Guest Lecture by | Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin, PhD

32m

Rural Planning and Development in Malaysia:

An Overview

UTM Razak School of Engineering & Advanced Technology

Dr. Khairul Hisyam KamarudinHead of Panel (Built Environment & Industrial Design)

Head of Research Group (Royal Belum-Temenggor, RB-T)

Office Address: UTM Razak School of Engineering & Advanced Technology, Level 7, Menara Razak

UTM Kuala Lumpur l Visiting address: 06.34.01, Malaysia – Japan International Institute of Technology UTM Kuala

Lumpur

Doctor of Philosophy in Planning, Oxford Brookes University, UK

MSc (by Research) in Urban & Regional Planning, UTM, B. URP (UTM), Dip. URP (UTM)

Research interest: Sustainable Rural Planning & Development; Community Based Rural Tourism;

Resilient Rural Community; Community Engagement in Planning; Marginalized Group and Poverty

Selected National Appointment:• Member of policy writer for the National Rural Development Policy-National Transformation 2050 by

the Ministry of Regional and Rural Development Malaysia (Jan 2017 – present)

• Expert panel for Strategic Planning on Charting the Future of Regional Development Agencies –

towards the 11th Malaysia Plan, by Strategic Planning Department, Ministry of Regional and Rural

Development Malaysia (completed)

BiodataDr. Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin

>>> more

Selected National Level Consultation:• Technical project by the Department of Mineral and Geoscience Malaysia “Slope Hazard

and Risk Mapping (completed)

• Technical project by the Public Work Department “Revision of National Slope Masterplan,

2009-2023” (completed)

• Technical project by PLANMalaysia “Planning Guideline for Resilient Cities to Disasters

(on-going)

• Research consultation with the National University of Singapore “Asian Smallholders:

Transformation and Persistence (on-going)

Specially Crafted by | TAQI’UDDIN HAMZAH 3

Contents

Scenario of Rural Development in Malaysia

Introduction

Rural policies and programs in Malaysia – National, Regional and Local levels

Framework of Integrated Rural Planning in Malaysia

Some issues and challenges

Rural Development in Malaysia and the Agenda of Sustainable Development

Vision 2020 and beyond

National Rural Development Policy – TN50

Way forward

Sustainable Rural Development

Rural planning also covers land use planning whichguide and control the use of land carried out atdifferent levels including national, state, district andcommunity

Federal Government

State Government

Local Government

Rural planning covers all initiatives taken by governmentagencies or other groups of interest in rural areas includingdevelopment policies, programs, projects – aim to achieve goalsand objective of rural development

Planning & development are closely interrelated subjects

The Dynamics of

Rural Development

Sustainable Rural Development

To ensure that all societies

needs are meet

To ensure that all members of societies have their needs met

To ensure all development and conservation is sustainable over time in a social, economic and environmental sense

Sustainable Planning Adopted from Rindell (2004)

Characteristics of sustainable planning

Link knowledge and action: connectedness

Improved the humanized and natural environments

Holds out for useful interconnections

Honours cycles; seasons, life patterns, highs and lows

Balances socio-economic-environmental outcome

Designs artfully and redesigns thoughtfully

Focuses on the future

Works around rather than pushing through

https://www.wealthdaily.com/articles/chinese-debt-hits-26-trillion/6257http://archinect.com/features/article/75248/shifting-paradigms-part-1-renovating-the-decorated-shed

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303840999_Groundwater_Problems_in_Semarang_Demak_Urban_Area

https://www.slideshare.net/sharathanda/population-growth-and-economic-development-in-india

Indonesia

50-50

50-50

NextR

1. Current scenario

https://www.slideshare.net/sharathanda/population-growth-and-economic-development-in-india

20212031 2041

20512061

GDP Growth Rate

NextR

1. Current Scenario

100 98

9390 89

8684 83 82

80 7977

75 75 74 73

69

63

5654 54

5048

43

39

34 33

2118

13

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Ho

ng

Ko

ng

Sin

gap

ore

Qat

ar

Be

lgiu

m

Ku

wai

t

Jap

an

Arg

en

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a

Isra

el

Ch

ile

Net

her

lan

ds

Au

stra

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De

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ark

Bra

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lan

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Swed

en

Fin

lan

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an

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di A

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ia

Un

ite

d K

ingd

om

Can

ada

Ko

rea,

Rep

.

Un

ite

d S

tate

s

Fran

ce

No

rway

Spai

n

Lib

ya

Pe

ru

Bru

nei

Dar

uss

alam

Ger

man

y

MA

LAYS

IA

Ru

ssia

n

Swit

zerl

and

Iran

Turk

ey

Iraq

Ital

y

Sou

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tsw

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Gh

ana

Ind

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Thai

lan

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eri

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ilip

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Egyp

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Som

alia

Lao

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R

Pak

ista

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Mad

agas

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Ban

glad

esh

Mya

nm

ar

Vie

tnam

Ind

ia

Afg

han

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Ke

nya

Cam

bo

dia

Nep

al

Sou

th S

ud

an

Sri L

anka

Mal

awi

Uga

nd

a

Pap

ua

Urban Population in 2015 (%)

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZSNext

R

1216

27

34

51

62

71

7781

858888

84

73

66

49

38

29

2319

1512

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

***

**

*

**

**

*

*

Estimation*

Malaysia – Urban vs Rural Population (%)

1990

50-50

Department of Statistics Malaysia. Cencus data 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010Next

R

Rural

UrbanUrban

Rural

Size of urban areas

1895 1911 1955 1969

Inter state migration, 1975-1980 Inter state migration, 1985-1990

Data Banci Penduduk, Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. 1980, 1991, 2010

NextR

2000 – 79.52015 – 93.92050 – 99.7

2000 – 88.02015 – 93.02050 – 98.2

2000 – 67.42015 – 91.92050 – 99.8

2000 – 64.12015 – 75.62050 – 90.7

2000 – 59.02015 – 74.52050 – 92.4

2000 – 54.92015 – 72.02050 - 91.6

2000 – 38.82015 – 68.02050 – 82.9

2000 – 49.42015 – 63.52050 – 85.0

2000 – 33.82015 – 59.92050 – 92.7

2000 – 48.12015 – 57.92050 – 78.3

2000 – 48.02015 – 57.12050 – 76.7

2000 – 42.12015 – 55.22050 – 80.4

2000 – 33.52015 – 46.92050 – 74.9

Urban Population MALAYSIA2000 – 62%2015 – 75%2050 – 88%

NextR

42.7

33

28.4

19.117.7

25.2

30.5

40.7

36.2

40.142.3

45.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1970 1980 1990 2000

Contribution Agrisector to GDP and Labour Force (%)

Contribution to GDP according to Sectors (%)

Primary sector/industry - natural products; agriculture, mining and forestry, gas etc.

Secondary sector/industry - processing; manufacturing & construction

Tertiary sector/industry - services; retail sales, entertainment, financial organizations etc.

1975 1988

23.3

12.8

9.1

53.2

26.0

12.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

19

70

19

71

19

72

19

73

19

74

19

75

19

76

19

77

19

78

19

79

19

80

19

81

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

%KDNK / GDP

% Labour force

NextR

2. Current issues / challenges

21.3

17.5

8.5

4.72.1 2 1.7

0.3

58.7

45.8

24.8

21.2

10.9 11.4

8.4

1.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1970 1976 1979 1984 1987 1989 1992 1995 1997 1999 2002 2004 2007 2009 2012 2014

Bandar Luar Bandar

Level of poverty

Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. HIS. 2014 NextR

Rural

Urban

2. Current issues / challenges

Gross monthly income for household

4281,045

1,606

3,103

4,356

6,833

200523

957

1,718

2,545

3,831

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1970 1974 1976 1979 1984 1987 1989 1992 1995 1997 1999 2002 2004 2007 2009 2012 2014

Bandar LBandar

Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. HIS. 2014

NextR

Average monthly salary for workers (RM)

2016

2015

Jabatan Perangkaan. Laporan Penyiasatan Gaji dan Upah 2016.

Urban

Rural

Working population according to level of education, 2016 (%)

1.85.5

11.1

26.3

55.8

53.1

31.3

15.1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bandar Luar Bandar

Jabatan Perangkaan. Labour Force Survey. 2016. NextR

87.1

79.4

Jabatan Perangkaan. Laporan Penyiasatan Gaji danUpah 2016.ms.7.

Purata Gaji Bulanan PekerjaMengikut Pendidikan, 2015, 2016

High level of out migration

Low tech industry

Labors with lack of

experience and low

level of education

Resource-based industry

(labor intensive)

Domestic market,

Lack of international

business networking

Low level of Foreign

Investment (FDI)

Low level of HRD

and RnD

Low level of

productivity

Low level of value

added

Lower growth for industrial

output (instability of market

price)

Low annual income

Low wage and

capital

Low level of savings

Low level of

investment

Lack of industrial

activities

Asan Ali Golam Hassan & Muszafarshah Mohd Mustafa. 2012. Income Distribution to Regional Disparities: a Cumulative Causation from Malaysia’s Experience. In Aris Ananta & Rick Barichello (eds). Poverty, Food, and Global Recession in Southeast Asia. Pp.106-152. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.

Adalah sukar transformasi ekonomi (juga keseimbangan ekonomi) berlaku serentak di semua lokasi dalam sesebuah negara.

Ketidakseimbangan pembangunan wilayah dalam proses transformasi ekonomi ini berlaku kerana

• pertama; faktor-faktor sumber asli yang tidak mobile (imperfect factor mobility),

• kedua kerana penumpuan aktiviti ekonomi di suatu kawasan terpilih (imperfect divisibility), dan

• ketiga kerana faktor pengangukutan dan komunikasi (imperfect mobility of goods and services) yang juga terpilih di sesuatu kawasan yang mempunyai faedah berbanding (comparative advantages) yang tinggi secara relatifnya

Vicious cycle of rural development imbalance

Dependency on

foreign labors

NextR

Rural policies and programs in Malaysia – National, Regional and Local levels

Framework of Integrated Rural Planning in Malaysia

In Malaysia, the approach towards sustainable rural planning wasstarted in the early 1990s, but a more integrated approach was put inplace in the early 2000s

Tendency to follow strategic planning framework i.e.planning at higher level provide a framework for planning atthe lower levels + providing guidance for resource allocationand implementation

National Development Planning Framework

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

National Planning5-year Malaysia Plan l National Physical Plan l Sectoral Policies / Plans

Regional / State PlanningRegional / State Development Plan l Regional / Structure Plan l

Sectoral Policies / Plans

Local PlanningLocal plan l Special Area Plan

Vision2020

Rural Policies &

Programs in Malaysia

National Agriculture Policy National Forestry Policy Rural Development Master Plan National Rural Physical Plan National Tourism Policy

Limitation of implementation of rural policies at regional/local levels

State Authorities and District Offices lackof capacity and resources to undertakeplanning

1

2

3

Development budget of the state andlocal authorities are limited since theyhave limited sources of revenue financedevelopment projects

Lack of political wills to decentralizedplanning activities at local levels andincorporates bottom-up approach inplanning and development

Outline Perspective Plan – National Policy

Year 5-year Development Plan

1951-1955 Draf Rancangan Pembagunan Malaya1956-1960 Rancangan Malaya Pertama1961-1965 Rancangan Malaya Kedua1966-1970 Rancangan Malaysia Pertama (RMP)

OPP1 (1971-1990)- New Economic Policy

1971-1975 Rancangan Malaysia Kedua (RMKe-2)1976-1980 Rancangan Malaysia Ketiga (RMKe-3)1981-1985 Rancangan Malaysia Keempat (RMKe-4)1986-1990 Rancangan Malaysia Kelima (RMKe-5)

OPP2 (1991-2000)- National Development Policy

1991-1995 Rancangan Malaysia Keenam (RMKe-6)1996-2000 Rancangan Malaysia Ketujuh (RMKe-7)

OPP3 (2001-2010)- National Vision Policy

2001-2005 Rancangan Malaysia Kelapan (RMKe-8)2006-2010 Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan (RMKe-9)

(OPP4) (2011-2020)- New Economic Model

2011-2015 Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh (RMKe-10)2016-2020 Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas (RMKe-11)

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Rural Development Strategies & Programs

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010• Basic infrastructure

& social facilities• Modernization &

diversification of crops

• New land schemes

• Community development

• Red Book

• Infrastructure for resource exploitation

• New land development scheme

• Regional development

• Integrated in-situdevelopment

• Orang Asliregrouping schemes

• New Approach to Village & Rural Development

• Rural Growth Centre

• Gerakan DayaWawasan

• Improve quality of life

• Expand infrastructure & amenities to remote areas

• Zero hardcore poverty

• New Philosophy & Strategy of Rural Development (Maju, Menarik & Menguntungkan)

• Gerakan DesaWawasan

• Eradication of hardcore poverty

2020

• Rural Economic Transformation

• Improve quality of life

• Entrepreneurship and SMI

• New Village Scheme

Independence Malaysia

Colonial policy of resource exploitation

Economic growth (Laissez-faire approach)

New Economic Policy (OPP1)

Eradication of poverty & restructuring of society

New Dev Policy (OPP2) National Vision Policy (OPP3) New Economic Model (OPP4)

Growth with equity Building a resilient and competitive nation

High income, inclusiveness and

sustainability

Vision 2020

Rural Transformation Centre

To play supporting roles in realizing rural potential to generate economic growth in rural areas in particular those sectors with high value added and high income potential

6 initiatives

Skillsfostering

Information kiosk

High value added agriculture

Processing of agro-

products

Smart partnership

Credit facilities for rural entrepreneurs

TheWay

Forward2021-2050

Rural Development Policy-TN50

EXISTING POLICIES

Phase 1

Philosophy &

New Strategy

for Rural

Development

(1994)

New Approach

to Village and

Rural

Development

(1984-1990)

Rural

Development

Master Plan

(2010-2020)

Rural

Economic

Development

(RED Book)

(1960-1970)

Phase 2

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

EVOLUTION29

RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (RED BOOK) (1960-1970)

YAB TUN ABDUL RAZAK

6 MEI 1960

Operation room

technique

Coordination mechanism

at village level, district,

state and national

Fulfilment of basic

facilities and needs at

grassroots

1. Develop agriculture with

farm management practice

for smallholders and rice

farmers

2. Create village industry /

small businesses and other

non-farming economic

projects

3. Restructuring of villages to

make way for establishment

of rural growth centre

STRATEGIES

Eradication of poverty if rural areas

– increase of income for farmers

and smallholders

OBJECTIVE:

(1984-1990)

newapproach to

village rural

development&

PHYLOSOPHY AND NEW STRATEGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT (1994)

FALSAFAH:

Mewujudkan masyarakat luar

bandar yang berdaya tahan,

proaktif, berpengetahuan dan

memiliki nilai moral yang tinggi.

7 INISIATIFOBJEKTIF:

Mewujudkan luar bandar yang maju, menarik dan menguntungkan

(ADVANCED, ATTRACTIVE AND PROFITABLE RURAL).

32

2010-2020 33

RURAL TRANSFORMATION

Menjadikan kawasan luar bandar

yang kondusif dengan pelbagai

aksesibil it i dan kemudahan seperti

yang dinikmati oleh penduduk

di bandar.

MEMBANDARKAN LUAR BANDAR

4. Entrepreneurship

5. Human capital

6. Delivery system

2. Rural youth development

3. Economi

1. Rural amenities

Restructuring of society and eradication of poverty

1971

1991

2011

(20th)

Vision 2020

2020

OPP1NEP

OPP2NDP OPP3

NVP OPP4NEM

(10th)

2050

(30years)

(30years)TN50

2001

(10th)(10th)

20302040

OPP5??? OPP6

??? OPP7???

RMK2 RMK3 RMK4 RMK5 RMK6 RMK7 RMK8 RMK9 RMK10 RMK11

RMK12RMK13

RMK14RMK15

RMK16RMK17

(10years)(10years)

(10years)

2017Today

NextR

National Planning – Aspiration towards TN50 in 2015

GTP / NKEA

MOVING FORWARD

NDP

NVP

NEM

National Development Policy

National Vision Policy

New Economic Model

National Transformation 2050

Youth Development

Economy Entrepreneurship

Mind set change

Quality human capital

Amenities

Healthy and wealthy life

Biodiversity and environment

Quality delivery system and governance

Regional development, rural settlements and border regions

Sectoral based

Place based

Thank You

khairulhkamarudin.wordpress.com

Contact me at

Research

Teaching

Consultation

Supervision

88%Visibility

Dr. Khairul Hisyam KamarudinEmail: khisyam.kl@utm.my

For more information, kindly visit my website at:

khairulhkamarudin.wordpress.com

Materials for this lecture note maycome from various sources includingpresentation by Prof Asan Ali, researchby Prof Ibrahim and myself. Kindlyacknowledge their contributions inciting this note in the future.