 3,6

mrewveloba 1 ,9

mrewveloba, turizmi 2 1,8

ufasuxo 10 8,9

turizmi 18 16,1

turizmi, mSenebloba 1 ,9

turizmi 4 3,6

sul 112 100,0

cxrili 5.14. qvemoT CamoTvlil romel qveyanaSi dafiqsirda yvelaze

didi zrda industriul seqtorSi?

upasuxa-112

upasuxo- 0

qveynebi raudenoba Pprocenti

somxeTi 3 2,7

azerbaijani 15 13,4

bulgareTi 3 2,7

saqarTvelo 4 3,6

saberZneTi 12 10,7

158

ar aris pasuxi 13 11,6

rumineTi 3 2,7

ruseTi 18 16,1

TurqeTi 31 27,7

ukraina 10 8,9

sul 112 100,0

CamoTvlil qveyanaTagan romelSi dafiqsirda industriuli seqtoris

udidesi zrda?“–kiTxvaze pasuxebSi umaRlesi Sefasebebidan(5) TurqeTma

daimsaxura 28.6%,ruseTs ergo23.2% xolo azerbaijans ki9.8% (ix.grafa 5.8 da

cxrili 5.14 ). momdevno kategoriaSi(4) kvlav pirvel adgilzea TurqeTi27.2%,

azerbaijani13.4%, ruseTi–16.1%. Smdegi jgufi(3):ukraina–15.2%, saqarTvelo–

12.5%, ruseTi–11.6%.

159

analizis mixedviT gamokveTili maRali korelaciis

koeficienti(r=0.32,p=0.01) klevaSi gamoyenebuli korelaciis kooficienti

(r)= -1, +1 farglebSia. Tu + 1-ia, es niSnavs rom, kiTxvebs Soris Zalian

didi kavSiri arsebobs. erTis zrda meoris zrdas ganapirobebs. Tu –1-Tan

axlosaa, maSin erTis zrdisas meore daiklebs. (p) niSnavs korelaciis

sixSires Significance . Tu (p) nulia es kavSiri Zalian saimedoa. Tu p-s wona

0.10-ze naklebia es statistikurad misaRebia da niSnavs rom 90 %-iT es

Sedegi sworia).

gviCvenebs saqarTvelosa da Savi zRvis regionis industriuli

ganviTarebis pozitiur urTierTdamokidebulebas. momdevno ori kiTxva

Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: TvliT Tu ara, rom Savi zRvis regionSi

pirveladi industria ganviTarda ukanaskneli aTi wlis manZilze? (pirvelad

industriaSi Sedis sof.meurneoba, meTevzeoba, metyeveoba da mopoveba) da

igive sakiTxi meorad industriasTan dakavSirebiT (meoradi industria

Seicavs gadamuSavebas, turizms, mSeneblobasa da sxva servisebs). am ori

kiTxvis korelaciis koeficientebi (r=0.39,p=0.10) kvlavac miuTiTebs maT

mWidro urTierTkavSirze. gamokiTxvis momdevno ori sakiTxi exeboda

gamokiTxuli organizaciebis TanamSromlobas saxelmwifosa da Savi zRvis

regionis qveynebTan industriis ganviTarebis kuTxiT. pasuxebis analizma

(r=.30,p=.02) gviCvena, rom mocemuli organizaciebi ukve TanamSromloben an

mzad arian TanamSromlobisaTvis.

cxrili 5.15. Savi zRvis regionis wevri qveynebis samrewvelo zrda da

ganviTareba upiratesad aRemateba imave maCveneblebs dsT-s qveynebSi

(_veTanxmebi (1) _pasuxisgan Tavs vikaveb (2) _ar veTanxmebi (3))

kompaniebis

raudoneba procenti

1 12 9,8

2 46 37,7

3 53 43,4

sul 111 91,0

upasuxo 11 9,0

sul 122 100,0

160

gamokiTxvis erT-erTi SekiTxva iyo: „ Savi zRvis regionis wevri qveynebis

samrewvelo zrda da ganviTareba upiratesad aRemateba igive maCveneblebs

dsT-s qveynebSi. pasuxebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda: veTanxmebi 9.8 %%,

sof.meurneoba 36.6%, metyeveoba 10.7%, mompovebloba 9.8%, pasuxisgan Tavs

vikaveb 37.7 % da ar veTanxmebi 43.4 %.

cxrili 5.16. Savi SRvis regionis samrewvelo kavSiris arseboba

SesaZlebelia politikuri kavSiris arsebobis gareSec.

veTanxmebi (1), ar veTanxmebi (2), Tavs vikaveb (3)

kompaniebis

raudenoba procenti

1 13 10,7

2 33 27,0

3 59 48,4

sul 105 86,1

161

upasuxo 17 13,9

sul 122 100,0

gamokiTxvis momdevno SekiTxva iyo: Savi SRvis regionis samrewvelo

kavSiris arseboba SesaZlebelia politikuri kavSiris arsebobis gareSec.

pasuxebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda: veTanxmebi 10.7 %, ar veTanxmebi 27.0 %,

da Tavs vikaveb 48.4 %.

cxrili 5.17.politikuri TanamSromloba araformaluri unda iyos.

veTanxmebi (1),ar veTanxmebi (2), Tavs vikaveb (3)

kompaniebis

raudoneba procenti

1 31 25,4

2 32 26,2

3 36 29,5

sul 99 81,1

upasuxo 23 18,9

sul 122 100,0

162

gamokiTxulTa azriT, politikuri TanamSromloba araformaluri

unda iyos. veTanxmebi 25.4 %, ar veTanxmebi 26.2 % da Tavs vikaveb 29.5 %.

gamokiTxulTa azriT, Savi zRvis qveynebis koordinirebuli

Zalisxmeva da kanonmdeblobebis erTmaneTTan miaxloeba dadebiT Sedegs

gamoiRebs. aq aRiniSneba saqarTvelos ekonomikis damokidebuleba Savi zRvis

regionis ganviTarebis procesebTan (r=.32,p=.06 r-korelaciis koeficienti da p

korelaciis sixSires) es Sedegi gviCvenebs korelaciis dabal maCvenebels

r=0.32 (saukeTeso SedegisaTvis ki unda iyos +1), magram sixSiris sakmaod

maRali Sedegi - 0.6 procenti miuTiTebs imaze, rom Savi zRvis regionis

ganviTareba imoqmedebs saqarTvelos ekonomikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.

ase, rom organizaciebi integraciisken momdevno nabijs saqarTvelos

mTavrobisgan elian, radganac mTavrobis aqtivoba am mimarTulebiT gavlenas

iqoniebs regionis ganviTarebis saerTo politikaze (r=.58,p=.01). am

SemTxvevaSi korelaciis koeficienti warmoadgens r=.58 da miiCneva ukeTes

(misaReb) Sedegad. sixSiris maCvenebeli- 0.1 procentia romelic azustebs

kavSirs adgilobriv mTavrobasa da Savi zRvis regionis sxva qveynebis

mTavrobebs Soris saerTo politikis SemuSavebisTvis.

163

monawileebis azriT BSEC-is qveynebs Soris xarjebis ganawileba

xels Seuwyobs ganviTarebis saerTo politikis qmediTunarianobas (r=.46,p=01).

korelaciis koeficienti r=.46 gviCvenebs gamokiTxulTa azriT dabal kavSirs

xarjebis ganawilebasa da ganviTarebis saerTo politikas Soris. sixSires

maRali Sedegi p=0.1 procenti amas adasturebs.

Zalebis koordinireba da saerTo politikis danergvis xelSewyoba

agreTve kavSirSia erTmaneTTan (r=.54,p=01). garda amisa, wamoyenebuli iyo

sakiTxebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis koordinaciisa da Savi zRvis

Tanamegobrobis sakonsulos Sesaxeb.

- kiTxvaze „SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom gvqondes Savi zRvis

ekonomokuri gaerTianeba politikuri gaerTianebis gareSe” - gamokiTxulTa

67.2 procenti BSEC-is arsebobis mniSnelobas dadebiTad afasebs. pasuxobs

xolo 19.7% ki mowinaaRmdegea. es niSnavs, rom gamokiTxulTa 67.2 % BSEC’s

aqtiuri mxardamJeria.

“Open-ended” miRebuli pasuxebis analizi

mocemuli sakiTxis ganxilvis gansxvavebuli meTodi Sedgeba

ramodenime kiTxvaze respodentis mier dafiqsirebuli pasuxebisagan.

romlebSic gamoixateba damokidebuleba da sirTuleebi Savi zRvis

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis (BSEC) mimarT.

kiTxvarebis saSualebiT sxavdasxva kompaniebis warmomadgenlebma

gamoxates TavianTi Sexedulebebi BSEC–isa da regionis momavlis mimarT.

gamokiTxvaSi monawileTa umetesoba dadebiTad aris ganwyobili ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis organizaciis mimarT da Tvlis, rom amdagvari

gaerTianebebi xels Seuwyobs regionis ganviTarebas. gamokiTxulTa nawili

didi imedebs amyarebs Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis

organizaciaze da Tvlis, rom es gaerTianeba evrokavSiris wevrobisken

gadadgmuli nabijia. BSEC pirdapir ar aris dakavSirebuli globalizaciis

procesTan, magram ver darCeba misgan izolirebulad, mas adgili aqvs

mocemul geopolitikur regionalur garemoSi. es regionuli garemo moicavs

or ZiriTad maxasiaTebels: erTi mxriv, centralur aziasa da Sua

aRmosavleTs da meore mxriv, evrokavSiris arealis gazrdas. BSEC-i aris

bunebrivi xidi or ares Soris da ekisreba plaTformis roli evrokavSirisa

164

sa “udides Sua aRmosavleTs” (rogorc mas SeerTebul StatebSi uwodeben)

Soris sivrcis gafarToebasa da urTierTobis ganviTarebaSi. BSEC-is

warmateba upirveles yovlisa dakavSirebulia: BSEC-is wevri qveynebis mier

ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis unarze da maT ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi

mogebis investirebis SesaZleblobis zrdasTan. garkvevuli periodi

evrokavSiri ar interesdeboda BSEC-iT. dRes es ase aRar aris arian qveynebi,

romlebsac surT evrokavSiris wevroba da amasTanave BSEC-is wevrebi arian.

ICBSS95 - Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso kvlevebis centri (daarsda aTenSi 1998

wlis bolos da damtkicebuli iqna 2004 wels sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis

mier), mSeqnilia scoreT Savi zRvis regionis qveynebsa da evrokavSirs Soris

urTierTobaTa gafarToebisaTvis. mrodesac 2007 wels rumineTi da

bulgareTi gaxdnen evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevrebi, evrokavSirs

Seemata BSEC-is wevri qveynebi.

gamokiTxul respodentTa ramdenime warmomadgenelma aseve aRniSna, rom

sabaJo sistemebis gaerTianeba, barierebis Semcireba da transportirebis

ganviTareba ganapirobebs Savi zRvis regionis ganviTarebas. zogierTma

monawilem ganacxada, rom BSEC-is qveynebs SeuZliaT gaaRrmavon

TanamSromloba ramdenime seqtorSi, rogoricaa komunikaciebi, turizmi,

sabanko da mSenebloba. zogi ambobs, rom unda arsebobdes saerTo

regulacia, romelic iqneba savaldebulo wevri qveynebisaTvis. zogierTi

sxva monawilis komentariT, unda Seiqmnas gamocdili specialistebis

jgufebi, romlebic valdebulni iqnebian gansazRvron, romeli sferoa ufro

ganviTarebuli da amis mixedviT Seadginon specialuri programebi.

magaliTad, saqarTvelo flobs kargi xarisxis samSeneblo masalebs,

gansakuTrebiT cements cecxlgamZle agurisa da blokis warmoebaSi. sxva

monawileebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo ruseTis roli regionSi,

95 ICBSS-is mTavari mizania gansakuTrebuli gzebis Seswavla wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris regionuli erTobisa da BSEC-isa da evrokavSiris urTierTobebis gafarToebisa da gaRrmavebisaTvis, aseve xelis Sewyoba mecnieruli da teqnologiuri miRwevebis mravalmxrivi gaerTianebis konkretul sferoebSi. ICBSS amJamad asrulebs tradiciul rols movlenebis arCevisas warmoebis samuSao furclebze axali gavlenis moxdeniT, romlis mizania iyos instrumentuli samomavlo dagegmvasa da wesrigSi. centri atarebs polisze orientirebul kvlevebs BSEC-is gegmebis realizaciisaTvis da amzadebs gamomwvev winadadebebs, raTa daZras gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi organoebi saqmianobisken. centri aqtiurad iyo CarTuli permamentuli seqtoruli samuSao jgufebis deliberaciaSi da iTamaSa mTavari roli mosamzadebeli dokumentebis, samoqmedo gegmebisa da samuSao qaRaldebis damuSavebaSi ramdenime sferoSi, rogoricaa Tavdacva da stabiluroba, mecniereba da teqnologiebi da infrastruqturuli ganaxleba (Thanos Veremis,2006).

165

gansazRvravdnen, rom BSEC-is momavali damokidebulia ruseTis qcevaze

regionis qveynebTan mimarTebaSi.

maTTan intervius dros me mivxvdi, rom isini Zalian optimisturad

uyureben BSEC-is momavals. maT sjeraT, rom BSEC aris nabiji

saqarTvelosaTvis gaxdes evrokavSiris wevri. sxvadasxva poziciis

adamianebs kompaniaSi aqvT sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi BSEC_Tan dakavSirebiT.

kompaniis mflobelebi ufro optimisturebi arian. isini xvdebian, rom es

moutans maT kompaniebs axal bazrebs. gansakuTrebiT Rvinis mwarmoebeli

kompaniebi eZeben axal samezobloebs TavianTi produqciis eqsportisaTvis.

arian monawileebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom BSEC da msgavsi integraciebi

sazianoa maTi kompaniebisTvis, isini Tvlian, rom ar arian sakmarisad

Zlierni did regionalur kompaniebTan SesaWideblad. isini imedovneben aseT

kompaniebTan raime formiT erTian saqmianobas, amxanagobis msgavsad.

bolos, Cven vvaraudobT, rom kompaniaTa warmomadgenlebi imedovneben,

rom BSEC-i samomavlod warmatebulad ifunqcionirebs. isini grZnoben, rom

industriuli zrda da ganviTareba Savi zRvis regionSi Seesabameba am

regionis damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis saerTo SesaZleblobebs. amas 48.8

% eTnxmeba, 27 % gaurkvevlobaSia da 10.8 % ar eTanxmeba. es adasturebs, rom

gamokiTxvis monawileebi fiqroben, rom BSEC-i aris da momavalSi ufro

metad iqneba warmatebuli organizacia.

166

Cven mier gamoTlebis Sedegebi mocemulia Semdeg cxrilebSi

cxrili 5.18. romel qvemoT CamoTvlil qveyanaSi qonda adgili yvelaze

did industirul zrdas?

upasuxa 112

upasuxo 0

qveynebi kompaniebis

raudoneba Pprocenti

somxeTi 2 1,8

azerbaijani 11 9,8

bulgareTi 10 8,9

saqarTvelo 12 10,7

saberZneTi 17 15,2

moldova 4 3,6


rumineTi 4 3,6

ruseTi 9 8,0

TurqeTi 8 7,1

ukraina 17 15,2

sul 112 100,0

167

cxrili 5.19. romel qvemoT CamoTvlil qveyanaSi dafiqsirda

yvelaze didi zrda industirul seqtorSi? (xarisxi 4)

zusti 112


qveynebi kompaniebis

raudoneba Pprocenti

albaneTi 2 1,8

somxeTi 7 6,2

azerbaijani 8 7,1

bulgareTi 11 9,8

saqarTvelo 12 10,7

saberZneTi 11 9,8

moldova 2 1,8

rumineTi 10 8,9

ruseTi 9 8,0

TurqeTi 12 10,7

ukraina 9 8,0

sul 93 100,0

168

cxrili 5.20 romel qvemoT CamoTvlil qveyanaSi dafiqsirda yvelaze

maRali zrda industriul seqtorSi? (xarisxi 3)

upasuxa 112


kompaniebis

raudoneba Pprocenti

somxeTi 1 ,9

azerbaijani 7 6,2

bulgareTi 13 11,6

saqarTvelo 14 12,5

saberZneTi 12 10,7

moldova 1 ,9

rumineTi 9 8,0

ruseTi 13 11,6

TurqeTi 11 9,8

ukraina 17 15,2

sul 98 100,0

169

cxrili 5.21. romeli kvemoTaRniSnuli industria ganviTarda yvelaze

metad ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi?

upasuxa 112

upasuxo 0

kompaniebis

raudoneba procenti

Asoflismeurneoba 1 ,9

mSenebloba 3 2,7

mSenebloba 23 20,5

mSenebloba, soflismeurneoba 1 ,9

mSenebloba, manufaqtura 1 ,9

mSenebloba,Mmanufaqtura 1 ,9


mSenebloba, turizmi, manufaqtura 2 1,8


mSenebloba, turizmi, sabanko momsaxureba 1 ,9

mSenebloba, turizmi, manufaqtura 4 3,6

manufaqtura 1 ,9

manufaqtura, turizmi 2 1,8

manufaqtura, turizmi 1 ,9


turizmi 18 16,1

turizmi, mSenebloba 1 ,9

turizmi 4 3,6

sul 112 100,0

170

cxrili 5.22.romel qvemoT CamoTvlil qveynebSi qonda adgili yvelaze

maRal industriuli seqtoris zrdas? ( gTxovT aRniSnoT pirveli 5

qveyana da mianiWoT mniSvneloba 1 ( niSnavs yvelaze maRal zrdas da 5

niSnavs saSualo zrdas)

upasuxa 112

upasuxo 0

Fqveyana kompaniebis

raudoneba Pprocenti

somxeTi 2 1,8

azerbaijani 11 9,8

bulgareTi 5 4,5

saqarTvelo 5 4,5

saberZneTi 6 5,4

moldova 1 ,9


rumineTi 7 6,2

ruseTi 26 23,2

TurqeTi 32 28,6

ukraina 3 2,7

sul 112 100,0

171

cxrili 5.23. anketis kiTxvebs Soris korelaciebi damuSavebuli SPSS

programaSi

1a 1b 5a 5b 8a 8b 8b2 8b3

piarsonis

korelacia 1,000 .a ,320** ,197 -,101 -,014 ,076 ,097

Sig. (2-rigis) ,000 ,001 ,059 ,291 ,904 ,427 ,341

1a

N 112,000 94 112 93 112 75 111 98

piarsonis

korelacia .a 1,000 ,041 ,421** ,109 ,447** ,221* ,170

Sig. (2-rigis) ,000 ,695 ,000 ,296 ,000 ,033 ,124

1b

N 94 94,000 94 83 94 61 93 83

piarsonis

korelacia ,320** ,041 1,000 .a ,138 ,065 ,138 ,134

Sig. (2-rigis) ,001 ,695 ,000 ,148 ,580 ,150 ,189

5a

N 112 94 112,000 93 112 75 111 98

piarsonis

korelacia ,197 ,421** .a 1,000 ,193 ,379** ,018 ,312**

Sig. (2-rigis) ,059 ,000 ,000 ,064 ,002 ,863 ,004

5b

N 93 83 93 93,000 93 65 92 83

piarsonis

korelacia -,101 ,109 ,138 ,193 1,000 .a ,063 ,066

Sig. (2-rigis) ,291 ,296 ,148 ,064 ,000 ,511 ,516

8a

N 112 94 112 93

112,00

0 75 111 98

piarsonis

korelacia -,014 ,447** ,065 ,379** .a 1,000 -,152 ,397**

Sig. (2-rigis) ,904 ,000 ,580 ,002 ,000 ,194 ,001

8b

N 75 61 75 65 75 75,000 75 68

piarsonis

korelacia ,076 ,221* ,138 ,018 ,063 -,152 1,000 -,049

Sig. (2-rigis) ,427 ,033 ,150 ,863 ,511 ,194 ,629

8b2

N 111 93 111 92 111 75 111,000 98

8b3 piarsonis

korelacia ,097 ,170 ,134 ,312** ,066 ,397** -,049 1,000

172

Sig. (2-rigis) ,341 ,124 ,189 ,004 ,516 ,001 ,629

N 98 83 98 83 98 68 98 98,000

კორელაციები

9a 9b 10a 10b 11a 11b

piarsonis

korelacia 1,000 .a ,040 ,035 -,048 -,155

Sig. (2-rigis) ,000 ,677 ,778 ,629 ,288

9a

N 112,000 92 111 69 103 49

piarsonis

korelacia .a 1,000 -,025 ,051 ,032 -,022

Sig. (2-rigis) ,000 ,810 ,706 ,772 ,895

9b

N 92 92,000 92 58 84 39

piarsonis

korelacia ,040 -,025 1,000 .a ,303** ,054

Sig. (2-rigis) ,677 ,810 ,000 ,002 ,714

10a

N 111 92 111,000 69 102 48

piarsonis

korelacia ,035 ,051 .a 1,000 -,113 ,093

Sig. (2-rigis) ,778 ,706 ,000 ,370 ,577

10b

N 69 58 69 69,000 65 38

piarsonis

korelacia -,048 ,032 ,303** -,113 1,000 ,460**

Sig. (2-rigis) ,629 ,772 ,002 ,370 ,001

11a

N 103 84 102 65 103,000 49

piarsonis

korelacia -,155 -,022 ,054 ,093 ,460** 1,000

Sig. (2-rigis) ,288 ,895 ,714 ,577 ,001

11b

N 49 39 48 38 49 49,000

13a 13b 14a 14a1 14b 14b1 14c 14c1 14d 14d1

piarsonis

korelacia 1,000 ,128 ,080 -,040 ,092 -,028 -,020 -,111 -,013 -,196

Sig. (2-rigis) ,223 ,409 ,709 ,354 ,795 ,844 ,338 ,898 ,069

13a

N 112,000 92 108 91 103 88 101 76 104 87

173

piarsonis

korelacia ,128 1,000 -,046 ,292* ,048 ,285* -,089 ,292* -,256* ,325**

Sig. (2-rigis) ,223 ,672 ,011 ,664 ,015 ,429 ,022 ,019 ,006

13b

N 92 92,000 88 76 83 72 81 61 84 70

piarsonis

korelacia ,080 -,046 1,00

,392*

*

,585*

* ,095

,461*

* ,067 ,462** ,108

Sig. (2-rigis) ,409 ,672 ,000 ,000 ,376 ,000 ,567 ,000 ,324

14a

N 108 88 108 90 102 88 101 76 102 85

პიარსონის

კორელაცია -,040 ,292*

,392*

* 1,00 -,203

,696*

* ,067 ,535** ,049 ,572**

Sig. (2-რიგის) ,709 ,011 ,000 ,063 ,000 ,550 ,000 ,655 ,000

14a1

N 91 76 90 91,0 85 81 83 71 84 77

piarsonis

korelacia ,092 ,048

,585*

* -,203 1,00 -,078

,700*

* -,040 ,596** -,045

Sig. (2-rigis) ,354 ,664 ,000 ,063 ,471 ,000 ,732 ,000 ,685

14b

N 103 83 102 85 103, 88 101 76 101 84

piarsonis

korelacia -,028 ,285* ,095 ,696* -,078 1,00 -,031 ,599** -,024 ,469**

Sig. (2-rigis) ,795 ,015 ,376 ,000 ,471 ,776 ,000 ,825 ,000

14b1

N 88 72 88 81 88 88,0 87 75 87 78

piarsonis

korelacia -,020 -,089 ,461* ,067 ,700* -,031 1,00 ,201 ,625** -,055

Sig. (2-rigis) ,844 ,429 ,000 ,550 ,000 ,776 ,082 ,000 ,620

14c

N 101 81 101 83 101 87 101 76 101 84

piarsonis

korelacia -,111 ,292* ,067 ,535* -,040 ,599* ,201 1,000 -,154 ,556**

Sig. (2-rigis) ,338 ,022 ,567 ,000 ,732 ,000 ,082 ,184 ,000

14c1

N 76 61 76 71 76 75 76 76,000 76 72

piarsonis

korelacia -,013 -,256*

,462*

* ,049

,596*

* -,024

,625*

* -,154 1,000 -,075

Sig. (2-rigis) ,898 ,019 ,000 ,655 ,000 ,825 ,000 ,184 ,489

14d

N 104 84 102 84 101 87 101 76 104,000 87

14d1 piarsonis

korelacia -,196 ,325** ,108

,572*

* -,045

,469*

* -,055 ,556** -,075 1,000

174

Sig. (2-rigis) ,069 ,006 ,324 ,000 ,685 ,000 ,620 ,000 ,489

N 87 70 85 77 84 78 84 72 87 87,000

piarsonis

korelacia ,030 -,059

,543*

* ,011

,700*

* -,011

,567*

* -,088 ,650** -,032

Sig. (2-rigis) ,764 ,591 ,000 ,923 ,000 ,916 ,00 ,45 ,000 ,772

14e

N 104 85 102 85 100 88 99 75 101 84

piarsonis

korelacia -,061 ,188 ,272*

,617*

* -,069

,564*

* -,036 ,632** ,026 ,600**

Sig. (2-rigis) ,566 ,110 ,010 ,000 ,530 ,000 ,743 ,000 ,815 ,000

14e

1

N 90 74 88 81 86 82 85 71 87 79

15a 15b 16a 16b 17a 17b 18a

18b

19a 19b

piarsonis

korelacia1,000 -,080

,255*

* ,096 ,127 -,013

,00

9 -,018 ,102

Sig. (2-

rigis)

,563 ,007 ,375

,18

2 ,903

,92

6 ,867 ,284

15a

N 112,000 55 110 88 112 88 112 86 112

piarsonis

korelacia-,080 1,000 ,121 ,581** ,25 ,500** ,05 ,669** ,026

Sig. (2-

rigis) ,563

,382 ,000 ,05 ,000 ,71 ,000 ,852

15b

N 55 55,000 54 49 55 46 55 42 55

piarsonis

korelacia,255** ,121 1,00 .a

,23

1* ,104

,20

3* -,127 ,268**

Sig. (2-

rigis) ,007 ,382

,000 ,01 ,342 ,03 ,250 ,005

16a

N 110 54

110,

000 88 110 86 110 84 110

piarsonis

korelacia,096 ,581** .a 1,000 ,14 ,642** ,08 ,477** ,103

Sig. (2-

rigis) ,375 ,000 ,000

,18 ,000 ,44 ,000 ,342

16b

N 88 49 88 88,000 88 73 88 71 88

17a piarsonis

korelacia,127 ,259 ,231* ,142 1,0 .a ,17 ,043 ,039

175

Sig. (2-

rigis) ,182 ,056 ,015 ,187

,000 ,06 ,697 ,683

N 112 55 110 88 112 88 112 86 112

piarsonis

korelacia-,013 ,500** ,104 ,642** .a 1,000 ,06 ,252* ,180

Sig. (2-

rigis) ,903 ,000 ,342 ,000 ,00

,53 ,034 ,094

17b

N 88 46 86 73 88 88,00 88 71 88

piarsonis

korelacia,009 ,050 ,203* ,083 ,17 ,067 1,0 .a ,351**

Sig. (2-

rigis) ,926 ,716 ,033 ,442

,06

2 ,537

,000 ,000

18a

N 112 55 110 88 112 88 112 86 112

piarsonis

korelacia-,018 ,669** -,127 ,477** ,04 ,252* .a 1,000 ,043

Sig. (2-

rigis) ,867 ,000 ,250 ,000 ,69 ,034 ,00

,697

18b

N 86 42 84 71 86 71 86 86,000 86

piarsonis

korelacia,102 ,026

,268*

* ,103 ,03 ,180

,35

1** ,043 1,000

Sig. (2-

rigis) ,284 ,852 ,005 ,342 ,68 ,094 ,00 ,697

19a

N 112 55 110 88 112 88 112 86 112,000

piarsonis

korelacia-,047 ,316* ,004 ,256* -,14 ,079 ,07 ,379** .a

Sig. (2-

rigis) ,670 ,039 ,970 ,032 ,19 ,529 ,50 ,001 ,000

19b

N 83 43 81 70 83 66 83 71 83

**. korelacia aRsanioSnavia 0.01 doneze (2-rigis).

*. korelacia aRsaniSnavia 0.05 doneze (2-rigis).

korelaciebi

20a 20b 21a 21b

22

a 22b 23a 23b

20a piarsonis

korelacia 1,000 .a ,258** ,044

,19

8*

,09

6 ,240* -,052

176

Sig. (2-rigis) ,000 ,006 ,677 ,03 ,40 ,011 ,624

N 111,00

0 88 111 93 10 76 111 92

piarsonis

korelacia .a 1,000 ,304** ,259* ,17 ,16 -,016 ,438**

Sig. (2-rigis) ,000 ,004 ,022 ,11 ,18 ,884 ,000

20b

N 88 88,000 88 78 86 64 88 77

piarsonis

korelacia ,258** ,304** 1,000 .a

,35

4**

,07

0 ,191* ,149

Sig. (2-rigis) ,006 ,004 ,000 ,00 ,5 ,044 ,154

21a

N 111 88 112,000 94 11 77 112 93

piarsonis

korelacia ,044 ,259* .a 1,000 ,04 ,27 ,089 ,092

Sig. (2-rigis) ,677 ,022 ,000 ,67 ,02 ,392 ,412

21b

N 93 78 94 94,000 92 71 94 81

piarsonis

korelacia ,198* ,173 ,354** -,045 1,0 .a ,226* ,291**

Sig. (2-rigis) ,039 ,110 ,000 ,673 ,00 ,018 ,005

22a

N 109 86 110 92 11 77 110 91

piarsonis

korelacia ,096 ,166 ,070 ,276* .a 1,0 ,166 ,269*

Sig. (2-rigis) ,407 ,189 ,543 ,020 ,00 ,149 ,026

22b

N 76 64 77 71 77 77, 77 68

piarsonis

korelacia ,240* -,016 ,191* ,089 ,22 ,16 1,000 .a

Sig. (2-rigis) ,011 ,884 ,044 ,392 ,01 ,14 ,000

23a

N 111 88 112 94 11 77 112,000 93

piarsonis

korelacia -,052 ,438** ,149 ,092

,29

1**

,26

9* .a 1,000

Sig. (2-rigis) ,624 ,000 ,154 ,412 ,00 ,02 ,000

23b

N 92 77 93 81 91 68 93 93,000

**. korelacia aRsaniSnavia 0.01 doneze (2–rigis).

*. korelacia aRsaniSnavia 0.05 doneze (2-rigis).

177

daskvna

sabaJo kavSiri evrokavSirsa da TurqeTis saxelwifos Soris

mniSvnelovani SeTanxmebaa. aRniSnuli urTierToba evrokavSiris wevr

qveynebsa da TurqeTis saxelmwifos Soris ukve mravali wlis

ganmavlobaSi warmoadgens ganxilvis sagans. sakmaod rTulia arsebuli

kavSiris sargeblis Sefaseba ori gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone

jgufis arsebobis pirobebSi. TurqeTis saxelmwifosaTvis evrokavSiris

mniSvnelobis gasaanalizeblad mravali gamokvleva Catarda. evrokavSiris

wevroba TurqeTis saboloo mizania, romlis misaRwevadac man rogorc

ekonomikuri, ise politikuri moTxovnebi unda daakmayofilos. sabaJo

kavSirSi gaerTianeba ki erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani nabijia

evrokavSirSi ekonomikuri integraciisaken romelsac TurqeTma xeli

moawera 1995 31, dekembers.

sabaJo gaerTianebaSi gawevrianebam didi gavlena iqonia Turqul

eqsport-importze. eqsport-importis zrda ZiriTadad evrokavSirTan

vaWrobis gafarTovebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

analizma aseTi Sedegi gviCvena: pirvel periodSi (1990-1995)

evrokavSirSi TurqeTis eqsportis korelaciis koeficienti=0.97 romelic

gviCvenebs am periodis wlebSi eqsportisa da importis zrdas. pirveli

periodis eqsportis zrdis maCvenebeli (wlebs Soris) Seadgens 1 miliard

289 milions dolars da importis periodis zrdis maCvenebeli (wlebs

Soris) Seadgens 1 miliard 172 milion dolars. es Sedegi gviCvenebs rom

eqsporti ufro metad izrdeba vidre importi.

meore periodSi (1996-2000) eqsportis korelaciis koeficienti=0.95

romelic gviCvenebs am periodis wlebSi eqspotisa da importis zrdas. am

periodis eqsportis zrdis maCvenebeli (wlebs Soris) Seadgens 802

milioni dolars da importis zrdis maCvenebeli (wlebs Soris) Seadgens 3

miliard 47 milion dolars. aq ukve aSkarad Cans, rom importis zrda

ufro maRalia. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi TurqeTSi iyo ekonomikuri

krizisi romelic 2001 wels dasrulda. aman gamoiwvia firmebisa da

bankebis gakotreba romelmac imoqmeda importis zrdze da eqsportis

Semcirebaze.

178

mesame periodSi (2001- 20006ww.) korelaciis koeficienti=0.96 romelic

gviCvenebs am periodSi eqspotis zrdas. eqsportis zrdis maCvenebeli

(wlebs Soris) Seadgens 6 miliardi 54 milion dolars, xolo am

periodis importis zrdis maCvenebeli (wlebs Soris) Seadgens 8 miliard

385 milion dolars. aq ukve eqsporti iwyebs swraf zrdas da uaxlovdeba

importis zrdas. amis safuZvels warmoadgens Turquli kompaniebis mier

evro standartebis miReba da gaziareba. isini Seewyvnen sabaJo SeTanxmebis

Semdeg Camoyalibebul kanonmdeblobas ris Sedegadac gaizarda maTi

konkurentunarianoba evropul firmebTan.

monacemebi gviCveneben rom TurqeTis eqxporti stabiluri gaxda

evropasTan vaWrobaSi. es adasturebs, rom TurqeTis gadawyvetilebam

evropasTan sabaJo gaerTianebis Sesaxeb dadebiTad imoqmeda TurqeTis

eqsportze.

TurqeTSi pirvel periodSi (1990-1995) importis korelaciis

koeficienti=0.63, meore periodis (1996-2000) korelaciis koeficienti=0.08,

mesame periodSi (2001-2006) korelaciis koeficienti=0.96. imports SedarebiT

dabali Sedegebi aqvs, vidre eqsports. esec adasturebs, rom sabaJo

kavSirma TurqeTisTvis ufro momgebiani Sedegebi moitana. amas azustebs

gamokixvis Sedegebi. SekiTxvam -TurqeTi gaxda evrokavSiris firmebisTvis

satranzito qveyana saidanac isini gadaitanen produqtebs centralur

aziaSi da Savi zRvis regionSi- miiRo 2.94 saSualo qula (mean score,

romelis aris 1dan 5- amde), romelic meore maRali Sedegia gamokiTxvis

SedegebSi. mesame adgils ikavebs SekiTxva ‘firmebis sargebeli gaizarda

savaWro kavSiris Semdeg’ 2.91 saSualo quliT. am Sedegebis Sedareba

cxadyofs, rom TurqeTis eksporti da kompaniebis pasuxebi emTxveva

erTmaneTs. aseve Turquli kompaniebis warmomadgenlebi optimisturad

arian ganwyobili sabaJo kavSiris mimarT. amas Cven vazustebT faqtoris

analizis mixedviT. SekiTxvebma am farglebis mimarT miiRo meore yvelaze

maRali qulebi. mesame jgufis ganmazogadebeli punqti – “pozitiuri

midgoma sabaJo kavSiris mimarT” – aseve adasturebs kompaniebis

warmomadgenelebis damokidebulebas sabaJo kavSirisadmi.

miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sabaJo

gaerTianebis Seqmnam da amis Sedegad sabaJo tarifebis cvlilebam

179

gamoiwvia Turquli vaWrobis mimarTulebis Secvla evrokavSiris arawevri

qveynebidan misi wevri qveynebisaken.

empiriuli analizis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom Turquli eqsport-

importis didi nawili evrokavSiris qveynebze modis da sabaJo

gaerTianebaTa Seqmnis Semdeg am qveynebTan sabaJo urTierTobaTa wili

Turqul sabaJo urTierTobebSi mudmivad izrdeba. mocemul regresiul

analizSi pirdapir ar sCans, magram igulisxmeba iseTi faqtorebis

pozitiuri zegavlena, rogoricaa: politikuri stabiluroba, kanonis

uzenaesoba, mTavrobis efeqturoba da sabaJo partniorebis swori arCevani.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda respodentTa 16%-is pesimisturi

ganwyoba sabaJo kavSiris mimarT, optimisturi ganwyoba sabaJo kavSiris

mimarT gamoavlina respondentTa 14%-ma, xolo TanamSromlobis survili

10%-ma. aRniSnuli Sedegebi respodentTa umravlesobis sabaJo kavSiris

mimarT dadebiTi ganwyobis maCvenebelia. maTi azriT, sabaJo kavSirSi

gaerTianeba Turquli firmebisaTvis ufro aqtiuri TanamSromlobisa da

gazrdili SesaZleblobebis sawindaria, rac gamoixateba evropasTan da

danarCen msofliosTan myari savaWro kavSiris arsebobiTa da axali

bazrebis aTvisebiT. saboloo jamSi es xels uwyobs Turquli maRali

xarisxis produqciis gamartivebul reJimSi realizacias.

kvlevebma gamoavlina adgilobrivi respondenti kompaniebis

ganwyoba, maTi azriT, arsebuli adgilobrivi bazari sakmarisia maT mier

warmoebuli produqciis realizaciisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac sabaJo

gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufali ucxouri produqcia da momsaxureba Semovida

Turqul bazarze, adgilobrivi mewarmeebi konkurentul garemoSi

aRmoCndnen, rac Tavis mxriv, axali bazrebis moZiebisa da produqciis

xarisxis gazrdis pirobas warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom TurqeTi

msofilio savaWro organizaciis wevri qveyanaa da aRniSnuli

organizaciis zogierTi moTxovna Zalian axlosaa sabaJo kavSiris

moTxovnebTan. amdenad, TurqeTis saxelmwifos SedarebiT gauadvilda

savaWro organizaciis moTxovnebis Sesruleba.

mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, evrokavSiris srul wevrobamde sabaJo

kavSirSi gaerTianeba Secdoma iyo. aRniSnul mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba

respondentTa umravlesoba (2.31 qula- maqsimaluria 5 qula). zogierTi

mkvlevaris azriT ki, sabaJo kavSiri gacilebiT meti sargeblis momtani

180

iqneba evrokavSirSi TurqeTis srulad gawevrianebisaTvis. respondentTa

umravlesobis pasuxebi arc aRniSnul mosazrebaze iyo dadebiTi (2.21-

maqsimaluria 4 qula), Tumca orive mosazrebaze mosalodneli iyo

respondentTa dadebiTi Sefaseba.

1980 wlidan TurqeTis sabaJo urTierTobaTa wili evrokavSiris

qveynebTan Seadgenda saerTo sabaJo moculobis 50%-ze mets. vaWrobis

moculobis zrdisa da sabaJo mimarTulebebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis

mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom TurqeTisa da evrokavSiris sabaJo

gaerTianebis Sedegad moxda ekonomikuri keTildReobis zrda. empiriuli

kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze damtkicda, rom valutis realuri gacvliTi

kursis efeqturma kontrolma, rac eqsport-imoportis moTxovnisa da

Semosavlis donis ganmsazRvrelia, ganapiroba sabaJo gaerTianebis

arsebobis periodSi TurqeTis savaWro moculobis zrda. rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, monacemebi dayofil iqna sam periodad. sabaJo kavSiris

SeTanxmebis momdevno wlebSi ar aRiniSneba mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi,

rac SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom aseTi tipis SeTanxmebas sWirdeba

garkveuli periodi gavlenis mosaxdenad, saWiroa moxdes Segueba axal

sabazro garemosTan da Sesruldes SeTanxmebis pirobebi. 2001 wlis

finansuri krizisis Semdeg Turquli liris hiperinflaciis Sedegad moxda

eqsportis swrafi zrda. eqsportis moculobis mkveTri zrdis kidev erTi

mizezi sabaJo kavSiris pirobebis Sesruleba gaxda. TiTqmis yvela

sawarmom daakmayofila xarisxTan da sxva standartebTan dakavSirebuli

moTxovnebi. kvlevis Sedegad aseve damtkicda, rom maRali politikuri

arastabilurobis, magram ukeTesi menejmentis mqone qveynebs sxva

qveynebTan SedarebiT ufro aqtiuri sabaJo urTierToba hqondaT

TurqeTTan.

sabaJo SeTanxmebis orive mxare pasuxismgebelia, daicvas saerTo

intresebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Turqulma sawarmoebma SeTanxmebis sawyis

periodSi zarali ganicades, maTi samomavlo ganwyoba aRniSnuli

SeTanxnmebis mimarT dadebiTia.

meore kvleva moicavs qarTuli kompaniebis damokidebulebas

regionuli integraciisa da BSEC-is mimarT. igi ganixilavs warmatebul

da momavalSi momgebian seqtorebs. respodenti kompaniebis gamokiTxvis

Sedegad SeiniSneba urTierTkavSiri regionisa da saqarTvelos

181

ganviTarebas Soris (r=.32.p=.01). nebismieri uaryofiTi movlena regioSi

gavlenas axdens maT biznes saqmianobaze, xolo es TanamSromloba miiCneva

regionSi stabilurobis garantad. aseve mniSvnelovani sakiTxia

monawileTa samomavlo xedva. maTi azriT, BSEC-i evrokavSirSi

gawevrianebis winapirobaa. qarTuli firmebi mzad arian ucxour

kompaniebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. gamokiTxvis Sedegad yvelaze maRali

Sualeduri Sefaseba miiRo punqtma- “Savi zRvis regionis qveynebis

centraluri mTavrobebisa da Tqveni sawarmos erTiani ZalisxmeviT

SesaZlebelia problemebis gadalaxva” - 3.92. es Sedegi giCvenebs, rom

saWiroa kompaniebisa da saxelmwifoebis erTiani moqmedeba. am Sedegs

adasturebs faqtoruli analizis firveli faqtori - saerTo regionuli

politikas eniWeba yevelaze maRali - 13.9 procenti, es metyvelebs imaze,

rom respodentebis azriT es faqtori yvelaze mniSnelovania. meore

faqtori - respodentebs Soris meore adgils ikavebs Savi zRvis regionul

ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi – 11.5 procentiT, igi

gansazRravs qveynebis centraluri da adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier

gatarebul, ekonomikis SemzRudavi, politikis kursis siZneleebs,

romelic iqmneba regionSi arsebul qveynebSi.

mesame faqtori - regionuli integraciis Sedegebi ikaveben mesame

adgils 10.7 procentiT, radgan respodentebi Tvlian, rom regionaluri

ganviTareba xels uwyobs sakuTari kompaniis ganviTarebas.

meoTxe faqtori - regionis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba xasiaTdeba arc

ise maRali SedegiT- 7.8 procentiT. es faqtori moicavs bolo aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelosa da Savi zRvis regionSi arsebuli

industriuli ganviTarebis dabal maCveneblebs.

mexuTe faqtori - regionis potenciali gansazRvrulia 7.7

procentiT. es dabali Sedegi mianiSnebs imaze, rom respodentebis

umetesobas ar miaCniaT rom unda iyon regionSi industriuli

ganviTarebis aqtiuri wevri.

yvelaze dabali procentuli monacemebiT respodentebis azriT

ganisazRra meeqvse- regionuli integraciis mimarT arsebuli SezRudvebis

faqtori – 5.9 procentiT, romelic miuTiTebs regionSi arsebuli

SezRudvebis simcireze.

182

Catarebuli klevis Sedegad, isini Tvlian rom ZiriTadi

ekonomikuri winsvla qveyanaSi 2003-2008 wlebSi vardebis revoluciis

Semdeg moxda. respondentTa 84.4 procentis azriT, saqarTvelos axalma

mTavrobam gaamarTla biznes kompaniebis molodini. mniSvnelovani

sakiTxia aRniSnul periodSi ruseTis mier sazRvrebis Caketva, maSin,

roca ruseTis bazari udidesi iyo qarTuli Rvinis eqsportis

TvalsazrisiT. yvelaze warmatebulad meorad industriaSi dasaxelda

mSenebloba 34.8 %, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze warmatebul

pirvelad seqtorad miCneulia soflis meurneoba 36.6% da momaval

yvelaze momgebian seqtorad dasaxelebulia turizmi - 17.9 %. maTi azriT,

Savi zRvis regionis qveynebs gaaCnia integraciuli gaerTianebis

gaRrmavebis potenciali.

183

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190

danarTi 1. TurqeTis exsporti dargebis jgufebis mixedviT milion dolari

soflis meurneoba

qsovilebi da

tansacmeli rkina da metali

industriuli produqti

(sxva) sul

weli

Rirebu

leba

Shr.

(%)

Cha.

(%)

Rirebu

leba

Shr.

(%)

Cha.

(%)

Rirebu

leba

Shr.

(%)

Cha.

(%)

Rirebu

leba

Shr.

(%)

Cha.

(%)

Rireb

u

leba

1990 955 3,021 51.3 92 1.6 1,362 23.1 5,892

1991 1,052 18.3 10.2 3,265 51.9 8.1 105 1.7 22.4 1,386 22.0 1.8 6,293

1992 1,232 19.2 17.1 3,562 52.1 9.1 112 1.6 39.6 1,423 20.8 2.7 6,835

1993 1,457 16.9 18.3 3,831 44.4 7.6 133 1.5 65.5 2,604 30.2 83.0 6,835

1994 1,737 20.1 19.2 4,150 48.1 8.3 293 3.4 120.1 1,672 19.4 -35.8 8,635

1995 1,965 17.7 13.1 5,353 48.3 29.0 505 4.6 72.0 2,017 18.2 20.6 11,078

1996 1,854 16.1 -5.6 5,660 49.0 5.7 421 3.6 -16.7 2,110 18.3 4.6 11,549

1997 2,037 16.6 9.9 5,930 48.4 4.8 622 5.1 48.0 2,109 17.2 0.0 12,248

1998 1,941 14.4 -4.7 6,464 47.9 9.0 703 5.2 13.0 2,307 17.1 9.4 13,498

1999 1,901 13.2 -2.1 6,363 44.3 -1.6 818 5.7 16.4 2,562 17.9 11.0 14,348

2000 1,538 10.6 -19.1 6,469 44.6 1.7 908 6.3 10.9 2,730 18.8 6.6 14,510

2001 1,674 10.4 8.9 6,699 41.6 3.6 997 6.2 9.9 2,993 18.6 9.6 16,118

2002 1,632 8.8 -2.5 7,626 41.3 13.8 937 5.1 -6.0 3,340 18.1 11.6 18,459

2003 2,000 8.2 22.5 9,562 39.1 25.4 1434 5.9 53.0 4,389 17.9 31.4 24,484

2004 3,421 9.2 71.1 12,159 32.7 27.2 2593 7.0 80.8 5,612 15.1 27.9 37,214

2005 3,982 9.6 16.4 14,169 34.3 16.5 2,965 7.2 14.3 5,986 14.5 106.3 41,367

191

danarTi 2. TurqeTis importi dargebis jgufebis mixedviT milion dolari

soflis meurneoba

qsovilebi da

tansacmeli rkina da metali

industriuli

produqti (sxva) sul

weli Rirebu

leba

million

dolari

Shr.

(%)

Cha.

(%)

Rirebu

leba

million

dolari

Shr.

(%)

Cha.

(%)

Rirebu

leba

million

dolari

Shr.

(%)

Cha.

(%)

Rirebu

leba

million

dolari

Shr.

(%)

Cha.

(%)

Rirebu

leba

million

dolari

1990 295 2.3 506 4.0 1,508 11.8 4,958 38.7 12,809

1991 304 2.3 3.1 523 4.0 3.4 1,525 11.7 1.1 5,152 39.4 3.91 13,066

1992 315 2.3 3.6 556 4.1 6.3 1,562 11.6 2.4 5,263 39.0 2.15 13,479

1993 340 2.4 7.9 575 4.1 3.5 1,679 12.1 7.5 5,324 38.4 3.91 13,493

1994 229 2.1 -32.6

501 4.6 -

12.9 1,353 12.4

-19.4 4,457 40.8 -16.3 10,915

1995 790 4.7 245.1 828 4.9 65.4 1,852 11.0 36.8 6,774 40.2 52.0 16,861

1996 675 2.9 -14.5 1,379 6.0 66.5 2,081 9.0 12.4 8,848 38.2 30.6 23,138

1997 512 2.1 -24.1 1,611 6.5 16.8 1,873 7.5 -10.0 9,123 36.7 3.1 24,870

1998 477 2.0 -6.8 1,425 5.9 -

11.5 1,466 6.1 -21.7 9,011 37.4 -1.2 24,075

1999 489 2.3 2.5 1,318 6.2 -7.5 943 4.4 -35.7 8,223 38.4 -8.7 21,401

2000 479 1.8 -2.0 1,411 5.3 7.1 1,332 5.0 41.3 9,694 36.4 17.9 26,610

2001 304 1.7 -36.7 1,280 7.0 -9.3 1,004 5.5 -24.6 7,957 43.5 -17.9 18,280

2002 432 1.9 42.3 1,639 7.0 28.0 1,496 6.4 49.0 9,864 42.3 24.0 23,321

2003 564 1.8 30.6 1,806 5.7 10.2 2,407 7.6 60.9 12,931 40.8 31.1 31,695

2004 640 2.9 13.5 2,114 9.6 17.1 3,125 14.3 29.8 5,363 24.5 -58.5 21,915

2005 684 2.9 6.9 2,182 9.3 3.2 3,560 15.2 13.9 5,865 25.1 9.4 23,356

192

danarTi 3.

kiTxvari

gTxovT upasuxoT qvemomdebare SekiTxvebs “diax” an “ara”. dadebiTi

pasuxis SemTxvevaSi gTxovT gamoxatoT Tqveni Sexeduleba. Cven gTavazobT

skalas, sadac sakiTxi SeiZleba iyos Sefasebuli rogorc Zalian Zlieri,

Zlieri saSualo, SezRuduli an Zalian SezRuduli.

1. fiqrobT Tu ara rom industriuli seqtori saqarTveloSi gaizarda

bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi?

diax --------------------- ara ---------------------------

dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxveveSi gTxovT miuTiToT ramdenad?

Zalian Zlieri ------------ Zlieri---------- saSualo --------- SezRuduli ---------

Zalian SezRuduli -----------

2. CamoTvlilTagan romel periodSi miaRwia saqarTvelom ekonomikuri

zrdis umaRles dones?

1985-1990 -------- 1991-1996 ------------- 1997-2002 ----------2003-2008 --------------------

3. ekonomikis romelma seqtorma miaRwia zrdis umaRles dones am

periodSi?

agraruli--------- warmoeba ----------- transporti ----------- meTevzeoba da

miwaTmoqmedeba--------------------

turizmi ----------- samTo mrewveloba ----------- mSenebloba------------ sxva

(gTxovT daakonkreteT) ------------

4. CamoTvlilTagan romel seqtors aqvs zrdis udidesi potenciali

momdevno 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi?

agraruli -------------warmoeba-------------transporti------------meTevzeoba da

miwaTmoqmedeba---------

turizmi-------samTo mrewveloba-----------mSenebloba--------------sxva (gTxovT

daakonkretoT)-----------------

5. rogor fiqrobT, gasuli 10 wlis manZilze Savi zRvis regionis

industriuli seqtori gaizarda Tu ara?

Ddiax----------- ara-------------------


Zalian did gavlenas--------- did gavlenas -------------gavlenas------------ mwire

SezRuduli---------- umniSnelo gavlenas------------

193

6. CamoTvlilTagan romel qveyanaSi miaRwia industriuli seqtoris zrdam

umaRles dones? (gTxovT miuTiToT pirveli 5 qveyana, miakuTvneT

qulebi 1-dan (zrdis umaRlesi done) 5-mde (zrdis saSualo done))

albaneTi---------somxeTi-----------azerbaijani----------bulgareTi----------

saqarTvelo---------saberZneTi ---------------moldova -----------rumineTi------------

ruseTi-----------------TurqeTi ---------------ukraina----------------------12. serbeTi

7.gTxovT miuTiToT, eTanxmebiT, pasuxisgan Tavs ikavebT Tu ar

eTanxmebiT qvemod mocemuli frazas

Savi zRvis regionis wevri qveynebis samrewvelo zrda da ganviTareba

(saSualod) aRemateba igive maCveneblebs dsT-s qveynebSi Tu ara.

_veTanxmebi _pasuxisgan Tavs vikaveb _ar veTanxmebi

8.a) fiqrobT Tu ara rom, gasuli 10 wlis manZilze Savi zRvis regioni

pirveladi industriis ganviTarebaSi warmatebuli iyo? (pirveladi

industria moicas agrarul seqtors, meTevzeobas, metyeveobas, samTo

mrewvelobas da mompovebeli)

diax ..------------------ ara -------------------------


Zalian did gavlenas------------ did gavlenas --------------- gavlenas------------ mwire

SezRuduli---------- umniSnelo gavlenas---------------

zemoT CamoTvlil (miTiTebul) pirveladi industriis seqtorTagan

romeli gaizarda yvelaze metad? (SegiZliaT airCioT erTze meti

seqtori)

_agraruli -------------- meTevzeoba ------------------- metyeveoba ---------------

mompovebeli ----------------------

8.b) fiqrobT Tu ara rom, gasuli 10 wlis manZilze Savi zRvis regioni

meoradi industriis ganviTarebaSi warmatebuli iyo? (meoradi

industria moicavs mrewvelobas, mSeneblobas, turizms, da sxva saxis

servisebs (momsaxurebas))

Ddiax --------------- ara -------------------


(Tu Tqveni pasuxi dadebiTia, gTxovT miuTiTeT ramdenad?)

Zalian Zlieri-------- Zlieri----------- saSualo----------- SezRuduli ----------

Zalian SezRuduli--------------

194

zemoT CamoTvlil pirveladi industriis seqtorTagan romeli gaizarda

yvelaze metad? (SegiZliaT airCioT erTze meti seqtori)

mSenebloba ------- mrewveloba -------- turizmi -------- sxva servisebi

(gTxovT daakonkreteT) ---------------

9. fiqrobT Tu ara rom industriuli ganviTarebis deficitma ganapiroba

kvalificiuri muSaxelis imigracia Savi zRvis regionidan ?

K diax ------------- ara -----------------


Zalian did gavlenas--------- did gavlenas -------- gavlenas-------- mwire

SezRuduli------- umniSnelo gavlenas-------------

10. TanamSromlobs Tu ara Tqveni kompania misi zrdisa da ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifosTan

diax ------------- ara ----------------------




11. TanamSromloba industriul doneze warmoebs formalur -----------------

Tu araformalur ----------safuZvelze?

12. monawileobs Tu ara Tqveni kompania am dargSi mimdinare regionalur

TanamSromlobaSi?

diax -------------(gadadiT me-13 SekiTxvaze) ara --------------(gadadiT me-15

SekiTxvaze)




13.TanamSromloba xorcieldeba(warmoebs) formalur -------------- Tu

araformalur --------safuZvelze?

14. ra saxis iniciativebia saWiro Savi zRvis regionis wevr qveynebis

kompaniebs Soris TanamSromlobis donis asamaRleblad?

…......................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................

195

....................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................

…......................................................................................................................................................................................................

15- qvemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebidan romeli warmoadgens problemas

Tqveni dargisTvis? (waikiTxeT TiToeuli punqti cal-calke da miuTiTeT

problemis simwvave)

diax ara Zalian

Zlieri

Zlieri saSualo SezRuduli Zalian

SezRu

duli

centraluri

mTavrobis

mxridan dargis

SemzRudveli

politikis

kursi

regionuli

mTavrobis

mxridan dargis

SemzRudveli

politikis

kursi

regionalur

doneze dargis

gaviTarebisTvis

strategiuli

dagegmvis

deficiti

SezRuduli

finansuri

resursebi

araefeqturi

satransporto

196

sistema

kvalificirebu

li muSaxelis

nakleboba

16- TvliT Tu ara, rom Savi zRvis regionis qveynebis centraluri

mTavrobebisa da mrewvelobis dargebis warmomadgenelTa erToblivi

Zalisxmeva Seamsubuqebs am problemebs?

diax ara

Tu Tqveni pasuxi dadebiTia maSin miuTiTeT ramdenad iqoniebs zegavlenas?



17-TvliT Tu Aara, rom qvemoTmdebare yvela funqti aucilebelia

mrewvelobis warmomadgenelTa da Savi zRvis regionis saxelmwifoebs

Soris M ekonomikuri kavSirisaTvis?

diax ara Zalian

Zlieri

Zlieri saSualo SezRu

duli

Zalian

SezRud

uli

dagegmvis

saerTo kursi

gaviTarebis

saerTo

strategia

xarjebis gayofa

kanonebisa da

regulaciis

erTgvarovneba

moqmedebebis

koordinirebis

efeqtiani

197

ganxorcieleba

18- rogor fiqrobT SeuZlia Tu ara Tqvens kompanias zegavlena moaxdinos

mTavrobis kurze, Tqveni seqtoris zrdisa da ganviTarebis

gaTvaliswinebiT?

diax --------------- Aara ---------------------------




19- TvliT Tu ara rom regionuli ekonomikuri gaerTianeba (BSEC) gavlenas

iqoniebs calgeuli regionis zrdisa da ganviTarebis kursze?

diax ---------------- ara---------------------------




20- TvliT rom samTavrobo doneze saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromloba

Tqven kompanias gaviTarebisa da zrdis sruli potencialis maqsimalurad

gamovlenaSi daexmareba?

diax ------------------- ara-------------------------




21.a. TvliT Tu ara, rom B BSEC- s wevrma qveynebma industriuli

starategiis SemuSaveba da amis safuZvelze miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa

realizacia unda moaxdinon?

diax ---------- ara-----------------------




21.b. TvliT Tu ara, rom B BSEC- s wevri qveynebis sruli erTianoba

industriul ganviTarebis politikis SemuSavebaSi momgebiani Tqveni

qveynisaTvis?

diax --------------- ara -------------------------


198



22-TvliT rom BSEC- is wevr qveynebis industriuli dargebis

warmomadgenelTa erToblivi moqmedeba ufro met efeqts iqoniebs am

qveynebis mTavrobebTan molaparakebebze?

diax ------------- ara----------------------




23-TvliT rom ekonomikuri kavSiri wevr qveynebs Soris xels Seuwyobs

Savi zRvis regionis saxelmwifoTa politikuri kavSiris Camoyalibebas?

diax ---------------- ara---------------------------




24-TvliT Tu ara rom qveynis Sida samTavrobo struqtura da

koordinaciis dabali done xels uwyobs araefeqtian saqmeianobas Savi

zRvis regionSi?

diax -------------------- ara----------------------------




25-TvliT Tu ara rom mTavrobaTaSorisi TanamSromlobis ganviTareba

gaaumjobesebs SezRuduli resursebis efqturad gamoyenebis

gadawyvetilebebis miRebas?

diax ----------------------- ara------------------------------




26- gTxovT miuTiTeT Tavs ikavebT, ar eTanxmebiT Tu eTanxmebiT qvemoT

CamoTvlil frazebs?

veTanxmebi ar veTanxmebi Tavs vikaveb

Savi SRvis regionis

199

ekonomikuri gaerTianebis

arseboba SesaZlebelia

politikuri gaerTianebis

arsebobis gareSec

politikuri

TanamSromloba

araformaluri unda iyos

27-fiqrobT rom BSEC-is samrewvelo kavSiri zegavlenas iqoniebs

industriaSi arsebul amJamindel konkurenciis doneze?

diax ------------------- ara-----------------------------




28-gsurT Tu ara dauTmoT dro, gamoiCinoT Zalisxmeva da mxardaWera,

raTa miRweul iqmnas erTsulovneba BSEC-is wevr qveynebs Soris

industrul ganviTarebasa da koordinaciaSi?

diax ------------------- ara---------------------




29- xarT BSEC-–is aqtiuri mxardamWeri?

diax ------------------------- ara-------------------------




30-rogor fiqrobT ra aris wevri qveynebis momavali? gTxovT mogvawodoT

rac SeiZleba meti xarisxiani informacia.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------

200

gmadlobT guliTadi TanamSromlobisaTvis. Tu gsurT kvlevis saboloo

Sedegebis aslis miReba gTxovT mogvawodoT Tqveni sakontaqto

informacia.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

201

teqstSi gamoyenebuli abreviatura

APEC: aziuri da wynari okeanis qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba

BSEC: Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba

CAT: erToblivi sagareo tarifebi

CM: erToblivi bazari

CU: sabaJo gaerTianeba

EC: evropuli sazogadoeba

ECO: ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia

EEA: evropis ekonomikuri zona

EEC: evropis ekonomikuri sazogadoeba

EFTA: evropis Tavisufali savaWro zona

EMU: ekonomikuri monetaruli kavSiri

EP: evropuli parlamenti

EU: evrokavSiri

MFN keTil samezoblo rejimis

MU: monetaruli kavSiri

NAFTA: Crdilo amerikis Tavisufali savaWro SeTanxmeba

SEE: saxelmwifo ekonomikuri sawarmoebi

SPO: saxelmwifo damgegmavi organiozacia

WTO: msoflio savaWro organizacia

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