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Russia's Military Will Get Bigger, Better, Equipped and Trained.Military spending is set to rise by an astonishing 33% this year, according to the Associated

Press. That follows double-digit percentage increases in previous years, and will make it Russia’s highest defence budget ever, running to 4.2% of GDP, according to the Moscow

TimesAnd the West, NATO; to boost defence spending to the equivalent of 2.0 percent of annual

economic output within 10 years.

“In the course of snap combat readiness drills of the armed forces strategic rocket Tu-22M3 aircraft are going to be deployed to Crimea,” Russia’s Air Force is deploying an unspecified number of strategic nuclear-capable supersonic bombers to Crimea, according to a source. The major drills also include deployment of tactical Iskander ballistic missiles to the Kaliningrad exclave in Europe a source in Defense Ministry told TASS.

C: Allow me for a moment, in a imaginary world NATO SECGEN on a Monday morning sips on his coffee and tells SACEUR let’s have a NATO wide force mobilizations and readiness drill, to see if we are up to the task set by the political leadership of our member states. And let us inform Russia we do so. Contributing to the discussion Sir Adrian Bradshaw 1, second-in-command of NATO's military forces in Europe said: Deploying overwhelming force at short notice has become a hallmark of recent Russian military exercises and warned that as well as adapting to deal with subversion and other "hybrid" military tactics being used by Russia in Ukraine, allied forces needed to be prepared for the prospect of an overt invasion. "Russia might believe the large-scale conventional forces she has shown she can generate at very short notice — as we saw in the snap exercises that preceded the takeover of Crimea — could in future not only be used for intimidation and coercion, but could be used to seize NATO territory" so in all let’s do it. What they likely will see is that the forces assigned to NATO will not be able to do so, as they fail munitions, fuel, spare parts, - trained - manning and much more of it. Some of the nation’s defense ministers have to admit that their forces are not operational although agreed to do so. Others simply don’t have the forces they formally assigned: reductions2, disrepair 3 and sold out 4 - 5: as they had another – national - strategic view 6. We will never see an action like Putin did this Monday morning: a surprise force readiness call. While we neglected our agreed security responsibility 7 to the western people, Putin – despite troubled economics and western sanctions - managed to strengthen his forces and is showing it. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is more relevant than it has been for years. But many of its members are moving further away from meeting their defence spending obligations 8; neglecting the threats at hand: Russia, Ukraine, Baltic’s, Refugees, spreading Islamic extremism, foreign fighters, lone wolfs and their return to include the expending phenomena of the self declared caliph. We tell our people to have seen the urgency9: to boost defence spending to the equivalent of 2.0 percent of annual economic output within 10 years10. Just think how the global map could look like in 10 years.--

1 http://www.cnbc.com/id/102442785#.2 The Dutch Leopard tanks have been mothballed since 2011 due to budget cuts.3 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/07/germany-military-hardware-disrepair-exposure4 http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/snow-leopards-dutch-sells-their-remaining-tanks-to-finland-020936/5 http://www.army-technology.com/news/newsnetherlands-sell-cv90-vehicles6 http://www.defence24.com/news_dutch-leopard-mbts-for-sale7 According to NATO guidelines, member countries should spend at least 2% of their GDP on defence. Only four countries spent that much in 2013: Estonia, Greece, the USA and the UK.8 http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/ampp3d/nato-summit-members-not-pulling-41567519 http://www.army-technology.com/features/featurerussian-aggression-spurs-eastern-european-vehicle-modernisation-4387406/

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C; The real world facts; The Wales Pledge Revisited: A Preliminary Analysis of 2015 Budget Decisions in NATO Member States - 11 - by European Leadership Network.

"Our security environment has fundamentally changed," he also warned of the threat from the Islamic State and other extremist groups on NATO's borders, "To the south, violent extremism is at our borders. Spreading turmoil across North Africa and the Middle East and fuelling terrorism on our own streets," After years of cuts, NATO leaders also agreed at the September summit to boost defence spending to the equivalent of 2.0 percent of annual economic output within 10 years, largely driven by fears of a newly assertive Russia. "We have seen Russia over a period of many years increase their investment in defence despite financial problems" he said.   "We have seen that Russia is ready to use force," he added, citing Ukraine, and Georgia and Moldova, all former Soviet states which have turned to the West in defiance of Moscow. --- NATO head Jens Stoltenberg 12

"In the war against Islamic extremism, Vladimir Putin, whatever we may think of him as a human being, is actually on our side." Slamming the actions of the EU, Mr Farage added : "We directly encouraged the uprising in the Ukraine that led to the toppling of the president, Yanukovych, and that led of course in turn to Vladimir Putin reacting. And the moral of the story is if you poke the Russian bear with a stick, don't be surprised when he reacts." "Perhaps we ought to recognise that the West now faces the biggest threat and crisis to our way of life that we have seen for over 70 years. As an alternative plan of action, the UKIP leader suggested "we stop playing war games in the Ukraine and we start to prepare a plan to help countries like Syria, like Iraq, like Kenya, like indeed Nigeria, to try and help them to deal with the real threat that faces us." --- UKIP leader Nigel Farage said 13

C: While NATO and the EU countries are wrangling, discussing, holding the hand – for decades – on the military 2% GDP agreed wallet, and focus on the Russian Bear threat…The Daesh made it crystal clear; .."We won the day Europe and US dreamt of reclaiming Tal Hamis, Mosul, Sinjar, Tikrit, Qaim, Derna, Tell Abyad, and more," said the ISIS spokesperson 14. "On the other hand, we – with Allah's help – want Paris, before Rome and Islamic Iberia and after we blow up the White House, Big Ben, and the Eiffel Tower before Paris, and Rome," he warned. Adding to the list of achievements, al-Adnani threatened that ISIS had massive goals. "We want Kabul, Karachi, Riyadh, Tehran, Baghdad, Damascus, Jerusalem, and Cairo, Sana'a, Doha, Abu Dhabi, and Amman. The Muslims will return to power, to be the vanguard and lead in every place." --- ISIL spokesman Mohammed al-Adnani March 12.

C: While we in the west were asleep and looked somewhere else: Russia may be in the middle of an economic crisis, but the country’s defence budget is surging. Military spending is set to rise by an astonishing 33% this year, according to the Associated Press. That follows double-digit percentage increases in previous years, and will make it Russia’s highest defence budget ever, running to 4.2% of GDP, according to the Moscow Times. Russia is

10 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2054913/Europe-war-2018-As-Angela-Merkel-says-euro-meltdown-spark-battle.html11 http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/medialibrary/2015/02/20/04389e1d/ELN%20NATO%20Budgets%20Brief.pdf12 http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/nato-chief-warns-of-challenges-after-black-year-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=77682&NewsCatID=35913 http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_946_In-the-war-with-Islamic-extremism-Russia-is-on-our-side---Nigel-Farage.html14 http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4636569,00.html

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modernising a huge amount of its military equipment, much of which has been languishing with Soviet-era design for the past three decades. This includes new equipment for Russia’s ground forces, as well as new tech for its Navy and Air Force, combined with territorial expansion into the Arctic. The traumatic disintegration of the formerly integrated Soviet military-industrial complex (voenno-promyshlennyy kompleks, or VPK) , coupled with the sharp and sustained slowdown in government defense spending, left Russia’s post-Soviet defense companies with excess human and manufacturing capacities. Whereas the Soviet Union produced hundreds of modern tanks and planes, as well as dozens of new warships every few years, the newly-founded Russian Federation struggled to manufacture a handful of new systems. However, the surge in Russian energy export revenues in the mid-2000s, and the commitment of President Vladimir Putin to rebuild Russia’s military power, which was reinforced by its mediocre performance in the 2008 war with Georgia, is now showing results.

13 March 2015, “There are more and more snap exercises with no prior notification,”

Stoltenberg told the Guardian during a visit to London. Secretary general of security organisation, Jens Stoltenberg, says lack of communication with Moscow could lead to events ‘spiralling out of control’ Nato’s secretary general has warned that increasing numbers of Russian wargames, with no prior warning, combined with the withering of regular military communications channels between the alliance and Moscow, raises the danger of misunderstandings between the two sides escalating rapidly.Jens Stoltenberg, a former Norwegian prime minister, voiced his concern a few days after Russia pulled out of a joint forum with Nato countries for discussing conventional arms control in Europe.

C: If we just look back to 01 Dec 2014 15: MOSCOW (Reuters) - Russia said on Monday it would carry out more than 4,000 military drills next year, with the largest involving "tens of thousands" of servicemen next summer. Russia has increased the number of military drills to test and improve its military capabilities as ties with the West deteriorated over the crisis in Ukraine. Also 22 Nov 2014, Russia and China will hold at least two naval exercises in 2015, according to Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu 16. The exercises will take place in the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.  “We plan to conduct a regular joint naval exercise in the Mediterranean next spring,” said Shoigu according to ITAR-TASS, adding that “another joint naval drill is planned in the Pacific.” Shoigu’s comments came after a meeting with his Chinese counterpart, General Chang Wanquan in Beijing. He additionally noted that Russia and China are looking to form a regional collective security system in the Asia-Pacific region. The minister added that both Russia and China are growing increasingly concerned by the United States’ bid to strengthen its presence in the Asia-Pacific.

The Russian Army is also scheduled to receive some 700 armored vehicles (including a new model T-14 Armata Tank) and 1,550 other vehicles this year under the current 2011-2020 State Armaments Program (SAP) Throughout the SAP, the ground forces are supposed to receive 2,300 main battle tanks, 2,000 self-propelled artillery systems, 30,000 assorted military vehicles, and 10 brigade sets of tactical ballistic missiles. Many of the new fighting vehicles will be based on the Armata chassis introduced later this year.

In terms of strategic delivery systems, the SAP’s $50 billion allocation for 2015 will also fund this year’s acquisition of 50 nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). It will 15 http://news.yahoo.com/russia-carry-large-scale-military-drills-summer-2015-130849798.html16 http://thediplomat.com/2014/11/russia-china-to-hold-2015-naval-exercises-in-mediterranean-pacific/

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continue the practice of maintaining and developing a two-tier force of “heavy” large through weight liquid-fuelled ICBMs and “light” lower-payload but more reliable and mobile solid-fuelled ICBMs. This mixture provides the force with more warfighting options and makes it harder for an adversary to neutralize all these systems, which are receiving enhanced capabilities to overcome missile defenses. The SAP will also provide more batteries of the short-range Iskander (SS-26 “Stone”) surface-to-surface missile, the S-500 surface-to-air defense system, and continued research into hypersonic delivery systems and other advanced defense technologies.

The SAP 2011-2020 envisaged the delivery of 600 aircraft and 900 helicopters by the end of this decade. According to Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu, 126 new military aircraft and 88 new military helicopters will enter the inventory of the Air Force and Naval Aviation in 2015. In addition, the Russian Air Force plans to upgrade its transport planes, refueling aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and long-range strategic bombers (eventually replacing its three Soviet-era bombers with a single new plane, designated the PAK-DA) in coming years. It is also set to acquire more Su-35 fighter and Su-34 strike aircraft, and has plans to begin operating its first 5th-generation PAK-FA T-50 fighters in a few years. Moscow intends to market the T-50 globally as a cheaper alternative to the US F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. In addition to India, which is co-producing a variant of the plane, the T-50 could prove attractive to Egypt, Iran, Vietnam, and other non-NATO countries that want to have a top-line warplane but cannot afford, or cannot receive Washington’s approval, to buy the F-35.

After years of underfunding, the Russian Navy will receive five new submarines this year, more than the U.S. Navy has acquired in recent years. The new submarines include another Project 955 Borey-class strategic (SSBN) submarine (each of these “boomers” is armed with 16 Bulava ballistic missiles) and another Project 855 Yasen-class nuclear-powered attack (SSN) submarine, which has many automated subsystems and other cutting-edge capabilities. The Navy plans to develop and buy more of these boomer, hunter-killer, and cheaper multi-purpose submarines in coming years. In terms of surface vessels, the Navy will also procure more than a dozen multi-purpose Admiral Gorshkov-class and Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates in the next few years to supplement the aging fleet of Soviet-era cruisers and destroyers. Russia’s foreign partners have also benefited from the recovery of the Russian defense sector. According to Putin, in 2014, Russian defense firms exported more than $15 billion worth of arms to more than 60 countries, and signed almost $14 billion worth of new contracts The Russian defense industry currently has more than $40 billion worth of foreign contracts on its books. India, China, and countries throughout the Middle East and Latin America account for the majority of these purchases, and will remain the focus of sales efforts for the foreseeable future. In addition, the decreasing value of Russia’s energy exports has made Moscow even more determined to increase defense exports. Although the collapse in the value of the Ruble imparts inflationary pressure on the Russian defense industry, the depreciation also makes its arms exports less costly and therefore more competitive

And when we woke up: In light of the changing security environment, NATO has been trying to enhance its capabilities and the member states decided to create a Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF) at the Wales Summit on Sept. 4-5, 2014. More recently, NATO defense ministers agreed on the size and scope of the Spearhead Force within the VJTF on Feb. 5, though nothing has been implemented yet. While this discussion continues, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, in an interview with German newspaper Welt am Sonnta on March 8, sparked a new debate by arguing Europe needs a joint EU military force. During the interview, Juncker advocated that a joint military force would improve the

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EU’s international prestige and send a warning to Russia that the EU is serious about defending its values and borders. While the U.K. and France argued it might undermine NATO’s role in Europe, German officials supported it. Creating some sort of a joint military force in Europe is not new. The debate regarding establishing a common security and defense policy/structure in Europe dates back to the post-World War II era. The Brussels Pact, the Western European Union, the European Defense Community and the Fouchet Plan were among the early examples of such an idea.  

Military cuts would encourage ‘forces of oppression’ – “It would send, not least under current circumstances, a very, very bad signal to Russia, to terrorists, to others – an indication of what I would call retrenchment and retreat.” “It is quite the opposite [of what] we need right now. We need free societies, the liberal democracies, to step up to the plate and demonstrate a clear economic commitment to defense and security.”

-- ex-NATO chiefs, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer

Some of us have warned for years about the increasing size of the Russian military budget and the capabilities it was intended to provide. The threat of Putin to the stability of Europe's borders is a very real one. From the Baltic to the Balkans to the South Caucuses, Russia is developing specific vantage points from which it can destabilise NATO. None of this is an accident, but part of a well thought out and, so far successfully executed, strategy. NATO needs to watch its back door first.

--- Liam Fox is a former UK secretary of state for defence

10 March Moscow has announced it is "completely" ending activities under the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE). Russia’s participation in the treaty was first halted in 2007. "The Russian Federation has taken the decision to halt its participation in meetings of the [consulting group] from March 11, 2015. Therefore, Russia is ending its actions in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, announced in 2007, completely," a statement from the Foreign Ministry said. Moscow has asked Belarus to represent Russia's interests in the group starting from Wednesday, the statement said. According to the Ministry, the move does not mean that Moscow refuses to continue further dialogue on control of conventional armed forces in Europe - "if and when our partners are ready for it," the Ministry official said in the statement, adding that future work on the project

should serve the interests of both Russia and other European states. The original CFE Treaty, signed in 1990 by 16 NATO and six Warsaw Pact, set equal ceilings for each bloc on key categories of conventional armaments, with tanks, combat armored vehicles, artillery, assault helicopters and combat aircraft among them. For instance, under the treaty, each side is supposed to have no more than 16,500 tanks or 27,300 armored combat vehicles in active

units.

Russia's Military Will Get Bigger and Better in 2015 By Matthew Bodner Dec. 08 2014 Denis Grishkin / VedomostiA Russian T-90 tank crew driving their vehicle through Red Square as part of 2014 Victory Day celebrations.

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Despite a looming recession, Russia will increase military spending by 30 percent next year to a record post-Soviet high of 3.3 trillion rubles ($62 billion), cash that will be used to buy more aircraft, submarines, missiles and weapons for an ascendent armed forces.The increase, which takes Russia's spending on defense to 4.2 percent of gross domestic product, comes amid an ongoing crisis in Ukraine that has seen a return to Cold War-style rhetoric and the reinsertion of military posturing into international politics. Amid the muscle-flexing, the Russian military has had a good year. The Defense Ministry showed during the annexation of Crimea from Ukraine in March that it had successfully reformed its armed forces since the 2008 war with Georgia, when the Russian army looked disorganized and poorly equipped. With a 20 trillion ruble ($375 billion) rearmament drive that aspires to replenish 70 percent of the armed forces with modern equipment by the end of the decade in full swing, 2015 looks to be a year of breakneck growth in Russia's military capacity.Despite that, Moscow still lags behind the world's biggest players: The U.S. Congress last week approved a defense budget for next year of $584 billion. China's defense spending will reach $159.6 billion next year, according to Britain-based defense consultancy IHS Jane's.Russia's grand rearmament began in 2011. Since then, the military's modernization has progressed by 16 percent, according to news agency RIA Novosti. The target by the end of next year is 30 percent. A complete picture of Russia's 2015 rearmament plans is hard to pin down — a product of military secrecy and industrial uncertainty, according to defense expert Ruslan Pukhov, director of the Center for the Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, a Moscow-based think tank. The Moscow Times looked through Russian media reports announcing plans and contracts for some idea of what to expect.Land Forces Russia will continue to strengthen its ground forces in 2015. Although the troops seen in Crimea earlier this year were unmistakably better trained and equipped than they were six years ago in Georgia, they represented an elite contingent of the Russian army.The task now is to continue purchasing and upgrading equipment, and training soldiers. According to media reports, the Russian military has 4,000 exercises of various types and sizes planned for next year — 1,000 more than in 2014. Several new armored vehicles are expected to be unveiled during Victory Day celebrations on May 9, including new tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, and armored personnel carriers, officials have said. Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin said earlier this year that Russia's new Armata main battle tank would be among the innovations shown at the parade, though land forces head Colonel General Oleg Salyukov was quoted by the RIA Novosti news agency in October as saying the vehicles wouldn't be ready until the end of next year.Featuring heavy armor, a fully digital control system, and even the ability to be controlled remotely, according to the TASS news agency, the Armata tank has been billed by its maker as superior to all analogues in Russia and abroad. According to Salyukov, the tank will be tested by the military next year and go into serial production in 2016 if the army embraces it.A separate branch of the Russian military — the Strategic Rocket Forces — is also due for some upgrades next year, with deployment beginning of new Yars missiles. Yars missiles are reported to be an answer to U.S. plans to deploy missile shields in Eastern Europe. Intended to replace the Topol-M missiles currently deployed in the Russian military, the Yars are reported to have 10 independently targeting nuclear warheads, making them harder to halt. By 2020, Rogozin has promised that every missile in Russia's arsenal will be replaced with a new one.Navy One of the big winners this year was the Russian navy, in particular the Black Sea Fleet. Liberated from restrictions placed on deployment by a leasing agreement with Kiev before Moscow annexed Crimea, where the Black Sea Fleet is based, Russia has been investing heavily in its forces there. By the end of 2015, the Black Sea Fleet will receive

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a new Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate, two new super-silent improved Kilo-class diesel-electric submarines, and a handful of small Project 21631 missile corvettes. By 2016, six new Grigorovich-class frigates and six improved Kilo-class submarines will take positions in the Black Sea Fleet. In 2015, the fleet is expected to receive a handful of small Buyan-class missile corvettes, according to RIA.Moscow has been beefing up its presence in the Black Sea in response to what it sees as higher NATO presence in the area. As Russia's major warm-water port, Sevastopol is also an important strategic launching pad for Russian naval expansion into the Mediterranean Sea.Replacements for the Kilo-class submarines will start making their way into the water in next year as well. According to TASS, the second of the new Project 677 Lada-class submarines, named the Kronstadt, will be launched by the end of next year. The Lada class is a next-generation diesel-electric submarine, but some reports suggest they may be getting air-independent propulsion systems, which will make them even quieter and more effective than their stealthy Kilo-class predecessors. Meanwhile, the Northern Fleet has begun to receive new nuclear powered submarines of the Borei and Yasen classes, with more on the way next year. By 2020, the Russian navy is expected to have at least eight of each new nuclear submarine class in service in the Northern and Pacific fleets. Russia's new nuclear submarines are perhaps the most powerful of its new military hardware. The Borei-class submarines are replacing Russia's aging Soviet-era nuclear missile fleet, boosting the power of Russia's nuclear forces significantly, while the Yasen-class hunter-killer submarines are raising Russia's ability to hunt enemy submarines and surface ships.Air Force The Russian air force has been busy harassing NATO's eastern members this year, and plane-spotters in the West will likely have good chances of seeing stray MiGs, Sukhois and even giant Tupolev bombers next year. The air force's press service told RIA last week that the state defense order for 2015 includes 150 new airplanes and helicopters.These new units include bulk orders of Su-30 multirole fighters, MiG-29s, Su-34s and Su-35s. These are Russia's front-line aircraft, serving as bombers and dogfighting planes. Beyond combat aircraft, the air force is looking to receive several large An-148 transport planes and Yak-130 training aircraft. Training is a big overall focus, with 30 virtual simulators on order to outfit new training centers for Russian pilots.Also, according to the air force, we can expect to see more Ka-52, Mi-28, Mi-8 and related combat and transport helicopters, which will enable Russia to better support its modernized

ground forces. But these are all old designs. One of the more interesting developments to keep an eye out for in 2015 will be related to Russia's next-generation Sukhoi T-50 (also known as the PAK FA), which is still in testing. The T-50 is being built for both the Russian air force and foreign military customers, and is billed as an answer to the U.S. F-22 Raptor stealth fighter.As for ground infrastructure for the air force, the defense order is

reported to include new radar systems and deployment of the new S-400 anti-aircraft missile systems. The S-400 is billed as one of the world's best air-defense systems, with the ability to engage up to 36 targets with 72 missiles simultaneously. It is particularly targeted at countering the U.S. F-35 fighters and is said to have the ability to intercept ballistic missiles.

Russia to present more than 5,000 samples of new armaments at Army-2015 forumWed 11 March 2015 12:02 GMT | 13:02 Local Time

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Over 5,000 new armaments samples developed by Russia’s defense industry complex will be presented at the first international military-technical forum Army-2015, which will be held Moscow’s suburb Kubinka on June 16 - 19. "The forum will feature weapons and military equipment of the Russian Armed Forces’ services and branches, drones, robotic systems, biotechnology, laser technology, radio-electronic technology, security of military facilities, medical care, new fuels, complex laboratories, training systems and simulations," Russian Defence Ministry’s press service told TASS on Wednesday, ITAR TASS reports.

Russian S-300 missile systems capable of targeting near space 'enter service'Published time: March 12, 2015 11:02 Near space targets can now be hit by Russian army’s mobile tactical air defense S-300 and S-400 systems as a much anticipated long-range missile enters service. It is designed to engage hard targets such as nuclear warheads, rather than satellites.The news about a mobile version of an exo-atmospheric missile system has been around since the 1990s, and throughout the 2000s it was expected “in a little while.” But the result obtained is worth the years of hard effort. The new 40N6 missile guarantees a direct hit on a target at a range of 400 kilometers and at heights of up to 185 kilometers – effectively near space. This missile’s specialization is not soft targets like low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites with easily intercepted predetermined orbits. The 40N6 missile is capable of exo-atmospheric interception of IRBM (intermediate-range ballistic missile) warheads in their terminal phase, leave alone any aircraft target within the missile range perimeter. As for securely intercepting warheads of the ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile), this

task is going to be delegated to the upcoming S-500 Prometheus airspace defense systems that are scheduled to enter service next year. Reportedly, the final customizing of the 40N6 missile has been going on since 2008, which is explained with extremely challenging assigned task to guarantee the declared target kill altitude at maximum range. The media reported that the 40N6 missile passed final state quality tests in January 2015. A source in Russia’s Defense Ministry told Tass news agency that the new missile is going to be supplied “primarily to the Western Command,” the regions of Russia bordering NATO

member states. According to the source, the new sophisticated weaponry is “already into mass production.” It is not known at exactly which facility, however. An S-300 anti-aircraft missile (RIA Novosti / Valery Melnikov)

The 40N6 missile is a genuine breakthrough for Russia’s national airspace defense as it significantly alters the operational capability of missile systems already in service. Russia possesses approximately 2,000 systems of various modifications of S-300 Favorite and first-rate S-400 Triumph. One S-400 Triumph battery can attack simultaneously 36 airborne targets with 72 missiles, with a target’s maximum speed of 4.8 kilometers per second.

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The S-500 Prometheus is expected to have a range of no less than 600 kilometers and engage targets in low earth orbit flying at speeds of up to 7 kilometers per second, generally the top speed achievable by a ballistic missile at its highest trajectory in space. Deeply integrated with thousands of other air defense systems scattered throughout the country, they ensure deeply echeloned air defense of all vital military, industrial and administrative installations. All Russia’s S-300 systems have been upgraded to the latest versions as production of this type of air defense system has been suspended in favor of the manufacturing of the S-400. Now, with the 40N6 missile available, S-300 complexes are getting space defense quality. The 40N6 is also a common missile for combat army and site protection air defense. Until now Russia’s fourth generation top air defense missile 48N6E2 has had a range of 200 kilometers. With a 400 kilometer range, the 40N6 missile has similar characteristics with the US latest version of sea-based Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) Block IA-IB, which began service in April 2014 after years of hit and miss testing. The Russian Navy for decades has been operating naval versions of the S-300 system, namely the S-300 Fort F and Fort FM. In 2012, RT reported on the naval version of the S-400 and possibly the S-500 also being developed. Unlike sea-based (or stationary) SM-3, S-300 and S-400 systems are fully mobile and could be positioned virtually anywhere where tank-based propelling system could take them. This includes their deployment next to national borders, where with the help of 40N6 missile they can seize the initiative hundreds kilometers deep into the air space of neighboring countries.

Russia’s deployed nuclear capacity overtakes US for first time since 2000Published time: October 06, 2014 18:19

The nuclear submarine (APL) "Vladimir Monomakh" in the 55th Northern Machine Building Enterprise (FSUE) workshop "Sevmash" before being launched into the water in Severodvinsk.(RIA Novosti Russia has 1,643 nuclear missiles ready to launch – one more than the US – according to an official State Department report. Both countries have been upgrading their active nuclear arsenals since the outbreak of the Ukrainian conflict.The US report is based on official figures exchanged between the two countries as part of the New START disarmament treaty, and includes missiles deployed before September 1. The numbers show a significant increase from March, when data showed that Washington had a capacity of 1,585 payloads, and Moscow 1,512. The current figures are in violation of the New START treaty, signed in 2010 by Barack Obama and then-President Dmitry Medvedev, during the short-lived reset in relations between the two states, which prescribe a limit of 1,550 deployed warheads. Overall, the authoritative Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation believes Moscow

has more than 8,000 warheads, and Washington over 7,000, although not all of them can be allocated to efficient delivery systems. Russia recently announced a planned overhaul of its entire nuclear arsenal by 2020, as part of a wider rearmament program that has been budgeted at $700 billion. Although Moscow has not provided a detailed breakdown of how it achieved the upgrade of nuclear capacity over the past months, experts on

both sides of the Atlantic have speculated that the rise has been due to the armament of one – or possibly two – Borei-class nuclear submarines. The Yars land-based mobile missile system.(RIA Novosti / Vadim Savitskii) Those are equipped with Bulava missiles – widely considered one of the most expensive projects in

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Russia’s military history – which, after problem-plagued gestation, have finally been deemed ready for deployment. Russian President Vladimir Putin has recently boasted that the supersonic missiles, which can rapidly change their trajectory, cannot be shot down by any missile defense system in the world, however sophisticated. Russia has also invested in mobile Yars systems, and there are plans to revive the nuclear missile trains common in Soviet times. Washington has expressed increasing alarm at the Kremlin’s rearmament drive, with emotions running high after the Obama administration accused Moscow of violating the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) in July, with its Iskander class missiles, prompting sharp denials and counter-accusations from Moscow. “The Russian deception of negotiating a nuclear arms reduction while building up nuclear arms poses a direct threat to the United States,” Jim Inhofe, a member of the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, wrote in an editorial last month, accusing the US of reducing its nuclear forces as Russia races ahead. “It is too late to negotiate the Russians back into compliance. They have tested this capability and we have no way to know for certain whether they will deploy these systems.” While the figures may look alarming, the total numbers for both countries remain far short of their 1980s peaks, when the Soviet Union alone possessed over 40,000 warheads. “I don’t think we are on the verge of a new arms race. At least, Russia definitely won’t be part of it,. In our case, it’s just that the time has come for us to modernize our nuclear and conventional arsenals,” Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov told RT last month. “The US nuclear arsenal is somewhat younger than ours, but perhaps it is also time for them to upgrade it. I just hope that the US will abide by the provisions of the New START treaty, which are legally binding.” Russia to deploy fifth-gen fighters, S-500 missiles in 2016Published time: August 10, 2014 In 2016, the Russian military will start deploying two advanced weapons, the fifth-generation fighter jet PAK FA and the long-range surface-to-air missile systems S-500, chief of the Russian Air Forces said. Lieutenant General Viktor Bondarev gave an outline of his branch's modernization plans, including the build-up of Arctic infrastructure, in a radio interview with

the Russian News Service station on Sunday. The flight trials of PAK FA (T-50) will soon be over, and in 2016 the Air Force is planning to start commissioning the aircraft into service, the general said. PAK FA is Russia's first fifth-generation fighter jet built by the Sukhoi Corporation. So far five prototypes have been completed and are undergoing various tests. The fighter is scheduled to eventually replace Sukhoi Su-27s. “It took part in the [international pilot competition] Aviadarts twice and performed aerobatic flights in pair. I believe the

aircraft has a brilliant future,” the general said. T-50 fifth-generation multirole fighter (RIA Novosti / Alexander Vilf) Another new addition to the ranks planned for 2016 is S-500, a state-of-the-art long-range air defense system developed by Almaz Antei, Bondarev said. The producer is finalizing new missiles for the system, which would have advanced homing electronics. “The missiles will have a build-in intelligence system, which will analyze the aerial and radar environment and take decisions about its altitude, speed and direction of the flight,” the general said. S-500 is an advanced version of S-400 with dedicated components designed to intercept ballistic missiles at a height of up to 200 km. The system is expected to be able to shut down up to 10 incoming ballistic missiles simultaneously. It also has an extended radar range compared to S-400. Anti-aircraft missile system S-400 "Triumph" (RIA Novosti / Grigoriy Sisoev)

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Gen. Bondarev confirmed the previously reported schedule for the development of PAK DA, a new Russian strategic bomber. So far little has been made public about the aircraft, which is to replace Tupolev Tu-95s and Tu-160s as the backbone of Russia's aerial nuclear capability. It's rumored to be a sub-sonic flying wing design and may have a new nuclear-capable cruise missile developed for armament. The general confirmed that the Air Forces expect Tupolev to produce first prototypes of PAK DA by the end of the decade and launch series production in 2021-2022. In the meantime, modernization programs for Tu-95s and Tu-160s are enough to keep the Russian strategic bomber fleet in good shape and sufficient for the renewed long-range flight missions, he said. Arguably the biggest modernization effort required from the Air Forces is focused on the Arctic infrastructure. Back in Soviet times the military maintained a massive network of airfields and radar stations in the north, but they were neglected in the years following the USSR’s collapse. With rich Arctic resources becoming more accessible and a potential for a conflict in the area growing, the Russian military are rebuilding the Arctic bases. “We don't see any rivals in the Arctic now, but if a challenge comes, we must be prepared to defend this region. The presence in the Arctic will be increased,” General Bondarev said. Russia this year reopened the Temp airfield on Kotelny Island north of eastern Siberia, the general announced. There are plans to enlarge the bases in Tiksi, Alykel, Vorkuta and Anadyr. In the future, full-strength divisions and regiments of the Russian Air Force will be deployed in the north.

Russia plans to bring more S-300 air systems to EU border in BelarusPublished time: October 30, 2013 15:19

Belarussian soldiers near an S-300 surface-to-air missile complex using during the joint Russian-Belarussian military exercises. (AFP Photo / Viktor Drachev)Moscow is set to supply Minsk with more S-300 complexes to strengthen the external border under a project of merging the countries’ air defenses. The systems are to be deployed close to the Belarus border with NATO’s Poland and Lithuania.The Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu announced plans after meeting with his Belarus counterpart, Yury Zhadobin, where they discussed development and enforcement of combat potential of the Joint Regional Air Defense system (JRAD).

“We plan to increase the capabilities of Belarus air defenses with four S-300 missile complexes,” the Russian minister said on Tuesday.

March 4, Russia's new Richag-AV radar and sonar jamming system can be mounted on helicopters, ships and other military equipment to jam potential adversaries' weapons systems from distances of several hundred kilometers away; it has been hailed by developers as having no analogue anywhere in the world. At a presentation for journalists in Kazan on Wednesday, Russian radio-electronics firm Radio-Electronic Technologies Concern (KRET)

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announced that it is handing over the first batch of a new helicopter-mounted electronic warfare system known as the 'Richag-AV' to the armed forces.

Moscow Revamps, Re-opens Former Soviet Bases To Claim Territories

Troops engage in an Arctic airmobile assault at Kotelny Island, within the New Siberian Islands.:(Photo: Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation)MOSCOW — In order to secure its large swath of the resource-rich Arctic, Moscow has created a new Northern Command structure under which ground, sea and air units are being deployed to reopened Soviet-era bases along Russia's northern frontier. The Soviet Union maintained a formidable presence in the Arctic. It established a stretch of air bases for long-range strategic bombers and radar stations and anti-air batteries to keep American bombers at bay.With the Arctic becoming increasingly contested, and Russia's economy continuing its deep dependence on resource exports, Moscow has been beefing up its military presence in the region to assert control over as much territory as it can, reopening old Soviet bases and constructing new ones. "These efforts cannot be explained by any requirements that exist today or will arise in the near future," Anton Lavrov, an analyst at the Moscow-based Center for the Analysis of Strategies and Technologies wrote in Moscow Defense Brief, the center's monthly publication. "Russia is not facing any direct military threats from the north. Its military buildup in the Arctic pursues long-term goals rather than any immediate objectives," he added. Northern Joint Strategic Command The flagship project of Russia's Arctic pivot was President Vladimir Putin's announcement of April 2014 that a new Arctic command structure would be established to coordinate every military unit operating in the theater. This command went live on Dec. 1, and is known as the Northern Joint Strategic Command.Built upon the foundation of the Russian Northern Fleet, which was liberated from the Western Military District for the Northern Command, the new command will operate out of Murmansk and already wields a sizable naval force. The Northern Fleet, with its long history of operating in the hostile waters of the Arctic, allows Russia to establish a presence in the region. It has a substantial fleet of surface ships and submarines, about 40 each. However, Dmitry Gorenburg, an expert on the Russian Navy at the Virginia-based CNA Corp., said that anywhere from 40 to 70 percent of those vessels are no longer operational.

March 10, Russia under President Vladimir Putin is potentially the "single greatest threat" to Britain's security, Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond has warned. In some of the strongest comments by ministers since the crisis in Ukraine, Hammond said the Russian leader had decisively rejected efforts to draw his country into a "rules-based" international order and was now actively seeking to subvert it.He said that in the face of the "increasingly aggressive" stance of the Russian military, the effort to establish its intentions was now once again a "vital" element of the work of Britain's intelligence agencies - MI5, MI6 and GCHQ. "The rapid pace with which Russia is seeking to

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modernise her military forces and weapons combined with the increasingly aggressive stance of the Russian military including Russian aircraft around the sovereign airspace of Nato states are all significant causes of concern," he said in a speech to the Royal United Services Institute in London. Hammond said: "We are in familiar territory for anyone over the age of about 50, with Russia's behaviour a stark reminder that it has the potential to pose the single greatest threat to our security. Hence, continuing to gather intelligence on Russia's capabilities and intentions will remain a vital part of intelligence effort for the foreseeable future. It is no

coincidence that all of our agencies are recruiting Russian speakers again."

Readiness training. RT March 16, Thousands of Russian troops were put on alert Monday morning after President Putin ordered a surprise large-scale military drill to test the armed forces' readiness to counter challenges in the country’s north and particularly in the Arctic. The order to go into battle readiness mode was given to the Northern Fleet, paratroopers and units of the Western military district at 8am Moscow time (05:00 GMT) by the commander-in-chief. Some 38,000 troops, 41 ships, 15 submarines, 110 jets and choppers are taking part in the drills which focus on boosting Russia’s military presence in the Arctic and test how quickly special operations forces can be moved along large distances. “New military challenges and threats demand further boost of the military capabilities of armed forces and special attention is being paid to the condition of the newly-set-up strategic command in the north,” Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu told journalists on Monday. A month earlier, Shoigu warned that Russia could consider protecting its national interests in the Arctic with military means if necessary. “The constant military presence in the Arctic and the possibility to protect the state’s interests by military means are regarded as an integral part of the general policy to guarantee national security,” he said. During the current tests in the Arctic, the Navy will test sinking imaginary enemy battle ships during the games, Shoigu specified. This will also be the first time the Arctic Motorized Rifle Brigade, stationed in the Murmansk Region, will be put to the test. The drills will continue until March 21.

Military drills of varying complexity have also been launched all across the country. The Russian military base in Kyrgyzstan, Kant, is also taking part. Troops stationed there are testing their ability to locate an adversary in difficult climatic and geographical conditions. The Russian drills have been announced amid increased NATO activity near Russian borders, a cause of permanent dissatisfaction in the Kremlin. On Monday, the Russian Foreign Ministry expressed “deep concern” about the NATO drills taking place in northeastern Europe. Deputy head Aleksey Meshkov has warned that “such actions coming from the alliance can only lead to the destabilizing of the situation and stokes up tension.” Other drills involved 5,000 troops in Russia's eastern military district, while another exercise included another 500 troops from Russia's troubled North Caucasus region of Chechnya, the site of two separatist wars, wires reported. The exercises were meant to focus on fighting Islamist insurgents, whose movement to create a Muslim state has spread across the predominantly Muslim North Caucasus, fueled by religion and anger at local abuse of power.

(Reuters) - More than 45,000 Russian troops as well as war planes and submarines started military exercises across much of the country on Monday in one of the Kremlin's biggest shows of force since its ties with the West plunged to Cold War-lows. President Vladimir Putin called the Navy's Northern Fleet to full combat readiness in exercises in Russia's Arctic North apparently aimed at dwarfing military drills in neighboring Norway, a NATO member. "New challenges and threats to military security require the armed forces to further boost their military capabilities. Special attention must be paid to newly created strategic formations in the north," Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu said, quoted by RIA news agency. Shoigu said the

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order came from Putin, who has promised to spend more than 21 trillion rubles ($340 billion) by the end of the decade to overhaul Russia's fighting forces. Russia's drills would include nearly 40,000 servicemen, 41 warships and 15 submarines, RIA reported. Tensions between Russia and Europe worsened last year, leading eight northern European nations to promise to boost cooperation to counter an increase in Moscow's military activity.

Russia's Arctic Push 17 Russia has been ramping up its military presence in the Arctic, reopening abandoned Soviet-era bases, boosting its troop presence, building new facilities, and refurbishing infrastructure and air fields across a region that stretches from Russia's borders with Norway and Finland to the seas off Alaska. The push reflects a new emphasis under President Vladimir Putin on the Arctic as a region of strategic importance that is also rich in oil and gas reserves. The push comes as melting sea ice opens up those Arctic energy resources, prompting a scramble by Russia and other Arctic nations -- Denmark, Canada, the United States, and Norway - to stake competing territorial claims. Mouse over and click each dot to see details of Russia's Arctic expansion.

In the global geopolitical chess game, does size matter?

 

17 http://www.rferl.org/contentinfographics/arctic-bases-russian-map/26855818.html

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NATO Military Expenditure

Estimates based on euro to dollar exchange rate 1.12 as of Jan. 25. Poland 2015 expenditure figure includes F-16 repayment installment.

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NATO Member

State

2014 Actual Expenditure

(USD)

2014 % of GDP

2015 Projected Expenditure

(USD)

2015 % of GDP

Bulgaria $604 million 1,31.3 $565 million 1,161.16Canada $14.3 billion 11 $12.2 billion nullnullEstonia $430 million 22 $461 million 2,052.05France $40.90 billion 1,51.5 $41.2 billion 1,51.5Germany $44.3 billion 1,141.14 $41.72 billion 1,091.09Hungary $1.03 billion 0,790.79 $0.79 billion 0,750.75Italy $17.3 billion 1,21.2 $16.3 billion nullnullLatvia $252 million 0,90.9 $283 million 11Lithuania $359 million 0,780.78 $474 million 1,111.11Netherlands $8.7 billion 11 $9 billion nullnullNorway $5.8 billion 1,581.58 $6.8 billion 1,61.6Poland $10.4 billion 1,91.9 $10.4 billion* 1,951.95Romania $2 billion 1,41.4 Not yet announced 1,71.7UK $55 billion 2,072.07 $54 billion 1,881.88US $582.4 billion 3,63.6 $585 billion 3,43.4

Source: European Leadership Network

Russia’s Military spending is set to rise by an astonishing 33% this year, according to the Associated Press. That follows double-digit percentage increases in previous years, and will make it Russia’s highest defence budget ever, running to 4.2% of GDP, according to the Moscow Times.

What we forgot or ignored; how they did it. 08 Oct 2009 Cold War relics, Russia's 45 closed cities continue their proud military traditions facing an uncertain future. How will they adapt to new economic realities 18?

Secret Cities Gorod/gorsovet secret cities appear to be large manufacturing and research facilities, usually with populations above 20,000. The remaining twenty-one districts are designated as Posyolok Gorodskogo Tipa [PGT] or "Urban-Type Settlement". PGT secret cities are smaller, under 20,000 in population (often ranging down to only a few thousand). These secret urban-type settlements appear to be garrisons for military installations or research/manufacturing centers of secondary importance. Gorod/gorsovet secret cities appear to be large manufacturing and research facilities, usually with populations above 20,000. The remaining twenty-one districts are designated as Posyolok Gorodskogo Tipa [PGT] or "Urban-Type Settlement". PGT secret cities are smaller, under 20,000 in population (often ranging down to only a few thousand). These secret urban-type settlements appear to be garrisons for military installations or research/manufacturing centers of secondary importance. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War the Soviet military-industrial complex created a number of new other towns and cities for weapons development and manufacturing. The creation of such "town-forming enterprises" accelerated during the War, as much of the Soviet military industrial infrastructure was relocated beyond the reach of Hitler's advancing armies. In response to the immense challenge of the unfolding East-West arms race, Stalin decided to create dozens of centers of research and development excellence in the USSR. Some of these so-called "Naukograds" [Science Towns] were "Akademgorodok" [Academic Cities} devoted to basic research. Others were secret cities which were to provide the technical foundation for

18 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/rbth/6251328/Russias-hidden-past-inside-the-secret-cities.html

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Soviet military technology - sputniks, long-range missiles, thermonuclear warheads of extreme yield. Among the work performed in such places were chemical, biological and nuclear weapons research and manufacturing, enrichment of plutonium, space research, and military intelligence work. Collectively, these secret cities are known as zakrytye administrativno-territorial'nye obrazovaniia (ZATO), many of which were built by slave labor from the Soviet GULAG. During the cold war many of Russia's towns and cities, including some of its largest, were 'closed cities'. Anyone with a foreign passport was forbidden to enter, and many were even out of bounds to Russian citizens. These closed cities provided the technical foundation for Soviet military technology including chemical, biological and nuclear weapons research and manufacturing, enrichment of plutonium, space research, and military intelligence work. This meant that large numbers of highly qualified scientists and researchers were concentrated in these geographical areas, developing new technologies but isolated from the global research community. With Glasnost and the fall of the Soviet Union, all of the major cities were opened for collaboration in civil research and the slow process of breaking down the barriers of secrecy began. Such "secret cities" were known only by a postal code, identified with a name and a number. Originally, the number following the city was the distance in kilometers the facility was located from the city. In practice, the numbers were in some instances arbitrarily assigned, and changed from time to time, to obscure the actual location of the installation. Thus, the All-Russian Scientific and Research Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF) was initially known as Arzamas-60, a postal code designation to show that it was 60 km from the city of Arzamas. But the "60" was considered too sensitive, and the number was changed to "16." In 1947 the entire city of Sarov (Arzamas-16) disappeared from all official Russian maps and statistical documents. The facility has also been known Moscow-300, the town of Kremlev, and Arzamas-75. Zlatoust-20 is probably the same as Zlatoust-36, and Kurchatov-21, Moscow-21, Moscow-400 and Semipalatinsk-121 are almost certainly the same as Semipalatinsk-16. Many Soviet era defense plant are, in some ways, a throw-back to a US factory-town. The defense plant is a mini-city in itself, with its own apartments, doctors, clinics, restaurants, and power plants. Outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg, defense plant employees usually live in company apartments, shop in company stores, and eat in company cafeterias. Up to 80 percent of a defense plant's budget goes to maintaining these social services. The plant manager is often as concerned with making deals to bring in potatoes and bread to feed his people as with joint venture agreements, and these and other transactions are often conducted on a barter-basis. The "secret cities" share these characteristics, but they were separated from other urban areas, self-contained, and protected by fences and guard forces. The secret cities require a special permit for entrance, and are usually surrounded by a concrete wall. Personnel working in the Soviet nuclear complex were under heavy surveillance by the KGB, and underwent an intensive screening process, and their activities were closely monitored. Soviet-era control systems relied heavily on keeping personnel and materiel in secret cities and facilities, closely monitoring nuclear industry personnel, and severely punishing control violations. The facilities could grow to considerable size, with tens of thousands of employees and dependents. With schools, stores, and recreational facilities, these secret cities contained everything a normal city might have. The selection of goods was often much better than a normal Soviet city, a reward for the difficult lifestyle and secrecy required by the job. Many of these cities are now "open," but remain engaged in military-industrial work. In present Russia, 3 million people live in such naukograds. The problem is what to do with these cities after the end of the militarized East-West contest. Russians first heard officially in 1986 that there were dozens of closed cities and towns all over the country with more than one million people living in them. The process of

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modernisation is still nascent. The economy of the city depends on one industry – missiles and missile testing on a moonscape of steppe about 20 miles from the town centre. “The wall is not to make us close-minded, or isolated, but to provide us with a special status,” says mayor Victor Likh. “Since Kapustin Yar is the country’s major range for testing ballistic missiles and anti-aircraft systems, the government is paying 80pc of the city budget, which is now 1bn roubles – the biggest budget for a population of 33,000 in the entire Russian south.” However, when the Soviet Union fell apart, the government stopped almost entirely the financing of Kapustin Yar. There are currently 45 closed cities: it has been decided to open six of them. “With the military reform transforming the Russian army and the market economy booming, it is inevitable that most of these cities will open up,” says Alexander Golts, an independent military analyst. Such programmes as the US Cooperative Threat Reduction Programme and the British Closed Nuclear Cities Partnership are helping Russia and the West to open some of the doors and reduce secrecy. But it is clear that Russia will always have a few closed cities left – and Znamensk might be one of them. “Under constant threat of terrorism, the world will be moving towards deeper secrecy,” Sergey Markov, a Duma deputy, says. “As long as Russia remains the target of aggression, we will need to test our rockets and keep the tests behind the wall to provide secrecy.” As the sun sinks in the sky, soldiers and officers line up for their evening march. The songs they sing, “Katyusha” and “The Soldier Is Walking in the City”, drift over the town and signal the day is coming to its end. Aleksei Prudnikov is the commander of the anti-terror unit at Znamensk military range. “We are rocket specialists, the elite of the Russian army,” he says. “Thousand of missiles have gone through our hands… If not us, then who is going to keep Russia safe?” According to one estimate, there are at least 40/45 known ZATO, ten of which are dedicated to nuclear weapons development and production. In addition, there are thought to be at least 15 ZATO in existence that cannot be accounted for. Other sources suggest that there are thirty-eight localities believed to be secret cities. Seventeen secret cities are categorized as a gorod (city) or gorsovet, a rayon-independent district of a larger size that is largely urban, but usually containing rural locations as well. Gorod/gorsovet secret cities appear to be large manufacturing and research facilities, usually with populations above 20,000. The remaining twenty-one districts are designated as Posyolok Gorodskogo Tipa [PGT] or "Urban-Type Settlement". PGT secret cities are smaller, under 20,000 in population (often ranging down to only a few thousand). These secret urban-type settlements appear to be garrisons for military installations or research/manufacturing centers of secondary importance. Cities in bold are the most commonly used designations, while other entries represent alternative designations or entities of uncertain provenance. Cities in italic have been mentioned in only one source, and in some instances probably represent alternative designations for more well attested cities. All others have appeared in at least two different sources All cities are in the Russian Federation unless otherwise noted The following list is evidently incomplete in at least two respects. In many cases it is not possible to correlate the letter-box address with a specific facility or enterprise, though in more than a few cases there are several promising candidates in the area. Prominent examples include Naro-Fominsk-5, Nizhny-Tagil-39, Golitsyno-2, and Zagorsk-7. It will also be apparent that many classes of facilities, such as ICBM bases or test ranges, are incompletely represented in this list, though presumably they were all assigned postal code designations.

Secret and Closed Cities in Russia

Postal Code Name Local Name Oblast/Kray/ASSR Rayon

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??? Sibirskiy PGT Altayskiy Kray ??

Alkino-2 (NA) Bashkortostan

Arzamas-16 Sarov gorod / Kremlev Nizhegorod oblast Diveevskiy

Arzamas-60 Sarov gorod / Kremlev Nizhegorod oblast Diveevskiy

Arzamas-75 Sarov gorod / Kremlev Nizhegorod oblast Diveevskiy

Beloretsk-15 Mezhgorye Bashkortostan

Beloretsk-16 Mezhgorye Bashkortostan

Bologoe-4 Ozernyy PGT Tver oblast Bologovskiy

Chelyabinsk-40 Ozersk gorod Chelyabinsk oblast Kyshtym gorsovet

Chelyabinsk-65 Ozersk gorod Chelyabinsk oblast Kyshtym gorsovet

Chelyabinsk-70 Snezhinsk gorod Chelyabinsk oblast Kaslinskiy

Chelyabinsk-95 (NA) Chelyabinsk oblast

Chelyabinsk-115 (NA) Chelyabinsk oblast

Chelyabinsk [?] Trezhinsk gorod Chelyabinsk oblast ???

Chita-46 Gornyy PGT Chita oblast Uletovskiy

Dombrovskiy-3 Komarovskiy PGT Orenburg oblast Yasnenskiy

Golitsino-2 Krasnoznamensk gorod Moscow oblast Odintsovskiy

Kapustin Yar-1 Znamensk gorod Astrakhan oblast Akhtubinskiy

Kartaly-6 Lokomotovnyy PGT Chelyabisnk oblast Kartalinskiy

Kosulino-1 Ural'skiy PGT Sverdlovsk oblast ???

Krasnoyarsk-25 (NA) (NA)

Krasnoyarsk-26 Zheleznogorsk gorod Krasnoyarsk kray Berezovskiy

Krasnoyarsk-35 Podgornyy PGT Krasnoyarsk kray ???

Krasnoyarsk-45 Zelenogorsk gorod Krasnoyarsk kray Rybinskiy

Krasnoyarsk-66 Kedrovyy PGT Krasnoyarsk kray ???

Krasnoyarsk-95 (NA) (NA)

Kurchatov-21 (NA) Semipalatinsk oblast, Kazakhstan

Mirnyy Mirnyy gorod Arkhangelsk oblast Plesetskiy

Moscow-21 (NA) Semipalatinsk oblast, Kazakhstan

Moscow-300 Kremlev Nizhegorod oblast

Moscow-400 (NA) Semipalatinsk oblast, Kazakhstan

Murmansk-60 Snezhogorsk gorod Murmansk oblast Polyarnye

Murmansk-130 Skalistyy gorsovet Murmansk oblast Polyarnye

Murmansk-140 Ostrovnoy gorsovet Murmansk oblast Levozerskiy

Murmansk-150 Zaozersk gorod Murmansk oblast Kol'skiy

Naro-Fominsk-5 Molodezhnyy PGT Moscow oblast Naro-Fominskiy

Novopetrovsk-2 Voskhod PGT Moscow oblast ???

Nizhny-Tagil-39 Svobodnyy PGT Sverdlovsk oblast Nizhniy Tagil gorod

Olovyannaya-4 (NA) Chita oblast

Ostashkov[?] Solnechnyy PGT Tverskaya Oblast Ostashkovskiy

Penza-19 Zarechnyy gorod Penza oblast Kuznetskiy

Perm'-76 Zvezdnyy PGT Perm' oblast ???

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy-35 Vulkanniy PGT Kamchatka oblast Elizovskiy

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy-50 Vilyuchinsk gorod Kamchatka oblast Elizovskiy

Plesetsk Plesetsk Arkhangelsk oblast Plesetskiy

Semipalatinsk-16 Kurchatov Semipalatinsk oblast, Kazakhstan

Semipalatinsk-121 Kurchatov Semipalatinsk oblast, Kazakhstan

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Severodvinsk Severodvinsk Arkhangelsk oblast

Shkotovo-17 Fokino PGT Primorskiy kray Shkotovskiy

Shkotovo-22 Dunai Primorskiy kray

Shkotovo-26 Putyatin Primorskiy kray

Sosnovoborsk Podgornyy PGT Krasnoyarsk kray ???

Stupino-7 Prioksk PGT Moscow oblast Stupinskiy

Sverdlovsk-44 Novoural'sk gorod Sverdlovslast Nev'yanskiy

Sverdlovsk-45 Lesnoy gorod Sverdlovsk oblast Nizhniy Tura gorsovet

Svobodnyy-18 Ugelgorsk PGT Amur oblast Svobodnenskiy

Tatishchevo-5 Svetlyy PGT Saratov oblast Tatishchevskiy

Tomsk-7 Seversk gorod Tomsk oblast Tomskiy

Uzhur-4 Solnechnyy PGT Krasnoyarsk kray Uzhurskiy

Yur'ya-2 Pervomayskiy PGT Kirov oblast Yur'yanovskiy

Zagorsk-7 (NA) (NA)

Zlatoust-20 Trekhgornyy Chelyabisnk oblast

Zlatoust-36 Trekhgornyy Chelyabinsk oblast

References Secret and Closed Cities in the Russian Federation by the Center for Post Soviet Studies.This list of

known secret or closed cities was originally compiled by Dr. Murray Feshbach and his research staff: Doug Goudie, Janel Lardizabel, Cathy Schaidler and Niki Gallozzi. The data was taken from a wide variety of Russian-language sources, including newspapers, journals and books. It appears as Appendix A in Dr. Murray Feshbach's Ecological Disaster: Cleaning up the Hidden Legacy of the Soviet Regime (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1995, pp. 110-111).

POST-SOVIET TRANSITION AND RUSSIA'S "SECRET CITIES" By Trey Whittenton Russian Administrative Districts The Ethnic Territories of Russia GIS Project, Dr. Robert J. Kaiser

also includes an interesting discussion of Rayon-Level Population Data Limitations and Considerations Don't Play With Nuclear Fire. The Open `Wounds' of the Closed Cities, Anatoliy Pokrovskiy,

PRAVDA, 12/2/1995 -- Discussion of Russia's closed cities in the post-Cold War era. From Nuclear War to the War of the Markets, Pilar Bonet, EL PAIS, 11/7/1995 -- Report on the

transition of Russia's secret defense research laboratories to the post-Cold War environment.

Regards Cees

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