Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University
-
Upload
mitchell-jeremiah -
Category
Documents
-
view
19 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University
![Page 1: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements
3-8 June 2007Rutgers University
A simple differential production method of silicon utilizing organisms for future
use in lunar settlements
Satadal Das
Peerless Hospital &B. K. Roy Research Centre
Kolkata, India
![Page 2: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Silicon utilizing organisms are probably the fittest living creatures having a capacity of survival in extraterrestrial situations where they can tolerate more environmental stress and strain than their equals on Earth. One can also classify them according to their silicon utilizing capacity.
![Page 3: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Abundance of chemicals on earth and moon
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Oxygen Silicon Aluminium Iron Calcium Magnesium Others
%
Earth
Moon
![Page 4: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
It is well known that organisms with high silicon content can survive in extremes of temperature, pressure and radiation. In fact, Reynolds described temperature tolerance of silicon compounds in living creatures as early as in 1893. Thus organisms with high silicon content can aptly be utilized within artificial environments in extraterrestrial situations. There are distinct Silicon accumulator plants like Cyperaceae, Graminae, Juncaceae and Moquiles spp. Organisms like marine phytoplanktons, marine brown algae, ‘horsetails’, foraminifera and porifera contain enough silicon, in the range of 60,000-4,37,000 mg per kg dry matter, and bacteria contain about 180 mg silicon per Kg dry matter.
![Page 5: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
There is a long list of silicon utilizing organisms.
PROTOZOA
Chrysomonadida Silicoflagellida Heterochlorida Ebriida Lobosia Arcellinida, Arcella, Difflugia Gromiida
![Page 6: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PROTOZOA
Radiolaria
Porulosida
Oculosida
Centrohelida
Desmothoracida
![Page 7: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
SPONGES (PORIFERA) Hexactinellida Euplectella (Venus’s flower basket) Hyalonema ( Glass rope sponge) Pheronema Demospongia Cliona Poterion Pachychalina Spongilla
![Page 8: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ALGAEDivision : Chrysophycophyta
Class : Chrysophyceae (golden–brown algae)
Order : Rhizochrysidales
Chrysamoeba
Ochromonas
Class : Bacillariophyceae (yellow–green algae)
Diatoms
Class : Xanthophyceae (yellow–green algae)
Vaucheria
LICHENS –All variety, Crustose, Foliose, Frutiose.
![Page 9: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FUNGI Aspergillus Penicillium Alternaria Cladosporium
PLANTS Dryland grasses such as oats and rye Wetland Grasses Bamboo e.g. Bambusa glaucesscens Chlorophytum comosum (Spider Plant) Anthurium scherzerianum (Flemingo Lily) Calathea makoyana (Peacock Plant) Aechmea fasciata (Silver Vase)
![Page 10: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Spathipyllum (Peace Lily) Nephrolepsis exaltata (Boston Fern) Asparagus seteceus (Asparagus Fern) Equisetum arvense (Horsetail) Bambusa glaucescens (Bamboo) Agave Americana (Century Plant) Chamaedorea elegans (Parlor Palm) Codiaeum variegatium (Croton) Howea forsteriana (Kentia Palm) Schefflera actinophylla (Umbrella Tree)
![Page 11: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Syngonium podophyllum (Arrowhead Plant) Hedera helix (Ivy) Cordyline terminalis (Ti plant) good luck plant Hedera helix (Tree Ivy, Pia) Hypoestes phyllostachya (Pink Splash) Gynura aurantiaca (Purple Passion) Ficus benjamina (Weeping Fig) Philodendron scandens (Philodendron) Acalypha pendula (Red-hot cat’s tail) Aglaonema commutatum (Chinese Evergreen) Cyperus alternifolius (Umbrella Sedge) Peperomia clusifolia (Baby Rubber Plant) Epipremnum aureum (Pothos) Dieffenbachia maculata (Dumb Cane) Dracaena deremensis (Dragon Tree) Dracaena marginata (Dragon Tree)
![Page 12: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Rice Oryza sativa Sugarcane Wheat Citrus Strawberry Cucumber Tomato Rose BACTERIA Almost all gram positive bacteria
![Page 13: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
There are some similarities between carbon and silicon as they both belong to period IV of the periodic table. Although carbon compounds are abundantly found in living creatures on Earth and they are the basis of evolution of life on earth, there was at least a minor role of silicon compounds in the development of the primitive forms of life when the earth was quite inhospitable for the development of carbon based life. Trevors (1997) Bacterial evolution and silicon. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 71(3):271-6.
![Page 14: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Silicon utilizing organisms when cultivated
on medium prepared with carbon free
constituents containing little nitrogen and
phosphates they could grow better after
repeated subcultures probably with the help
of a trace amount of carry-over carbon
during inoculation procedures.
![Page 15: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
When silicon level was studied by
electron prove microanalyser after
thorough washing steps we find that
silicon in cells grown in carbon free
silicate medium was 24.9% while when
they were on conventional carbon based
medium they contain only 0.84% silicon.
![Page 16: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
In a series of studies by us we find that many gram-positive bacteria and fungi can grow on silicate medium prepared with carbon free chemicals. In almost all cases initial growth was earlier on silicate medium, however, further growth was not good on carbon- free silicate medium.
Das et al (1992) Metabolism of silicon as a probable pathogenecity factor for Mycobacterium and Nocardia Sp. Indian J. Medical Research (A) 95,59 – 65.
Das S (1995) “ Silicon utilization” – an important pathogenecity marker of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Japanese J. Clinical Pathology, 43 (Supple.), 261.
Das et al (2000) Role of silicon in modulating the internal morphology and growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indian J. Tuberculosis. 47: 2000, 87-91.
![Page 18: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Organisms(Gram positive bacteria can grow on carbon-free silicate medium)
Average no. of days required for appearance of growth on carbon free silicate medium
Average no. of days required for appearance of growth on carbon-based routine medium
Mycobacterium marinum
1 1
M.scrofulaceum 3 10
M. flavescens 3 5
M. gordonae 3 3
M. avium 3 10
M. intracellulare 10 10
M. terrae 5 5
![Page 19: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
M. triviale 5 5
M. xenopi 10 12
M. fortuitum 1 1
M. smegmatis 2 1
M. tuberculosis 3 7
Bacillus subtilis 1 1
B. pumilus 1 1
Lactobacillus casei
1 1
Streptomyces rimosus
5 1
S. venezuale 7 1
![Page 20: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Nocardia asteroides
3 2
N. braziliensis 3 1
N. caviae 3 1
Penicillium notatum
1 1
Aspergillus spp. 1 1
Rhizopus spp. 10 1
Trochophyton rubrum
3 1
T. violaceum 3 1
T. tonsurans 3 1
T. mentagrophytes 3 1
![Page 21: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fungi when grown on carbon free
medium they produced peculiar
morphological patterns which are
hitherto unknown to us.
![Page 22: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Streptomyces spp.
Aspergillus spp.
Penicillium spp.
Mucor spp.
Trichophyton spp.
Epidermophyton spp.
Streptomyces spp.
Epidermophyton spp.
Penicillium spp.
Aspergillus spp.
![Page 23: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Silicon utilizing microorganisms can grow in
anaerobic condition. They can tolerate different
types of radiations. It was found that although
there are some metabolic changes in silicon
utilizing microorganisms in radiation, its gives
a positive impact on the nutritional quality
owing to reduction of C:P ratio.
![Page 24: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Commercial gardening experiment in
international space stations indicated that
seed to seed life cycle is possible in
space. Plants may help in bioregenerative
life support system to perform chemistry
of life support. Plants not only release
precious oxygen but they also help in
recycle drinking water.
Microgravity situation may induce less
lignin formation in plants but this will not
prevent growth of these organisms
![Page 25: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
n um f
![Page 26: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
It was also found that when titanium is present the growth of silicon utilizing organisms were more on solid medium while the growth was less in liquid medium. This creates an unique opportunity on lunar surface where both silicon and titanium are present.
![Page 27: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Silicon utilizing organisms can thrive in sodium metasilicate (SM) solution as high as up to 4% concentration. To confine common silicon utilizing organisms from the environment for future use in lunar settlements one has to prepare SM solutions of four different concentrations- 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4%. After preparation of such solutions in plastic containers one has to keep them in a greenhouse for as long as 5 years. Different varieties of organisms will grow in different concentrations- from a light green color growth in 0.5% SM solution, yellow color growth in 1% SM solution, orange color growth in 2% SM solution and a scanty whitish color growth in 4% SM solution.
![Page 28: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Besides many unknown microorganisms,
algae are present in every solution but are
of different kinds. Diatoms of diverse
varieties are found in profound numbers in
0.5% and 2% SM solutions; plenty
unknown acid-fast bacilli are also found in
1% SM solution
![Page 29: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Growth in 0.5% Silicate Solution
![Page 30: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Growth in 2% Silicate Solution
![Page 31: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Algal Growth in Control and 0.5% Silicate Solution
Control 0.5% silicate
![Page 32: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Algal Growth in 1.0% and 2.0% Silicate Solutions
1.0% silicate 2.0% silicate
![Page 33: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Diatoms in 0.5% and 2.0% Silicate Solutions
0.5% silicate 2.0% silicate
![Page 34: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Anaerobic Growth Mainly in 0.5% and 1.0% Silicate Solution
0.5%Control 1.0% 2.0% 4.0%
![Page 35: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Unidentified Anaerobic Bacteria in Silicate Solution
![Page 36: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Unidentified Acid-fast Bacillary Growth in 1% Silicate Solution
![Page 37: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fungal Growth in Control, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0% Silicate Solutions
![Page 38: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Scanty Growth of Unknown Microorganisms in 4% Silicate Solution
![Page 39: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Control Silicate 0.5%
Silicate 1.0%
Silicate 2.0%
Silicate 4.0%
Phytoplankton other than diatoms
1.00 0.75 0.25 0.25 0.12
Diatoms 1.00 4.00(Macro)
1.00 4.00(Micro)
0.25
Gram positive bacteria
1.00 1.00 2.00 0.50 0.25
Coliform 1.00 0.75 0.60 0.42 0.12
![Page 40: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Control Silicate 0.5%
Silicate 1.0%
Silicate 2.0%
Silicate 4.0%
Acid-fast bacilli ─ ─ Plenty ─ ─
Anaerobic bacteria
1.00 4.00 4.00 1.00 ─
Biofilms with green algae
1.00 0.75 0.25 ─ ─
Main fungi Rhizopus Aspergillus
Aspergillus
Aspergillus
─
![Page 41: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Control Silicate 0.5%
Silicate 1.0%
Silicate 2.0%
Silicate 4.0%
Nitrate 1.00 1.22 1.17 1.72 1.55
Sulfate 1.00 1.53 1.58 1.42 1.65
Chloride 1.00 0.96 0.94 1.12 4.06
Iron 1.00 1.98 1.18 3.78 0.32
![Page 42: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
pH changes in Silicate solutions after Growth of Silicon-utilising Microorganisms
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Control Silicate 0.5%
Silicate1.0%
Silicate2.0%
Silicate4.0%
pH
![Page 43: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Phytoplanktons in Different Silicate Solutions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Control Silicate 0.5%
Silicate 1.0%
Silicate 2.0%
Silicate 4.0%
%
Green algae
Brown algae
Blue green algae
Red algae
Relative diatom masses
![Page 44: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Chemical Changes in Silicate Solutions after Growth of Silicon-utilising Microorganisms
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Control Silicate 0.5%
Silicate 1.0%
Silicate 2.0%
Silicate 4.0%
mg/L
Chloride
Sulfate
Nitrate -Nitrogen
Iron
![Page 45: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The south pole for our primary lunar settlement
![Page 46: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
A simple protocol may be followed to use these silicate-utilizing organisms in lunar settlements. After providing minimum essential requirements for life in lunar extraterrestrial situation, these organisms may be utilized. Otherwise the protocol may be followed directly on a lunar crater to allow the organisms to find out a suitable zone for their growth.
![Page 47: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Lunar Crater Protocol :
Step 1 : Microterraforming on moon
In the initial venture antibiosis between various species should be prevented. Thus phytoplankton should be used before zooplanktons. Diatoms of Eu-eurytherm variety of Nitzschia and Chaetoceros group may be selected initially. Then golden algae grown in 2% and then algae grown in 0.5%SM solutions may be scattered to boost up the algal inhabitants.
![Page 48: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Diatoms
Silicon-utilizing bacteria
Other silicon-utilizing algae
Eu-eurytherm silicon-utilizing algae
![Page 49: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Step 1a : Eu-eurytherm phase 3-12 months
Nitzschia Subcurvata
N. Curta
N. Cylindrus
N. Prolongatoides
N. Pneudonana
Chaetoceros Dichaeta
C. Neglectus
![Page 50: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Step 1b : High silicon utilizing algal phase 3-12 monthsAlgae grown in 2.0% silicateStep 1c : Low silicon utilizing algal phase 3-12 monthsAlgae grown in 0.5% silicateStep 1d : Lichens and gram-positive bacterial phase 3-12 monthsSub cultivations even blind passage may be done if necessary for 5-10 times during extending steps. This is because active and passive dispersal mechanism will be less on lunar surface
![Page 51: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Step 2 : Macroterraforming of moonImportant silicon utilizing plants (specific silicon utilizing strains) like horsetails, grasses, lilies, silver vase, spider plant and following that organisms (only extremophile variety) like rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes, protozoa, fungi and other bacteria may be added which will live in close association of small silicon utilizing plants and this process may continue.
![Page 52: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Dracaena deremensis
(dragon tree)Giant Equisetum
arvense (horsetail)
Cordyline terminalis (Ti plant) good luck plant
Chlorophytum comosum
(spider plant)
Anthurium scherzerianum (Flemingo lily)
Aglaonema commutatum (Chinese
evergreen)
Calathea makoyana (peacock plant)
![Page 53: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Step 2a : High Silicon metabolizing plants phase 1-5
years Dryland grasses such as oats and rye Bamboo e.g. Bambusa Glaucesscens Chlorophytum comosum (Spider Plant) Anthurium scherzerianum (Flemingo Lily) Calathea makoyana (Peacock Plant) Aechmea fasciata (Silver Vase) Spathipyllum ( Peace Lily)
![Page 54: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Step 2a :
Equisetum arvense (Horsetail)
Schefflera actinophylla (Umbrella Tree)
Hedera helix (Ivy)
Cordyline terminalis (Ti plant) good luck plant
Dracaena deremensis (Dragon tree)
Dracaena marginata (Dragon tree)
![Page 55: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Step 2b :Silicon accumulator plant phase – continued phase in close association of all previous organisms Rice Oryza sativaSugarcaneWheatCitrusStrawberryCucumberTomatoRose etc. etc.Step 2c : Introduction of rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes, protozoa.
![Page 56: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Artificial support protocol :
In this protocol silicon utilizing organisms may be used to support growth of non silicon-utilizing organisms and to produce a biosphere in artificial support situations.As it is not practicable to carry all essential nutrients for lunar settlements creation of such biosphere is essential for future survival of inhabitants in lunar settlements.
![Page 57: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Solar energy lights may provide occasional
exposure in long darkness
Regolith containing top
Iron frame with thick glasses inside the
outer border of regolith top
![Page 58: Rutgers symposium on lunar settlements 3-8 June 2007 Rutgers University](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813527550346895d9c925a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Welcome to the Moon