rudolf Staineri

bunebismetyveleba da

kacobriobis msoflio

istoriuli ganviTareba

uZvelesi droidan

ori sajaro leqcia, wakiTxuli dornaxSi 1921 wlis 15-16 maiss

da oTxi sajaro leqcia, wakiTxuli StutgartSi 1921 wlis 21-24 maiss.

bibliografia # GA 325

Tbilisi-2016

2

RUDOLF STEINER

Die Naturwissenschaft und die weltgeschichtliche Entwickelung der Menschheit seit dem Altertum

Zwei öffentliche Vorträge, gehalten in Dornach am 15. und 16. Mai 1921

und vier öffentliche Vorträge, gehalten in Stuttgart vom 21. bis 24. Mai 1921

Bibliographie Nr. 325

1989 RUDOLF STEINER VERLAG

DORNACH/SCHWEIZ Tbilisi - 2016

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mkiTxvelis winaSea rudolf Staineris TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis GA 325 tomis pirveli qarTuli gamo-cema. masSi gaerTianebulia, Tematurad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli Ria leqciebis ori kursi. rudolf Staineri am ciklSi exeba bunebismetyvelebis winapiro-bebsa da sulier safuZvlebs, evropuli sulieri cxov-rebis Camoyalibebas, kacobriobis msoflio istoriul ganviTarebas uZvelesi droidan. ganxilulia Temebi: avgustine da maniqeveloba, konstantine da iuliane apostasi, gondiSapuris gavlena, nominalizmi da rea-lizmi, cnobierebis gardatexa XV saukuneSi, dogma romis papis ucodvelobaze, inteleqtualizmis warmoq-mna, atomistika da sxv.

mTargmneli: a. kvaracxelia mT. redaqtori: l. mesxia redaqtori: x. naWyebia

Übersetzt ins Georgisch von: A. Kvaratskhelia Redaktion: L. Mesxia, X. Natskhebia

asociacia `kogito~ Targmani Sesrulebulia 1989 wlis germanuli gamo-

cemis mixedviT (dornaxi, Sveicaria).

Assoziation `Cogito~ GA 325

garekanze margarita sabaSnikovas naxati:

mTavarangelozi gabrieli

4

Sinaarsi

evropuli sulieri cxovreba XIX saukuneSi, mis amosaval punqtTan kavSiriT IV saukuneSi

pirveli leqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 8 dornaxi, 1921 w. 15 maisi istoriis mecnierebis amocana da krizisi. XIX sau-

kunis Sua periodi, rogorc sulieri cxovrebis Semob-runebis momenti. sen-simoni, de meestri da konti, ro-gorc XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris azrobrivi Sexe-dulebebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic jer kidev is-wrafodnen garkveuli rwmenidan adamianuri ideebisken. gardatexis momzadeba XIX saukuneSi, dawyebuli XV saukunidan. XV saukunis winare periodis azrovnebis meTodze, gamoxatuli Tandayolili codvis warmodge-naSi. bunebismetyvelebisa da moralis kavSiri de mes-trTan. IV saukunis mniSvneloba evropis ganviTarebis-Tvis. IV saukunis warmomadgenlebi: konstantine, iuli-ane apostasi, avgustine. avgustine da maniqeveloba. vulfilis mier bibliis Targmna da `mamao Cveno~.

meore leqcia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 dornaxi, 1921 w. 16 maisi sulieri cxovrebis ganviTareba xalxTa udides ga-

dasaxlebamde da Semdgom periodSi, rogorc mosaxle-obis zeda fenebis SigniT, ise farTo wreebSi. religi-uri Sexedulebebi xalxTa udides gadasaxlebamde da axali sulieri cxovrebis ganviTareba Semdgom peri-odSi. simbolur-sakulto wes-Cveulebebis ganviTareba. arianuli qristianobis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. grama-tikisa da ritorikis mniSvneloba kulturuli ganviTa-rebisTvis, warmodgenili avgustines CamoyalibebaSi. religiuri Sinaarsis institucionalizacia da misi Sedegebi. qristianobis konspiratiulobaze. sulieri cxovrebis gansxvavebuli ganviTareba da sazrunavi soflebsa da qalaqebSi. vaWrobis mniSvneloba sulie-ri cxovrebis ganviTarebisTvis. gondiSapuris gavlena

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laTinur-qristianul cxovrebaze evropaSi. `aqtiuri azris~ dabadeba XV saukuneSi. romaul-samarTlebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebaze. nominalizmi da realizmi. xe-lovnebaze. azrovneba XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi.

bunebismetyveleba da kacobriobis msoflio istoriuli ganviTareba uZvelesi droidan

pirveli leqcia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Stutgarti, 1921 wlis 21 maisi azrobrivi mimarTulebebis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebe-

li niSnebi, dapirispirebulni erTmaneTTan Tanamedro-veobaSi, sulier-idealursa da materialurSi, orienti-rebulni ekonomikur faqtebze. kacobriobis istoria vilhelm vundtisa da herman grimis SromebSi. kacobri-obis istoriaSi adrindeli epoqebis gagebisa da gan-sjis sirTuleze Tanamedrove cnebebis daxmarebiT. ima-ginaciuri da inspiraciuli Semecnebani da maTi zemoq-medeba adamianis mSvinvier ganwyobaze. goeTesa da her-deris damokidebuleba spinozas azrovnebasTan, ro-gorc imaginaciiTa da inspiraciiT gamowveuli mSvinvi-eri ganwyobis metamorfozis magaliTi. istoriis gage-bis aucileblobaze ara marto dokumentebidan, aramed adamianisa da xalxis Sinagani mSvinvieri ganwyobidan.

meore leqcia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Stutgarti, 1921 w. 22 maisi miTiTeba meTodikaze, romlis gamoyenebac aucile-

belia istoriis kvlevisas, romelic uZvelesi kultu-rebis Rrma gagebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. induri da winare induri kultura: vedebis poezia da iogas fi-losofia. instinqturi inspiraciis moSla qristianoba-Si. ini, iani da tao, rogorc samwevra adamianis arsis gamoxatuleba. qristianobamde VII-VI aTaswleulebidan momxdari gardatexa, gamowveuli adamianis mier bune-bis gadamuSavebis meSveobiT. egviptelebis cnobierebis donis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli gardatexa qristi-anobamde III aTaswleulSi. egviptelebis medicina. meb-

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rZol elementze sparselebTan. berZnuli da romauli kulturebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. XV saukune, ro-gorc sabunebismetyvelo epoqis amosavali wertili.

mesame leqcia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Stutgarti, 1921 w. 23 maisi imaginacia da inspiracia adamianisa da garegani bu-

nebis ufro farTo gagebasTan kavSirSi. atomistikis kritikuli SeniSvnebi. sulieri mdgomareoba uZveles xalxebSi: taZris Zili egviptelebTan, xatovani cnobi-ereba. inteleqtualizmis warmoqmna. bunebrivi auci-leblobis gamijvna moraluri aucileblobisagan. iu-develi xalxis mSvinvieri ganwyoba da riTi gansxvav-deboda igi sxva xalxebisagan. warsulis elementebis SeerTeba momavlis elementebTan imperator konstanti-nes meSveobiT. nominalizmi da realizmi. cnobierebis gardatexa XV saukuneSi. franc brentano.

meoTxe leqcia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Stutgarti, 1921 w. 23 maisi avgustines gza. sulismecniereba da misi kavSiri

fizikur-materialurTan, gamoxatuli ipoqondriis mi-zezis magaliTze. RviZli, rogorc ynosvis organos me-tamorfoza. cnobierebis Secvla qristeSobis Semdgom IV saukuneSi samxreT evropel, Crdilo afrikel da wina aziis xalxebSi. aRmosavleT evropeli xalxebis zegavlena. xalxTa kulturaSi soflis Temebze. cnobi-eri samSvinvelis epoqaSi Crdilovani gansjis meSveo-biT bunebis daufleba. sulieri Wvretis gzaze wamoW-rili winaaRmdegobebi: atomistika, energiis Senaxvis kanoni da dogma romis papis ucodvelobaze. magaliTe-bi anTroposofiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli literaturi-dan, kerZod traubesa da launze.

SeniSvnebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

7

I

evropuli sulieri cxovreba

XIX saukuneSi,

mis amosaval punqtTan kavSiriT

IV saukuneSi

ori leqcia dornaxi

1921 w. 15 da 16 maisi

8

pirveli leqcia

dornaxi, 1921 w. 15 maisi

goeTeanumSi*, leqciebis bolo kursis msvlelobisas sul ufro xSirad JRerda, rom sulismecniereba, ro-gorc mas swavloben aq, unda moqmedebdes gamanayofie-reblad Tanamedrove mecnierebis mTel sulze da cal-keul specialur mecnierebaze. SesaZloa amis gasagebad yvelaze TvalsaCino aRmoCndes, upirveles yovlisa, su-lismecnierebis survili, rom eZios da amoxsnas isto-riuli gamocanebi, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia adamia-nisTvis; am SemTxvevaSi unda SevecadoT, davinteresdeT istoriis TemiT, ramdenadac amis SesaZleblobas ori mokle moxseneba mogvcems.

dRes ukve sxvadasxva mxridan SeiZleba movisminoT, rom istoriuli mecniereba Tavisebur kriziss ganicdis. jer kidev arc ise bevri droa gasuli mas Semdeg, roca zogierTi wre cdilobda istoriuli mecnierebisgan Se-eqmna raRac idealis msgavsi. es iyo dro, roca moRvawe-obda, mag., istorikosi ranke*, roca iswrafodnen idea-lisken, istoria eqciaT garkveuli saxis zust mecnie-rebad, zusti im TvalsazrisiT, rogorc gamoiyeneba es gamoTqma, gamomdinare sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli kvlevis Cvevebisgan. dRes, miuxedavad imisa, rom zusti kvlevis amgvari cnebis safuZveli sxva araferia, garda imisa, rac gamomdinareobs Cveulebrivi garegnuli bune-bismetyvelebidan, araerTxel amtkicebdnen, rom isto-ria aseTi zusti mecnierebis saxiT zogadad SeuZlebe-lia, rom yovelives, rac vlindeba, rogorc istoria, dahkravs elferi istorikosis temperamentis, naciona-lurobisa da sxva subieqturi Tvalsazrisis, amasTan mas SeiZleba dahkravdes TviT fantaziebis elementis elferi, romelic aerTianebs faqtebs, aseve Seferili iyos intuiciuri unarebis wyalobiT da a.S. da rodesac namdvilad uRrmavdebi imas, rasac miaRwia istoriogra-fiam swored uaxloes droSi, advilad SeamCnev, rom is-toriuli faqtebis obieqturad gadmocemisTvis aucile-bel faqtobriv moTxovnebs sruliad gansxvavebulad ga-

9

nixilaven, gamomdinare iqidan, istorikosi romel ers ekuTvnis, ramdenad gaaCnia mas umniSvnelo an maRali azriT sinTezuri fantazia da aseve imisgan, rom aqedan istorikosisTvis ufro metad damaxasiaTebelia subieq-turi momentebi.

am ori leqciis Temidan gamomdinare erTi magali-Tis moyvanis wyalobiT, sulismecnierebas SeuZlia, gar-kveuli TvalsazrisiT mainc migvaaxloos raRac saxis obieqturobasTan istoriis ganxilvisas. cxadia, auci-lebelia, gaviTvaliswinoT im SesaZleblobis done, ro-melsac flobs calkeuli istorikosi, istoriis calke-uli damkvirvebeli. am istoriul ganxilvasTan mimarTe-biT SesaZloa didi Rirebuleba gaaCndes swored imas, rasac dRes misi mowinaaRmdegeni, cxadia, mTlianad gverds uvlian. sulismecniereba unda daeyrdnos adami-anis subieqtur Sinagan ganviTarebas. saWiroa samSvin-velSi damaluli Zalebis gamoRviZeba da gardaqmna kvlevis sakuTar Zalebad. amdenad, es unda gakeTdes su-bieqturobaze dayrdnobiT. amave dros am sulierma kvlevam TandaTanobiT mTlianad unda gadalaxos subi-eqturi da gamoiwvios adamianis samSvinvelSi iseTi siRrmeebi, rom ukve aRar gamoiTqmeba subieqturi, miuxe-davad imisa, rom vlindeba subieqturad, warmoadgens ra obieqturs, zustad iseve, rogorc obieqturi vlindeba maTematikaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTematikaSi WeSma-ritebebs da Semecnebebs subieqturi meTodiT pouloben. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT me msurs, Tqven winaSe war-movadgino istoriuli Camoyalibebis erTi epizodi, ro-melic CvenTvis, Tanamedrove adamianebisTvis yvelaze axlobeli unda iyos da istoriuli faqtebis universa-luri sferodan gamovyo XIX s-is SedarebiT ufro Rrma sulieri gancdebi, maTi fesvebi da swored istoriu-lad ganvixilo isini im TvalsazrisiT, rogorc xdeba sulismecnierebis meSveobiT. minda, Cveni saubris Tema ise avago, rom dRes, _ Tu SeiZleba gamoviyenoT gamo-xatvis es uZvelesi forma, _ egzoTerulad, ufro ga-regnulad warmogidginoT is faqtebi, romelTac yurad-RebiT unda davakvirdeT Cveni ganxilvebisTvis, rom

10

xval SevZlo da gadavide ezoTerulze, anu ganvixilo Sinagani kavSirebi da ufro Rrma mizezebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sulieri cxovrebis faqtebs. swored es sulieri cxovrebaa dRes Cveni interesis sagani.

Tvals Tu gadavavlebT XIX s, _ romelTanac jer ki-dev mWidrod varT dakavSirebulni, mas Semdeg xom mxo-lod ori aTwleulia gasuli, romlebic jer kidev Za-lian hgavs XIX saukunis zogad xasiaTs, _ da gadavxe-davT faqtebs, pirvel nabijebs, maSin Cveulebriv war-mogvidgeba is, rom XIX saukunis es mSvinvieri cxovreba TamaSdeboda, rogorc Tanabrad uwyveti progresi. vinc SedarebiT Rrmad iWreba faqtebis namdvil struqtura-Si, misTvis vlindeba, rom es saerTod ar momxdara. Se-iZleba iTqvas: swored XIX s. Sua periodSi xdeba Zire-uli gardatexis momenti ganviTarebisas. azrTa ganxil-va, adamianTa mSvinvieri ganwyoba XIX s. Sua periodSi daeqvemdebara metamorfozas. is, rac adre adamianTa Ta-nacxovrebis impulss warmoadgenda, xSirad kiTxvis niS-nis qveS dgeba. XIX s. meore naxevarSi vlindeba grZno-badobis sxva saxe imasTan SedarebiT, rasac adgili hqonda pirvel naxevarSi da inergeba azrovnebis gan-sxvavebuli Cvevebi. cxadia, dRes SegviZlia mxolod, me vityodi, mivuTiToT ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli Stri-xiT am movlenebze. Cvenc swored amas gavakeTebT.

Tu davakvirdebiT XIX s. pirveli naxevris mowinave sulier pirovnebebs, maSin maT TavianTi arsiT jer ki-dev aqvT ltolva, ase vTqvaT, miswrafeba sulierisken, idealisturisken, Tumca ukve axali drois sabunebis-metyvelo mecnierul azrobriv Cvevebs srulad ezrde-bian da iziareben. isini Tavs grZnoben damokidebulad imaze, ra mimarTulebas karnaxobs maT TavianTi samSvin-veli. es sruliad sxva saxes iZens XIX s. meore naxevar-Si. sakmarisia mxolod ganvixiloT konkretuli magali-Tebi da amas maSinve gavarkvevT. cxadia, Cven ar SegviZ-lia mecnierebis an Tundac xelovnebis moRvawe Sevafa-soT viwro TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebis mxolod am xa-zis ganxilviT, magram saWiroa yuradReba gavamaxviloT kacobriobis am avtoritetul moazrovneebze, romlebic

11

axali drois sabunebismetyvelo mecnierul azrovnebasa da mxatvrul SegrZnebebze dayrdnobiT sakuTari Tavis winaSe ayeneben diad msoflio amocanebs, upirveles yovlisa, iseT msoflio amocanebs, romlebmac socialu-ri amocanebic unda moicvan. vinaidan, socialuri prob-lema, socialuri gamocanebi XIX s. cxovrebaSi sul ufro amotivtivda da mowinave moazrovneni, didi soci-aluri problemebisa da gamocanebis gasaazreblad iZu-lebulni iyvnen, esargeblaT imiT, rasac gamoTqvamdnen mecnierebi da rac kacobriobis saerTo cnobierebaSi Cndeboda rogorc raRac saxis mSvinviereba.

XIX s. pirvel naxevarze yuradRebis mipyrobiT, Cven vpoulobT aseT avtoritetul pirovnebas da, upirveles yovlisa, es aris safrangeTis revoluciis sulisCam-dgmeli _ sen-simoni*, romelmac, cxadia, aRiqva Tavisi drois mecnieruli azrovnebis xasiaTi da vinc XVIII s. bolos da XIX s. dasawyisSi sakuTar samSvinvelSi jer kidev ueWvelad atarebda im mSvinvier wyobas, romel-sac, rogorc mecnieruli suliskveTebis Sedegs, arse-boba swored XVIII-XIX ss. mijnaze SeeZlo. saerTod am periodSi sen-simoni imyofeba saerTo samyaroseuli cnobierebis, socialuri cxovrebis formebisa da cxov-rebis moTxovnilebaTa SigniT. man ganicada safrange-Tis revoluciis zemoqmedeba, adamianis samSvinvelis siRrmidan momdinare mowodeba Tavisuflebis, Tanaswo-robisa da Zmobisken. mas aseve unda ganecada is yvela-feri, rac Semdeg mohyva revolucias, rogorc evropu-li cxovrebis imedgacruebebi. is ukve xedavda imis ga-movlinebas, rac mogvianebiT sul ufro metad da metad gardaiqmneboda mgznebare socialur sakiTxSi. sen-simo-nis mTel mSvinvier wyobas yuradRebiT Tu davakvirde-biT, SevamCnevT: is udavod dgas im Tvalsazrisze, roca adamians mtkiced sjera, rom codnisken adamianis swrafvis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia im ideebis miRweva, romlebsac Semdeg SeuZliaT socialuri cxovrebis ga-nayofiereba; saWiroa mxolod marTebulad gavigoT, ra amotivtivda axali drois mecnieruli suliskveTebis meSveobiT da sworad davakavSiroT es drois yvela

12

moTxovnasTan. maSin SevZlebdiT, dakvirvebis gziT, codnis, Semecnebisa da gulis mxurvale siyvarulis meSveobiT gvepova socialuri amocanebisTvis raRac, rac SeiZleba euwyos adamianebs, maSin gamoCndebodnen adamianebi, romlebic gaigebdnen imas, sinamdvileSi ra unda Tqvan maT Tanamedrove codniTa da mxurvaled mo-siyvarule, socialurad mgrZnobiare guliT. aseTi ada-mianebis erToblivi moqmedebidan, romelTac es esmiT da aviTareben misi gagebis Sesabamis nebelobas, SesaZ-lebeli iqneboda evropis socialuri mdgomareobis Sem-dgomi gaumjobeseba da aseve imisa, rac amas exeba. sen-simonSi cxovrobda azris Zala, rwmenis Zala, rom ada-mianebs Soris SeiZleba imoqmedo damajereblad, Tu marTebuls swvdebi Sens sakuTar samSvinvelSi da am marTebuls miakuTvneb maT, maTi namdvilad mecnieruli da literaturuli swavlebiT.

sen-simonic cdilobda, drois mTeli sulieri xasia-Tidan gamomdinare, swored am ganwyobiT emoqmeda. am ganwyobiT uyurebda is ukan im epoqebs, romlebmac mis-Tvis ukve Seasrules TavianTi amocana, romelSic to-nis mimcemni iyvnen aristokratebisa da samxedroebis wridan mosuli Zalebi. sen-simonma Tavis Tavs uTxra: uZveles epoqebSi aristokratebsa da samxedroebs mniS-vneloba hqondaT. aristokratias gamohyavda samxedro Zalebi, romlebic icavdnen TviT im adamianebs, sakuTa-ri Tavi rom e.w. mSvidobis xelovnebas miuZRvnes. magram Zvel droSi jer kidev hqonda mniSvneloba sxva fenasac da es iyo sasuliero fena. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlo-baSi, ase ambobda sen-simoni, sasuliero fena iyo nam-dvilad ganmanaTlebeli fena, sulieri cxovrebis mata-rebeli, ganmanaTleblobis matarebeli. es sasuliero fena ukve didi xania aRar aris aseTi. iseve, rogorc aristokratebisa da samxedroebis fenam dakarga Tavisi adrindeli mniSvneloba, aseve dakarga is sasuliero fenamac. samagierod, ganviTarda sruliad axali elemen-ti. sen-simons hqonda zusti Sexeduleba imaze, ras niS-navs Tanamedrove kacobriobis ganviTarebisTvis sul ufro mzardi mrewveloba da masTan dakavSirebuli bu-

13

nebismetyveleba. is Tavis Tavs eubneboda: Tu ganvixi-lavT mrewvelobis am ganviTarebas, maSin is, Tavis mxriv, aRzrdis sulier cxovrebas, romelic ukve ganvi-Tarda bunebismetyvelebaSi, gamokveTs azrTa garkveul saxes, romelmac ukve amowura Tavisi Tavi fizikaSi, qi-miaSi, aseve biologiaSi, azrovnebis saxe, romelmac un-da moicvas sxvebic, zogadsakacobrio sulieri cxovre-bis ufro maRali mecnieruli elementebi. Tumca aqamde, _ ase eubneboda Tavis droze sen-simoni sakuTar Tavs, _ mxolod astronomiam, qimiam, fizikam da fiziologiam SeiZines axali drois Tvisebebi. Cven aseve unda dava-fuZnoT mecniereba adamianze, adamianis fsiqologia, da-vafuZnoT sociologia da saWiroa, mivaRwioT politi-kuri fizikis raRac saxes; maSin SevZlebT vimoqmedoT da CaverToT socialur cxovrebaSi. Cven gvWirdeba, _ ase ambobda sen-simoni, _ politikuri fizika da mas surda, Seeqmna raRac saxis mecniereba adamianur socia-lur qcevaze im mecnierulobis mixedviT, romelic Ca-moyalibda qimiaSi, fizikasa da fiziologiaSi. is, rom amisken mswrafi ganwyoba flobs epoqis suls, sen-simon-ma aRiqva swored im garemoebaSi, rom axal droSi sam-rewvelo moqmedebam SeinarCuna aseTi upiratesoba. SeuZ-lebelia, Zveli samxedro-qurumuli cxovrebis formaSi ipovo warsulis ganviTareba im epoqaSi, romelSic ase intensiurad moqmedebs, upirveles yovlisa, is, rasac aseTi farTo gagebiT, SeiZleba samrewvelo ewodos.

amave dros sen-simonma miuTiTa, rom yvela es movle-na drois msvlelobisas, arsebiTad, SeiZleba iyos mxo-lod pirobiTi. uZveles epoqebSi Tavisi mniSvneloba hqondaT samRvdeloebas da didgvarovan samxedroebs, Cvens droSi ki, aseTive mniSvneloba aqvT Tanamedrove mecnierebsa da fabrikantebs. da maSin, roca, _ ase eub-neboda sen-simoni sakuTar Tavs, _ samRvdeloebasa da samxedroebs, Zveli drois samxedroebs gaaCndaT msof-lmxedvelobisa da sulieri ganwyobis garkveuli mimar-Tuleba, axal droSi adgili aqvs sulieri ganwyobis sxva mimarTulebas. Tumca Zveli droidan mainc darCa raRac. uZveles zegrZnobad qurumul kulturas, rome-

14

lic arsebiTad safuZvlad edo e. w. samxedro organi-zaciebs, sen-simoni uaryofda im TvalsazrisiT, rasac iwvevda misi epoqis industriuli Sexeduleba. man amas uwoda iluzoruli, SeuZlebeli metafizika, maSin, ro-ca axali dro unda iswrafodes politikisken, pozitiu-ri filosofiisken, romelic faqtebs misdevs zustad ise, rogorc misdevs industriuli moqmedeba garegnul faqtebs. im uZvelesi droebidan darCa mxolod is, _ ase ambobda sen-simoni, _ rac gamovlinda, rogorc tradi-ciuli metafizika, iseTi metafizika, romelic gamoirCe-va imiT, rom mas ukve ar gaaCnia is realuri sicocxle, romelic jer kidev mxolod warmoiSoba. misi TqmiT es metafizika warmoadgens imas, rasac pouloben gansakuT-rebiT axal iurisprudenciaSi da im yvelaferSi, rac SemovliTi gziT iurisprudenciis meSveobiT SeiWra sa-xelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi. arsebiTad, sen-simonisTvis iurisprudencia da mis safuZvelSi Cadebuli abstraq-tuloba warmoadgens imas, rac darCa mxolod, rogorc narCeni, rogorc raRac Crdili jer kidev im droebi-dan, romelsac Tavisi mniSvneloba hqonda qurumebisa da meomarTa batonobisas.

xedavT, arsebiTad, ra arsebobs aq, roca suli SeiZ-leba warmoiqmnas amgvari mSvinvieri ganwyobiT. erTi mxriv, arsebobs is, rac moqmedebda ukve XVIII s. da uf-ro adrec da esaa azrovnebis sabunebismetyvelo mecni-eruli meTodi, romelic yvelanairi adamianuri mSvin-vieri ganxilvisas eswrafvis, miuTiTos garegnul grZnobad faqtze da aqedan aiTvisos azrobrivi Cveve-bi. Tumca iseT sulze, rogoricaa sen-simoni, aq zemoq-medebs kidev raRac sxva. amave dros, arsebobs adamia-nuri arsebis siRrmidan amoziduli moTxovnileba ada-mianis individualur Tavisuflebaze. sabunebismetyve-lo mecnierul kanonzomierebas pouloben yvelgan, garda samecnierosi, _ araferi fasdeba, Tu ar warmo-adgens sabunebismetyvelo mecnierul kanonzomierebas, _ es ki erT mxares dgas; meore mxares dgas moTxovni-leba: adamiani unda iqces sakuTari Tavis batonad. ro-gorc calkeuli individualoba, mas unda SeeZlos Ta-

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visuflebaSi eZios Tavisi adamianuri Rirseba. SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom orive moTxovna diametrulad upiris-pirdeba erTmaneTs. da roca uRrmavdebi XIX saukunis sulieri cxovrebis mowyobas, xedav, sen-simonis sulie-ri cxovrebis wyobas, xedav, rom sen-simonis msgavsi suli idga swored am udidesi cxovrebiseuli proble-mebis winaSe: erTi mxriv, rogor movepyro me wesebis mixedviT am sayovelTao bunebriv kanonzomierebas, ro-melic aseve unda ekuTvnodes adamians da, meore mxriv, _ moTxovnilebas, ganvaxorcielo adamianuri individu-aloba, adamianuri Tavisufleba?

safrangeTis revoluciaSi samyaros mTlianobis ma-terialistur ganxilvasTan erTad moqmedebda adamianis individualuri Tavisuflebis moTxovnilebac. safrange-Tis revoluciis xma ki iyo is xma, romelmac gaiJRera XIX saukuneSi da sen-simonis msgavsi adamiani daayena Semecnebis im Sinagani konfliqtis winaSe, romelic ise tragikulad gamovlinda, rom safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegis saxiT met-naklebad wamoayena aseTi moTxovni-leba. Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom sabunebismetyvelo mecnie-rul kanonzomierebas gaaCnia Zala, amitomac is unda gavrceldes yvelaferze, Sesabamisad, TviT adamianzec, magram adamians, arsebiTad, ar surs es, ramdenadac mas am sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli kanonzomierebis wiaR-Si ar SeuZlia, ipovos sakuTari kanonzomiereba.

amdenad, axali drois sulieri ganwyoba XIX sauku-nis dasawyisidan sen-simonis msgavs mniSvnelovan figu-rebSi namdvilad aris davanebuli, SeiZleba, iTqvas, myari safuZvlis gareSe ori moTxovnilebisadmi, ro-melTa harmoniaSi moyvanac SesaZlebelia, magram, cxa-dia, ara im saSualebebiT, romlebsac es moazrovneni gvTavazoben. swored am uTanxmoebiT mogviwevs, Sevud-geT socialuri cxovrebis ganxilvas. erTi mxriv, saWi-roa, veZioT mecnieruli gza, meore mxriv ki, socialu-ri mowyoba, romelSic adamians SeuZlia, ipovos Tavisi adamianuri Rirseba.

yvela SesaZlo warmodgenis ganxilvisas sen-simoni cdilobda, epova institutebi, industriuli cxovrebis

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dawesebulebebi, zogadad adamianTa sayovelTao cxov-rebis magaliTebi, romlebic mas daakmayofilebda. Tum-ca aSkarad Cans, rom is, axali istoriis am ori moT-xovnilebis SeuTavseblobis gamo, yvelgan marcxdeba. axali sulieri cxovrebis es ori moTxovnileba saxe-zea ara marto adamianis samSvinvelis siRrmeSi. uTan-xmoeba mxolod maSin ki ar vlindeba, roca adamiani gansazRvruli saxiT, rogorc kerZo damkvirvebeli, im-zireba Tavis TavSi, aramed, SeiZleba iTqvas, am uTan-xmoebis niSnis qveS imyofeba mTeli sulieri cxovreba, xolo SemdgomSi _ XIX s. pirveli naxevris saxelmwi-foebrivi da sameurneo cxovrebac. amdenad, istoriuli movlenis saxiT gaTamaSebulSi cxovrobs swrafva mkac-ri kanonebisken socialur cxovrebaSi da amave dros, _ mowodeba individualuri Tavisuflebisken. saWiroa vi-povoT raRac socialuri wyoba, garkveuli Tvalsazri-siT socialuri organizmi, romelic, jer erTi kanon-zomieria, rogorc aris kanonzomieri buneba, meore mxriv, ki, adamianebs sTavazobs Tavisufali cxovrebis SesaZleblobas. ase xatavs sen-simoni bunebismetyvele-bis azrobrivi Cvevebis Sesabamisad socialur sistemas, magram ar asrulebs meore moTxovnilebas: miaRwios Ta-visufal adamianur Rirsebas. es ki xdeba ZiriTadi moT-xovnileba, romelic vlindeba Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi da TamaSdeba sulieri cxovrebis yvela uTanxmoebaSi. moTxovnileba warmoiqmneba, ramdenadac axla saerTod ar SeuZliaT amis Svela, vinaidan Tanamedrove cxovre-bis is moazrovneni, romlebic, rogorc odesRac goeTe, iswrafodnen am winaaRmdegobis gamosworebisken, Tavis mxriv, sakuTar Tavs, xandazmul asakSi, xedavdnen gan-martoebuli, wminda Sinagani cxovrebisTvis ganwiruls.

maSin, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saerTo socialur cxovrebaSi Cndeba raRac, rasac SeiZleba ewodos, gar-kveulwilad, sasowarkveTileba im faqtTan mimarTebiT, rom, rogorc ar unda eswrafodes es adamianuri az-rovneba, rogorc ar unda cdilobdes, Seagrovos yove-live is, rac adamianur SinaganSi SeiZleba am gamomgo-neblobidan azrebSi gadaitanon, amgvari meTodiT ma-

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inc ar miiRweva SesaZlo socialuri organizmis Wvre-ta. aq mieaxlebian imas, rac, arsebiTad, Rrma STabeWdi-lebas axdens am moazrovneebze, cxadia, ara sabunebis-metyvelo mecnieruli azrovnebis warmomadgenlebze, aramed imaTze, romlebic afaseben safrangeTis revo-luciis abstraqtul moTxovnilebebs, da metic, surT, revoluciiTa da napoleoniT Seryeul evropaSi Seq-mnan raRac socialuri wesrigi, raRac mtkice. am ada-mianebSi gamoZaxils poulobs suli, romelic de mees-tris* (De Maistre) msgavsad, miuTiTebs yvelaze adreuli adamianuri epoqebisken, evropis qristianuli ganviTa-rebis pirveli aswleulebisken.

de meestrma, warmoSobiT samxreT romaniis regioni-dan, XVIII saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi ukve gamoaq-veyna frangi xalxisadmi sakuTari mowodeba, Semdeg da-wera Tavisi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebi papebze, rasac mohyva gamomxatvelobiTi „Ramis saaTebi sankt-peterbur-gSi“. me vityodi de meestri warmoadgens evropuli re-aqciis yvelaze universalur suls XIX saukunis pir-vel naxevarSi. is gamWriaxi moazrovnea, genialuri tvi-ni _ es de meestri. amiT man mosmenis msurvelebs miuTi-Ta qaosze, romelic TandaTanobiT warmoiqmneba, Tu ver SeZleben mividnen azramde, _ aagon socialuri orga-nizmi. am TvalsazrisiT is mkacrad amowmebda im moaz-rovneebs, romlebmac misi azriT axali dro swored qa-osamde miiyvanes, moazrovneebs, romlebic iRvwodnen so-cialuri qaosisTvis, ramac ase moikida fexi axal dro-Si. mag., is mwvaved akritikebs loks* da ueWvel, udavo WeSmaritebad warmoaCens imas, rom socialuri wesrigi ver iarsebebs, Tu Tavis mxriv evropul civilizacias, Zveli qristianul-kaTolikuri mniSvnelobiT, ar mivaw-vdiT imas, rac iyo religiuri suli evropaSi pirvel qristianul aswleulebSi.

rogorc Cans, Tu surT, gaumklavdnen aseT movle-nebs, aucilebelia, gamoiCinon cotaodeni obieqturoba, saWiroa, sakuTari Tavi daayenon iseTi pirovnebis adgi-las, rogoricaa de meestri, rogorebic iyvnen da arse-boben jer kidev dResac, isini, romlebic sakuTar Tavs

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acnobiereben am suliskveTebis Tanaziarad. saWiroa, SeZlo, sakuTari Tavi daayeno raRac sulis adgilze, romelic xedavs, ramdenad SeuZlebelia, aq warmoiqmnas raimenairi sociologia mTeli Tanamedrove sabunebis-metyvelo mecnieruli azrovnebisgan, rogor unda war-moiqmnas sul ufro metad qaosi, Tu socialur wesrig-Si ar Seva sulieri impulsi. cxadia, de meestri ver xe-davda msgavs axal sulier impulss, mas ver xedavda aseve yvela, vinc iziarebda imas, rasac is werda dama-jerebeli sityvebiT. magram is miuTiTebda uZveles droebze, roca adamianebs hqondaT swored SesaZleb-lobac da Zalauflebac, warmoeqmnaT socialuri mow-yoba. dRes mecnierebiT dakavebuli adamianebisTvis de meestris xma TiTqmis miwyda. magram is miwyda mxolod zedapirze. dRes vinc xedavs, ra xdeba sinamdvileSi Cveni civilizaciis cxovrebis zedapiris qveS, rogor gamoyves TavianTi sacecebi xelaxla tradiciulma re-ligiurma sazogadoebebma, rogor iswrafvian isini imisken, rom moaxdinon sakuTari Tavis modernizeba, man icis, ramdenad bevri ram cxovrobs Jozef de mees-tris sulidan swored im wreebSi, romlebic cxadia, rogorc reaqciuli wreebi sul ufro metad vrcelde-ba, metic, Tu maT ar Seuqmnian sapirispiro poluss, isini sul ufro metad da metad miscemen tons axal daRmaval civilizacias. Tu obieqturad davakvirdebiT de meestrs, SeiZleba iTqvas: aranairi gamonaTeba ar aris axali sulisa, Tumca is iyo genialuri specia-listi Zveli romaul-kaTolikuri ideebisa, genialuri specialisti socialuri organizmisa, romelsac saek-lesio-qristianuli impulsebis gamokveTiT SeeZlo mo-azrovneebSi gamoewvia, cxadia, Cveni droisTvis arasa-surveli ram, magram TavisTavad SesaZlo socialuri wesrigi. amave dros Cven winaSe axal sulier cxovre-baSi dgas erTi gasaocari faqti.

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, aris erTi adamiani, rome-lic axali sulieri cxovrebisTvis kvlav iqca de mees-tris aqtiur mowafed, romelmac misi idea Camoayaliba sruliad sxva azriT. diax, sxvas warmoadgens azrovne-

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bis Sinaarsi, azrovnebis sxva saxe, da SeiZleba iTqvas: de meestris azrovnebis reaqciuli saxe, samSvinvelis reaqciuli ganwyoba agrZelebs sicocxles, rogorc arakanonieri bavSvi Tanamedrove civilizaciis raRac sferoSi, romelSic mis moZebnas arc ecdebodnen. da ma-inc, ara Sinaarsis, aramed azrobrivi wyobis mixedviT de meestris WeSmariti mowafea misi erT-erTi sulieri TayvanismcemelTagani _ sociologi auguste komte* (Auguste Comte). uSualod auguste komtes miiCneven axali sociologiis mamad. erTi mxriv, is aris sen-simonis mo-wafe, meore mxriv, is udavod de meestris mowafecaa. amis danaxva Znelia maTTvis, vinc akvirdeba mxolod Si-naarss da ara mTel konfiguracias, azrTa mTel war-marTvas, mSvinvieri cxovrebis mTel msvlelobas. kom-tesTan Cans, rogor eyrdnoba igi kacobriobis ganviTa-rebis sam stadias. igi miuTiTebs miTebis warmoqmnis uZ-veles periodsa da qurumTa batonobis periodze. igi ganixilavs maT, rogorc warsul dros da, misi azriT, maT Semcvlelad movida metafizikuri dro, dro, roca zegrZnobadze warmoiqmna azrobrivi sistema. im dromac aseve Caiara. sen-simonis azriT aucilebelia gadasvla politikuri fizikis raRac saxeze. faseuli SeiZleba iyos mxolod is, rac warmoadgens mecnierebas poziti-ur faqtebze. amdenad, aucilebelia amaRleba imisgan, rac warmoadgens fizikas, qimias, fiziologias, _ e. i. amaRleba ganxilvis sociologiuri meTodisken, rom swored msgavsi meTodebiT mivaRwioT raRac saxis po-litikur fizikas.

amdenad, komte aRwers sakacobrio erTobis saxes, sazogadoebis saxes, romelSic gabatonebulia mxolod pozitiuri, garegnul grZnobad faqtebze dafuZnebuli azrovnebis meTodi da romelic sinamdvileSi iwvevs mxolod imas, rac miiReba aseTi saxis azrovnebisgan. cxadia, aseT sazogadoebaSi, am socialur organizmSi SeuZlebelia gamovavlinoT religiuri kaTolicizmis raime kvali. meTodi, rogoriTac komte ayalibebs da amkvidrebs zegrZnobadi eklesiis adgilze, me vityodi, grZnobad eklesias, rogor ayenebs igi, mag., RmerTis

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adgilas mTel kacobriobas, rogor gamoTqvams is pir-velad: adamiani moqmedebs, magram kacobrioba warmar-Tavs mas, igi kacobriobas mihyavs; es xom mxolod game-orebaa gamoTqmisa: adamiani varaudobs, xolo RmerTi ganagebs. es yvelaferi aCvenebs, rom de meestris suli, pirveladi reaqciuli, kaTolikuri suli cxovrobs au-guste komtes pozitivistur sulSi, oRond orientire-buli grZnobadze. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas: amave dros kaTolicizmi agrZelebs cxovrebas yvelaferSi, rac gadavida am sociologiaSi. da mainc, Cven Tu Sevxe-davT auguste komtes, maSin unda vTqvaT: masSi idea-listuri miswrafebis TvalsazrisiT jer kidev cxov-robs, misi azriT, aseve isic, raSi SeWrac mas SeuZlia, Tu is fiqrobs mxolod drois WeSmarit sulze, imis arsze, rac sasikeTo unda iyos adamianisaTvis socia-lur mowyobaSi; am SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleboda euwyebi-naT adamianisTvis, raTa gadaerwmunebinaT igi da am uwyebis meSveobiT, rwmenis am warmoSobis meSveobiT momxdariyo, sasurveli erToblivi cxovrebis warmoq-mna. unda iTqvas, rom yvelaferSi, XIX saukunis pirve-li naxevris azrovnebis mTel konfiguraciaSi jer ki-dev SeiZleba, ipovo ndoba adamianuri ideisadmi, rom-lis daxmarebiTac SesaZlebelia, daarwmuno sakuTari garemocva, rom SeiZleba raRaca gadaizardos adamia-nur qcevebSi, adamianur dawesebulebebSi, Tavdajere-bul adamianTa inteleqtis mier warmarTuli nebelo-bis wyalobiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi es gamoiTqmeba sxva-dasxvanairad. arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, XIX saukunis pir-veli naxevris yvela moazrovne samyaros swored am TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs. marTalia, ganxilvis meTo-di nawilobriv damokidebulia maT nacionalur pozi-ciaze, damokidebulia sxva garemoebazec, magram samya-ros isini am TvalsazrisiT ganixilaven.

modiT gavarkvioT, rogor ganixilaven socialur wesrigs sen-simoni, auguste komte an quetli* (Quetelet), rogor moqmedebs aq sistematizebuli carieli inteleq-ti, carieli gancda, romelic eyrdnoba mxolod maTema-tikur gamoTvlebs, romelsac yovelTvis surs, imoqme-

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dos statistikurad, surs yvelafris mowesrigeba da sistemis ageba garkveuli sinatifiT. modiT SevxedoT, daaxloebiT rogor moqmedebda inglisSi, vTqvaT, her-bert spenseri* _ gamoCenili moazrovne, romelic cxov-robda XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. is mTlianad ata-rebda Tavis TavSi inglisur mSvinvier ganwyobas. is ar moqmedebda sistematizaciis meSveobiT, daaxloebiT ima-ve suliskveTebiT, rogorc sen-simoni an auguste komte, is ar moqmedebda arc statistikis meSveobiT, magram Cans: is, rasac igi gulisxmobda ekonomikur azrovneba-Si, sameurneo azrovnebaSi imasTan dakavSirebiT, ramde-nad mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli calkeuli ekonomiku-ri problemebi _ es mas Rirebulad miaCnda sociologi-isTvis. sabunebismetyvelo da ekonomikuri azrovnebis safuZvelze herbert spenserma moifiqra zeorganizmis raRac saxe. es gamoTqma gamoiyenes sxvebma da ara man. saerTod, XIX saukuneSi gaCnda Cveva, rom imis dasawyis-Si, risi konkretulad gagebac SeuZlebelia, daesvaT sityva „ze“ da Tqven xedavT, rom sanam es rCeba liri-kuli, rogorc mogvianebiT nicSes* „zeadamiani“, es cxa-dia, dafasebulia; xolo, roca surT raRac konkretu-lis ubralod mocileba imiT, rom mis win svamen nawi-laks „ze“-s, rogorc amas araerTxel akeTebdnen, maga-liTad, roca moifiqres sityva „zeorganizmi“, aq ukve maTi sityva butbutia, gazavebuli uTavbolo cnebebiT _ da meti araferi. rogorc iTqva, es tonis mimcemi sam-Svinvelebi cxovroben XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, rom sulis meSveobiT ipovon swori mimarTuleba, ra-Rac saxis idealurobaSi, misdami raRac saxis ndobaSi.

es Seicvala XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi. bevri kuTxiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT, mag., karl marqsi*, ro-gorc XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi tonis mimcemi sam-Svinveli. isic Tavis dargSi sakuTar TavSi aerTianebda axali drois mecnierulobas da aqedan cdilobda, mie-ca socialuri mimarTuleba. magram sen-simonTan an au-guste komtesTan, anda herbert spenserTan SedarebiT, aq karl marqsi sxvagvarad dgas! karl marqsis mimarTeba iseTia, rom SeiZleba iTqvas: mas, arsebiTad, ukve aRar

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sjera, rom SeiZleba raime Seimecno, rom vinmeSi SeiZ-leba gamoiwvio rwmena, _ xolo es Tu asea, maSin am axal samyaroSi momxdaric SeiZleba swored adamianis mtkice nebis meSveobiT moxdes. ara, sen-simons, auguste komtes, herbert spensers, bakles*( Buckle,), yvela imaT, vinc gvsurs, aq davasaxeloT da Cven SegviZlia davasa-xeloT mTeli rigi pirovnebebi _ XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris yvela am samSvinvels jer kidev gaaCnda es Si-nagani rwmena. samagierod, aswleulis meore naxevris samSvinvelebs ukve aRar hqondaT da arc SeiZleboda is hqonodaT. ubralod, marqsi am mxriv yvelaze radikalu-ria; danarCenTanac igivea; arc erT maTgans sulisadmi rwmena ukve aRar aqvs.

ras akeTebs karl marqsi? is ar moqmedebs cnobiere-biT, rom SeiZleba raRac aswavlo an gamoiwvio rwmena. ara, is ambobs: arsebobs proletariatis uzarmazari ma-sa, mas aqvs is instinqtebi, romlebic vlindeba sruli sisavsiT, rogorc klasobrivi instinqtebi. Tu me movu-wodeb da SevZleb maT organizebas, Tuki vetyvi, ra ga-moixateba am klasobriv instinqtebSi, maSin SevZleb maTTan raRac Canafiqris ganxorcielebas da maT war-marTvas ise, rom dadgeba axali dro. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sen-simoni da komte moqmedebdnen, rogorc axal droSi gadayvanili mRvdlebi, romlebsac yovel Sem-TxvevaSi, sjerodaT, rom adamianur gulebs SeiZleba Ca-unergo rwmena; maT SeeZloT amis gakeTeba XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. marqsi moqmedebda, rogorc strategi, rogorc mxedarTmTavari, romelic ar eyrdnoba rwmenas, aramed axdens masebis organizebas. sulerTia, wvrTni Tu ara jariskacebs, Semdeg ki wvrTnis daxmarebiT ax-den masebis organizebas, rom maTTan erTad waxvide om-Si, Tu imedi gaqvs ukve arsebuli instinqtebis, klasob-rivi instinqtebis da saomrad migyavs isini. SeiZleba iTqvas: mRvdlis xelwera agrZelebs cxovrebas iseT adamianebSi, rogoricaa sen-simoni da auguste komte, _ TviT herbert spenserSic da maT msgavs samSvinvelebSi; iseT samSvinvelebSi, rogoricaa karl marqsi, batonobs samxedro xelwera, strategiuli swavlebis suli, ro-

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melsac ukve ar swams is, rom raime SeiZleba ipovo da gamoxato ise, rom aman daarwmunos sxvebi da rwmenis saxeliT aqedan warmoiqmnas is, rac imoqmedebs kidec axla. magram moqmedebs suli, romelic ambobs: me viReb maT, visi organizebac SemiZlia; me viReb maT iseTs, ro-gorebic isini arian, vinaidan ar SemiZlia adamianTa darwmuneba. me movaxden klasobrivi instinqtebis orga-nizebas, xolo Semdeg warmoiqmneba is, rac unda iyos. aucilebelia, mxolod vigrZnoT, raoden radikaluria es gardatexa. is ki, vinc akvirdeba XIX saukunis msvle-lobisas samSvinvelebisTvis tonis mimcem am gardate-xas, igi yvelgan igrZnobs, rom es radikaluri gardate-xa, SeiZleba iTqvas, xorcieldeba SedarebiT swrafad. garda amisa, is xorcieldeba sxva sferoSi.

azrovnebis sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli saxe Cnde-ba axali drois msvlelobis dros, XIX saukunis pir-vel naxevarSi. gansakuTrebiT saWiroa davakvirdeT fix-tes*, Selingsa* da hegels*. aq jer kidev hqondaT su-lis ndoba; sjerodaT, rom sulidan gamomdinare, SesaZ-lebelia bunebis meSveobiT dainaxo raRac, risi gadaw-yvetac saWiroa bunebis meSveobiT. rogorc axal droSi azrovnebis socialuri saxis sferoSi Sewyda ndoba samSvinvelebisadmi, romlebmac is Seqmnes, zustad ase moxda es garegnul SemecnebasTan dakavSirebiT. axla eyrdnobodnen mxolod dakvirvebasa da eqsperiments. Se-moqmedi suli ukve yovlad uunarod miiCneoda. is, ra-zec Tanxmdebian, aris dakvirveba da eqsperimenti. Semoq-med suls ki miewereba unari, daaregistriros is, ras ambobs dakvirveba da eqsperimenti. Tu dRes swored am TvalsazrisiT gsurs, gaigo socialuri cxovreba, maSin adamianur ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT iyeneb sabune-bismetyvelo mecnierul dakvirvebas, kerZod darvinizms. azrovnebis am meTodisTvis XIX saukunis meore naxevar-Si avtoritetebs warmoadgenen benjamen kidi*, heksli*, raseli*, uolesi* da a.S. aq Cven yvelgan vpoulobT su-lis gafizikurebas (die Verphysischung), sulis sayrdens raRac garegnulze socialuris praqtikul cxovrebaSi, iseve, rogorc Semecnebis cxovrebaSi.

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saocari ram mosdis am XIX saukunes, roca Tavad adamianuri suli TandaTanobiT adreve iyalibebs Tavis-Tvis raRac saxis Sinagan agnosticizms, roca Tavad kargavs sakuTari Tavis ndobas. am kuTxiTac XIX sauku-nis Sua periodSi xdeba radikaluri gardatexa. visac surs, daakvirdes, rogor viTardeboda es ganwyobebi, romlebic me moviyvane, _ xolo imisTvis, vinc am kavSi-rebis ganxilvas eswrafvis istoriulad, es ganwyobebi gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre sulieri cxovrebis Sinaarsi, _ is faqtobrivad dainaxavs raRac saxes imi-sa, risi formirebac moxda SemdgomSi XIX saukunis mi-er, magram momdinareobs XVIII saukuneSi ukve arsebuli-dan. SeiZleba kidev ufro Sors wavideT ukan XVIII sau-kuneSi, Semdeg ki kidev ufro Sors _ XVI-XV ss. marTa-lia, aq jer kidev ar ejaxebi imas, rac Semdeg XIX s. mianiSnebda axali socialuri wesrigis aRqmaze, magram aRmoaCen, rom SeuZlebelia socialuri wesrigis dauf-leba, amitom XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi amas mTlia-nad ganudgebi. da mainc, gesmis, rom XIX saukuneSi mom-xdari, es gardatexa XIX saukunis SuaSi ukve XV sauku-nidan nela viTardeboda. Tu ganixilav sulier cxovre-bas ukumimarTulebiT TviT XV saukunemde, maSin mainc SesaZlebelia es igrZno cnebebSi, romlebTan erTadac SegiZlia iaro, rogorc adamianma XIX an XX ss..

es SesaZlebloba qreba, rogorc ki miubrundebi XV saukunes, Sors darCenili Sua saukuneebis Semdeg. me aqac SemiZlia, moviyvano uamravi calkeuli cneba da warmodgena, romlebic Tqven gaCvenebT, ramdenad sxvag-varad iyo es im droebSi adamianis samSvinvelis mTel wyobasTan. me msurs, SevCerde mxolod erTze. dRes, vi-sac surs, gulwrfelad gaigos, vTqvaT, XV saukunemde dawerili erTi Txzuleba, romelic eZRvneba bunebis aRweras, man sakuTari samSvinveli sul sxva ganwyobaSi unda moiyvanos, vidre ufro gviandeli periodis, ker-Zod XVIII an XIX saukuneebis raime nawarmoebis kiTxvi-sas. roca vkiTxulobT bunebaze aseT nawarmoebebSi, TviT iseTebSic, romlebic ufro gvian aris dawerili, magram maTi mibaZviT da azrTa iseTive saxiT, iseTive

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SemecnebiTi rwmeniT, rogoric is iyo XV saukunemde, yvelgan vpoulobT, rom aq bunebis ganxilvisas jer ki-dev cocxlobs raRac, razec SeiZleba iTqvas: roca Sen axorcieleb ama Tu im eqsperiments, roca eZlevi bune-bis sxvadasxvagvar gaazrebas, maSin erTdroulad unda Seqmna SenSi azrTa gansazRvruli Sinagani saxe. mag., Sen ar SegiZlia garkveuli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba mineralebTan, romelmac SeiZleba migiyvanos erTTan an meoresTan, Tu ar ganismWvalebi raRac ganwyobiT, rome-lic sasiamovnoa garkveuli RvTaebrivi sulebisTvis. gansazRvruli bunebrivi qmedebebi Sen unda ganaxorcie-lo gansazRvruli moraluri ganwyobiT.

Cvens droSi warmoidgineT, rom vinmem, vinc qimiuri reaqciebi unda Caataros laboratoriaSi, moisurvos sa-kuTar samSvinvelSi Seiqmnas raime religiuri, moralu-ri ganwyoba! TavisTavad cxadia, rom aseT gancxadebas sasacilod aigdeben. magram unda iTqvas, rom im droeb-Si, XV saukunemde, aseTi moTxovnebi marTlac idga maT winaSe, vinc dakavebuli iyo bunebis procesebiT da rac ufro Sors mivdivarT warsulSi, es miT ufro meti iyo. swored iseT samSvinvels, rogoricaa de meestri, sur-da, kvlav gaecocxlebina raRac, rac, arsebiTad, axal droSi srulebiTac ar iyo cocxali. mas surda, cocxa-li adamianuri gagebisTvis gamoewvia mkafio gansxvaveba codvisa da danaSaulis cnebebs Soris. de meestri am-bobda, rom misi drois adamianebs, _ is gulisxmobda XIX saukunis dasawyiss, _ ukve aRar esmiT gansxvaveba codvasa da danaSauls Soris. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es maTTvis TandaTanobiT erTiani gaxda. swori cnebebi, gansakuTrebiT pirvelyofil codvaze adamianebs ukve aRar hqondaT.

amdenad, me msurs, Tqven mogceT pirveli codvis cne-ba, rogorc mas SeigrZnobdnen adamianebi XV saukunem-de. Tqven xedavT, rom Cvens dRevandel msoflmxedvelo-baSi saerTod ar arsebobs safuZveli aseTi cnebebis aq-tiurad ganviTarebisaTvis. Tumca sulieri cxovrebis istoriuli ganxilvisTvis maTi ganviTareba marTlac aucilebelia. Tu aucilebelia aseTi cnebis ganviTare-

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ba, maSin dRes, cxadia, msgavsi kvlevis safuZvelSi un-da idos Tavdapirveli cnebebi. Tavdapirvelis qveS me vgulisxmob imas, rogor SeuZlia msgavsi uZvelesi cne-bebis warmoCena Tanamedrove sulier kvlevas. uZvelesi warmodgenebis wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod imis wya-lobiT, rom sruliad damoukideblad kvlav midixar msgavs movlenebamde. Tu mas amis gareSe waikiTxav, maSin waikiTxav mxolod sityvebs da Tuki xar usindiso sit-yvebTan mimarTebaSi, maSin gjera, rom SegiZlia sityve-bis SeerTeba azrTan. im droSi, XV saukunemde, cxadia, ganaTlebul wreebSi ar sjerodaT imisa, rasac dRes Teologia sxvadasxva dogmis Tanaxmad gansazRvravs, rogorc pirvelad codvas. Tavis mxriv is, rasac maSin ambobdnen, dRes SesaZlebelia, rogorc iTqva, sruli sicxadiT gamovlindes mxolod sulismecnierulad. Se-iZleba iTqvas daaxloebiT Semdegi: Tavisi dabadebidan, anu Tavisi pirveli amosunTqvidan dawyebuli adamiani sikvdilamde ganicdis garkveul Sinagan organul pro-cesebs sakuTari Sinagani cxovrebis wyalobiT. es Sina-gani organuli procesebi gansxvavdeba imaTgan, rac xorcieldeba adamianis gareTa bunebaSi. mxolod dRe-vandeli sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli crurwmena gu-lisxmobs, rom yovelive is, rac moqmedebs adamianSi, SeiZleba gamovlindes cxovelurSic. es aris crurwme-na, vinaidan, cxoveluri organizmis Sinagani kanonzomi-erebebi, arsebiTad, mainc gansxvavdeba adamianis SigniT mimdinare kanonzomierebebisgan. amdenad, adamians SeuZ-lia Sexedos imas, rogor axorcielebs misi organizmi dabadebidan gardacvalebamde kanonzomierad Sinagan Za-lebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, Tavisi sakuTari kanonzomierebi-dan igi verafers ipovis garegnul bunebaSi Tu namdvi-lad Seimecnebs imas, ra moqmedebs aq masSi kanonzomie-rad. magram am garegnul bunebaSi igi poulobs raRa-cas, rac garkveuli saxiT Seesabameba im kanonzomiere-bas, romelic adamianTan xorcieldeba Casaxvasa da da-badebas Soris, Sesabamisad embrionuli ganviTarebis dros. adamiani, Tavisi procesebiT dabadebasa da sik-vdils Soris, SeuZlebelia gaigoT mxolod imiT, risi

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swavlebac SesaZlebelia garegnul bunebaSi, magram ga-regnuli bunebidan aRebuls Tu sworad gamoviyenebT, SeiZleba garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gavigoT is, rac xorcieldeba adamianis ganviTarebis embrionul peri-odSi. dRes ar arsebobs msgavsi ideis gansakuTrebuli aTvisebis unari, magram me SemiZlia, Tqveni gagebis una-ri mivmarTo iqiTken, rom axali sulismecnierebidan ga-momdinare, rogor mivubrundeT adrindeli epoqebis cne-bebs. dRevandeli adamiani Tavis Tavs amas ar eubneba, magram XV saukunemdeli bunebismetyveli Tavis Tavs eubneboda, Tumca swored ara rogorc garegnulad Sem-grZnebi adamiani da ara naTeli cnobierebiT, aramed ga-momdinare bneli grZnobidan: garegnuli bunebis gan-xilvisas me SemiZlia sakuTar Tavs, rogorc adamians, mivawero garegnuli bunebis kanonzomiereba mxolod ma-Sin, roca vakvirdebi imas, ra xdeboda Cems fizikur sxeulSi Cems dabadebamde. adamianis ganviTarebisas mis SinaganSi Zevs is, rac garegnul bunebasTan Riad Zevs mzamzareuli saxiT. adamians ar SeuZlia ganviTareba wminda bunebrivad, roca gaxsnilia mxolod dRisTvis. is gaxdeboda boroti arseba, Tu ganviTardeboda ise, rogorc viTardeba mcenare Tavisi yvavilebiT aSkarad, gareT sivrceSi.

ase SeigrZnobdnen drois uZveles periodebSi. Sesa-bamisad adamiani xdeba codvili, Tu is daeqvemdebareba im Zalebs, romlebic dedis sxeulSi xels uwyoben mis ganviTarebas, vinaidan isini moqmedeben ise, rogorc moqmedebs adamianursgareTa buneba. adamianursgareTa es buneba mTlianad gamarTlebulia, rogorc buneba. mag-ram dabadebis Semdeg Tu adamiani jer kidev eqvemdeba-reba amas, Tuki igi ar aRizrdeba imisTvis, rom Caer-Tos zegrZnobad kanonzomierebaSi, maSin is codvili xdeba. amas mihyavs Tandayolili codvis cnebamde, amas mihyavs moTxovnilebisken, moralur msoflwesrigSic aseve CarTos bunebrivi. gansazRvruli saxiT warmoiq-mneba is, rac xdeba jer kidev bunebrivad da uerTdeba moralur wesrigs, swored ase midixar iseT cnebamde, rogoricaa Tandayolili codvis cneba, romelic jer

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kidev XV saukunemde mTlianad sabunebismetyvelo mec-nierul cnebas warmoadgenda. de meestrs surs, kvlav Semoitanos Tandayolili codvis es cneba. mas surs, bunebismetyveleba kvlav daakavSiros zneobasTan, mo-ralTan. mainc risi wyalobiT SeiZleboda Tandayoli-li codvis am cnebis gadarCena XIX saukuneSi? mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom religiam Tavisi Tavi gamijna mec-nieruli Semecnebisgan kidev ufro mkacri azriT, vidre es xdeboda adre. sul ufro metad Cndeba rwmenisa da Semecnebis erTmaneTisgan raRac dayofis aqcenti. Cven Tu mivubrundebiT Zvel droebs, maSin rwmenisa da cod-nis am dayofas saerTod ar hqonda azri. is sul ufro metad da metad vlindeba axal droSi, cxadia, ramdeni-me aswleuliT adre XV saukunemde. da mainc, ra warmo-iqmneba XIX saukuneSi warmodgenebis am gansakuTrebul samyarosTan mimarTebaSi? Cven vxedavT, rom religia sul ufro mtkiced ambobs: mecnierebas moswons, iaros sizustisken, mas moswons, ubiZgos imisken, rogoraa is dakavebuli Tavisi meTodebiT, magram Cven, vinc icavs religias, srulebiTac ar viTxovT uflebas am meTo-debze. Cven vitovebT garantirebul sferos, romelSic gvinda, gagvaCndes ara mecnieruli Semecneba, aramed mxolod rwmena, mxolod subieqturi mrwamsi. mecniere-bas gansazRvrulad utoveben mecnierul codnas, xolo TavisTvis uzrunvelyofen rwmenis sferos, ramdenadac gaxdnen Zalze ususurni, rom isini SeaerTon. amdenad, cnebebi, romlebic moralursa da bunebis kanons erTia-nobaSi kravs, rogoricaa magaliTad, Tandayolili codvis cneba, TandaTanobiT kargaven TavianT mniSvne-lobas. rogorc de meestri aRniSnavs, Tanamedrove ada-mianisTvis, arsebiTad, azri aqvs mxolod danaSaulis cnebas da ara codvis cnebas, vinaidan codvis cnebas azri aqvs mxolod maSin, Tu SesaZlebelia bunebis ka-nonzomierebisa da moraluris urTierTqmedebaze yu-radRebiT dakvirveba. ase Cven namdvilad mivdivarT sruliad sxva cnebebamde, roca vbrundebiT ukan XV as-wleulis iqiT.

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Semdeg, aseve arsebobs xangrZlivi periodi, _ mas Cveulebriv ganixilaven rogorc bnel, Savbnel Sua sau-kuneebs, _ romelSic ar arsebobs namdvili sulieri progresi, iseTive saxiT, rogoric _ SemdgomSi XV sau-kunidan. is, rac viTardeba galileis* droidan, koper-nikis* droidan, rac xdeba mas Semdeg kacobriobisTvis da agrZelebs ganviTarebas TviT XIX saukunis udides miRwevebamde, amas ganixilaven ise, rom deducireben (deduziert) momaval progress, roca amboben: adamianebi wavlen sul ufro Sors da Sors. Tu Sen dabrundebi warsulSi XV saukunemde, maSin progresis am cnebas ukve ubralod SeuZlebelia raime mouxerxo. aq saWi-roa mibruneba aswleulidan aswleulisken, Tumca ma-inc aRmoaCen, rom drois msvlelobisas yvelgan ver poulob igive suls, rom is icvleba da amas xval uf-ro zustad davaxasiaTebT, roca SeviswavliT XII, XI, X, IX, VIII, VII da VI saukuneebis gansxvavebul istori-ul epoqebs. aq Cven vxedavT, TandaTanobiT rogor vrceldeba qristianuli swavleba; magram ver aRmoaCen raRac progress igive TvalsazrisiT, rogorc is iwye-ba XV s. Sua periodidan da SemdgomSi, roca XIX sau-kunidan grZeldeba radikaluri gardatexa, radikalu-ri Semobruneba. amis miuxedavad, Tu Sexedav im, me vit-yodi, ufro uZrav mdgomareobebs, mixval umniSvnelo-vanes momentamde evropul ganviTarebaSi. mixval qris-tes Semdgom IV s-mde. amasTan, geqmneba SegrZneba: ga-nuwyveteli dakvirvebis wyalobiT SeiZleba, SeamCnio, ra iwyeba daaxloebiT XV s. Sua periodidan nikolaus kuzaneliT*, Semdeg ra vlindeba azrovnebis galilei-kopernikiseul saxeSi, nabij-nabij ra midis win radi-kaluri Semobrunebisken XIX s.; Tumca SeuZlebelia, imave meTodiT ganixilo ufro adrindeli aswleulebi, romlebSic midixar stacionaruli dinebisken. xval amas ganvixilavT detalurad, Tu, rogorc amboben, uf-ro metad CaveflobiT ezoTerulSi.

magram es moulodnelad mTlianad icvleba roca qristes Semdgom IV saukuneSi vbrundebiT. aq kvlav aR-movaCenT uCveulod Zireul cvlilebas evropul ganvi-

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TarebaSi da Cven gacilebiT ufro metad SevafasebT am cvlilebebis mniSvnelobas, Tu davinaxavT, rom is, rac gardatexis Semdeg XV saukuneSi Cven win warmodgeba, rogorc aRorZinebis epoqa, rogorc reformacia, warmo-adgens raRac saxis mibrunebas im droebisken, romleb-Sic Cven SevyavarT, roca gavivliT ganviTarebis staci-onarul mdgomareobebs da aRmovCndebiT qristes Sem-dgom IV aswleulSi. qristes Semdgom am IV saukunesTan mimarTebiT dRes ezoTerulad SevxedavT mxolod ga-regnul faqtebs. imitom, rom is warmoadgens gadamwyvet aswleuls romis uZvelesi imperiis TandaTanobiT dace-misTvis. Cven aseve vxedavT, rom qristes Semdgom am IV saukuneSi qristianoba ise farTod gavrcelda, rom konstantine* iZulebuli gaxda qristianebisTvis gamo-ecxadebina religiuri Tavisufleba, amrigad, qristia-noba Tanabaruflebiani gaxda Zvel warmarTul religi-ebTan. Cven imasac vWvretT, rogori mcdeloba iyo, kidev erTxel CaenergaT evropuli da saerTod civilizebuli kacobriobisTvis is, rac warmoiSva uZvelesi warmarTo-bisgan, rogorc msoflmxedveloba da cxovrebis aRqma iuliane apostatis* meSveobiT, romlis sikvdiliTac 363 wels daeca pirovneba, romelsac surda, kidev erTxel mTeli ZaliT Seetana evropuli civilizaciis cxovre-baSi is, rac batonobda aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi, ra-mac Semdeg miiRo qristianoba, Tumca qristes Semdgom IV saukuneSi ukve Tavisi daRupvis win idga. vxedavT agreTve, rogor moqmedebdnen is Zalebi, romlebmac Sem-dgom romis imperiis adgili daikaves, rogor modis ev-ropa moZraobaSi da moZraobaSi modian goTebi, vanda-lebi da langobardebi, an IV saukuneSi rogor iwyeba adrianopolidan sxvadasxva brZola, romlis wyalobi-Tac goTebi iWrebian jer aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi, Semdeg ki isini miemarTebian ufro Sors, iseve, rogorc e. w. barbarosebis sisxlSi mcxovrebi gamodis imis wi-naaRmdeg, rac arsebobs samxreT evropis Zvel, gaqrobis winaSe myof kulturaSi. im droSi, romelzec Cven aq vsaubrobT, qristes Semdgom IV saukuneSi, gasaocari ram cocxlobda, es iyo kulturis zeda fena, is zeda

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fena, romelsac saberZneTSi swamda berZnuli RmerTe-bis, ris Semdegac ganaviTara berZnuli msoflmxedve-loba; Semdeg ki isic TandaTanobiT gaqra, rogorc gan-msazRvreli faqtori. xolo is, rac rCeba misgan azrob-riv konfiguraciebSi, amis gadatana xdeba romaul-kaTo-likur eklesiaze, romelic Tavis garegnul dawesebu-lebebSi aseve aRiqvams romis imperiis konstitucias. CvenTvis naTeli xdeba, rogor gadadis saerTo sulieri mmarTveloba mRvdlebis ZalauflebaSi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, rogor sruldeba yovelive is, rac iyo saerTo suliereba. mxolod renesansis wyalobiT moxda misi xelaxla wamoweva. es aseve gviandel droSic jer kidev moqmedebs imdenad, rom goeTe, mas Semdeg, rac man gaiara Tavisi axalgazrduli formireba da Seqmna pir-veli nawarmoebebi, rogorc cnobilia, Zalze wuxda ima-ze, rac iyo Zveli evropuli, aziuri civilizacia.

da mainc, arsebiTad, ra darCa amisgan saxeze? daiSa-la TviT fuladi meurneobac, amasTan qristes Semdgom IV saukuneSi, dacema imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom ganviTa-reba qalaqebis formirebis dros, arsebiTad, Sewyda. Tu rCeboda soflis elementi, romliTac dasaxlebuli iyo vrceli teritoriebi (msxvili miwaTmflobeli elemen-tiT), maSin samxreT evropuli mosaxleobis es darCeni-li soflis elementi erwymoda imas, rac iq iWreboda CrdiloeTis xalxebisgan.

amdenad, Cven vxedavT, TandaTanobiT rogor ixrwneba is, rac uZvelesi aRmosavleTidan gadadioda sulier cxovrebaSi, rac garkveuli saxiT gardaiqmna berZnul warmonaqmnSi, romaul warmonaqmnSi da rac axla mainc nel-nela qreba ise, rom esec, SeiZleba iTqvas, kvdeba. rCeba mxolod is mosaxleoba, romelic ar monawileob-da am warmoqmnaSi, soflis da miwaTmflobeli mosaxle-oba da maTTan Serwymuli is mosaxleoba, romelic ax-la Sedis romaul-berZnul sferoSi e. w. xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis wyalobiT. evropis am samyaros SigniT, _ me viyeneb ramdenadme radikalur gamoTqmas, _ Cven vxe-davT, Semdgom aswleulebSi garkveuli saxiT rogor av-rcelebs mRvdlebis romauli samyaro qristianobas

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mxolod glexebiT dasaxlebul mosaxleobaSi. aq aSka-rad Cans, rogor ar SeuZlia mRvdlis am wodebas Tavi-dan raime mouxerxos winaaRmdegobis amgvar berZnul elements, romelic nel-nela qreba, vinaidan Tavis Tav-Si ar atarebs Semdgom SesaZleblobebs momavlisTvis. vinc ganaTlebulebi iyvnen, amowydnen. meSCanuri mosax-leoba ukana planze gadadis. Zveli erTobis, Temis ad-gilas Semodis naturaluri meurneoba, e. i. icvleba germaneli barbarosi xalxebis mier aq Semotanili na-turaluri meurneobiT. aSkarad Cans, qristes Semdgom am IV saukunidan TandaTanobiT rogor viTardeba da vrceldeba qristianuli elementi, Tumca Tavad namdvi-li sulieri cxovreba ar damdgara, magram is, rac swo-red aq IV saukuneSi samRvdeloebis meSveobiT gadaita-nes Zvel sulier cxovrebaSi da saxe icvala maTive meSveobiT, es, arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, maT mier Cainerga evropuli glexuri mosaxleobis am gaunaTlebel na-wilSi. sisxli moqmedebs mxolod mas Semdeg, rac es Ca-inergeba. es iyo sisxli, romelic warmoiqmneboda as-wleulebis gavliT evropel xalxebSi, gamoaRviZebda ra suls, romelic Semdeg amotivtivda XV saukuneSi.

amdenad, Tu gvsurs, yuradRebiT SevxedoT drois im mniSvnelovan moments, maSin saWiroa mivubrundeT swo-red am IV saukunes. qristes Semdgom swored am IV sau-kuneSi aRmovaCineT Cven aseTi avtoritetuli pirovnebe-bi, romlebic uSualod TavianT sakuTar mSvinvier gan-wyobaSi gamoxatavdnen imas, rac maSin, arsebiTad, moqme-debda da cocxlobda. Tqven Tu SeadarebT aq moyvanil TariRebs, dainaxavT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania qristes Semdgom IV saukunis swored es periodi: 313 weli _ im-peratorma konstantinem gamoacxada religiuri Tavi-sufleba. 363 weli _ gardaicvala iuliane apostasi da masTan erTad CaaxSves Zveli msoflmxedvelobis ukanas-kneli imedi. 378 wels goTebis Semotevis Sedegad daeca adrianopoli. 400 weli _ avgustine* wers Tavis naS-roms: „konfessionen“. amdenad, IV saukunis dasrulebiT av-gustinem daaskvna, ras unda SeeRwia dasavleT evropu-li civilizaciis Sinagan mSvinvier brZolebSi.

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momakvdavi antikuri kulturis SigniT yofnisas ga-nicdi imas, rac aq, aRmosavlur msoflmxedvelobaSi nel-nela ixrwneboda. avgustinem es ganicada im msof-lmxedvelobaSi, romelic Tavad, sakuTar axalgazrdo-baSi ndobiTa da mTeli erTgulebiT aRiqva _ maniqeve-lobaSi. man es ganicada neoplatonizmSi da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac man gaiara warmoudgenlad Zlieri mSvinvieri brZola maniqevelobis, manus* moZRvrebis meSveobiT, neoplatonizmisa da TviT berZnuli skepti-cizmis meSveobiT, avgustinem gaaRwia qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis romaul-kaTolikuri xasiaTisken. Cven vxedavT, es ase monumenturad rogor vlindeba mis mier, daaxloebiT 400 wels daweril „konfessionen“-Si. am-denad, Cven vxedavT avgustines, romelmac ase zustad warmoadgina qristes Semdgom IV saukunis suli, rome-lic ki gaizarda maniqevelur warmodgenebSi, magram ma-niqevelobis gageba SeuZlebeli gaxda ukve im epoqaSi, romelmac moaxdina Zveli aRmosavluri sibrZnis ase farTod romanizacia, ase farTod dogmatizacia.

ra aris maniqevelobis arsi? cxadia, maniqevelobis gageba SeuZlebelia imiT, rac gadmocemuli swavlebis-gan darCa. maniqevelobis wvdoma aucilebelia mis Tavi-sebur Sinagan arsSi sulismecnieruli CaxedviT. aRmo-savluri msoflmxedveloba ukve dekadansSi iyo, magram manus moZRvrebis meSveobiT mas SeuerTda kidev raRac, rac unda warmoCeniliyo raime sruliad nacnobad, ra-Rac mravalmniSvnelovnad. amis gacnobiereba ki saWi-roa, vinaidan maniqevelobaSi eswrafodnen sulieri da grZnobadi samyaroebis cocxali urTierTqmedebis gan-cdas. vinc misdevda manus swavlebas, is jer kidev es-wrafoda, uSualod ganexila grZnobadi samyaro ise, rom TiToeul grZnobad faqtSi, TiToeul grZnobad sa-ganSi daenaxa sulieric, anu, igi eswrafoda samyaroSi erTdroulad gamoevlina sibrZne da sikeTe, vinaidan mas ar surda, buneba gaemijna wminda sulierisgan. su-li da buneba unda ganexila, rogorc erTi. amas mogvia-nebiT uwodes dualizmi, ramdenadac orives, sulisa da bunebis, romlebic gamijnes, kvlav SeerTeba ver SeZ-

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les, maSin, roca adre maT ganixilavdnen, rogorc er-Tianobas. azrTa es wyoba did STabeWdilebas axdenda jer kidev axalgazrda avgustineze, magram amiT sakuTa-ri Tavis gamsWvalva man ukve veRar SeZlo; dros ukve aRar SeeZlo, Semecnebis im procesebidan, romelTac ka-cobrioba ukve gascda, mieRwia warmodgenebisTvis, rom-lebic moipoves uZvelesi instinqturi cnobierebis wya-lobiT. da mainc, Cven avgustineSi vxedavT Sinagan tra-gikul brZolas. mas surda, epova sibrZne, surda, epova RvTaebrivi samyaroseuli Zalebi imaSi, rac cxovrobs RrublebSi, mTebSi, mcenareebSi, cxovelebsa da mTels yofierebaSi. magram bolos da bolos Tavi ixsna gaqce-viT neoplatonur filosofiaSi, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom is kvlavindeburad SesaniSnavi, Zlieri da genialuria, ukve aCvenebs, rom mas metad aRar esmis su-lisa da materiis es urTierTqmedeba da romelic mis-tikur-bundovnad mainc cdilobs swrafvas zeviT ab-straqtulisken, martooden wminda sulierisken. suliT ganmsWvaluli bunebis, suliT ganmsWvaluli gare samya-ros gagebis SesaZleblobisagan TandaTanobiT mowyve-tiT, imsWvaleba ra ukve bunebis ugulebelyofiT da wminda sulierisadmi TayvaniscemiT neoplatonizmSi, av-gustine erTi movlenis wyalobiT, romelic Tavis sfe-roSi warmoadgens Zalze simptomaturad mniSvnelovans, midis cxovrebaSi sakuTari kaTolikur-qristianul Se-xedulebamde. saWiroa, sworad gaviazroT is, rac aq xdeba msoflio-istoriulad. rogor dgas aq avgustine? is dgas samyaroSi, romelSic cxovrobs mTeli Zveli civilizacia, romelic amave dros dekadansSia da deg-radirebs, ase rom, mas ukve aRar ZaluZs masTan miRweva, Tumca is tragikulad ebrZvis ukanasknel narCenebs, ma-niqevelobas, yvelaze bolos ki neoplatonizmis nar-Cens. mas ar ZaluZs gaRweva, Tumca jer kidev ar SeuZ-lia qristianobis aRqma, vinaidan is dakmayofilebulia imiT, rac mas jer kidev unaTebs amgvari sibrZnidan, Tundac es iyos dekadansSi. aq mas eZaleba Rrma eWvebi da igi, rogorc cnobili oratori, neoplatonikosi, sul ufro Rrmad efloba eWvebSi. da mainc, ra moxda?

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swored im momentSi, roca is axlos iyo imasTan, rom daekarga WeSmaritebis rwmena, roca is ukve mTlianad iyo dabneuli mravalferovan urTierTgadajaWvul gzebze, romlebic iq IV saukuneSi Camoyalibda dekadan-sSi myof Zvel kulturaSi, roca kiTxvebi da eWvebi ar-yevdnen mis samSvinvels, mas moeCvena, rom mezobeli ba-Ridan esma raRac bavSvuri xmis msgavsi: aiRe da waikiT-xe! aiRe da waikiTxe! da man xeli mohkida axal aRTqmas da pavles werilebs, _ bavSvis xmis meSveobiT ki is miiyvanes romaul kaTolicizmSi.

Cans, rom is, rac cocxlobda avgustineSi, damZime-bulia yovelive imiT, rac Tavisi degradaciisas aRmo-savluri warmonaqmnidan dasavleTSi gadmovida. aq is warmoadgens warmomadgenlobiT suls. axla is xdeba tonis mimcemi. xolo, riskenac mas mouwoda bavSvis xmam, es warmarTavs mas da amdenad, is xdeba tonis mim-cemi Semdgomi aswleulebisTvis. Tavidan amis gardate-xa moxda XV saukuneSi da am gardatexis saboloo Se-degi dgeba uSualod mxolod XIX saukunis Sua peri-odSi, rogorc Semobruneba.

qristes Semdgom IV saukuneSi Cveni mzera mimarTu-lia swored am erT pirovnebaze, romelic dgas dasav-luri civilizaciis mTeli sirTuleebisa da sruli de-kadansis winaSe. Cven aseve vumzerT imas, ra aris aq amo-savali wertili, cxadia, raRacisTvis, rac kidev raRac sxvas Seereva da es Seereva raRac gasaocars. es er-wymis imas, rac gadmodis aRmosavleTidan, garegnulad barbaros xalxebTan erTad, romlebmac garkveulwilad gadaTeles romauli civilizacia, Tavisi Tavi daayenes romauli civilizaciis adgilas da mas Semdeg, rac isi-ni Seerivnen glexobasa da miwaTmflobel mosaxleobas, Wkuas aswavlidnen romis samRvdeloebas. magram safuZ-vlebSi kidev raRac sxvac cocxlobs. am xalxTa uxeS samSvinvelebSi amoizideba is, rasac aseve gaaCnia Tavis TavSi gasaocari sulieri elementi, iseve, rogorc So-reuli sulieri elementi. Cven SevigrZnobT da aRviq-vamT am ufro Soreul sulier elements Zalze intensi-uri saxiT, roca aviRebT wigns, romelic CvenTvis dar-

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Ca, rogorc uZvelesi gotikuri Zegli _ biblia, Tar-gmnili vulfilas* mier. Cven Tu amiT miviRebT SegrZne-bas, rom bibliis am Targmanis suliskveTebam SeiZleba zemoqmedeba moaxdinos Cvens samSvinvelze, maSin gasa-ocrad mogveCveneba, mag., rogor igeba „mamao Cveno“ nar-Cenebze, gamomdinare mTeli im qaosidan, romlisTvisac avgustine warmoadgens tonis mimcem suls. da „mamao Cveno“ JRers CvenTvis vulfilas Targmnili bibliidan, romelic axla moculia Cveni xelweriT, asoebis (Duktus) amJamindeli daxriT da mTlianad JRers, gamom-dinare socialuri cxovrebis uZvelesi elementidan, arianuli qristianobidan, avgustines aTanasiuri (athanasische, ukvdavi) qristianobis sapirispirod.

amdenad, SesaZloa vulfilas Targmnili bibliis am xelweraSi Cven SevigrZnoT meti, vidre raime sxvaSi, Tu rogori suli, me vityodi, rogori warmarTuli suli cocxlobs aq, magram mainc gamsWvaluli sakmaod Zlie-ri qristianobiT, cxadia, arianuli qristianobiT. amas-Tan, iTvaliswineb yvela detals da ixseneb, rogori suli cocxlobs am Cveulebriv goTSi, vulfilaSi, ro-melmac Targmna biblia. oRond saWiroa movlenebi gani-xiloT SegrZnebebTan erTad. aRmosavleTidan gadmosul am barbarosTa masebSi, romlebmac Secvales romis an-tikuri warmonaqmni mis daisSi, JRers kidev raRac, rac gasaocrad cocxlobs, Sinaganad WeSmaritad cocxlobs, rogorc sulieri cxovreba, rogorc goTebis sulieri cxovreba, rac cocxlobda goTebis diad swavlebaSi da Taviseburi saxiT cocxlobda vulfilaSi, „mamao Cve-nos“ locvaSi:

Atta unsar thu in himinam, Weihnai namo thein. Qimai thiudinassus theins. Wairthai wilja theins, swe in himina jah ana airthai. Hlaif unsarana thana sinteinan gif uns himma daga. Jah aflet uns thatei skulans sijaima, swaswe jah weis afletam thaim

skulam unsaraim. Jah ni briggais uns in fraistubnjai, ak lausei uns af thamma ubilin;

Unte theina ist thiudangardi jah mahts jah wulthus in aiwins. Amen.

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amdenad, Cven Tu ganvixilavT amas, aseT gasaocar locvas vulfilas enaze da SevecdebiT mis gadaTar-gmnas Cvens dRevandel enaze, marTalia, sityvasityviT Targmnas ver SevZlebT, magram raRac mainc unda vTqvaT:

Cven SegigrZnobT Sen zeviT sulier simaRleebSi, adamianTa sayovelTao mamao. dae, wminda iyos saxeli Seni. dae, Camovides Cvenamde sfero Seni xelmwifebisa. dae, marTos Senma nebam, rogorc caSi, ise dedamiwaze. saWiroa sworad vigrZnoT, Tu ra aris amaSi gamoxa-

tuli. adamiani, romelic ase Targmnis „mamao Cvenos“, SeigrZnobs raRac dasabamiseuls da is, arsebiTad, Se-igrZnobs ise, rogorc SeigrZnobdnen es warmarTebi: su-lier simaRleebSi yvelafris SemnarCunebeli kacobrio-bis mama, romelic warmodgenili hyavdaT ise, rogorc iZleoda amis SesaZleblobas Zveli naTelxilva; arse-biTad, is warmodgenili hyavdaT, rogorc xelmwife, uxilavi, zegrZnobadi xelmwife, romelic flobs iseT Zalauflebas, rogoric ar gaaCnia arc erT miwier xel-mwifes. mas mimarTaven, rogorc xelmwifes Tavisufal goTebs Soris da amas gamoxataven, roca amboben: «Atta unsar thu in himinam.». axla ki exebian mis samgvar arss: „dae, wminda iyos saxeli Seni“. uSualod am saxelis qveS esmodaT, _ es SevadaroT mxolod Zvel sanskri-tul mniSvnelobebs, _ arsobrioba, rogoradac is vlin-deba, rogoradac is avlens Tavs gareT, iseve, rogorc adamiani vlindeba sakuTar sxeulSi. xelmwifebis qveS esmodaT is, rac Zevs ZalauflebaSi, garkveuli saxiT ZlierebaSi, romelsac SeeZlo maTi sferos marTva: «Weihnai namo thein. Qimai thiudinassus theins. Wairthai wilja theins, swe in himina jah ana airthai.».

nebis qveS esmodaT swored is, rac sulis saxiT as-xivebda Zalauflebasa da saxels. ai ase umzerdnen ze-viT da zegrZnobadi samyaroebis suliskveTebiT xedav-dnen samjer gamefebul sulierebas. mas miubrundebod-nen da Semdeg ambobdnen: «Jah ana airthai. Hlaif unsarana thana

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sinteinan gif uns himma daga.» zustad aseve, dae iyos dedami-wazec, kerZod ki: mainc rogor _ dae iyos dedamiwaze? rogor unda iyos wminda Seni saxeli, is, risi wyalobi-Tac Sen gsurs sakuTari Tavis gamovlena gareT _ maS, dae is, rac ixsneba gareT CvenSi, is, rac yoveldRiu-rad unda aRorZindes CvenSi, dae, es gasxivosndes. saWi-roa mxolod gvesmodes, ra Zevs am uZveles goTur sit-yvaSi: „Hlaif“. misgan warmoiqmna puri, mrgvali puri, agu-ris puri. dRes ukve saerTod ver grZnoben, rogor iyo es, roca amboben: „puri Cveni arsobisa mogvec Cven dRes“, maSin, roca aq „Hlaif“ niSnavs: rogorc Cven vaRia-rebT saxels Sensas sxeulad, aseve miec Senc Cvens sxe-uls iqces aseTad, rom mas SeeZlos yoveldRiurad iyos kidec aseTi kvebis meSveobiT, imis meSveobiT, ra-sac is aRiqvams nivTierebaTa cvlaSi.

Semdeg ki msgavsad imisa, rogorc gadadian xelmwi-febaTa sferosken, romelic aq unda marTavdes zegrZno-badi samyaroebidan, ase gadadian imisken, rac marTavs adamianebs socialuri wesrigis dros. aq adamianebi ise upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, rom erTmaneTis movaleni ar arian. es sityva „vali“ goTebs Soris cxovrobs ise, rom is aRniSnavs braleulobis realur warmoqmnas, ro-gorc moralur, ise fizikur, socialur cxovrebaSi sxva adamianTan mimarTebiT; is aCvenebs mas braleulo-bis arsebobas;

amave dros, rogorc saxelidan gadavidnen xelmwife-baTa sferosken, sxeulebrividan gadavidnen sulisken, _ zegrZnobadSi saxeli daaxloebiT niSnavs sxeulebrivs, _ rogorc gadavidnen mSvinvieridan xelmwifebaTa sfe-rosken, aseve gadadian garegnul-grZnobadidan imisken, rac warmoadgens mSvinviers socialur cxovrebaSi, Sem-deg ki uSualod sulierisken: „da nu migviyvan Cven da-cemamde“ _ «Jah aflet uns thatei skulans sijaima, swaswe jah weis afletam thaim skulam unsaraim.», anu: „nu mogvcem Cven imis sa-Sualebas, miveceT imas, rac, Cveni sxeulidan gamomdina-re, Cvens suls miiyvans sibnelemde, aramed gvixsen Cven borotisagan, romelsac Cveni suli mihyavs sibnelemde“:

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«Jah ni briggais uns in fraistubnjai, ak lausei uns af thamma ubilin» _ „gvixsen Cven borotisagan“, romelic kvlav warmoiqmne-ba, roca suliT Zalze Zlierad eflobi sxeulebrivSi.

amdenad, meore nawilSi, arsebiTad, vlindeba Semde-gi: dedamiwaze socialur cxovrebaSi unda iyos iseTi wesrigi, rogoric aris zeviT, zecaSi, sulieri simaR-leebSi. Semdeg ki kidev erTxel mtkicdeba: Cven gvsurs,

aq dedamiwaze vaRiaroT aseTive sulieri wesrigi: «Unte

theina ist thiudangardi jah mahts jah wulthus in aiwins. Amen.» . sayovelTao mamao, visi saxelic warmoqmnis gareg-

nul sxeuls sulisas, visi meufebac Cven gvsurs vaRia-roT, visi nebac unda sufevdes, Sen aseve unda ganmsWva-lo miwieri, ase, rom Cven yoveldRiurad davinaxavT sa-kuTar sxeuls, davinaxavT mas xelaxla warmoqmnils garkveuli saxiT miwieri kvebis wyalobiT. raTa socia-lur cxovrebaSi Cven ar gadaviqceT sxvaTa movaleebad, rom Cven erTmaneTis pirispir davdgeT, rogorc Tanas-wori adamianebi. rom Cven ar daveceT sulier-sxeuleb-rivad, rom miwieri socialuri cxovrebis samgvaroba (Trinitat) Cven davafuZnoT zemiwierze; vinaidan, saWiroa batonobdes zegrZnobadi, unda iyos keisari da xelmwi-fe. dedamiwaze unda batonobdes zegrZnobadi da ara grZnobadi, ara pirovnuli.

«Unte theina ist thiudangardi jah mahts jah wulthus in aiwins. Amen.», vinaidan arc erT sagans, arc erT arsebas deda-miwaze ara aqvs ufleba batonobaze, mxolod Sen gaqvs igi, Seni aris ufleba mbrZaneblobis, Seni ars gamocxa-deba, viTarca sinaTle, viTarca naTeba, viTarca yvela-ferze gabatonebuli socialuri siyvaruli.

aseTi samgvari saxiTaa gamoxatuli es samoba zeg-rZnobadSi, rogoradac is unda SeiWras grZnobad soci-alur wesrigSi. da bolos, es kidev ufro Zlierdeba, roca emateba: diax, Cven gvinda aseTi socialuri wesri-gi, rom aq iyos imgvari wesrigi, rogorc aris SenTan zeviT: vinaidan Sen gaqvs ufleba batonobaze, Senia uf-leba Zalauflebaze, Senia gamocxadeba: «Unte theina ist thiudangardi jah mahts jah wulthus in aiwins. Amen.».

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es aris is, ramac gamoZaxili hpova goTebTan, esaa is, rac marTavda safuZvlebSi, rac axla, roca uZvele-si kultura mivida dasasrulamde, amotivtivda, ro-gorc raRac bunebrivi. xolo imisgan, rac amotivtivda rogorc bunebrivi, rac Semdeg daeSva qvemoT, Seerwya soflis elements, _ istoria sinamdvileSi TiTqmis ara-fers afiqsirebs im warmodgenebisgan, rac aq Camoyalib-da qristes Semdgom IV saukuneSi uZvelesi antikuri kulturis TandaTanobiT Caqrobis Semdeg, _ imas, rac icilebs istoriis mzeras TviT XV saukunemde, amisgan Semdeg gaCaRda is, rac Tavidan nela, magram ukve XIX saukuneSi viTardeboda sul ufro swrafad, ise, rom aman miiyvana udides sulier gadatrialebamde, romelic dRes davaxasiaTeT.

asea movlenebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. auci-lebelia mxolod erTi magaliTi, rogor SeiZleba faq-tebi, maTze yovelgvari zegavlenis gareSe, istoriuli wiaRsvlisas maTi erTad swori mimoxilviT, moviyva-noT kanonzomierebaSi, romelic aseT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba iyos wmindad bunebrivi kanonzomiereba. ro-gorc ukve iTqva, dRes msurda, TqvenTvis warmomedgina faqtebi, upirveles yovlisa, egzoTerulad; xval Cven ganvixilavT Sinagan kavSirs aseve ezoTerulad, rom davinaxoT, rogor formirdeba, arsebiTad, evropuli ganviTarebis mTeli es Sualedi qristes Semdgom IV saukunidan Cvens dromde da rogor cxovrobs is Cven-Si. Semdeg davinaxavT, rogor SegviZlia mxolod aseTi gagebis meSveobiT miviRoT gansjis sruliad saimedo safuZveli Cveni SemecnebisTvis da muSaobisTvis Tana-medrove pirobebSi.

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meore leqcia

dornaxi, 1921 w. 16 maisi, samebis orSabaTi

guSin me Sevecade, warmomedgina, XIX saukunis daax-loebiT Sua periodSi rogor ganxorcielda sulieri cxovrebis Zireuli gardatexa, Semdeg ki vcdilobdi, meCvenebina, azrovnebis da zogadad sulieri cxovrebis, romlis dakvirvebac SesaZlebeli iyo XIX saukuneSi da romelic ganicdida am gadatrialebas, gansakuTrebuli konfiguracia rogor abrunebs sxvisken, Zireuli dasav-leT-evropuli gardatexisken, romelic unda veZioT qristes Semdegom IV saukuneSi. Tavidan SeiZleba mog-veCvenos, rom drois Sualedebi, romlebic erTmaneTs Zalze CamorCeba, aq moyvanilia axlo kavSirSi. Tumca, swored am ganxilvam SeiZleba, migviyvanos kacobriobis istoriis gansazRvrul Sinagan kavSiramde. dRes gavag-rZelebT iqidan, razec Cven, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, guSin SevCerdiT. guSin mivediT antikuri ganaTlebisa da romis imperiis daRupvamde da xazi gavusviT imas, rac swored im momentisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

Cven sakuTari samSvinvelis winaSe davayeneT ori reprezentantuli pirovneba, romelTaganac erTi, avgus-tine, mTlianad ganviTarda samxreT-dasavleT regionSi da is SevadareT sxva pirovnebas da sulier mimdinareo-bas, vulfilas, bibliis goT mTargmnels, romlisganac warmoiSva Tavad avgustine.

avgustinesTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia gavarkvi-oT, rom is mTlianad Svilia im urTierTobebis, romle-bic ganviTarda im drois samxreT-dasavleTis evropul-afrikul civilizaciaSi. adamianebi, romlebic zogadad iswrafodnen maRali ganaTlebisken, maSin am ganaTle-bas poulobdnen mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom maT ac-nobdnen msoflmxedvelobas da garkveuli Tvalsazri-siT literaturas, xelovnebas da mecnierebas, romelic uZvelesi droidan, arsebiTad, kacobriobis zogierT ma-Ral fenaSi Camoyalibda. isic ki, rac CvenTvis cnobi-lia, rogorc berZnuli ganaTleba, SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom is ekuTvnodaT umaRlesi

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fenis adamianebs, romlebmac sakuTari uxeSi Sroma, uxe-Si funqciebi monebs daakisres. miT umetes, warmoudge-neli Canda romauli ganaTleba farTod gavrcelebuli monobis gareSe. es ganaTleba savse iyo sicocxliT imis wyalobiT, rom misi mimRebi adamianebi, upirveles yovlisa, moklebulni iyvnen imas, rac azrovnebis meTo-disa da aRqmis xasiaTis saxiT gabatonda mosaxleobis yvelaze farTo masebSi. am mizeziT ar unda warmovidgi-noT, TiTqos mosaxleobis am farTo wreebSi ar arse-bobda sulieri cxovreba. rasakvirvelia, is arsebobda. metic, arsebobda Zalze aqtiuri sulieri cxovreba, ro-melic sxvebTan SedarebiT, umaRlesi fenebis ganaTle-basTan SedarebiT, gamoiyureboda, rogorc dedobrivi wiaRi, sulieri cxovrebis dedobrivi wiaRi, CarCenili ganviTarebis adrindel safexurze, magram mTlianad, rogorc sulieri cxovreba.

Cvens droSi es sulieri cxovreba istoriulad nak-lebad aris cnobili; Tumca is Zalian hgavs imas, rac maSin Cainerga evropis samxreT mxareebSi e. w. barbaro-si xalxebis meSveobiT, romlebic migraciis dros mo-vidnen azieli xalxebis gadaadgilebis wyalobiT. auci-lebelia, SevecadoT ramdenadme konkretuli warmodge-na SeviqmnaT am sulier cxovrebaze. axla SevecadoT, es gavakeToT xalxisTvis, romlebic migrirebdnen romis imperiis Semdgom.

Cven Tu ganvixilavT xalxebs, romlebic goTebis, vandalebis langobardebis, herulebis (Heruler) da a.S, msgavsad movidnen migraciis dros, maSin SegviZlia maT Sesaxeb vTqvaT: xalxTa udidesi gadasaxlebis dawyebam-de, anu im dros, romelic win uswrebda qristes Sem-dgom IV saukunes, romelic Cven mier aRiniSna, rogorc mniSvnelovani gardatexis momenti, am adamianebs iq, aR-mosavleTSi, hqondaT sulieri cxovreba, ramac Tavis mwvervals miaRwia garkveul religiur SexedulebebSi, romlebmac ganmsWvales yvelaferi da romlebic gav-rcelda Tavis ganStoebebSi, sakuTari SegrZnebebis mi-devnebiT TviT yoveldRiur qmedebebamde. me vsaubrob garkveul religiur warmodgenaze. xalxTa udidesi ga-

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dasaxlebis dawyebamde, xalxebi, romlebic aq movidnen migraciis dros, iyvnen, cxadia, ukve didi xnis ganmav-lobaSi mkvidri binadarni. TavianTi am binadrobisas, _ amis konstatireba SeiZleba ara marto sulismecniere-bis daxmarebiT, aramed aseve im Tqmulebebisa da miTe-bis gamoZaxiliT, romlebic am xalxebSi cocxlobda, _ Tavidan isini ganicdidnen swored imas, rasac ganic-didnen Zalze didi xnis win uZveles droebSi aRmosav-leTis xalxebi, samxreT-aRmosavleTis xalxebi, romel-Taganac SemdgomSi warmoiqmnen induri da sparsuli kulturebi da a. S., aseve, cxadia, isic, rasac ganicdid-nen agreTve samxreT-evropeli da Crdilo afrikeli xalxebi gacilebiT ufro uZveles droebSi. es xalxebi iq cxovrobdnen imiT, rasac SeiZleba, ewodos religia, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli maT yvelanair sis-xlismier urTierTobebTan. isini Tayvans scemdnen oja-xur winaprebs. oRond maT Tayvaniscemamde midiodnen mravali wlis Semdeg, roca es winaprebi mokvdebodnen. es Tayvaniscema aranairad ar efuZneboda raime abstraq-tul warmodgenebs, aramed imas, rac ganicdeboda in-stinqturad zmanebasaviT, _ araa saWiro am gamoTqmis mcdarad gageba, _ es iyo zmanebis msgavsi naTelmxilve-luri, gansazRvruli warmodgenebi, romlebic sul sxvagvarad xorcieldeboda, vidre dRes warmoiqmneba. dRes, roca gvaqvs warmodgenebi, Cveni mSvinvieri cxov-reba TamaSdeba Cvenive sxeulebrivi konstituciisgan damoukideblad. amasTan, ukve veRar vgrZnobT sxeuleb-rivi konstituciis fuTfuTsa da duRils. am xalxebs gaaCndaT mkafiod intensiuri, SigniT mimarTuli Seg-rZneba imisa, rac TamaSdeboda maT sxeulSi, romelSic bunebrivia iqmnebodnen da moqmedebdnen samyaros yvela-nairi SesaZlo saidumloebi, ramdenadac, ara marto qi-miur retortSi moqmedeben kanonzomierad samyaros pro-cesebi, aramed zustad aseve _ adamianur sxeulSi. ro-gorc qimikosi cdilobs dRes, Tavisi abstraqtuli gan-sjis meSveobiT Seimecnos samyaros kanonebi retortSi mimdinare kanonebidan, aseve cdilobdnen es adamianebi samyaros saidumloebSi SeRwevas imis wyalobiT, rasac

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isini Sinaganad ganicdidnen TavianTi sakuTari organi-zaciis meSveobiT, romlis procesebsac uSualod Seig-rZnobdnen. es iyo absoluturad Sinagani gancda, rome-lic jer kidev mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sxeuleb-riv, fizikur warmodgenebTan. organizmis Sinagani du-Rilis wyalobiT gamowveuli am warmodgenebisagan ga-reT viTardeboda Wvretebi, suraTebi, romelTac es adamianebi miakuTvnebdnen winaprebs. winaprebi garkve-ulwilad iyvnen isini, romelTa xmebic aswleulobiT CaesmodaT xilvis wyalobiT. winaprebi iyvnen mbrZaneb-lebi xalxebisa, romlebic cxovrobdnen mcire TemebSi, soflis TemebSi. am xalxebs, roca isini gadasaxldnen aRmosavleT evropidan dasavleTSi, jer kidev hqondaT winaprebis iseTi pativiscema, iseTi erTsulovani Tay-vaniscema, romelic cocxali iyo zmanebis msgavsi war-modgenebis wyalobiT. roca vuyurebT am xalxTa mas-wavleblebs, qurumebs, romelTa wyalobiTac Cven SeiZ-leba gagvexsnas maTi sulieri cxovrebis mTeli Tavi-sebureba, maT vpoulobT, upirveles yovlisa, win wasu-li sulis wyalobiT da amas erTeulebi iyvnen dauf-lebulni. swored isini xdebodnen aseTi qurumebi da maswavleblebi, mowodebulni imisken, rom ganemartaT is, rac evlinebodaT calkeul adamianebs TavianTi sizmrebis suraT-xatebSi da isini udavod flobdnen dRis RviZilis cnobierebas; swored es qurumebi iyvnen ganmmarteblebi, interpretatorebi imisa, rasac calke-uli adamianebi ganicdidnen.

amdenad, es xalxebi midiodnen migraciaSi. amave dros, mogzauroba am xalxebisTvis iyo udidesi sulie-ri madli, vinaidan am gziT miiRes Sinagani naTelmxil-veluri sulieri cxovreba, romelsac maT ganumartav-dnen TavianTi qurumebi. es cxovreba slavuri samyaros jer kidev arsebul legendebSi aisaxa, romelic sla-vur samyaroSi gadaecemodaT gansazRvruli saxiT da maTSi jer kidev Cans, rom isini Seicavs imas, rac axla mokled da, cxadia, eskizurad gamovxate.

Tumca, IV saukunis Semdeg es xalxebi kvlav mividnen binadrobamde. zogierTebi Seerwya mosaxleobas, romle-

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bic ukve didi xania iyvnen mkvidrni qveviT samxreTSi, samxreT naxevarkunZulze, anu xalxis im nawils, rome-lic Seadgenda qveda fenas. vinaidan zeda fenebi xom swored avgustines dros, ase vTqvaT, aRigava. isini iq gaifantnen. iq sxvebs Soris goTebic gaifantnen. Tumca isini, romlebic dasaxldnen ZiriTadad Sua evropul miwebze, dasaxldnen dasavleTSi, xolo isini, romle-bic Semdeg gadasaxldnen samxreT evropis CrdiloeT nawilSi, darCnen iq da kvlav gaxdnen mkvidrni.

amdenad, Cven vxedavT, rom es damkvidreba IV sauku-nis Semdeg am gadasaxlebuli mosaxleobis mniSvnelo-van Taviseburebas warmoadgens. axla ki am mosaxleobis mTeli sulieri cxovreba icvleba mobinadre cxovreba-ze gadasvlis Sedegad. Zalze ucnauria, amis wyalobiT rogor radikalurad icvleba sulieri cxovreba, es aseve, cxadia, gansakuTrebuli midrekilebis wyalobiT, romelic am adamianebs gaaCndaT. am adamianebs TavianT TavSi ukve gaaCndaT gansakuTrebuli midrekileba rasi-sa, gansakuTrebuli midrekileba xalxisa, maT aseve hqondaT iseTi SegrZnebebi, romlebic cocxlobs siz-mrebSi da am sizmrebSi iswrafodnen sulieri realobis gancdisken, raRac iseTisken, rac samxreTis regionebSi ukve didi xnis win gardaiqmna sulieri cxovrebis sxva formebad. magram isini gadaiqcnen mkvidr mosaxleobad, garda amisa, maTi gansakuTrebuli midrekilebis wyalo-biT axla maTSi sulieri cxovrebis saxiT Camoyalibda raRac sxva. is, rac adre ganicdeboda winaprebis Wvre-taSi, rac maT ajadoebda samSvinvelis winaSe pativsace-mi winaprebis suraTis xilvisas, es axla Sewyda.

iq, sadac iyo raRac gansakuTrebuli uRrani tye, mTebi, romlebic Seicavda, Cemi azriT, liTonebis mniS-vnelovan budobebs, aseve adgilebi, Stormisa da amis msgavsis dakvirvebisTvis, iq es adamianebi im Rrma grZnobebiTa da SegrZnebebiT, romlebic SemorCaT zma-nebebSi TavianTi winaprebis Zveli warmodgenebisagan, SeigrZnobdnen da grZnobdnen raRac wmidas am gansaz-Rvrul adgilebTan mimarTebiT. da is, rac iyo winapre-bis RmerTebi, gadaiqca adgilobriv RmerTebad, adgilis

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RmerTebad. is, rac iyo adgilis RmerTebi, ganuyrelad Tan sdevda SegrZnebebs, mTel Sinagan mSvinvier ganwyo-bas, romelic maT aq Tan moitanes winaprebis Tayvanis-cemidan. me vityodi, rom religiurma warmodgenebma da-karges droebiTi xasiaTi da SeiZines sivrcobrivi xasi-aTi. isini, vinc adre iyvnen sizmrebis ganmmarteblebi, samSvinvelis Sinagan gancdaTa ganmmarteblebi, axla iq-cnen imaze mzrunvelebad, rasac SeiZleba ewodos niSne-bi, momaswavebeli niSnebi. ama Tu im CanCqerSi uCveulod areklili mze, bunebis Cveulebrivi movlenebi, xeobis garkveul adgilebSi RrubelTa moZraobis movlenebi da a. S., _ me msurs es movlenebi mxolod aRvniSno, _ es yovelive axla iqca interpretaciis obieqtad, raRa-cad, rac Semdeg pirdapir gadavida runebis arsebaSi. amisTvis gansakuTrebul adgilebSi iRebdnen joxebs gansazRvruli xeebis merqnisgan, isrodnen maT da, roca amis wyalobiT warmoiqmneboda gansakuTrebuli gamosa-xulebebi, am mzrunvelebs SeeZloT aq warmoqmnili niS-nebis axsna. drois mTeli religia gardaiqmna sivrcis religiad. mTeli sulieri cxovreba iqca iseT sulier cxovrebad, romelsac adgilobrivi mniSvneloba hqonda. amis wyalobiT es xalxebi sul ufro metad iZendnen unars moqcevisTvis gamoeyenebinaT iseTi meTodi, rogo-riTac romaul-kaTolikurma eklesiam, _ mas Semdeg, rac IV saukuneSi is iqca saxelmwifo religiad, _ Tavisi Cvevisamebr moaqcia samxreTSi darCenil xalxTa qveda fenebi, roca zeda fenebi aRigava miwisagan pirisa.

eklesiam ki ra gaakeTa? samxreTis am regionebSi CrdiloeTidan gadmosaxlebulma xalxebma didi xani icxovres. aq ukve uZveles droSi ganxorcielda droi-Ti msoflmxedvelobidan sivrcobrivi msoflmxedvelo-bisken gadasvla. xolo, roca droiTi msoflmxedvelo-ba gardaiqmneba sivrcobriv msoflmxedvelobaSi, yovel-Tvis xdeba raRac, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania. xdeba ise, rom garkveuli cocxali gancda gadadis simboluri kultis gancdaSi. es ukve Zalian didi xnis win moxda mosaxleobis qveda fenebisTvis samxreTis regionebSi, CrdiloeTis regionebTan SedarebiT. sanam adamianebi

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cxovrobdnen TavianTi droiTi warmodgenebiT, arsebob-dnen qurumebi, isini, visac uZvelesi TvalsazrisiT Se-iZleba vuwodoT mecnierebi, Sesabamisi mSvinvieri cxov-rebis interpretatorebi. aq qurumebis saqmianoba iyo, adamianebisTvis ganemartaT is, rasac es adamianebi ga-nicdidnen. maT es SeeZloT, ramdenadac adamianebi, arse-biTad, cxovrobdnen mxolod patara sasoflo TemebSi da is, vinc garkveuli TvalsazrisiT ganmartavda, zo-gadad mTeli sulieri cxovrebis xelmZRvanelic iyo da SeeZlo miemarTa calkeuli an mcire jgufebisTvis. Sem-deg, roca droiTi msoflmxedveloba gadadis sivrcob-riv msoflmxedvelobaSi, es cocxali elementi ufro Zlier ixSoba. qurums ukve aRar SeeZlo mieTiTebina imaze, rasac mavani ganicdida, an rasac igi auwyebda, mas amis axsna misTvis ar SeeZlo. amdenad, cocxali gardaiqmneba imaSi, rac SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos adgilTan da lokalur garemosTan. amis wyalobiT Tan-daTanobiT warmoiqmneba simboluri swavleba, xatovani gaformeba imisa, rac adre cocxlad ganicdeboda zeg-rZnobadi samyaroebidan. amdenad, es gardaiqmna iseT ra-meSi, rac amieridan unda ganxorcielebuliyo sakulto wes-CveulebebSi, simbolur moqmedebebSi.

Tavis mxriv, meore mxaris ganviTareba swored maSin iwyeba. axla adamiani xedavs simbolikas da mas Tavad ganmartavs. romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis mier kultis saxiT formirebuli, mTlianad kacobriobis ganviTare-bis am msoflio-istoriuli msvlelobis zusti codniT iyo formirebuli. wminda SesawiraviT ziarebis uZvele-si dResaswaulis Secvla warmoiqmna imis wyalobiT, rom is, rac adre cocxal ziarebad arsebobda, gardaiq-mna simbolur wes-CveulebaSi, wminda SesawiravSi. Tum-ca, am wminda Sesawiravebis wyalobiT aRiqvamdnen uZve-les (uralt) wminda misterialur Cveulebebs, romlebic gavrcelda da SeiWra aseve mosaxleobis qveda fenebSi. da mainc, is ganmsWvaluli iyo imiT, rac qristianobam moitana axal warmodgenebSi. is, garkveulwilad, gan-msWvaluli iyo qristianobiT. romauli mosaxleobis qveda fenebi warmoadgendnen karg masalas sakulto Cve-

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ulebebis aseTi gamodevnisTvis, ramdenadac axla maT simbolurad unda gamoexataT zegrZnobadi samyaro. xo-lo, roca CrdiloeTis xalxebi gadavidnen adgilobri-vi mniSvnelobis mqone sulieri cxovrebisken, maSin maT Sorisac SeiZleboda gavrcelebuliyo es sakulto Cveu-lebebi da maT daiwyes am Cveulebebis gageba. amas efuZ-neba, upirveles yovlisa, erTi nakadi, romelic daiwyo qristes Semdgom am IV saukuneSi.

aucilebelia sxva saxiT davaxasiaToT meore nakadi, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi pirvelis paralelu-rad miedineba. Cem mier aRwerilSi, rac aRmosavleTidan gadmovida aq daisisken mimavali romis imperiis mimar-TulebiT, Cven garkveulwilad jer kidev sagrZnoblad ganvicdiT, rogor agrZelebs SigniT cxovrebas winapar-Ta es uZvelesi kulti. es vlindeba locvaSi „mamao Cve-no“, rogorc is warmovadgine Tqven winaSe. am migrire-bul xalxebTan qristianoba jer kidev srulad CarTu-li iyo winaparTa religiaSi da adgilobriv religiaSi. swored es warmoadgens arianuli* qristianobis arss. amis miRma arsebuli dogmaturi dava arc ise mniSvne-lovania. am arianuli qristianobisTvis, romelic gada-adgildeboda aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken goTebTan da sxva germanel xalxebTan erTad, mniSvnelovania is, rom qristianoba erT gzaze, romelsac romi jer kidev ar gauvlia, Cafluli iyo aseT cocxal, jerac kultam-de ar misul sicocxleSi, cocxal sulier sicocxle-Si: es eyrdnoboda sizmrisebr gancdebs, naTelmxilve-lur gancdebs, Tu am gamoTqmas mcdarad ar gavigebT.

samagierod, avgustines mier gancdilma qristianobam ganvlo samxreTis mosaxleobis umaRlesi fenebis ga-naTleba. am qristianobas ganekuTvneboda yovelgvari aRmosavluri kultebi, aRmosavluri religiuri war-modgenebi, romlebic Tavs iyrida diad romSi. avgusti-ne, rogorc warmarTi, modis am religiuri warmodgene-bidan da maTgan is miubrunda im saxis warmodgenebs, romlebic guSin davaxasiaTe. is dgas im sulieri naka-dis SigniT, romelsac calkeuli pirovnebebi ganicdid-nen sruliad sxva saxiT, vidre is, rac me davaxasiaTe,

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garkveulwilad, rogorc xalxuri, amotivtivebuli sa-xalxo mSvinvieri cxovrebis yvelaze elementaruli Za-lebidan. sulieri nakadi, romelsac ganicdida avgusti-ne, mravalgzis gaifiltra da avida zeda fenebSi. axla is gadaiRes romael-kaTolike RvTismsaxurebma da daa-konserves. meore mxriv, misi Sinaarsi msoflio istori-is Semdgomi msvlelobisTvis gacilebiT naklebmniSvne-lovania, vidre konfiguracia mTeli im mSvinvieri wyo-bisa, romelic Tavidan romaul-berZnul ganaTlebas warmoadgenda, Semdeg ki qristianobis miRebis meSveobiT iqca qristianul-kaTolikuri samRvdeloebis, qristia-nul-kaTolikur RvTismsaxurTa ganaTlebad. aucilebe-lia, ganvixiloT es ganaTleba, rogoric is iyo da ro-goradac Semdeg ganxorcielda saukuneebis gavliT. ro-ca vuyurebT Cvens dRevandel saxalxo ganaTlebas, es aris swored raRac SemorCenili imisgan, rac iyo im dros, arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, ganaTleba. xolo mas Sem-deg, roca daasrulebdnen pirvel yvelaze elementa-rul Semecnebas, romelsac dRes vuwodebT pirveldaw-yebiT swavlebas saxalxo skolaSi, gadadiodnen e. w. gramatikis klasebSi. gramatikis es klasebi, upirveles yovlisa, gadmoscemdnen metyvelebis, enis agebulebas. skolaSi aswavlidnen enis marTebulad gamoyenebas, ro-gorc amas iyenebdnen poetebi, mwerlebi. Semdeg iTviseb-dnen yvelafers, rac mecnierebaSi ar imaleboda, vinai-dan swored im droebSi garkveuli saidumlo skolebi bevr rames malavdnen mecnierebaSi. rac ar imaleboda, gadaecemodaT gramatikis klasis meSveobiT, enis ele-mentis meSveobiT. roca vinme aRwevda ganaTlebis ufro maRal safexuramde, rogorc magaliTad avgustine, ma-Sin is gramatikis Semdeg ritorikis swavlebas iwyebda. aq saqme is aris, rom, upirveles yovlisa, ecnobodnen gamoxatvis lamaz simbolur meTods, swavlobdnen peri-odebis sworad warmoqmnas, gansakuTrebiT swavlobdnen periodebis warmarTvas gansazRvruli miznisken. vinc zogadad eswrafoda ganaTlebas, mas unda hqonoda una-ri amis asaTviseblad.

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amisTvis saWiro iyo adamianis daintereseba imiT, ra-sac masSi aviTarebs swored aseTi ganaTleba. mxolod gramatikuli da ritorikuli ganaTlebis wyalobiT ukavSirdeba adamiani sakuTari arsebis zedapirs; gaci-lebiT metad, vidre is iqneboda dakavebuli azrovne-biT, mas sakuTari Tavi mihyavda imisken, rac JRerda mi-si bageebis meSveobiT. is met yuradRebas uTmobda met-yvelebis agebas, vidre azrebis struqturas. es savsebiT a