sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlis istoria · 2012-11-16 · 6 Sesavali nawili: winareistoriuli...

marina gariSvili

sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlis istoria

leqciebis kursi

Tbilisi

2008

2

Sinaarsi

Sesavali nawili: winareistoriuli xana .............................................................................................................................................. 6

$1. gvarovnuli sazogadoeba da socialuri marTvis winasaxelmwifoebrivi formebi .................................... 6

$2. Temuri struqturebis genezisi da protosaxelmwifoebis warmoSoba ..................................................................... 7

Tavi I. Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis saxelmwifo da samarTali ................................................................. 10

$1. Zveli aRmosavluri civilizaciis Taviseburebani ...................................................................................................................... 10

$2. Zveli aRmosavluri civilizaciebis politikuri organizaciis specifikuri formebi ..................... 11

$3. Zveli egviptis saxelmwifo samarTali.................................................................................................................................................... 15

1) mokle istoriuli eqskursi ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15

2) Zveli egviptis socialuri wyoba ............................................................................................................................................................. 15

3) Zveli egviptis saxelmwifo wyobileba ............................................................................................................................................... 17

4) adgilobrivi mmarTveloba ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19

5) armia ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19

6) sasamarTlo ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

$4. mesopotamiis uZvelesi saxelmwifoebis saxelmwifo samarTali ................................................................................ 20

1) mokle istoriuli eqskursi ........................................................................................................................................................................... 20

2) mosaxleobis ZiriTadi jgufebis samarTlebrivi statusi ........................................................................................ 22

3) Zveli mesopotamiis teritoriaze arsebuli saxelmwifoebis politikuri wyobileba .................. 24

4) sasamarTlo organizacia ................................................................................................................................................................................. 26

$5. Zveli CineTis saxelmwifo samarTali ..................................................................................................................................................... 27


2) Zveli CineTis sazogadoebrivi struqtura ................................................................................................................................... 28

3) Zveli CineTis saxelmwifo wyobileba ................................................................................................................................................ 29

4) adgilobrivi mmarTveloba ............................................................................................................................................................................... 31

5) armia Zvel CineTSi .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32

6) sasamarTlo xelisufleba Zvel CineTSi ......................................................................................................................................... 32

$6. Zveli indoeTis saxelmwifo samarTali ................................................................................................................................................ 32

1) mokle istoriuli eqskursi ........................................................................................................................................................................ 32

2) mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba ............................................................................ 33

3) saxelmwifo wyobileba ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 34

4) adgilobrivi mmarTveloba .............................................................................................................................................................................. 36

5) sasamarTlo ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37

6) armia ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 37

$7. Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis samarTalganviTareba ............................................................................................ 37

1) Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis samarTlis wyaroebi ......................................................................................... 37

a) Zveli mesopotamiis saxelmwifoebis samarTlis wyaroebi .................................................................................... 37

b) Zveli indoeTis samarTlis wyaroebi .......................................................................................................................................... 40

g) Zveli CineTis samarTlis wyaroebi ............................................................................................................................................... 43

2) Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis kerZo samarTali ................................................................................................. 45

a) qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTlis mixedviT ................... 45

b) valdebulebiTi samarTali, Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTlis mixedviT ................................................. 46

g) saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis evolucia Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebSi .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49

3) sisxlis samarTlis institutebis evolucia, Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTlis mixedviT...........53

I. danaSauli ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................53

II. sasjeli. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

4) sasamarTlo procesi Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi ......................................................................................................... 58

Tavi II. antikuri qveynebis saxelmwifo da samarTali ............................................................................................................ 60

$1. Aantikuri qveynebis zogadi daxasiaTeba................................................................................................................................................ 60

$2. Zveli aTenis saxelmwifo samarTali ........................................................................................................................................................ 61

1) saxelmwifos warmoSoba Zvel aTenSi ................................................................................................................................................... 61

2)Aarqonti da areopagi .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 62

3) solonisa da klisTenes reformebi ...................................................................................................................................................... 63

$3. Zveli spartis saxelmwifo samarTali .................................................................................................................................................... 65


2) sazogadoebrivi wyoba .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 66

3) saxelmwifo meqanizmi ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 67

$4. Zveli romis saxelmwifo samarTlis istoria ................................................................................................................................ 69

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1) mokle istoriuli eqskursi, romis saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis periodizacia da sazogadoebrivi wyoba uZveles xanaSi ...................................................................................................................................................... 69

2) Zveli romis saxelmwifo wyobilebis evoluciis Taviseburebani da etapebi .......................................... 71

a) Rex ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71

b) senati ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72

g) saxalxo krebebi ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72

3) patriciul-plebeuri civitas-i da respublika ........................................................................................................................ 73

a) magistratura ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74

b) senati ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75

g) saxalxo krebebi ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75

4) msoflio imperia (qr. Sobis I-V ss.)...................................................................................................................................................... 77

a) principati ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 77

b) dominati (Dominatus) ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 79

$5. antikuri samyaros samarTali ........................................................................................................................................................................... 80

1) samarTlis wyaroebi Zvel eladasa da Zvel romSi ............................................................................................................. 80

2) sakuTrebis ufleba da valdebulebiTi samarTali ............................................................................................................. 88

3) qorwineba da ojaxi ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 96

Tavi III. adreuli Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi dasavleT evropis qveynebsa da ruseTis teritoriaze ................................................................................................................................................................................ 98

$1. adreuli Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebriobisa da samarTalganviTarebis zogadi daxasiaTeba .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 98

$2. Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebisa da frankTa saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba ............................................................ 99

1) sazogadoebrivi wyoba .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 99

2) Sarl martelis (uro) reforma ................................................................................................................................................................101

3) saxelmwifo wyobileba ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 103

4) frankTa imperia VIII-IX saukuneebSi .................................................................................................................................................... 104

$3. anglo – saqsebis saxelmwifo samarTlis istoria ................................................................................................................. 105

1) socialuri wyoba..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 105

2) saxelmwifo wyobileba ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 106

$4. bizantiis saxelmwifoebriobis istoria Sua saukuneebis periodSi ..................................................................... 107

1) mokle istoriuli eqskursi ......................................................................................................................................................................... 107

2) bizantiis imperiis sazogadoebrivi wyoba ................................................................................................................................... 108

3) bizantiis saxelmwifo wyobileba Sua saukuneebSi ............................................................................................................ 109

$5. kievis ruseTis saxelmwifo samarTali ................................................................................................................................................. 112

1) mokle istoriuli eqskursi .......................................................................................................................................................................... 112

2) kievis ruseTis sazogadoebrivi wyoba .............................................................................................................................................. 112

3) kievis ruseTis politikuri wyobileba ...........................................................................................................................................114

4) saxelmwifo meqanizmi ..........................................................................................................................................................................................114

$6. adreuli Sua saukuneebis samarTalganviTareba ..........................................................................................................................116

1) barbarosuli samarTlis wyaroebi ........................................................................................................................................................116

2) VIII-XIV saukuneebis bizantiuri samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaroebi ..................................................................... 117

3) kievis ruseTis samarTlis wyaroebi ................................................................................................................................................... 119

$7. qonebrivi urTierTobebi da valdebulebiTi samarTali adreuli Sua saukuneebis periodSi .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 119

1) `barbarosuli samarTlis” sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTali ................................................................. 119

2) sakuTrebis ufleba da valdebulebiTi samarTali, kievis ruseTis samarTlis mixedviT ...... 121

$8. qorwineba da ojaxi .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122

$9. danaSauli da sasjeli, “barbarosuli samarTlis” mixedviT ..................................................................................... 123

$10. danaSauli da sasjeli, Zveli rusuli samarTlis mixedviT ..................................................................................... 124

$11. sasamarTlo procesi ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 125

Tavi IV. evropuli civilizaciebisa da ruseTis saxelmwifo da samarTali Sua saukuneebis periodSi ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126

$1. evropuli civilizaciebisa da ruseTis saxelmwifo samarTali senioraluri monarqiis periodSi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126

1) safrangeTis saxelmwifo samarTali senioraluri monarqiis periodSi .................................................... 126

a) safrangeTis sazogadoebrivi wyoba senioraluri monarqiis periodSi ............................................... 126

b) seniolaruli monarqiis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba ........................................................................................... 128

g) centraluri samefo administracia ............................................................................................................................................. 129

d) adgilobrivi mmarTveloba ................................................................................................................................................................... 130

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e) lui IX-is reformebi .................................................................................................................................................................................... 131

2) inglisis saxemlwifo samarTali senioraluri monarqiis periodSi ............................................................. 131

a) sazogadoebrivi wyobis Taviseburebani .................................................................................................................................... 131

b) henri II-is reformebi ................................................................................................................................................................................... 132

3) senioraluri monarqiis Taviseburebani germaniaSi ........................................................................................................... 134

a) germaniis saxelmwifo wyobileba senioraluri monarqiis periodSi ..................................................... 134

b) germaniis sazogadoebrivi wyoba ..................................................................................................................................................... 135

g) centraluri aparatis Camoyalibeba da senioraluri monarqiis formireba .................................. 136

4) ruseTi (XII-XIV ss.) senioraluri monarqiis periodSi ................................................................................................. 137

a) vladimir-suzdalis samTavro ........................................................................................................................................................... 137

b) novgorodisa da fskovis sabatono respublikebi ....................................................................................................... 139

g) galicia _ volinis samTavros saxelmwifo da samarTali ............................................................................... 143

$2. evropuli civilizaciebi da ruseTi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiebis etapze ............... 146

1) safrangeTis saxlemwifo samarTali wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi ........ 146

a) safrangeTis sazogadoebrivi wyoba wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 146

b) saxelmwifo xelisuflebis evolucia wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 148

g) generaluri Statebi..................................................................................................................................................................................... 149

d) centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba ...................................................................................................................... 149

2) inglisis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqia ................................................................................................................ 150

a) wodebrivi struqturebis Taviseburebani .............................................................................................................................. 150

b) TavisuflebaTa didi qartia (Magna Carta Libertatum) ........................................................................................... 151

g) parlamentis Seqmna ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 152

d) adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da marTlmsajulebis sistemis ganviTareba ...................................... 153

3) germaniis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqia ................................................................................................................ 154

a) socialuri struqturis Taviseburebani wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 154

b) germaniis saxelmwifo wyobileba wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi ......... 155

g) teritoriuli erTeulebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis evolucia ............................................. 156

4) ruseTi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi (XVI saukunis Sua xana _ XVII saukunis Sua xana) ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 158

a) sazogadoebrivi wyoba ................................................................................................................................................................................ 158

g) saxelmwifo wyobileba .............................................................................................................................................................................. 159

$3. evropuli civilizaciebi da ruseTi absolutizmis xanaSi ............................................................................................161

1) franguli absolutizmi ....................................................................................................................................................................................161

a) XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, wodebaTa samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi momxdari cvlileba .............161

b) franguli sazogadoeba ............................................................................................................................................................................. 162

g) absolutizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba ............................................................................................................................ 163

d) samefo xelisuflebis gaZlireba .................................................................................................................................................. 164

e) mmarTvelobis centralizebuli aparatis Seqmna .......................................................................................................... 164

v) sasamarTlo sistema ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 165

z) saxelmwifo finansebi ................................................................................................................................................................................ 165

T) armia da policia ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 166

2) inglisi absoluturi monarqiis periodSi .................................................................................................................................. 166

a) cvlilebani sazogadoebriv wyobaSi ........................................................................................................................................... 166

g) inglisuri absolutizmis Taviseburebani ............................................................................................................................ 167

3) germania absolutizmis xanaSi .................................................................................................................................................................. 168

4) rusuli absolutizmis Taviseburebani ........................................................................................................................................... 169

a) sazogadoebrivi wyobis ganviTareba ............................................................................................................................................ 170

g) politikuri wyoba ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 171

d) saxelmwifo meqanizmi .................................................................................................................................................................................. 171

$4. Sua saukuneebis evropuli civilizaciebis da ruseTis samarTalganviTareba ........................................ 173

1) franguli samarTalganviTareba, Sua saukuneebis periodSi .................................................................................... 173

a) franguli samarTlis wyaroebis evolucia, Sua saukuneebis periodSi ............................................... 173

b) franguli kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi Sua saukuneebSi ............................................................... 177

g) franguli sisxlis samarTali ......................................................................................................................................................... 182

2) inglisuri samarTalganviTareba, Sua saukuneebis periodSi .................................................................................. 184

a) samarTlis wyaroebis evolucia ...................................................................................................................................................... 184

b) sakuTrebis ufleba ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 189

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g) valdebulebiTi samarTali ................................................................................................................................................................... 192

d) Sua saukuneebis inglisuri saojaxo samarTali ......................................................................................................... 194

e) Sua saukuneebis periodis inglisuri sisxlis samarTali ................................................................................ 194

v) Suasaukunovani inglisuri sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis Taviseburebani ....................... 198

3) germanuli samarTalganviTareba Sua saukuneebis periodSi .................................................................................... 198

a) 1356 wlis `oqros bula~ .......................................................................................................................................................................... 199

b) `saqsoniis sarke~ ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 200

g) Kkarolina (imperator karlos V-is sadamsjelo sasamarTlo Zeglisdeba) ................................... 204

d) saerToimperiuli kanonmdebloba .................................................................................................................................................. 207

e) miwebis samarTalSi ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 209

v) tereziana .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 210

4) rusuli samarTalganviTareba Sua saukuneebis periodSi............................................................................................ 211

a) samarTlis wyaroebi ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 211

b) kerZo samarTlis institutebis evolucia, Sua saukuneebis periodSi ................................................. 214

g) absolutizmis periodis rusuli sisxlis samarTali ........................................................................................... 216

d) rusuli sasamarTlo procesis ganviTareba absolutizmis xanaSi .......................................................... 217

Tavi VI. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo da samaTali XVII _ XVIII ss. ...................................... 218

$1. inglisis Crdilo-amerikuli koloniebis mmarTvelobis sistema ............................................................................. 218

$2. amerikuli revolucia da Crdilo-amerikuli saxelmwifoebis – Statebis Seqmna ................................ 220

$3. 1776 wlis 4 ivlisis damoukideblobis deklaracia ............................................................................................................... 222

$4. 1781 wlis konfederaciisa da mudmivi kavSiris muxlebi .................................................................................................. 223

$5. 1787 wlis aSS-is konstitucia ........................................................................................................................................................................ 224

$6. 1791 wlis Bill of Rights .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 227

Tavi VII. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis evropuli revoluciebis periodis saxelmwifo da samarTali ........ 228

$1. XVII saukunis inglisis revolucia da saxelmwifos ganviTareba .......................................................................... 228

1) XVII saukunis inglisis revoluciis politikuri da samarTlebrivi winapirobebi ...................... 228

2) `xangrZlivi parlamentis~ kanonmdebloba ................................................................................................................................... 230

3) oliver kromvelis proteqtorati da 1653 wlis `mmarTvelobis iaraRi~ .................................................. 233

4) konstituciuri monarqiis damyareba da misi evolucia XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi .................................. 233

5) konstituciuri mniSvnelobis ZiriTadi aqtebi ...................................................................................................................... 234

$2. XVIII saukunis safrangeTis didi revolucia da konstituciuri wyobilebis damyareba ........... 236

1) XVIII saukunis safrangeTis didi revolucia da absolutizmis damxoba ................................................. 236

2) 1789 wlis 26 agvistos "adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia" ................................................. 238

3) 1791 wlis safrangeTis konstitucia .................................................................................................................................................. 241

4) pirveli respublika safrangeTSi ......................................................................................................................................................... 243

5) iakobinelTa diqtatura ................................................................................................................................................................................... 245

6) adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia da 1793 wlis safrangeTis konstitucia ...... 246

7) saxelwmifo xelisuflebis organizacia iakobinelTa diqtaturis periodSi ..................................... 247

Tavi VIII. direqtoriisa da I-li imperiis saxelmwifo da samarTali safrangeTSi ...................................... 249

$1. Termidorianuli gadatrialeba da 1795 wlis safrangeTis konstitucia ....................................................... 249

$2. general napoleon bonapartes gadatrialeba da 1799 wlis konstitucia ...................................................... 250

$3. pirveli imperia da saxelmwifo aparatis biurokratizacia ......................................................................................... 253

$4. franguli samarTalganviTareba XVIII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XIX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 254

1) franguli samarTali XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi .................................................................................................... 254

2) franguli samarTlis sistemis evolucia XIX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi ....................................... 254

a) napoleonis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (Code Civil de Napoleone) _ 1804 weli ........................................ 255

b) napoleonis sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis kodeqsebi .......................... 257

Tavi IX. islamuri samarTali ................................................................................................................................................................... 259

$1. islamuri samarTlis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebani .............................................................. 259

$2. islamuri samarTlis wyaroebi ...................................................................................................................................................................... 261

$3. qonebrivi da saojaxo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulireba ..................................................................... 262

$4. danaSauli da sasjeli, islamuri samarTlis mixedviT .................................................................................................... 266

$5. islamuri samarTlo procesi .......................................................................................................................................................................... 267

gamoyenebuli literatura........................................................................................................................................................................... 268

6

Sesavali nawili: winareistoriuli xana

$1. gvarovnuli sazogadoeba da socialuri marTvis winasaxelmwifoebrivi formebi

kacobriobis istoria moicavs or ZiriTad etaps: gvarovnuli sazogadoebisa da civilizaciis xanas. gvarovnuli wyobilebis etapi iyo kacobriobis ganviTarebis sawyisi da kanonzomieri periodi, romelic grZeldeboda drois uzarmazar monakveTze da, Tanamedrove gamokvle-vebidan gamomdinare, TariRdeba 2-3 milioni wliT. savaraudod, aRniSnul etapze adgili ar hqonda saxelmwifoebriv institutebs da, Tanamedrove gagebiT, samarTalSemoqmedebas, radgan am ori sazogadoebriv-politikuri movlenis arseboba moicavs mxolod ramdenime aTas-wleuls. Tumca, udaoa, rom maTi Canasaxebi dasabams iReben gvarovnuli sazogadoebis SedarebT ganviTarebul socialur struqturebSi. Tavisi arsebobis mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze gvarovnulma wyobilebam ganvlo ganviTarebis rTuli da TaviseburebebiT aRsavse gza, romelic xasiaTdeba socialur-kulturuli da sameurneo sferoebis mniSvnelovani genezisiT. Tanamedrove mecniereba iyenebs kacobriobis uZvelesi istoriis periodizaciis ramdenime meTods (civilizaciurs, kulturologiurs, qronologiurs, arqeo-logiursa da sxva). Tumca, aranakleb mniSvnelovania im garemoebis gaTvaliswineba, rom kacobriobis ganviTarebis erT, garkveul etapze adgili hqonda e.w. neoliTur revolucias, anu adamianebis gadasvlas mimTvisebluri meurneobidan mwarboeblur meurneobaze. am etapis dawyebas, Cveulebriv, qr. Sobamde VIII-III aTaswleulebiT aTariReben. mimTvisebluri meurneobis stadiaze adamiani yalibdeba rogorc biosocialuri arseba (mxolod qr. Sobamde XL-XXV aTaswleulebSi yalibdeba e.w. neantropi, anu Tanamedrove tipis adamiani), romelic iyenebda qvisa da xisgan damzadebul umartives iaraRebs da Tavs irCenda bunebaSi mopovebuli mza produqtebiT (Semgrovebloba, nadiroba, Tevzaoba). Tanac, adamianebi eweodnen moxetiale cxovrebis wess, erTiandebodnen mcirericxovan, gankerZoebul lokalur jgufebSi, romelTa saTaveSi idgnen winamZRolebi. socialuri mowyobisa da regulirebis es umartivesi forma (mouwesrigebeli sqesobrivi urTierTobebi, jgufebSi gaerTianebul adanianebs Soris mWidro kavSirebis ararseboba, xSirad instiqtebis da ara regulirebuli urTierTobebis siWarbe) asaxavda kulturul-sawarmoo da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Zalzed dabal dones, ris gamoc aRniSnul etapze arsebul adamianTa jgufebs e.w. pirvelyofil jogs uwodeben. miuxedavad imisa, rom jogis SigniT arsebuli cxovrebis wesi garegnulad qaotur xasiaTs atarebda, masSi mainc SeimCneva aramxolod spontanuri, aramed, garkveulwilad, regu-lirebadi, winaswar dadgenili wesebiT, akrZalvebiT, standartebiT ganpirobebuli procesebi. amave etapze, adamianTa jgufebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi egalitarul xasiaTs atarebda. Tanasworobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda Zalzed mwiri sakvebi da sxva resursebis ganawilebis dros. aseTi Tanasworobis safuZvelSi ido, maSindeli koleq-tivisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, eqvivalenturi (reciprokuli) gacvlis principi (cvlidnen colebs, sakvebs, iaraRebs). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom amave periodidan aSkara xdeba koleqtivis winamZRolis Zalauflebis realuri ganmtkiceba, jgufis danarCeni wevrebis mimarT. mas aRiqvamen rogorc uzenaesi nebis gamomxatvels da, Sesabamisad, emorCilebian imave reciprokuli gacvlis principidan gamomdinare. amrigad, adamianTa pirvelyofili jogi ganicdis xangrZliv evolucias da, Tavdapirveli veluri instiqtebis nacvlad, TandaTanobiT, yalibdeba garkveuli socialur-kulturuli stereotipebi, anu sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis sistema, romelmac ganapiroba kacobriobis aramxolod arseboba, aramed misi Semdgomi ganviTareba. socialuri kavSirebis garTulebiT, raSic didi wvlili miuZRvis saojaxo-sqesobrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebasa (eqzogamiis damkvidreba, anu saqorwino kavSirebis akrZalvas sisxliTnaTesavTa Soris) da neoliTur revolucias (romelmac xeli Seuwyo mwarmoebluri ekonomikis ganviTarebas), moxda, adamianTa pirvelyofili jogis nacvlad, myari saojaxo-klanuri dajgufebebis Seqmna (e.w. gvarovnuli Temi), romelTa erTobliobas samecniero literaturaSi gvarovnuli wyobileba ewodeba. saojaxo-klanuri gaerTianebis safuZvels warmoadgenda sisxliTnaTesauri urTierTobebi. gvarovnuli Temi aerTianebda ramdenime Taobis naTesavebs, romlebsac saerTo winapari hyavdaT. Tumca, SesaZlebeli iyo im ucxotomelis miRebac, romelsac sagvareulo Temi ara mtrad, aramed mokeTed aRiarebda. konkretuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sagvareulo Temi an matriarqalur (dedamTavrul), an patriarqalur (mamamTavrul) principebze iyo mowyobili. neoliTuri revoluciis Sedegad, dedamiwis garkveul regionebSi moxda adamianTa binadar cxovrebaze gadasvlac, rac ganpirobebuli iyo kvebis produqtebisa da sxva sagnebis

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regularuli warmoeba-gacvlis aucileblobiT da amisaTvis Sesabamisi bunebriv-geografiuli garemos moZieba-SeqmniT. amrigad, saojaxo-klanuri dajgufebebi amyareben mudmiv kontrols garkveuli teritoriis mimarT, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs adreuli tipis saojaxo-klanuri jgufis nacvlad, ufro mtkice da mravalricxovani socialuri koleqtivis formirebas, romelic axla ukve dakavSirebulia garkveul teritoriasTan da romelic misTvis warmoadgens bunebriv-geografiul garemos. aRniSnuli tipis saojaxo-klanuri koleqtivis sistema xdeba socialuri mowyobis ufro maRal formad da mis safuZvelSi axla ukve devs TviTmmarTvelobisa da TviTregulirebis, SedarebiT mtkice sistema. saojaxo-klanur TemSi adgili hqonda Sromis, sakvebis ganawilebisa da saqorwino urTierTobebis mkacrad fiqsirebul sistemas, romelSic Semdgomi ganviTareba pova Tanasworobis, egalitarizmisa da eqvivalenturobis principebma. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom warmoebis gafarTovebasTan erTad, ar momxdariyo nadavlis da sakvebis gadanawilebis principebis Secvla, rolebisa da dakisrebuli funqciebis Sesabamisad (asakis, sqesis, fizikuri Zalis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT). saojaxo-klanur koleqtivSi garkveuli upiratesobiT sargeblobda sagvareulo Temis winamZRolic, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is warmatebiT axorcielebda saxelisuflo-mmarTvelobiT funqciebsa da usafrTxoebas. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom TviT Temis wevrebic ucxadebdnen sakuTar liders mxarda-Weras da, ganawilebis eqvivalenturi principis Sesabamisad, maT keTildReobaze mudmivi zrunvis gamo, madlierebis niSnad, aRiarebdnen winamZRolis avtoritetsa da Zalauflebas. Tumca, beladis Zalaufleba potestaruli da, ara Tanamedrove gagebiT, saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTisa iyo. beladic, saojaxo-klanuri jgufis msgavsad, valdebuli iyo mkacrad daecva da aResrulebina koleqtivSi gabatonebuli Cveulebebi, religiuri ritualebi da reciprokuli ganawilebis principebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas gadaayenebdnen da mis adgilze irCvevdnen sxva winamZRols. rasakvirvelia, gvarovnul wyobilebaSi adgili ar hqonda e.w. gvarovnul demokratias, miuxedavad imisa, rom am sazogadoebas axasiaTebda egalitarizmi, maT Soris _ beladebis arCeva-gadarCevis wesi. am sazogadoebaSi moqmedebda Sromis da qcevis umkacresi disciplina, sulieri konformizmi. saojaxo-klanur dajgufebebSi, religiuri kultis, Cveulebebisa da tradiciebis safuZvelze, Camoyalibda qcevis garkveuli wesebi, romlebic sakmaod kargad iyo aprobirebuli aRniSnuli koleqtivis moTxovnebTan da Sesasruleblad savaldebulo iyo yvela wevrisaTvis. sagvareulo TemSi moqmedi qcevis wesebi sinkretul xasiaTs atarebdnen da erTdroulad Seicavdnen religiur (fas), CveulebiT (mos, mores maiorum) da samarTlianobasTan gaigivebul (aequitas, iustitia) socialur imperativebs. mtkice xasiaTis saojaxo-klanur dajgufebebSi saerTo-saTemo normebi awesrigebdnen TviTregulirebad socialur urTierTobebs, romelTa uzrunvelyofa xdeboda saerTo interesebis, religiuri warmodgenebisa da sxvagvari normatiul-faseulobiTi dadgenilebebiT. Tumca, es sulac ar gamoricxavda CveulebiTi normebis savaldebulo xasiaTsa da, aqedan gamomdinare, maTi SeusruleblobisaTvis dadgenili, iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saojaxo-klanuri gaerTianebis wevrs ar surda dadgenili CveulebiTi normebisadmi morCileba da mis qmedebaSi SeiniSneboda uxeSi an mZime gadacdoma, damrRvevis mimarT iyenebdnen zemoqmedebis iseT sastik RonisZiebebs, rogoric iyo cema-gvema, mokveTa (gaZeveba-atimia), an sulac – sikvdiliT dasja, mTeli saojaxo-klanuri koleqtivis nebis Sesabamisad.

$2. Temuri struqturebis genezisi da protosaxelmwifoebis warmoSoba

neoliTuri revoluciisa da kacobriobis mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvlis Semdeg (qr.S-mde IX-VII aTaswleulebSi) sazogadoebrivma ganviTarebam, arsebiTi cvlilebani ganicada. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos adreuli tipis binadar cxovrebaze gadasuli sami-waTmoqmedo Temebis warmoSoba im regionebSi, romlebic xelsayreli iyo adamianTa cxov-rebisa da warmatebuli sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis, agreTve mosaxleobis raodenobis mkveTri zrda (Taviseburi demografiuli afeTqeba). samiwaTmoqmedo Temebi ganagrZobdnen gafar-Tovebis tendencias, rac asaxvas povebda axali saojaxo klanebis gamoyofasa da gankerZoebaSi. msxvili samiwaTmoqmedo-gvarovnul Temis teritoriaze yalibdeba ramdenime dasaxleba, rac, gacxovelebuli sameurneo cxovrebis pirobebSi, xels uwyobda saqalaqo tipis dasaxlebis Seqmnas. drois kvalobaze, garTulebas ganicdis saojaxo-gvarovnuli jgufis Sida mowyoba. misi wevrebi iZenen axal kulturul da samewarmeo Cvevebs; iwyeba Sromis ganawileba (gamoiyo

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samiwaTmoqmedo, mesaqonleTa, xelosanTa da vaWarTa didi dajgufebebi). TandaTanobiT, gamwvavda urTierTobebi mezoblad mcxovreb saojaxo-klanur dajgufebebs Soris, rac ganapirobebda dapyrobiTi omis warmoebas, romlis Sedegad ufro Zlieri Temi ipyrobda SedarebiT sustsa da mcirericxovan sociums da amyarebda masze sakuTar batonobas. aRniSnuli procesis Sedegad kidev ufro gamyarda saojaxo-klanuri jgufebis Sidamowyoba da gaRrmavda is statusuri gansxvaveba, romelic Tavdapirvelad mxolod pirobiT xasiaTs atarebda klanis mmarTvelsa da mis rigiT wevrebs Soris. amave Sinaarsis procesebis kidev erT mizezs warmoadgenda, mwarmoebluri meurneobis ganviTarebis Sedegad dagrovili „nameti produqti“, romelic manamde nawildeboda klanis yvela wevrs Soris, reciprokuli gacvlis principis Sesabamisad. Tumca, TandaTanobiT, nametma produqtma SeiZina gacvlisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli saqonlis xasiaTi da is xels uwyobda TemTaSorisi kavSirebis sferos gafarTovebas. sasaqonlo warmoebis ganviTarebam kidev ufro gazarda nameti produqti, simdidris dagroveba da qonebrivi uTanasworobis gaRrmaveba, rac ucxo iyo adreuli tipis gvarovnuli sazogadoebisaTvis. amave etapze moxda Temur-gvarovnuli zedafenis qonebrivi da socialuri privilegiebis ganmtkiceba. axal pirobebSi gvaris sapatio Tanamdebobis daka-vebiT, saojaxo-klanuri dajgufebis liderebi iZendnen aramxolod prestiJsa da avtoritets (rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo Temuri wyobilebisaTvis), aramed gansakuTrebul, ufro maRal statuss. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlav SenarCunda uZvelesi drois arsebiTi proce-durebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri diferencirebis Sedegad kidev ufro gaizarda klanis winamZRolis roli da arc reciprokuli gacvlis principi iqna uaryofili. yvela upiratesoba _ qonebrivi da sxvagvari _ (mravalcolianobis uflebis miniWeba), rac belads miakuTvnes, ganixileboda rogorc im rTuli funqciis eqvivalenti, romelsac winamZRoli asrulebda sakuTari saojaxo-klanuri gaerTianebis winaSe, miTumetes, rom nel-nela es funqcia-valdebulebani gafarTovda da garTulda, kerZod: sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis mowyoba, miwis nakveTebis gadanawileba, saojaxo klanis wevrTa raodenobis Sesabamisad, mezobel klanebTan urTierTobebis warmarTva. Tu es funqciebi mainc tradiciul xasiaTs atarebda da sazogadoeba SeCveuli iyo maTTan, axal viTarebaSi beladma ikisra kidev ufro rTuli movaleobis Sesruleba – man ganaxorciela nameti produqtis ganawilebis redistribuciuli funqcia. am funqciis sirTules is warmoadgenda, rom nameti produqtis SeqmnaSi beladi, personalurad, ar monawileobda, rogorc es xdeboda reciprokuli gacvlis stadiaze. axal viTarebaSi namet produqts qmnida mxolod saojaxo klani. aRniSnuli garemoeba ki imis maCvenebelia, rom nel-nela yalibdeba saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili sazogadoebis eqspluataciis elementebi. beladis xelisufleba kvlav inarCunebs potestarul xasiaTs. Tumca, mis mier ganxorcielebuli redistribuciuli funqcia mis Zalauflebas aaxlovebs saxelmwifoebriv xelisuflebasTan, vinaidan misdami morCileba moeTxoveba saojaxo-klanuri gaerTianebis yvela wevrs, Tanac iZulebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT. beladis xelisuflebis simtkice ganpirobebulia gansakuTrebuli, umaRlesi mmarTvelobiTi statusiT da ar aris dakavSirebuli winamZRolis pirad TvisebebTan, rogorc es xdeboda uZveles xanaSi. swored amitom iyo, rom saxelisuflo funqciebi da ara beladis piradi avtoriteti aiZuleben klanis danarCen wevrebs morCileba gamoucxadon winamZRols da aamaR-lon is, erT dros, TanasworTa Soris. beladis statusi xdeba, klanis wevrebTan, dapirispirebisa da mkveTri paeqrobis obieqti, radgan xelisuflebisadmi ambiciuri ltolva ganmtkicebulia udidesi surviliT Tavs moaxvios koleqtivs sakuTari neba, miiRos saxelisuflo statusis Sesabamisi, savsebiT garkveuli qonebrivi da piradi privilegiebi. Temuri wyobilebis ganviTarebis bunebriv Sedegs warmoadgens saojaxo-klanuri gaerTianebebis simravlem ganapiroba ufro msxvili socialuri warmonaqmnebis – saZmoebis (fratria) da tomebis (curia), zogjer ki _ tomTa kavSirebis formireba. toms, rogorc wesi, hqonda sakuTari teritoria, saxelwodeba, ena (an dialeqti), sakuTari religiuri da yofiTi ritualebi. TandaTanobiT, Camoyalibda tomobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, kerZod – tomis sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, tomSi gaerTianebuli, saojaxo klanebis uxucesebi (senex). tomis sabWos yvela wevrsa da belads irCevdnen tomis krebaze da SesaZlebeli iyo maTi gadayenebac. tomis yvela wevrs SeeZlo sabWos sxdomaze gamosvla da sakuTari azris gamoTqma, beladis qmedebisa an gadawyvetilebis mimarT. tomobrivi organoebis saqmianoba xels uwyobda koleqtiuri samuSaoebis warmoebas, saojaxo klanebs Soris kavSirebis ganmtkicebas (produqtis gacvla-gamocvlas) da konfliqtebis mogvarebas, sxva tomebTan urTierTobebis mowesrigebas. tomis sabWo, garkveul etapamde, ar ereoda redistribuciul funqciebSi, romelTa ganxorcieleba evaleboda mxolod tomis winamZRols. Tumca, TandaTanobiT, mwarmoebluri ekonomikis ganviTarebam da tomobrivi organizaciis garTulebam gamoiwvia gvarovnuli TviTmmarTvelobis funqciebis gadacema

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tomis sabWosadmi, riTac arsebiTad amaRlda am ukanasknelis statusi. sayovelTao xasiaTs iZenen is qcevis normebic (Cveulebebi, ritualebi, religiuri wesebi), romlebic awesrigeben sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs aramxolod calkeul klanebSi, aramed mTeli tomis farglebSi. saxelmwifosa da samarTlis winareistoriis mniSvnelovan etapad miiCneva aramxolod rTuli zeTemuri struqturebisa da maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-normatiuli regulirebis meqanizmebis Seqmna, aramed sazogadoebis marTvis, principulad axali Sinaarsis mqone, safuZvlebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic SesaZlebelia miviCnioT protosaxelmwifoebis nair-saxeobad. mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis axali tipi ganpirobebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis moTxovniT, sameurneo saqmianobisa da adamianTa socialuri kavSirebis mTeli sistemis garTulebiT. saxelmwifoebriobis CamoyalibebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda mmar-TvelobiTi saqmianobis gamoyofas, Sromis sazogadoebrivi ganawilebis sxva sferoebidan da mis profesionalizacias. axali viTareba moiTxovda, rom mmarTvelobiTi funqciebi Seesru-lebinaT specialurad ganswavlul da garkveuli unar-Cvevebis mqone pirebs. maT evalebodaT sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis organizeba da xelmZRvaneloba, sasursaTo da sxva resursebis Senaxva da ganawileba, mezobel tomebTan savaWro kavSirebis damyareba, risTvisac saWiro iyo miTologiuri da religiuri simboloebis mTeli sistemis codna da maTi gamoyenebis unari, rac agreTve moiTxovda specialur aRzrda-wrTvnas. sazogadoeba gaiyo or araTanabar jgufad: mmarTvelebi da mmarTvelobaSi myofni, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda protosaxelmwifoebis formirebis procesisaTvis. mmarTveli wreebi, Tanamdebobaze yofnisas, iZenen aramxolod pirad Zalauflebas, aramed materialur sargebels, rac kidev ufro ganamtkicebda maT personalur xelSeuvalobas da aiZulebda koleqtivs damorCilboda mmarTvelis neba-survils. Tanac, mmarTveli zeda fena cdilobda, rom misi statusi SenarCuneboda mxolod sakuTar ojaxsa da klans. amrigad, saorganizacio saqmianobam SeiZina politikuri xasiaTi, xolo administraciul-saTemo didkacoba gadaiqca saxelmwifo moxeled, romelic cdilobda Camoyalibebuliyo Caketil, kastur-wodebrivi xasiaTis mqone, dajgufebad. protosaxelmwifoebSi icvleba beladis statusic. misi Zalaufleba efuZneba administraciul ierarqias, rac kidev ufro amaRlebs mmarTvelis statuss. beladi iqca administraciuli ierarqiis meTaurad da misma xelisuflebam SeiZina avtoritarul-sakraluri xasiaTi. saxelmwifoTa da samarTlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs ramde-nime, urTierTgamomricxavi Teoria: bunebiTi samarTlis, patriarqalur-paternalisturi, ZalmomreobiTi, fsiqologiuri, organuli, geografiuli determinizmis, materialisturi (klasobrivi), samarTlis itoriuli skolis, samarTlis realisturi skolis, samarTlis sociologiuri skolis, normativistuli mimarTulebis. upirobod aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom protosaxelmwifoebi, rogoc saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis uZvelesi da umartivesi forma, warmoiSvnen maSin, roca sazogadoeba jer kidev ar iyo diferencirebuli antagonistur socialur fenebad, razec metyvelebs Tanamedrove istoriuli, eTnografiuli da sxva saxis kvlevebi. saxelmwifoebrioba yalibdeboda spontanurad, TviT Temuri wyobilebis bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegad, im rTuli zeTemuri struqturebidan, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen aRniSnuli socialuri koleqtivebis mizanmimarTul funqcionirebas. protosaxelmwifoTa erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania im rTuli saorganizacio-mmarTvelobiTi sistemebis formireba, romlebic iZenen Caketil xasiaTs da mowyvetili arian maTi mSobeli sazogadoebisgan. protosaxelmwifoTa Camoyalibeba aris, winareistoriuli xanidan civilizaciis etapze kacob-riobis gadasvlis udidesi nabiji. aRniSnulma procesma, dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionSi, gansxvavebuli xasiaTi SeiZina da, Tanac, xSirad ramdenime saukunes an aTaswleulsac ki moi-cavda. mecnierTa didi nawili miiCnevs, rom protosaxelmwifoebriobisa da civilizaciis akvani dairwo Zvel aRmosavleTSi, qr.S-mde IV_III aTaswleulebSi. savaraudod, e.w. damou-kidebeli civilizaciebi amave periodSi yalibdeboda amerikis kontinentis samxreT nawilSi. SedarebiT gvian, qr.S-mde II_I aTaswleulebSi saxelmwifoebriobasa da civilizacias eziara xmelTaSuazRvis auzis mosaxleoba, anu Seiqmna e.w. antikuri samyaro, romelTanac mWidro kavSiri hqondaT qarTveli xalxis winaprebs. evropisa da aziis xalxis umetesobas civilizacia Seexo mxolod Sua saukuneebis xanaSi. rac Seexeba afrikis, polineziis, avstraliis regionebs, winaresaxelmwifoebrivi, saojaxo-klanuri urTierTobebi Senar-Cunebuli iqna XIX_XX saukuneebSic da maTi msxvreva moxda mxolod evropuli kolo-nizaciis Sedegad.

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Tavi I. Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis saxelmwifo da samarTali

$1. Zveli aRmosavluri civilizaciis Taviseburebani

aRmosavleTis cneba istoriul mecnierebaSi gamoiyeneba ara mxolod geografiuli sivrcis, aramed istoriul-kulturuli, civilizaciuri movlenis aRsaniSnavad. aRmosavleTSi, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi, Camoyalibda is socialuri da politikuri institutebi _ saxelmwifo, samarTali, msoflio religiebi, romlebmac, antikuri saxelmwifoebis Camoya-libebis droisaTvis (qr.S-mde I aTaswleulSi), Seqmnes aRmosavleT-dasavleTis diqotomia. civilizaciis ganviTarebis aRmosavluri da dasavluri gzebis principuli gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom aRmosavleTSi, dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac kerZo sakuTreba gaba-tonebul rols TamaSobda, kerZomesakuTrulma urTierTobebma da bazarze orientirebulma kerZo sasaqonlo warmoebam ver daikaves saTanado adgili da ganviTarebis sasurvel dones ver miaRwies. yovelive aman, Tavis mxriv, didi gavlena moaxdina aRmosavluri socialuri struqturebis uZrav xasiaTze, aRmosavleTSi im politikuri da samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebaze, romelTa mizani, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva iyo, kerZod: demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, romelsac TiToeuli sruluflebiani moqalaqis uflebebisa da movaleobebis erToblioba axasiaTebs, polisis (saxelmwifos) wevrisaTvis samarTlebrivi garantiebis miniWebisaTvis, raTa mas uzrunvelyofili hqonoda sakuTari kerZo interesebis, uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva. Zvel samyaroSi aRmosavleTi warmodgenili iyo mravali, xSirad umsxvilesi regionaluri civilizaciebis (indo-budisturi, asurul-babilonuri, konficianelur-Cinuri) saxiT. Tumca, yvela am civilizaciis saerTo Taviseburebas warmoadgenda: 1) kerZo sakuTrebis gabato-nebuli rolis ararseboba da 2) ganviTarebis uZravi xasiaTi, riTac aRmosavleTi arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda, dinamiurad ganviTarebadi, antikuri samyarosa da, momavalSi _ dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva saxelmwifosgan. I. Zveli aRmosavleTis erT-erT arsebiT Taviseburebas sasoflo Temis gadamwyveti roli warmoadgenda, ZvelaRmosavluri sazogadoebis evoluciis TvalsazrisiT. sasoflo Temma aRmosavleTSi SeinarCuna patriarqalur-gvarovnuli organizaciis niSnebi. is mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda, am sazogadoebebSi arsebuli, politikuri xelisuflebis xasiaTs, Zvel-aRmosavluri saxelmwifos rolsa da sakontrolo-momwesrigebel funqciebs, samarTlebrivi sistemebis Taviseburebebs. magaliTad, Zvel CineTSi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, socialuri cxovrebis safuZvels patronomiebi (czuni) warmo adgendnen, romlebSic ramdenime aseuli ojaxi iyo gaerTianebuli, romelsac saerTo winapari Hhyavda. Zveli indoeTis socialuri cxovrebis safuZvelSi ki Caketili sasoflo Temis struqtura ido, romelSic warmoebis naturaluri xasiaTi, TiToeul TemSi ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebisa da xelosnobis urTierTSerwyma, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis Canasaxis saxiT arseboba gabatonda. yvelaze adreuli saxelmwifoebrivi formebi (protosaxelmwifoebi) Zvel-aRmosavlur civilizaciebSi (Zv. egvipte, Zv. indoeTi, Zv. mesopotamia, Zv. CineTi) jer kidev qr.S-mde IV aTaswleulis bolos yalibdeba, Temur-gvarovnuli organizaciis daSlis Sedegad. aRniSnul periodSi sasoflo Temi, romlis poziciebis ganmtkicebas xels uwyobda misi wev-rebis koleqtiuri Zalisxmeva, raTa Seqmniliyo (da mudmivad gamarTulad emuSava) sairigacio sistemebi, did gavlenas axdenda antagonisturi socialuri fenebis Camoyalibebis procesis Seferxebaze, xels uSlida kerZo miwaTmflobelobisa da monobis klasikuri formis Camoya-libebas, vinaidan miwis uSualo mflobelad (mesakuTred), Zveli aRmosavleTis civili-zaciebSi, swored sasoflo Temi iTvleboda. amavdroulad, miwis uzenaess mesakuTred TviT saxelmwifoc gamodioda, romlis saxelisuflo-mesakuTruli uflebebis realizeba meTeme-Tagan miRebuli gadasaxadis _ rentis amoRebiT xdeboda. TandaTanobiT, Temze maRla mdgomi mmarTvelobiTi struqturebis gamoyofis Semdeg, Camoya-libda samefo-sataZro msxvili meurneobebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, saTemo miwebis misakuT-rebis gziT iqmneboda. samefo-sataZro miwebis floba mxolod im adamianebs SeeZloT, romlebic raime samsaxurs eweodnen mmarTvelis karze an taZris sasargeblod. samefo-sataZro meurneobaSi, adreul etapze, ukve gamoiyeneboda monuri an naxevrad-Tavisufali mosaxleobis Sroma. 1) sameurneo cxovrebis mravaldargobrioba Zvel-aRmosavluri civilizaciebis socialuri wyobis saocar siWreles ganapirobebda. am sazogadoebis diferencireba SesaZlebeli iyo sami ZiriTadi socialuri warmonaqmnis sazogadoebaSi: 1. warmoebis saSualebebs moklebul, damo-

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kidebel mosaxleobaSi, maT Soris monebis sxvadasxva kategoriebSi; 2. Tavisufal, mdabio mosaxleobaSi _ meTeme glexebsa da xelosnebSi, romlebic sakuTari SromiT irCendnen Tavs; 3. gabatonebul socialur fenaSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi yofili sagvareulo didkacoba, msaxureuli aristokratia, armiis sameTauro nawili Sedioda. 2) Zveli aRmosavleTis social-luri wyobis erT-erTi niSani mkveTri socialuri sazRvrebis ararseboba iyo: aq arsebobda damokidebuli mosaxleobis sxvadasxva kategoria, romelsac Tavisufal da monur fenebs Soris Sualeduri mdgomareoba ekava. sazogadoebaSi individis socialur-samarTlebrivi statusi, rogorc wesi, ar Seesabameboda (ufro zustad, arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda) mis mier dakavebul socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobas. II. meurneobis myari mravaldargobrioba, socialuri, politikuri, samarTlebrivi formebisa da institutebis istoriuli memkvidreobiToba, gabatonebuli religiuri ideologiis uryevoba saSualebas iZleva, Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis meore mTavar niSnad, maTi tradiciuloba gamovyoT. am niSnis gamoyofis mTavar winapirobasQ Semdegi garemoebebi warmoadgenen: 1) Zveli indoeTisa da Zveli CineTis (Zv. egvipte da Zv. mesopotamia jer kidev qr.S-mde periodSi wyveten arsebobas) umsxvilesi sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis, saxelwifosa da samarTlis safuZvelSi, wmindanad Seracxuli da uryevad dadgenili is religiuri debulebebi ido, romlebmac aTaswleulebsac gauZles da Cvens dromdec moaRwies. 2) Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis ganviTarebis saerTo kanonzomierebani mainc ver aRmofxvrian im konkretul specifikur niSnebs, romlebic TiToeul maTgans axasiaTebda da riTac isini sxva _ analogiuri Sinaarsis, mezoblad mdebare an Soreuli regionebisagan gansxvavdeboda, kerZod: meurneobis ama Tu im dargis dominirebuli mdgomareoba da misi damokidebuleba sxva dargebTan, socialuri da politikuri institutebis kulturul-civilizaciuri ganviTarebis, yofa-cxovrebis, adamianTa msoflmxedvelobis, maTi religiuri orientaciis arsebiTi Taviseburebani. Zv. babilonSi, magaliTad, msxvil samefo-sataZro meurneobis gverdiT, SedarebiT gankerZoebuli, saTemo da kerZo meurneoba Tanaarsebobda, romlebSic, ZiriTadad, Tavisufali meTeme-glexebi Sromobdnen da saxelmwifos renta-gadasaxads uxdidnen. samefo-sataZro meurneobaSi gamoiyeneboda monuri da, damokidebulebis ama Tu im xarisxSi myofi, pirebis Sroma. saTemo miwaTmflobelobaSi dRiTi-dRe izrdeboda damokidebuli mosaxleobis ricxvi, miwadakarguli da Temidan gamodevnili yofili meTeme-glexebis xarjze. msxvili samefo-sataZro meurneobis arseboba da SedarebiT ganviTrebuli xelosnoba, rac xels uwyobda savaWro operaciebis farTod warmoebas, didvaWari Tamqaris meSveobiT, mniSvnelovnad asustebda meTeme-glexebis sagadasaxado eqspluatacias. Zv. egvipteSi saTemo da kerZo meurneobis seqtori jer kidev qr.S.-mde II aTaswleulSi gaqra, radgan is, monur da naxevradmonur Sromaze dafuZnebulma, umsxvilesma samefo-sataZro meurneobam STanTqa. Zv. induri sazogadoebis specifikuri niSnebi daukavSirda sazogadoebis umkacres dayofas oTx varnad (kastad) (brahmanebi, qSatriebi, vaiSiebi, Sudrebi). Zv. induri sazogadoebis msgavsi dayofa efuZneboda mosaxleobis religiuri da profesiuli niSniT diferencirebas da Caketilobisa da avtonomiurobis Zalzed maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeoda. Zv. indoeTSi eqspluatatoruli urTierTobebi mWidrod iyo gadajaWvuli wodebriv-varnul (kastur) urTierTobebTan. dabali kastebis tradiciuli socialuri damdableba, varnebis gareT myofi mosaxleobis, e.w. Candalebis TiTqmis sruli uufleboba, damokidebuli mosaxleobis sxvadasxva kategoriis eqspluataciis naxevradmonuri formebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Zv. CineTSi adreve Camoyalibda, mmarTveli didkacobis mier, meTeme-glexebis eqspluatacia, renta-gadasaxadis iZulebiTi akrefis gziT, rac, Tavdapirvelad, saTemo miwebze SromiTi begaris, xolo mogvianebiT, mmarTveli zedafenis mier, saglexo nakveTidan miRebuli mosavlis didi nawilis miTvisebis gziT xdeboda. Zv. CineTSi saxelmwifoebriobis evoluciis mxolod erT, da isic mokle drois monakveTSi _ qr.S.-mde IV ss. Zireuli da xarisxobrivi cvlileba ganicada, sazogadoebrivma warmoebam da mwarmoebelma Zalam, kerZod: Sanis olqis mmarTvelis _ San ianis reformis Sedegad daimsxvra msxvili saTemo miwis sakuTreba, Camoyalibda msxvili kerZo miwaTmflobeloba, ganviTarda im umiwo da mciremiwiani glexobis saijaro eqspluatacia, romlebic iZulebiT miamagres kerZo da saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebul miwebze.

$2. Zveli aRmosavluri civilizaciebis politikuri organizaciis specifikuri formebi

jer kidev `istoriis mamad~ wodebuli Zv. elini mecnieri herodote (qr.S-mde V s.) werda, rom egvipteli faraonebi _ formalurad SeuzRudavi mefe-despotebi, Zaladobrivad auqmebdnen

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taZrebs da xalxs aiZulebdnen maTTvis aegoT kolosaluri akldamebi. swored am periodidan iRebs saTaves e.w. `aRmosavluri despotiis~ koncefcia, romelic Zalzed aqtiurad gamoiye-neboda e.w. sabWoTa istoriografiaSi. `aRmosavluri despotiis~ cnebis qveS igulisxmeboda, SeuzRudavi monarqiuli Zalauflebis mqone, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda gaRmerTebul mefe-monarqs da romelic gamodioda erTpirovnul kanonmdeblad da uzenaess mosamarTled; es iyo umkacresi, totalitaruli reJimis mqone, centralizebuli saxelmwifo, romelic yovlismomcvel zedamxedvelobas axorcielebda uuflebo qveSevrdomebze, Zalzed ganStoebuli biurokratiuli administraciuli aparatis meSveobiT. zemoaRniSnuli niSnebiT daxasiaTebuli Zveli aRmosavluri despotiis formalizebuli cneba, garkveuwilad, SeiZleba mivusadagoT Zveli aRmosavleTis iseT saxelmwifoebs, rogorebic iyvnen Zveli egvipte da Zv. CineTi. Tumca, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, ZvelaRmosavluri despotiis cnebis nacvlad ufro swori da yovlismomcveli iqneba civilizaciis cnebis damkvidreba, romelSic, zemoTCamoTvlili niSnebis garda, gaTvaliswinebulia kulturul-religiuri da socialur-politikuri Taviseburebanic, ris gamo, vTvliT, rom Zveli aRmosavluri despotiis cnebam adgili unda dauTmos Zv. aRmosavleTis civilizaciis cnebas. 1) miuxedavad termino-logiuri siaxlisa, Zv. aRmosavluri civilizaciis politikuri organizaciis niSnebis gasarkvevad, mokled da zogadad, mizanSewonilia davaxasiaToT is gansxvavebebi, rac oTxive klasikur Zv. aRmosavlur saxelmwifos Seesabameboda. kerZod, Zv. CineTSi imperatoris pirovneba gaRmerTebuli iyo, arsebobda imperatoris gansakuTrebuli kulti _ `cis Svili~. misi farTo uflebamosilebis mTavar Taviseburebad SeuzRudavi da uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba iTvleboda. Zv. CineTSi adreul etapzeve Camoyalibda mravalsafexuriani centralizebuli biurokratiuli aparati, romelsac TviT imperatori _ vani meTaurobda. yvela saimperatoro moxeles, miuxedavad rangisa da dakavebuli postisa, mkacrad akontrolebda centraluri xelisufleba. Tumca, Zv. aRmosavluri saxelmwifoebis umetesobas, uzenaesi mmarTvelis xelisuflebis gverdiT da misi SezRudvis mizniT, axasiaTebda warCinebulTa sakrebulos an saxalxo krebis, an didojaxiani saqalaqo Temebis TviTmmarTvelobebis arseboba. Zv. aRmosavleTis sazogadoebebs axasiaTebdaT respublikuri mmarTvelobis formebic, romlebSic did rols TamaSobda primitiuli tomobrivi demokratiis tradiciebi, kerZod, e.w. qalaq-respublikebi finikiasa da mesopotamiaSi (patesiatebis saxiT). zogierT aRmosavlur saxelmwifos sulac ar axasiaTebda Zv. aRmosavluri civilizaciis yvela is zogadi niSani, romelic zemoT iyo CamoTvlili. kerZod, Zv. indoeTis mmarTvelebi sulac ar iyvnen aRWurvili SeuzRudavi sakanonmdeblo uflebebiT. maSinac ki, roca arsebobda, Zv. indoeTis saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi, yvelaze centralizebuli mauriebis (qr.S-mde IV-II ss.) imperia, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis kolegialur organoebs, kerZod: mefis _ rajas karze arsebul saTaTbiro organos _ rajasabhasa da umaRlesi moxeleebis sabWos _ mantripariSads. mauriebis imperiis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli Tavisebureba iyo, masSi gaerTianebuli, naxevradavtonomiuri respublikuri saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis _ gan-ebisa da sangh-ebis, arseboba. Zv. aRmosavleTis qveynebis umravlesobam, politikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, mTlianobaSi, ganvlo erTgvarovani gza _ mcire moculobis tomobrivi kavSirebidan (nomuri tipis qalaq-saxelmwifoebidan), uzarmazar centrtalizebul imperiamde, romelic, Cveulebi-samebr, polieTnikuri iyo da mezobeli xalxis dapyrobisa da aneqsiis Sedegad iqmneboda. Tumca, Zv. indoeTSi, Zv. CineTisgan gansxvavebiT, daqucmacebuloba wesad, xolo centrali-zebuli saxelmwifo _ gamonaklisad iqca. mesopotamiaSi mefis xelisuflebis memkvid-reobiToba mxolod nawilobrivad xorcieldeboda. kerZod, erT-erTi vaJiSvilisaTvis xelisuflebis gadacema mmarTvels mxolod qurum-orakulTan moTaTbirebisa da misgan Tanxmobis micemis Semdeg SeeZlo. mefes arc uzenaesi sasamarTlo instanciis funqcia hqonda miniWebuli. aqac, indoeTis msgavsad, saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze, Senar-Cunebul iyo Temebis TviTmmarTveloba. swored Temis TviTmmarTvelobiT organoebs ekisre-bodaT pasuxismgebloba Temis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaze, xazinaSi renta-gadasaxadis droulad da srulyofil gadaxdasa da sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis (sairigacio arxebis, gzebis, taZrebis, sasaxleebis mSenebloba) organizebaze. 2) amavdroulad, arc imis uaryofa SeiZleba, rom Zv. aRmosavlur civilizaciebSi masebis religiur SegnebaSi arsebobda xelisuflebisadmi, mefobisadmi, mmarTvelisadmi gansakuT-rebuli mistikuri damokidebuleba. uzenaesi, RvTaebrivi avtoritetis aRiareba, romelic organulad iyo dakavSirebuli msoflio wesrigis arsTan da misgan gamomdinareobda, Zv. aRmosavluri sulieri kulturisa da religiuri ideologiis im fuZemdeblur elements warmoadgenda, romelic uSualod ukavSir-

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deboda mmarTvelis SeuzRudav, despotur uflebamosilebebs da, arsebiTad, ganapirobebda Zv. aRmosavluri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebs. am garemoebaTa gaTvalis-winebiT, unda ganisazRvros `Zveli aRmosavluri civilizaciis~ cneba, romelSic igulisxmeba aziisa da Cr. afrikis aRmosavleT nawilSi ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis kulturuli, socialur-istoriuli da formalur-iuridiuli Taviseburebani. 3) ZvelaRmosavluri saxelmwifo, Cveulebriv, aRWurvili iyo iZulebiTi funqciiT da axorcielebda gabatonebuli socialuri fenis interesebis cxovrebaSi gatarebasa da dacvas. Tumca, mas iseTi funqciis Sesrulebac daevala, rogoric iyo daqucmacebuli, patri-lokaluri sazogadoebis gaerTianeba da masSi naturaluri meurneobis ganviTareba da koordinireba, ris gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneboda am sazogadoebis aucilebeli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. vinaidan Zv. aRmosavlur civilizaciebSi sustad iyo ganviTarebuli (an saer-Tod ar arsebobda) sabazro urTierTobebi, saxelmwifo, misi administraciul-mbrZanebluri aparatiT, gansakuTrebuli sakontrolo-maregulirebadi funqciebiT aRiWurva, riTac man uzrunvelyo mmarTveli gabatonebuli fenis mowinave roli da mniSvneloba ZvelaRmosavluri sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. 4) Tumca, aranaklebi mniSvneloba mieniWa saxelisuflo struqturebs, saxelmwifos Zvel-aRmosavluri sazogadoebis kulturul-religiuri erTobis dacvis saqmeSi, rasac isini TviTmyofadi, fundamenturi faseulobebis SenarCunebis safuZvelze axorcielebdnen. ZvelaRmosavlur sazogadoebebSi religiuri ideologiis ganmtkiceba da misi mizanmimarTuli konservacia didad iyo ganpirobebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis sisustiT, naturaluri meurneobis batonobiTa da sabazro urTierTobebis ganuviTareblobiT. ama Tu im ZvelaRmosavlur civilizaciebSi gabatonebuli religiuri ideologia, romelic gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda sazogadoebaSi erTianobis SesanarCuneblad, efuZneboda sxvadasxva moralur da religiur faseulobebs, Tumca, yvela SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebuli adgili hqonda miCenili `SemakavSirebel rgols~ _ saxelmwifos mmarTvels. kerZod, qr.S-mde III aTas-wleulSi, Zveli samefos xanaSi, egviptis faraonebs `mzis Zis~ uwmindesi tituli mieniWaT da maTi dakrZalvis gansakuTrebulad sazeimo rituali iqna SemuSavebuli (sayovelTaod cnobili piramidebis mSenebloba). egviptis faraoni iyo dedamiwaze sicocxlis damcveli da mis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo imqveyniuri samyaros arseboba. Zveli egviptelebi faraonebis piramidebis aSenebiT, sakuTar imqveyniur arsebobazec zrunavdnen. gansakuTrebuli mniSv-neloba hqonda religiur ideologias Zveli CineTis saxelmwifoSi, sadac saukuneebis manZilze yalibdeboda unificirebuli msoflmxedveloba, romlis mizani iyo mmarTvelis _ vanis gandideba da imperatoris _ `cis Svilis~ RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis dasabuTeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli indoeTi da Zveli SuamdinareTi didi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebodnen, aqac xdeboda mmarTvelTa _ mefeebis yovelmxrivi gandideba. maTi saxelebi RmerTebis saxelebis gverdiT iwereboda. Zv. babilonSi pates-lugali (mefe) _ adamiania, Tumca is RmerTebis rCeulia da mas RvTaebrivi, mefuri Zalaufleba hqonda, ris safuZvelzec igi sakuTar qveSevrdomebs ganagebda. Zvelindur politikur-religiuri koncefciiT RvTivsasurveli mefis Sesaxeb (devaraja), mefes evaleboda gansakuTrebuli dharmis (movaleobis) Sesruleba. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi movaleoba iyo qveSevrdomTa dacva. yovelive is, rasac mefe akeTebs _ sworia. aseTia aRiarebuli kanoni, _ ewera `naradaSi”, Zveli indoeTis erT-erT religiur-eTikur traqtatSi. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvisadmi ltolva axasiaTebda yvela Zvel aRmosavlur monarqias _ maTi aRmavlobisa da ayvavebis periodebSi. saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebam didad Seuwyo xeli ZvelaRmosavlur samarTalganviTarebas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom samarTali arc pirvelyofili sazogadoebisaTvis iyo ucxo, razedac uamravi religiur-eTikur da CveulebiTi normebis arseboba da moqmedeba mowmobs. ZvelaRmosavluri samarTalganviTareba mravali saerTo niSniT xasiaTdeba. 1) kerZod, is Riad ganamtkicebda socialur uTanasworobas (batonis da monis opozicia). Zv. aRmosavleTSi monoba ar atarebda klasikur xasiaTs _ anu mona ar iyo nivTi, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, mas SeeZlo ojaxi hyoloda da mebatonis interesebis Sesabamisad, garkveul qonebas flobda. ZvelaRmosavluri kanonmdebloba Tavisufali mosaxleobis wodebriv uTanasworobasac adgenda. aseTi uTanasworoba, ama Tu im moculobiT, yvela ZvelaRmosavlur civilizaciaSi gvxvdeba. 2) Zv. aRmosavleTis samarTali uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli religiasa da religiur moralTan. mcire gamonaklisis garda, aq samarTlis normas religiuri dasabuTeba gaaCnda. samarTaldarRvevas, amavdroulad, miiCnevdnen religiuri da zneobrivi normis darRvevadac. 3) Zv. aRmosavleTis samarTlis ZiriTad wyaros saukuneebis manZilze warmoadgendnen Cveuleba da CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi, romlebic iyo saTemo Semoqmedebis nayofi. isini dauwereli formiT moqmedebdnen da meTemeTa mexsierebasa da SegnebaSi zepirsityvaobiT

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gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas. Zveli drois brZenTa wminda avtoritetze miTiTebebi gvxvdeba ZvelaRmosavluri samarTlis TiTqmis yvela ZeglSi, riTac kidev erTxel dasturdeba misi tradiciuli xasiaTi. 4) samarTlis normebis Camoyalibeba xdeboda Zveladve damkvidrebuli qcevis wesebis mixedviT da axali normebi orientirebuli iyo Zvel qcevebze. axali SinaarsiT gamdidrebuli Cveu-leba, saxelmwifos mxridan, sanqcionirebas ganicdida da samarTlis mTavar wyarod maSinac rCeboda, roca gaCnda dawerili samarTlis Zeglebi, brahmanebis mier Sedgenili kompilaciebi da sxva. 5) adreul samarTlis ZeglebSi ganmtkicebul iqna yvelaze gavrcelebuli Cveulebebi da damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis monacemebi, ris gamoc es samarTlis wignebi xasiaTdeba arasrulyofilebiT, mTeli rigi institutebisa da normebis gaurkvevlobiT, kazuisturi xasiaTiT, radgan samarTlis norma yalibdeboda ara abstraqtuli formiT, aramed konkre-tuli SemTxvevis saxiT. Zv. aRmosavleTis samarTlebriv sistemebSi asaxva pova, gvarovnuli wyobilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma, qcevis wesebma, kerZod, ojaxis an Temis wevrTa mimarT, koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principma im danaSaulis mimarT, romelic Cadenili iqneboda maTi wevris mier, SurisZiebam (sisxlis aRebam), TviTgasworebam, talionma _ samagieros mizRvam (Tvali Tvalisa wil, kbili kbilisa wil, gantexa gantexisa wil). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom universaluri Cveulebebi (sisxlis aReba da talioni) axali SinaarsiT Seivso Cvenamde moRweuli Zv. aRmosavleTis samarTlis ZeglebSi. qonebrivi, wodebrivi da profesiuli gansxvavebebi imaze metyveleben, rom ZvelaRmosavlur samarTalSi dairRva, gvarovnuli wyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Tanaswori samagieros mizRvis idea da damkvidrda, socialur antagonizmze dafuZnebuli, samarTalgageba da marTlSegneba. aRniSnuli normebi iqidan gamomdinareobdnen, rom warCinebuli, mdidari kacis sisxlis fasi gacilebiT Zvirad fasobda, vidre mdabio da Raribi kacisa. 6) ZvelaRmosavluri samarTlis saerTo tradiciuli niSnebi ganisazRvreboda am civili-zaciebSi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, iseTi socialuri formebis arsebobiT, rogorebic iyo Temi da didi patriarqaluri ojaxi. Zv. aRmosavleTis saojaxo-saqorwino da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoadgenda ojaxis wevrTa Soris, tradiciulad, gansxvavebuli statusis arseboba: qali yovelTvis mamakacis morCilia, ufrosi Taoba mudam, umcrosi Taobis mimarT, gabatonebul mdgomareobas inarCunebda. 7) ZvelaRmosavlur samarTalSi versad vpovebT warmodgenas samarTlis dargebis, danaSaulsa da kerZo samarTaldarRvevas Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. erTi SexedviT, Zv. aRmosavleTis samarTlis Zeglebi ara mxolod usistemod, aramed xSirad alogikuradac arian Sedgenili. Tumca, ar iqneba swori am ZeglebSi Sinagani logikis arsebobis uaryofa. is ganisazRvreba Zv. babilonsa da Zv. CineTSi adamianis qmedebis simZimis, codvilobis religiuri koncefciiT (an Zv. indoeTSi samyaros Seqmnisa da varnul-wodebrivi dayofis religiuri koncefciiT). roca Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTalganviTarebis saerTo niSnebze vsaubrobT, ar SeiZleba uyuradRebod davtovoT is Taviseburebani, rac TiToeul civilizacias axasiaTebda da uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli, ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi moqmed, samarTlis normebTan, samarTlis principebTan da im sulier kulturasa da religiasTan, romlebic ganapirobebdnen samarTalganviTarebas. kerZod, Zv. egvipteSi, romelic `sayovelTao monobis~ qveynad iTvleboda, samefo aparatis administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis usazRvro batonobis pirobebSi, warmoudgeneli iyo pirovnebis samarTlebriv statusze, mis uflebaunarianobaze saubaric ki. Zv. konfucianelur CineTSi religiac da samarTalic Tavidanve uaryofda adamianTa Tanasworobis ideas da im gansxvavebidan gamodioda, romelic daadgina konfucianelobam, CineTis sazogadoebis wevrTa mimarT, adamianis sqesis, asakis, naTesaur urTierTobebsa da socialur ierarqiaSi dakavebuli adgilis Sesabamisad. Zv. CineTSi gamoiricxa ara mxolod samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, kerZo sakuTrebis, adamianis subieqturi uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis, aramed, rogorc aseTi, kerZo samarTlis Seqmnisa da arsebobis SesaZleblobac ki. Zv. CineTis tradiciuli samarTlis dargi mxolod sisxlis samarTalia, romelSic Sesuli iyo saojaxo da kerZo samarTlis sxva institutebi da romelTa darRveva iwvevda sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. Zv. CineTisgan gansxvavebiT (sadac Teologia, rogorc aseTi, ar TamaSobda gansakuTrebul rols), Zvelinduri civilizacia atarebda mkveTrad gamoxatul religiur xasiaTs. Zvelinduri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero mkacrad regulirdeboda zustad dadgenili eTikur-kasturi normebis, qcevis tradiciuli wesebis meSveobiT, romlebic gansxvavebuli iyo sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebisa da adamianis aSram-isaTvis (cxovrebis sxvadasxva stadia), romelTa mkacri dacva religiurad waxalisebas, darRveva ki _ religiur da socialur degradacias iwvevda. amitom iyo, rom Zvelindur sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli mecnier-brahmans hqonda miniWebuli da is

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adamianTa aRmzrdelad iTvleboda. mas evaleboda dharmebis _ induri religiuri qcevis wesebis, kasturi normebisa da ritualebis swavleba da maT Sesrulebaze Tvalyuris devna. swored amiT aixsneba Zvel indoeTSi samarTlis normebis specifikuri xasiaTi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili daeTmo brahmanTa didaqtikur nawarmoebs _ dharmaSastrebs, romlebmac mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCunes sakuTari Zala.

$3. Zveli egviptis saxelmwifo samarTali

1) mokle istoriuli eqskursi

Zveli egviptis saxelmwifo Camoyalibda afrikis kontinentis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, mdinare nilosis dinebis qveda welSi, e.w. nilosis deltaSi. Zv. egviptis soflis meurneoba mTlianad iyo dakavSirebuli md. nilosis yovelwliur adidebasa da napirebidan gad-mosvlasTan, am regionSi uZveles xanaSi sairigacio nagebobebis (sarwyavi arxebis) mSeneblobasTan, romlebzec iyenebdnen tyve-monebisa da Tavisufali meTeme-glexebis Sromas. Zv. egviptis bunebrivi sazRvrebi emsaxureboda qveynis dacvas sagareo agresiisagan da eTnikurad erTgvarovani mosaxleobis _ Zveli egviptelebis warmoSobas. qemeT _ ase uwodebndnen Zveli egviptelebi sakuTar qveyanas. saxelwodeba `egvipte” (RvTaeba `ptaxis~ qveyana) am qveyanas Zv. berZnebma mianiWes. Tumca, TviT egviptelebi mas qemeTs _ `Sav miwas~ uwodebdnen. intensiurad ganviTarebadi miwaTmoqmedeba, romelic mTlianad iyo damokidebuli xelovnur morwyvaze, xels uwyobda mosaxleobis socialur diferencirebas da mmarTveli zedafenis warmoqmas, romlis saTaveSic, jer kidev qr.S-mde IV aTas. pirvel naxevarSi, qurumebi moeqcnen. amave aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi Camoyalibebas iwyeben uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi _ nomebi. nomebis warmoqmna dakavSirebuli iyo, taZrebis irgvliv, sasoflo Temebis gaerTianebasTan, raTa erToblivi gziT ewarmoebinaT sairigacio samuSaoebi. uZvelesi nomebis teritoriuli ganlageba (mdinare nilosis napirebis gaswvriv), Tavidanve ganapirobebda maT gaerTianebas yvelaze Zlevamosili nomis egidiT da zeda (samxreT) egvipteSi erTiani samefo xelisuflebis Seqmnas, romelic despoturi niSnebiT xasiaTdeboda da sakuTar Zalauflebas avrcelebda yvela danarCen nomebze. nomebis mmarTvelebi _ nomarqebi axla ukve erTiani Zveli egviptis mefis _ faraonis moxeleebad iqcnen. qr.S-mde IV aTaswleulis bolos zeda egviptes faraonebi ipyroben da imorCileben mTel egviptes. erTiani Zvelegvipturi saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnas ganapirobebda meurneobis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi, romelic damokidebuli iyo mdinare nilosis yovelwliur adidebasa da napirebidan gadmosvlaze; agreTve, misi Sedegebis likvidaciis gamo, mosaxleobis didi raodenobis qveynis politikuri centridan marTvis aucileblobaze. Zveli egviptes saxelmwifoebriobis istoria ramdenime periodad iyofa: 1. adreuli samefos xana (qr.S-mde 3100-2800 ww.), anu Zveli egviptes faraonebis pirveli sami dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodi; 2. Zveli samefos xana (qr.S-mde 2800-2250 ww.), romelic moicavda III-IV dinastiebis mmarTvelobis periods; 3. Sua samefos xana (qr.S-mde 2250-1700 ww.) _ XI-XII dinastiebis mmarTvelobis periodi; 4. axali samefos xana (qr.S-mde daax. 1575-1087 ww.) _ Zvelegvipteli faraonebis XVIII-XX dinastiebis mmarTvelobis periodi. Zveli, Sua da axali samefoebs Soris periodebSi adgili hqonda egviptis sameurneo da politikur daqveiTebas, axali samefos droindeli Zveli egvipte _ msoflio istoriis pirveli msoflio imperiaa, mravalerovani saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda dapyrobili mezobeli qveynebis mosaxleoba. misi batonobis qveS moeqcnen nubia, libia, palestina, siria da, bunebrivi resursebiT mdidari, sxva olqebi. axali samefos bolos Zveli egvipte moicva politikurma krizisma. mas ramdenime Zlevamosili dampyrobelic Semoesia (jer aqemeniduri irani _ qr. S-mde 520 w., xolo, aleqsander makedonelis imperiis daSlis Semdeg, is ptolemausebis imperiaSi Sedioda da bolos, qr.S-mde 30 w. _ romis imperiis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda).

2) Zveli egviptis socialuri wyoba

Zveli egviptis socialur struqturas axasiaTebda evoluciis arsebiTi Seferxeba. sazoga-

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doebrivi wyobis gadamwyvet faqtors, qveynis ekonomikaSi, warmoadgenda msxvili saxelmwifo da sataZro meurneobis TiTqmis SeuzRudavi batonoba. mosaxleoba mTlianad iyo CarTuli saxelmwifo meurneobis warmoebaSi, ris gamoc, mSromeli mosaxleobis calkeul fenebs Soris, naklebad SeiniSneboda mkveTri gansxvaveba, samarTlebrivi statusis mixedviT, riTac Zveli egvipte gamoirCeva sxva ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciebisagan. samarTlebrivi statusis pirobiTi erTgvarovneba asaxvas poulobs im terminSic, romliTac, zogadad, aRiniSneboda mdabio fena _ mereTi. aRniSnul cnebas ar hqonda mkveTrad gamoxatuli samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi. mereTi, iseve rogorc sadao Sinaarsis cneba _ mefis mosamsaxure _ naxevrad-Tavisufali, damokidebuli muSaki, gamoiyeneboda Zveli egviptis civilazaciis arsebobis mTels xangrZliv periodSi. DZveli egviptis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze, sameurneo da sazogadoebrivi wyobis ZiriTad rgols sasoflo Temi warmoadgenda. SidaTemobrivi socialuri da qonebrivi diferencirebis kanonzomieri procesi pirdapir ukavSirdeboda sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis intensiurobas da im damatebiTi produqtis zrdas, romelic miiTvisa saTemo zedafenam (aristokratiam), romlis xelSic gadavida axali sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobisa da maT gamarTul mdgomareobaSi yofnaze zedamxedvelobis funqcia. mogvianebiT, aRniSnuli funqcia iqca centralizebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis prerogativad. Zvelegvipturi sazogadoebis socialuri diferencirebis procesi kidev ufro gaRrmavda qr.Sobamde IV aTaswleulis bolos, rodesac Seiqmna is gabatonebuli socialuri fena, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen nomebis sagvareulo aristokratia, qurumebi da gamdidrebuli meTeme _ glexebi. sazogadoebis dasaxelebuli fenebi sul ufro daSordnen Tavisufali meTeme- glexebis ZiriTad masas, romelic, amieridan, saxelmwifo gadasaxadiT _ rentiT ibegreboda. meTeme-glexebis movaleobaSi Sedioda iZulebiTi Sroma, sarwyavi arxebis, gamagrebiTi jebirebisa da gzebis mSeneblobasa da movla-patronobis mizniT. Zvel egvipteSi, pirvelive dinastiebis periodidan moyolebuli, Cveulebad iqca, mTeli qveynis masStabiT Catarebuli “xalxis, pirutyvis, oqros“ sayovelTao aRwera, romlis safuZvelzec dgindeboda saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis nairsaxeoba da maTi moculoba. imis gamo, rom Zvelegvipturi saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis adreul etapzeve moxda erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna, faraonis Zlieri da centralizebuli xelisuflebiT saTaveSi, Camoyalibda erTiani miwis fondi, romelic gamocxadda faraonis kuTvnilebad. amieridan, faraonis xelSi gaerTianda rTuli sairigacio sistemebis marTvis funqcia. garda amisa, Seiqmna msxvili saxelmwifo da sataZro meurneoba. es ori garemoeba ki ganapirobebda sasoflo Temis, rogorc miwis koleqtiur sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli, damoukidebeli erTeulis faqtiur gaqrobas: 1) sasoflo Temis gauqmebas xels uwyobda im Tavisufali miwaTmflobeli fenis gaqroba, romelic iyo saxelmwifo xelisuflebisgan damoukidebeli da ar eqvemdebareboda am ukanask-nelis kontrols. Tumca. SenarCunebuli iqna Temismagvari, mudmivi xasiaTis, sasoflo dasaxleba, romlis Tavkacebi pasuxismgebeli iyvnen gadasaxadebis akrefaze, sairigacio nagebobaTa gamarTul funqcionirebasa da iZulebiTi samuSaoebis Catarebaze; 2) amasTanave, ganmtkicda gabatonebuli saTemo didkacobis ekonomikuri da politikuri poziciebi. aristokratiis rigebis gafarToveba xdeboda adgilobrivi nomuri zedafenis, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi, centraluri administraciuli aparatis moxeleTa da qurumebis xarjze. zedafenis ekonomikuri siZlieris gazrdas xels uwyobda (adreul periodSive Camoya-libebuli) miwebisa da monebis, samefo wyalobis saxiT, gacemis praqtika. Zveli samefos droidan Cvenamde moaRwia faraonebis brZanebulebebma, romelTa mixedviT ganisazRvreboda taZrebisa da sataZro dasaxlebebis uflebebi da privilegiebi, aristokratebisa da taZrebisaTvis miwis nakveTebis gadacema, samefo wyalobis saxiT. faraonis meurneobaSi, saero da sasuliero didkacobis samflobeloebSi Sromobdnen damokidebuli, uuflebo mosax-leobis sxvadasxva kategoriis warmomadgenlebi: tyve- monebi, monur mdgomareobaSi Cayenebuli, yofili meTeme-glexebi, “mefis mosamsaxureebi”, romlebic dakisrebul samuSaos asrulebdnen mefis zedamxedvelTa meTvalyureobis qveS. mosaxleobis am kategorias, pirad sakuTrebaSi, mcire qoneba gaaCnda da isini cotaoden sakvebs iRebdnen mefis sawyobebidanac. “mefis mosamsaxureebis” eqspluatacia rogorc gareekonomikur, ise ekonomikur iZulebaze iyo dafuZnebuli, vinaidan miwa, samuSao inventari, pirutyvi da Sromis sxva saSualebebi mefis sakuTrebas warmoadgendnen. Zalzed pirobiTi iyo is zRvari, romelic gavlebuli iyo monasa (egvipteSi monebis raodenoba didi arasdros yofila) da “mefis mosamsaxureebs” Soris. Zvel egvipteSi dasaSvebi iyo monebis yidva-gayidva, memkvidreobiT gadacema, gaCuqeba. Tumca, zogjer monas miwis mcire nakveTsac aZlevdnen da aiZulebdnen, qonebis sanacvlod, miRebuli mosavlis nawili gadaexada miwis mesakuTrisaTvis. monobis erT-erTi wyaro iyo valauali movalis savalo kabalaSi Cavardna (TviTgayidva _ arc Tu waxalisebuli) da damnaSaveTa monobiT dasja. Sua samefos periodSi garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda rogorc mmarTveli wreebis, ise mosaxleobis qveda fenis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi. saxelmwifoSi

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mniSvnelovani roli, nomuri aristokratiisa da qurumebis gverdiT, mieniWa e.w. utitulo moxeleobas. “mefis mosamsaxureebis” saerTo masidan gamoiyo e.w. nejesi (“mcire”), xolo am ukanasknelis rigebidan _ ”Zlieri nejesi”. nejesis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo kerZo miwaTmflobelobis, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebisa da bazris ganviTarebam. amitomac, SemTxveviTobad ar miiCneva is garemoeba, rom qr.Sobamde XVI-XV ss., Zvelegviptur leqsikonSi moxda “vaWris”cnebis damkvidreba, xolo, fulis ararsebobis pirobebSi, gacvlis eqviva-lentad _ vercxlis SemoReba. nejesi, xelosnebTan erTad, ufro maRal statuss iZenda da sakuTari Sromis produqts bazarze hyidda. sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebisa da xelos-nobis ganviTarebis pirobebSi, iqmneba axali qalaqebi, qalaqebSi ki _ specialobis mixedviT, xelosnebis gaerTianebebi (amqrebis msgavsi). Zlieri nejesi, qurumTa qveda rgolisa da wvrili moxeleebis msgavsad, qalaqis mcxovrebTa saSualo _ gardamaval fenas hqmnis (gamdid-rebul xelosnebTan erTad). amave dros, izrdeba, kerZo sakuTrebaSi myofi, monebis raodenoba. gaZlierda damokidebuli miwaTmflobelTa eqspluatacia (maTve evaleboda mZime gadasaxadebis gamoReba da mefis jarSi msaxuri). kidev ufro gaRatakda qalaqis qvedafena. garda nejesisa, amave periodSi gaCnda Zvelegvipturi mosaxleobis gansakuTrebuli kategoria _ nemhu, romelic samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT, axlos idga nejesTan. nemhus kategoriaSi Sediodnen is miwaTmflobelni, romlebsac hqondaT sakuTari meurneoba, agreTve _ meomrebi da is wvrili moxeleebi, romlebic faraonis administraciis nebiT, ganicdidnen socialur da samarTlebriv dawinaurebas, an piruku _ daqveiTebas, saxelmwifos mxridan maTze moTxovnis Sesabamisad.

3) Zveli egviptis saxelmwifo wyobileba

Zvelegvipturi saxelmwifo, arsebobis mTel periodSi, centralizebuli politikuri gaerTianeba iyo, garda im moklevadiani periodebisa, roca is ganicdida daqveiTeba-daSlas da mis nangrevebze aRmocendeboda xolme calkeuli nomebi. qr.S-mde IV aTaswleulis bolos Zveli egviptis gaerTianebam, erTi faraonis (mefis) xelisuflebis qveS, daaCqara centralizebuli biurokratiuli aparatis Seqmna, romelic, regionalur doneze, mowyobili iyo uZvelesi tradiciuli nomebis mixedviT, romelTa saTaveSi idgnen mmarTveli nomarqebi, taZrebis qurumebi, faraonis mier daniSnuli sxvadasxva rangis moxeleebi. am aparatis meSveobiT xdeboda faraonis xelisuflebis gaZliereba da ganmtkiceba, risTvisac is uxvad ajildovebda sakuTar moxeleebs. qr.S-mde III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (III dinastiidan moyolebuli) moxda faraonis araTu gaRmerTeba, aramed misi RmerTebTan gato-lebac ki. Zvelegviptur TeologiaSi momxdari cvlilebebis logikur Sedegs is garemoeba warmoadgenda, rom ganxorcielda RmerTi-faraonisadmi Tayvaniscemis axali ritualis damkvidreba da, misi dakrZalvis adgilze, giganturi akldamebisa da piramidebis mSenebloba. Zveli egviptis faraonis Zalaufleba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda axali samefos xanaSi, roca sabolood damkvidrda, samxedro siZlieresa da biurokratiul aparatze damyarebuli, centris imperiuli xelisufleba da am centris meSveobiT uzarmazari teritoriebis erTpi-rovnuli marTva. faraonis brZanebebi ganuxrelad sruldeboda. faraoni iyo uzenaesi kanonmdebeli, mosamarTle da yvela umaRlesi moxeles meTauri (mas xelewifeboda maTi Tanamdebobaze daniSvna-gadayeneba). Zveli egviptelebi miiCnevdnen, rom RmerTi-faraonis nebaze iyo damoki-debuli mosavlis miReba da saxelmwifoSi usafrTxoebisa da samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa. mefis winaaRmdeg nebismieri socialuri protesti _ religiis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebad ganixileboda da damnaSaves umkacresi sasjeli emuqreboda. faraons, rogorc uzenaesi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis subieqts, ekuTvnoda miwis fondis gankargvis uzenaesi ufleba. mas SeeZlo miwis nakveTebisa da maTze mcxovrebi monebis, wyalobis saxiT, gankargva, warCinebulTa, moxeleTa, qurumTa da xelosanTa sasargeblod. is aseve gascemda yvela Tanam-debobas da tituls. Zveli samefos periodidan moyolebuli, faraonis xelisufleba memkvidreobiTi gaxda (ama Tu im dinastiis mefobis periodSi mainc). Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, adgili hqonda dinastiebis sakmaod xSir Secvlas, gansakuTrebiT, politikuri kavSirebis periodSi, rac aucileblad unda asaxuliyo Zvelegviptur Teologiasa da egviptelebis warmodgenebSi faraonis xelisuf-lebis Sesaxeb. am warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, faraonis RvTaebrioba sulac ar iyo sakmarisi argumenti, raTa dabadebuliyo axali faraoni _ RmerTi. mxolod erT axalSobil bavSvSi, mefis (mama _ RmerTis) genTan erTad, unda Casaxuliyo RmerTi da RvTaebrivi samefo sawyisi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, faraonis yvela danarCeni Svilic RmerTi-Semoqmedis gansaxiereba iqneboda da, radgan faraons uamravi colisa da mxevalis erTdroulad yolis ufleba

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hqonda, aseTi momavali faraoni-RmerTi (memkvidre) uamravi iqneboda. Zveli egviptis farao-nebs, Cveulebisamebr, hyavdaT erTi mTavari coli, warmoSobiT egvipteli (aseT mTavar colad, tradiciisamebr, RviZli da an naxevar-da iTvleboda) da uamravi meorexarisxovani colebi da mxevlebi. yvela colis Svils SeeZlo taxtis memkvidreobaze ganecxadebina pretenzia, Tumca pirmSooba, tradiciulad, gadamwyvet principad miiCneoda. samefo RvTisZeoba, rogorc mmarTveli monarqis unikaluri Tviseba, memkvidreobiT rodi gadadioda, uSualod mamidan Svilze. is SeiZleboda gadacemoda, `Sesuliyo~ nebismier qalSi, maSinac ki, Tu is verasdros ixilavda mefes. Tumca, mas unari Seswevda eSva axali faraoni-RmerTi. swored aseTi warmodgenebis wyalobiT xdeboda axali, memkvidre _ faraonis cnoba da axali mmarTveli dinastiis xelisuflebis legitimacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom faraonis uflebamosilebani Zalzed farTo iyo, misi xelisufleba ar ganixileba, rogorc erTpirovnuli da TviTneburi. erTiani Zvelegvipturi saxelmwifos poli-tikuri stabiluroba, taxtisa da gvirgvinis xelSeuxebloba imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad warmatebiT emsaxureboda faraonis moRvaweoba gabatonebuli socialuri fenis interesebis dacvasa da ganmtkicebas. faraonis xelisuflebis Sekaveba uzrunvelyofili iyo samarTlianobis (ma-aTi) religiur-eTikuri normebis mkacri dacviT. am normebis ganuxreli Sesruleba mefe-RmerTis gansakuTrebul damsaxurebad miiCneoda. faraoni-adamianis buneba _ susti, mokvdavi, yovelgvar tanjvasa da Wmunvas daqvemdebarebuli, mxolod RvTaebriv bunebasTan SeerTebis Semdeg, iZenda im gansakuTrebuli zebunebrivi rolis Sesrulebis unars, romelSic egviptelebi xedavdnen sakuTari keTildReobis sawindars ara mxolod miwier, aramed zeciur cxovrebaSi. am aspeqtSi SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT TviT àRmosavluri civilizaciis~ cneba da Zveli egviptelebis is masobrivi monawileoba piramidebis mSeneblobaSi, romlis stimulireba ara mxolod iZulebis, brZanebis usityvod Sesrulebis gziT xdeboda. xelisuflebis Sesaxeb Zveli egviptelebis gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi aisaxa Zvelegvipturi saxelmwifos mmarTveli aparatis TaviseburebebSi, romelic miuxedavad mravalricxovnobisa, Zalzed sustad iyo diferencirebuli. Zveli egviptis TiTqmis yvela moxele erTdroulad sameurneo, samxedro, sasamarTlo da religiur saqmianobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Tanac, Tu mefis moxeleTa pirdapiri kavSiri ama Tu im sameurneo qvedanayofTan, droTa ganmavlobaSi, Zlierdeboda, maTi roli religiur sferoSi TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda. axal samefoSi religiuri funqciebi Tavmoyrili iyo qurumebis Caketili kastis xelSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi pirdapir upirispirdeboda mefis moxeleTa interesebs. sul ufro Zlierdeboda armiis roli da samxedro meTaurTa monawileoba sameurneo saqmianobis sferoSi. Zveli egviptis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis yvela etapze, saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis sferoSi, gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeboda samefo kars. saxelmwifo aparatis funqciebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mowmoben faraonis pirveli TanaSemwis _ jatis uflebamosilebani. jati, Tavdapirvelad, qalaqis mmarTvelis rezidenciis qurumi iyo. amavdroulad, is samefo karsac meTaurobda da faraonis kancelariasa da sasaxlis ceremonials ganagebda. jatis ufleba-mosilebani, droTa ganmavlobaSi, gascda mefis sasaxlisa da samefo meurneobis mmarTvelobis farglebs. axal samefoSi jati axorcielebda qveynis mTel teritoriaze, centrsa da adgilze, mmarTvelobis sferoze kontrols, ganagebda miwis fondsa da wyalmomaragebas. mis xelSi aRmoCnda uzenaesi samxedro xelisufleba. jati akontrolebda jaris mobilizacias, sasazRvro cixe-simagreebis mSeneblobas, meTaurobda flots. masve ekuTvnoda uzenaesi marTlmsajulebis funqcia. jati ganixilavda, faraonis saxelze wargzavnil saCivrebs da yoveldRe moaxsenebda faraons, saxelmwifoSi mimdinare, yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb, uSualod akontrolebda faraonis mier gamocemul miTiTebebis Sesrulebas. jatis Tanamdebobaze, Cveulebisamebr, iniSneboda erT-erTi ufliswuli an faraonis sxva axlo naTesavi; zogierTi dinastiis dros (magaliTad, V da VI) jatis Tanamdebobaze iniSneboda romelime warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgeneli _ maRalCinosani moxele, rac, aRniSnul periodSi, mefis centraluri xelisuflebis Sesustebaze metyvelebda. jatis uSualo kontrols eqvemdebarebodnen specializirebuli uwyebebis meTaurebi: ìaraRis saxlis meTauri~, romelic xelmZRvanelobda samxedro uwyebas, ìm yvelafris gamge, rasac iZleva ca, warmoSobs miwa da moaqvs niloss~ _ saxelmwifo sacavebisa da beRlebis mcveli, `samuSaoebis meTauri~, romelic ganagebda mSeneblobas da sxva. Zv. egviptis mmarTvelobis aparatis calkeuli rgolebis susti diferencireba, misi ganuxreli kavSiri religiur da sameurneo saqmianobasTan ganapirobebda adamianTa im gansakuTrebuli jgufis arsebobas, romelsac XVIII dinasntiis dros ewoda e.w. `gawvevisadmi morCili~. TiToeuli jgufis SigniT adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodnen, wodebrivi da socialuri niSniT. erTsa da imave jgufSi erTiandebodnen mxolod msxvili moxeleebi, faraonis samefo karis warCinebulebi, meoreSi ki Sediodnen mxolod monebi. adamianTa es jgufebi garkveul adgils ikavebdnen

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Zvelegvipturi sazogadoebis warmoebisa da mmarTvelobis sferoebSi. `gawvevisadmi morCi-lebi~ uSualod axorcielebdnen sakuTari batonis brZanebebs. mmarTvelobis organoTa sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekuTvnoda `mefis didi gawvevi-sadmi morCilebis~ jgufs _ sasaxlis warCinebulebs, msxvil aristokratebs, saxelmwifo moxeleebs, mefis pirad mcvelebs. am jgufis warmoadgenlebi meTaurobdnen saxelmwifos yvela umaRles uwyebas.

4) adgilobrivi mmarTveloba

Zveli samefo iyo ramdenime sasoflo Temis gaerTianeba, romlis saTaveSi idgnen saTemo mamasaxlisebi da saTemo sabWoebi _ jajatebi. Zveli samefo sabWoebi, romelTa Semadgen-lobaSi Sediodnen mdidari glexebis warmomadgenlebi, aRiWurven sasamarTlo, sameurneo da administraciuli xelisuflebiT, adgilebze. isini aregulirebdnen miwis gadacemis aqtebs, zedamxedvelobdnen xelovnuri morwyvis qselis mdgomareobasa da miwaTmoqmedebis ganvi-Tarebas. Tumca, momavalSi saTemo sabWoebma mTlianad dakarges sakuTari mniSvneloba, xolo saTemo mamasaxlisebi iqcnen, adgilebze, centraluri saxelmwifo aparatis moxeleebad. nomarqebi _ Zveli Temebis bazaze Seqmnili _ mcire saxelmwifoebis meTaurebi, xolo SemdgomSi centralizebuli saxelmwifos calkeuli olqebis pirveli pirebi, droTa ganmav-lobaSi, kargaven sakuTar damoukideblobas. axali samefos xanaSi nomebis administracia mTlianad daemorCila centrs. nomebis gamgebloba daevala gansakuTrebul samefo moxeles, romelsac eqvemdebareboda mdivani da administraciuli aparati. Zvel egvipteSi, saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze, ganStoebuli administ-raciul-mbrZanebluri aparatis centralur figurad iTvleboda mwerali-kancleri (mdivani). mdivnebis momzadeba xdeboda specialur skolebSi. isini ganagebdnen Semosavlebisa da gasav-lebis mravalricxovan wignebs, weliwadSi orjer adgendnen, qveynis yvela kategoriis miwebis kadastrs, axdendnen mosaxleobisa da misi qonebis aRweras. qveyana iyofoda ara mxolod olqebad, aramed or did okrugad _ samxreT da CrdiloeT egvipted, romelTa saTaveSi mefisnacvlebi idgnen. qveynis amgvari administraciuli dayofa, romelic Seesabameboda egviptis uZveles dayofas _ zeda da qveda samefoebad, ganapirobebda faraonis gansakuTrebuli titulaturis arsebobas, romelic SenarCunebuli iqna qveynis Semdgom istoriaSic _ `ori qveynis mbrZanebeli~, `qveda da zeda egviptis faraoni~.

5) armia

Zvel samefoSi ar arsebobda regularuli armia. armiis formireba xdeboda, mTeli qveynis masStabiT Catarebuli, sayovelTao mobilizaciis gziT, im samxedro operaciebis dros, romelTa mizani iyo monaTa, pirutyvis da sxva qonebis mZarcveluri mitaceba. nadavlis didi nawili faraons rCeboda. mSvidobianobis dros jariskacebi misdevdnen meurneobas. samxedro razmebis saTaveSi idga an TviT faraoni, an mis mier daniSnuli moxele. oficerTa kadrebi ar arsebobda. qveynis decentralizaciis periodSi samxedro Zalebi gadadiodnen adgilobrivi nomarqebis gankargulebaSi. Sua samefos xanaSi, sakmaod maRal doneze xdeboda samxedro saqmis organizacia. mas uSualod xelmZRvanelobda jati, romelic zedamxedvelobas uwevda armiis formirebasa da meTaurobda samxedro da savaWro flots. amave periodSi yalibdeba oficerTa kadrebi. Zvel egvipteSi Tavidanve Camoyalibda mefis gvardia, mefis piradi dacva. qr.S-mde XVIII s. hiqsosebma, egviptis dapyrobis Sedegad, qveyanaSi cxenebi Semoiyvanes. amave droidan egviptur jarSi, qveiT nawilebTan erTad, Cndeba cxenosani jari da sabrZolo etlebi. axali samefos xanaSi, hiqsosebis qveynidan gandevnis Semdeg, gaaqtiurda qveynis samxedro politika da Seiqmna mudmivi brZolisunariani armia, romlis damrtymel Zalas miwaTmoqmedni, wvrili da saSualo donis moqalaqeebi Seadgendnen, romlebic faraonis srul kmayofaze imyofebodnen. armiaSi gaizarda daqiravebuli jariskacebis ricxvi. swrafad izrdeboda oficerTa raodenoba da maTi roli saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi. gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis meomrebs ajildovebdnen miwis nakveTebiT. armiis meTaurebi, saxelmwifo aparatis gasamxedrovebasTan erTad, samoqalaqo moxeleTa funqciebiTac aRiWurvnen da sarwyavi arxebis mSeneblobas xelmZRvanelobdnen. Tavdapirvelad, armia sapolicio funq-ciebsac asrulebda, xolo axali samefos xanaSi es funqciebi specialur sapolicio razmebs gadaeca, romlebic dedaqalaqis, arxebis, taZrebisa da saxelmwifos sacavebis dacvas axorcielebdnen.

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6) sasamarTlo

Zveli egviptis istoriuli ganviTarebis yvela etapze sasamarTlo da administracia erTmaneTisgan ar iyo gamijnuli. Zveli samefos xanaSi adgilobrivi sasamarTlo funqciiT aRWurvili iyvnen, ZiriTadad, saTemo TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, romelTa kompetenciaSi Sedioda, miwisa da wylis Sesaxeb, davebis ganxilva, saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi urTi-erTobebis regulireba. nomebSi samefo mosamarTleebis uflebamosilebiT nomarqebi aRi-Wurvnen da maT ewodaT `WeSmaritebis qalRmerTis qurumTa~ tituli. samefo mosamarTleebis _ moxeleebis saqmianobaze uzenaesi zedamxedvelobis funqcias iTvisebda TviT faraoni an jati. maT SeeZloT nebismieri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba da, amavdroulad, sasamarTlo devnis aRZvra, ama Tu im Tanamdebobis piris mimarT. jatis uSualod eqvemdebareboda `eqvsi udidesi saxlis meTauri~. amasTanave, jati, mTeli qveynis masStabiT, sasamarTlo uwyebis meTauric iyo da masve eqvemdebareboda samarTalwarmoeba. axali samefos xanaSi jatis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda, 30 mosamarTlisagan Semdgari, sasamarTlo kolegia _ kenbeti. faraons SeeZlo sagangebo sasamarTlo kolegiis daniSvna, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, misi ndobiT aRWurvili, pirebi, saidumlo saqmeebis ganxilvis mizniT (saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli: SeTqmuleba, amboxi, Ralati). garkveuli sasamarTlo funqciebi hqondaT taZrebsac. qurumi _ orakulis mier gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ar eqvemdebareboda gasaCivrebas samefo sasamarTloSi, radgan qurumi sargeblobda udidesi religiuri avtortetiT. Zv. egvipteSi Seiqmna, specialuri administ-raciuli da sameurneo dasaxlebebis formis mqone, sapatimroebi, romlebSic damnaSaveebi iyvnen gamwesebulni.

$4. mesopotamiis uZvelesi saxelmwifoebis saxelmwifo samarTali


jer kidev qr.S-mde IV aTaswleulSi, SuamdinareTis samxreT nawilSi (mdinareebis tigrosisa da evfratis auzi) ganviTareba daiwyo miwaTmoqmedebam, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo sairigacio samuSaoebis dawyebasTan. msoflios uZvelesi civilizacia _ mesopotamia (SuamdinareTi) TariRdeba qr.S-mde 6000-300 ww. da moicavs am civilizaciis Semdeg periodebsa da variaciebs: 1) ubaidas periodi, qr.S-mde 5900-4000 ww. (el-alubaidSi, Catarebuli gaTxrebis Tanaxmad, sadac aRmoCenilia 12 taZari da savaWro brunvis naSTebi); 2) uruqis xana, qr.S-mde 4300-3000 ww. (misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo marcvleulis warmoeba, aguris damzadeba da daax. qr.S-mde 3300 w. damwerlobis Seqmna); 3) adreSumeruli xana, qr.S-mde 3000-2350 ww. (uris, lagaSis da sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoebis gaZliereba, romlebSic mmarTveloba despotebma da Tanasworobis momxre _ uruinimginam(urukaginam) (qr.S-mde 2400 ww.) igdes xelT. 4) aqaduri periodi, qr.S-mde 2350-2150 ww., romlis dros moxda Sumerisa da aqadis gaerTianeba, mefe sargon I-is (araSumeris) mier; 5) neoSumeruli periodi, qr.S-mde 2150-2000 ww., romelic gandidebuli iyo mefe ur-namus, uris mesame dinastiis damaarseblis mmarTvelobiT; 6) Zvelbabilonuri periodi, qr.S-mde 1804-1595 ww., roca moxda Zveli babilonis saxelmwifoebriobis aRzeveba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba mefe xamurabis (1792-1750 ww.) zeobaSi. 7) neobabilonuri xana qr.S-mde VII-VI ss., roca moxda babilonis axali, droebiTi gaZliereba, vidre is sabolood daecemoda qr.S-mde 300 w. am regionSi pirveli qalaq-saxelmwifoebi _ patesiatebi Camoyalibda qr.S-mde IV aTaswleulis bolosa da III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, im adgilas, sadac uZveles xanaSi miwaTmoqmedTa is mudmivi dasaxlebeli arsebobda, romelTa centrs warmoadgenda, ama Tu im RvTaebisami miZRvnili, sataZro kompleqsi. qurumebi da qurumTuxucesi asrulebdnen mmarTvelis umartives funqciebs. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis gafarToeba xels uwyobda Zveli mesopotamiis qalaqebis ganviTarebasa da maTSi mosaxleobis raodenobis swraf zrdas. qr.S-mde III aTas. II naxevarSi iseT protosaxelmwifo-qalaqebSi, rogorebic iyvnen uri, uruqi, qiSi, lagaSi, isini, eSnuna, nipuri mosaxleoba ramdenime aTas kacs aRwevda. patesiatebis mosaxleobis SigniT ukve moxda socialuri diferencireba da gamoiyo gvarovnuli aristokratia, romelic daeufla miwis

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did nakveTebs. sagvareulo aristokratiis msxvil meurneobebSi sul ufro xSiarad iyenebdnen monebis Sromas. qr.S-mde III aTas. yalibdeba samefo-sataZro meurneoba, rasac xels uwyobda taZrebis mier saTemo miwebis mitacebis gaRrmavebuli procesi. amieridan meTeme-miwaT-mflobelebi aRar monawileobdnen sataZro miwebis damuSavebaSi da taZris xazinaSi ixdidnen mxolod gadasaxads _ rentas. taZrebis miwebs ki damokidebuli mosaxleobis sxvadasxva kategoriebi da monebi amuSavebdnen. Tumca, meTeme-glexi mainc Cabmuli iyo sazogadoebriv samuSaoebSi _ gzebis, taZrebis, sasaxleebis, sairigacio nagebobebis mSeneblobasa da sxva. qalaqebSi, mmarTvelobiTi funqciis garTulebasTan erTad, izrdeba administraciuli aparati, romelSic is adamianebi Sevidnen, romlebic dakavebulni iyvnen miwebis, sataZro meurneobis, sazogadoebriuvi samuSaoebis aRricxviT da sakulto moqmedebebis ganxorcielebiT. administraciuli aparati, marTalia, aRmocenda sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis organoebidan, magram axla mas sul sxva socialuri roli daekisra. is xdeba patesiatis (qalaq-saxelmwifos) mmarTvelobis aparati da mravalferovan mmarTvelobiT funqcias axorcielebs sxva Temebis _ dasaxlebebis mimarT. patesiatebis (qalaq-saxelmwifoebis) warmoqmna da socialuri diferencirebis procesis gaRrmaveba mxolod im or tomobriv jgufs Seexo, romelic mesopotamiis (SuamdinareTis) samxreT nawilSi iyo gansaxlebuli, kerZod: Sumerebsa da aqadelebs. qr.S-mde III aTas. bolos mesopotamiaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva jgufebi sabolood Seerwynen erTmaneTs, Tumca SenarCunebuli iqna misi ZiriTadi nawilebis _ Sumerisa da aqadis _ saxelwodeba, romlebic, Sesabamisad, SuamdinareTis samxreTsa da CrdiloeTSi mdebareobdnen. Sumeruli civilizaciis upirvelesi centri iyo uruqi. semituri mosaxleobis _ aqadelTa uZveles qalaqad iTvleba aqadi. qr.S-mde IV aTas., am regionSi mosulma, Sumerebma (saidan movidnen, ucnobia, _ egviptidan, an mcire aziidan, an indoeTidan) gandevnes avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba _ protoSumerebi. mesopotamiis socialur-ekonomikur da politikur ganviTarebaze udidesi gavlena iman iqonia, rom aq aRmocenebuli patesiatebi, erTmaneTTan axlos mdebare, lokalur centrebad yalibdebodnen, xolo maT irgvliv mcxovrebi, naxevradbinadari da momTabare, xalxi ki sul sxva kulturul elements miekuTvneboda. mezobeli tomebis mxridan, gamudmebuli Tav-dasxmebisa da gadasaxlebisagan damokidebuli iyo ara marto, ama Tu im patesiatis, politikuri mniSvneloba, aramed TviT misi arsebobac ki. Sumeruli istoriis adredinastiuri periodi cnobilia rogorc, mezoblad mdebare patesiatebs (qalaq-saxelmwifoebs) Soris, gamZafrebuli brZolis epoqa politikuri hegemoniisa, xolo maTi mmarTvelebis mxridan _ sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, dapyrobili xalxis xarjze. qr.S-mde XXVIII-XXVII ss. politikuri lideroba gadavida qalaq-saxelmwifo qiSis xelSi, romlis mmarTvelma miiRo lugalis (`didi kacis~, mbrZaneblis) tituli. momdevno periodSi aRzevda qalaqi uruki da misma mbrZanebelma _ gilgameSma daipyro lagaSisa da nipuris patesiatebi. gilgameSis saxeli legendad iqca da is iqca Sumeruli eposis mTavar gmirad. qr.S-mde XXVs. uzenaesoba xelT igdes uris mmarTvelebma _ lugalebma, romelTa religiuri da kulturuli centri iyo qalaqi nipuri; xolo qr.S-mde XXV-XXIV ss. mijnaze pirveloba lagaSis mmarTvelebma igdes, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli saxeli vinme lugaliandam da misma mowinaaRmdege _ urukaginam daimkvidres. Tu, pirveli gamudmebiT cdilobda sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas, qveynis centralizaciasa da mis ekonomikur dawinaurebas, riTac qveynis mosaxleobis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, meore mesopotamiis istoriaSi im reformatoris saxeliT Sevida, romelic cdilobda RatakTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebasa da gadasaxadebis Semcirebas. momdevno periodi cnobilia rogorc qalaqi umas mbrZaneblis _ lugalzahesis xanmokle aRzevebis xana, rasac, qr.S-mde XXIV s., mohyva semituri aqadis hegemonia, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga saxelganTqmuli mbrZanebeli sargon aqadeli. man Seqmna didi da Zlevamosili saxelmwifo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida yvela yofili patesiata. mdinare evfratis napirze mdebare, qalaqi aqadi sargonis mefobaSi iqca, samxreT da CrdiloeT mesopotamiis, pirveli erTiani politikuri gaerTianebis centrad. aqadis aRzevebis Semdeg, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, mesopotamias utevdnen momTabare mTieli tomebi, romelTa Semosevebis Sedegebs kidev ufro amZimebda, sxvadasxva qalaqebs Soris, mimdinare brZola politikuri hegemoniisaTvis, rasac Tan sdevda politikuri centrebis Secvla, axali mmarTveli dinastiebisa da samefoebis aRzeveba, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia qalaq-saxelmwifo uris axalSumeruli dinastia (uris III dinastia), romelmac gaaerTiana mesopotamia qr.S-mde XXII-XX ss., Zalzed vrceli Sumeruli saxelmwifos farglebSi (sazRvrebSi). uris III dinastiis mmarTvelebi sakuTar samflobeloebs ganagebdnen kargad organizebuli

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profesiuli jaris, samefo sasamarTloebisa da pirveli samarTlis wignebis (ur-namus samarTali) meSveobiT. am, SedarebiT centralizebulma, saxelmwifo-hegemonma, romlis erToba, ZiriTadSi, efuZneboda misi mmarTvelebis samxedro siZlieres da romlisTvisac damaxa-siaTebeli iyo gauTavebeli Sinaomebi, arseboba daasrula qr.S-mde 2007 wels elamitebis (elamis saxelmwifos) Semosevis Sedegad. qr.S-mde XIX s. bolodan, mesopotamiis uZlieres da yvelaze mniSvnelovan politikur warmonaqmns, Zvelbabilonuri samefo warmoadgenda (qr.S-mde 1894-1595 ww.), romlis samsaukunovanma istoriam waruSleli kvali datova ara mxolod am regionis, aramed msoflios saxelmwifoebriobisa da samarTalganviTarebis istoriaSi. Zv. babilonis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri siZlieris periodi moicavs mefe xamurabis (qr. S-mde 1792-1750 ww.) zeobis xanas, rodesac moxda qveynis axali administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobis SemoReba (mefis moxeleTa mier administraciuli olqebis mmarTvis gziT), romlis farglebSi Sevida uzarmazari teritoria, sparseTis yuredan moyolebuli, vidre siriis sazRvramde. Zveli babiloni imperiuli saxelmwifo iyo, romlis ideologiur safuZvels warmoadgenda erTiani RmerTis, `RmerTebis mefis~ _ mardukis kulti. Zv. babilonma mravalgzis ganicada momTabare mTieli tomebis Semoseva, mravaljer daeca da kvlav aRzevda. man droebiTi aRmavlobis periodic ganicada e.w., axalbabilonuri samefos xanaSi _ qr.S-mde VII-VI ss., xolo qr.S-mde II saukuneSi, faqtiurad, Sewyvita arseboba. mesopotamiis sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb msjeloba ar iqneboda srulyofili asureTis (SuamdinareTis teritoriaze aRmocenebuli ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciis meore udidesi warmonaqmni) saxelmwifos gareSe, romlis bedi pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli Zv. babilonTan. asureTis roli da mniSvneloba Zveli samyaros istoriaSi, Suaasuruli saxelmwifos politikuri daniSnuleba (qr.S-mde XV-XI ss.) ganisazRvreba im Zalzed xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareobiT, romelic mas ekava da ris wyalobiTac asureT akontrolebda regionis savaWro-saqaravno gzebs. asureTma babilonisagan SeiTvisa socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri struqturebis Camoyalibebis wesebi, religia, damwerloba. am or mesopotamiur saxelmwifosTan arian dakavSirebuli uZvelesi samarTlis Zeglebic: ur-namus kanonebi, xamurabis kanonebi da Suaasuruli samefos kanonebi (XII s.). 2) mosaxleobis ZiriTadi jgufebis samarTlebrivi statusi

SuamdinareTuli sazogadoebis socialuri struqrura gamoirCeoda mniSvnelovani sirTuliT, rac dakavSirebuli iyo meurneobis mravaldargobriobasTan, sazogadoebrivi fenebis Camoya-libebis procesis dausruleblobasTan, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis, adreul da SedarebiT, maRal donesTan (Tumca, mas mxolod samefo-sataZro meurneobaSi hqonda adgili da man ver moicva saTemo warmoebis mniSvnelovani nawili). yvelaze mkveTrad socialuri zRvari gavla batonsa da monas Soris aisaxa samarTlis wyaroebSi (kerZod, ur-namus kanonebSi). am wyaroSi Sesulia muxlebi “Ze kacisaTvis” (batonisaTvis) gaqceuli monis dabrunebis Sesaxeb (ori sikli vercxli). Tumca, monis Sromas ar eniWeboda upiratesoba meurneobis romelime dargSi da am garemoebas adgili hqonda mTels SuamdinareTSi. monuri Sroma ganixileboda iZulebiTi Sromis mxolod erT-erT saxeobad. garda monebisa, mosaxleobis eqspluatirebul nawils warmoadgendnen sxva naxevradTavisufali pirebi, romlebic moklebuli iyvnen warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis uflebas. Suamdina-reTisaTvis ucnobia, antikuri samyarosaTvis damaxasiTebeli, “Tavisuflebis cneba” da “Tavisufali _ monis” samarTlebrivi opozicia. SuamdinareTma icoda “batoni _ monis” opozicia. “batoni”gamodioda SuamdinareTuli sazogadoebis sruluflebian wevrad, romelic flobda monas, gankargavda ojaxis damokidebuli wevrebis sicocxlesa da qonebas (uZrav-moZrav nivTebs), romelTaTvis miyenebuli zianis gamo, anazRaureba (kompensacia) swored mas, piradad, unda mieRo. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom yvelaze adreul kanonebSi Sesuli samarTaldarRvevis iseTi saxe, rogoric iyo sxvisi colis da monis xelyofa, _ erTmaneTTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli da TiTqmis EerTnairad isjeboda. arsebobda iseTi cnebac, rogoric iyo “gaTavisuflebuli”, anu gaSvebuli raime movaleobis Sesrulebisagan da, am movaleobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli, piradi damokidebulebisagan (Ze kacisa anu batonisa). socialur-ekonomikuri gansxvavebis mkveTri zRvari SeiniSneboda gabatonebuli zedafenis SigniT. is ar iRebda monawileobas mwarmoeblur SromaSi da Sedgeboda umaRlesi samefo da sataZro moxeleebisagan, TviT mefis meTaurobiT. mosaxleobis am fenas miekuTvnebodnen

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msxvili vaWrebi da mevaxSeebi. mosaxleobis qvedafenas Seadgenda: meTeme-glexoba (miwaT-mflobelni), romelic damoukideblad uZRveboda sakuTar wvril meurneobas da, rogorc wesi, ar sargeblobda sxvisi Sromis eqspluataciiT. swored wvrili meTeme-glexebi Seadgendnen mosaxleobis im mniSvnelovan nawils, romelic raodenobrivadac yvelaze meti iyo da sazogadoebriv warmoebaSic aqtiurad monawileobda. Tavisufali glexebis mier Seqmnili namet produqts, gadasaxadebis gadaxdisa da SromiTi begaris saxiT, iTvisebda eqsplua-tatori zedafena. Temis qonebrivi diferencireba, wvrili mwarmoebeli glexobis gaRatakeba didad uwyobda xels miwis ijariT gacemasa da piradi qiravnobis ganviTarebas. gaRatakebuli meTeme-miwaTmoqmedni STanTqa samefo da sataZro meurneobam, riTac gaizarda monebisa da sxva damokidebuli moijareTa rigebi. SuamdinareTis samarTalSi ganmtkicebuli iyo piradi damokidebulebis farTo palitra. kerZod, monis batonisagan damokidebuleba gansxvavdeboda, mamis xelisuflebisadmi, gasaTxovari qaliSvilis morCilebisagan. mamas SeeZlo qaliSvilis monad gayidva. savaldebulo iyo vaJiSvilis mamisadmi morCilebac; babilonis kanonmdeblobiT am ukanasknels SeuzRudavad SeeZlo vaJiSvilis aramxolod monad gayidva, aramed misTvis, umizezod, memkvidreobis uflebis CamorTmevac. piradi damokidebulebis gavrcelebul formas savalo kabala warmoadgenda, romelic garkveul pirobebSi adamians monad aqcevda, kerZod: Tu valauvali movalis vaJiSvili taZars mieyideboda an sazRvargareT gaiyideboda. Tumca, valis SromiT amanazRaurebeli movale ar iyo mona. amas mowmobs x.k. is muxlebi, romlebic adgenen SromiTi anazRaurebis samwlian vadas, romlis amowurvis Semdeg, movale Tavisufali xdeboda kreditorisagan da midioda misi saxlidan (xk-i, m. 117). Tu valSi micemuli movalis vaJiSvili daiRupeboda, kreditoris saxlSi cudi mopyrobis Sedegad, sikvdiliT isjeboda kreditoris vaJiSvilic (xk-i, m. 116). movalis upirobo gankargvas kreditors ukrZalavda Suaasuruli kanonmdeblobac. mas ar SeeZlo dagiravebuli gasaTxovari qaliSvilis gaTxoveba, misi mamis Tanxmobis gareSe. mxolod maSin, Tu movale ver gadaixdida vals, is kreditoris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda da eqvemdebareboda, kreditoris survilisamebr, Seuz-Rudav gankargvas. saxelmwifos mxridan mkacrad regulirebuli da gakontrolebuli Ronis-Ziebebi, aferxebdnen kerZo-sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis ganviTarebas da monaTmflobelobis gafarTovebas. saxelmwifos miswrafeba, raTa SenarCunebuliyo ZiriTadi mosaxleobis statusi da ar daeSvaT Tavisufali meTeme-glexebis gadaSeneba aisaxa mesopotamiis saxelmwifoTa uZveles sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSi, kerZod eSnunis kanonebSi (qr.Sobamde II aTas. Ddasawyisi). am ZeglSi mkacrad aris gansazRvruli daqiravebuli Sromis fasi da samevaxSeo procentis odenoba. Zv. babilonSi mefe gamoscemda specialur samefo brZanebulebebs _ miSarum, romlebSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo Tavisufali babilonelis tradiciuli uflebebi, misi qonebis dacva da zogjer Raribi glexis gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufleba. SuamdinareTis samarTlis erT-erTi Tavisebureba is iyo, rom masSi aisaxa ara monis uuflebo mdgomareoba (monad, ZiriTadad, ucxotomeli xdeboda), aramed misi, ama Tu im uflebis, SezRudva. SuamdinareTSi monas ewodeboda vardumi. monobis wyaro iyo samxedro tyveoba, monad gayidva (TviTgayidva), monad Soba, monad dasja. axali samefos xanaSi (babiloni qr.Sobamde I aTas. I naxevarSi) SemoiRes monuri damokidebulebis axali specifikuri formebi, rac sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis swraf ganviTarebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am dros monas ukve SeeZlo im miwaTmoqmed-moijared qceva, romelsac damoukideblad SeeZleboda sameurneo funqciebis Sesruleba. zogierT monas ufleba hqonda ara mxolod gaZRoloda sakuTar meurneobas (rogorc Tavisufali admiani), aramed ojaxic Seeqmna; mas miwis, saxlis, zogjer mniSvnelovani moZravi qonebis flobac SeeZlo. Zvelbabilonuri epoqisgan gansxvavebiT, monas sasamarTloSi mosarCeled, mopasuxed da mowmed gamosvlis uflebac hqonda. Tumca, monis mimarT, kvlav mkacri eqspluatacia iyo dawesebuli da mona mTlianad damokidebuli iyo sakuTar batonze. mas evaleboda batonisaTvis, Taviseburi yovelTviuri gadasaxadis, gadaxda. socialuri rolebis mkacri sistemis Sesabamisad (rac, zogadad, axasiaTebs adamians tradiciul sazogadoebaSi), uTanasworoba mkveTrad ganasxvavebda SuamdinareTis Tavisufali mosaxleobis calkeuli kategoriebis samarTlebriv statuss. es sistema gansazRvravda mosaxleobis aramxolod samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, romelic garkveuli garegnuli niSnebiTac xasiaTdeboda, aramed sazogadoebaSi maTi qcevisa da Cacmis wesebs. sakuTari socialuri rolidan usafuZvlo gamosvla da sxvisi niSnis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba, iwvevda samarTaldamrRvevi piris mkacr dasjas. babilonur samarTalSi (xk-i) gamoiyofoda Tavisufali mosaxleobis ori jgufi: 1) avilumebi _ sruluflebiani, Tavisufali mosaxleoba (Ze kacisa), romelTa wres miekuTvnebodnen: umaRlesi samefo moxeleebi, romlebsac vrceli miwis nakveTebi hqondaT mflobelobaSi gadacemuli, saTemo miwaTmflobelobaSi. SesaZloa, avilumTa kategorias warmoadgenda semituri tomebis sagvareulo aristokratia, romelmac SuamdinareTi qr.Sobamde III aTaswleulis bolos daipyro. 2) muSqenumebi (muxlmodrekilni, mefis winaSe, samsaxurSi miRebis Taobaze, ajiT mimmarTavi pirebi) _ babilonSi mefis

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msaxurTa dabali kategoria, romelic mefisagan, samsaxuris safasurad, iRebda pirobiT miwaTmflobelobas. muSqenumebis damokidebuleba, savaraudod, imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom maT winaprebi ar hyavdaT “TavianTTa” (avilumebis) TemSi, anu es iyo ZvelSumeruli sagvareulo aristokratia, romelic semitebma daipyres. Sumeruli aristokratiis es nawili mefis samsaxurSi Cadga da iqca msaxureul aristokratiad. samsaxuris safasurad muSqenumi iRebda e.w. ilku _ qonebas . am or socialur fenas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba, gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad, im normebSi aisaxa, romelic exeba maTi sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, pativisa da ojaxis wevrebis dacvas. kerZod, x.k. pirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom, Tu avilumi avilums raimes dauSavebda, maT mimarT moqmedebda talionis principi (“kbili kbilisa wil...”), xolo, Tu muSqenumi avilumis winaaRmdeg Caidenda samarTaldarRvevas, socialuri uTanasworobis gamo, moqmedebda kompoziciis principi (sisxlis daurveba). xorbliT vaWrobis ganviTarebam, arasakmarisi sasargeblo wiaRiseulis, liTonis, qvis, xe-tyis mopovebis aucileblobam, jer kidev Sumerisa da aqadis TemebSi xeli Seuwyo vaWrobis ganviTarebas. es saxelmwifoebi, sakuTar savaWro agentebs agzavnidnen Soreul mogzaurobaSi. savaWro gzebi, asureTis gavliT, babilons akavSirebdnen siriasTan, mcire aziasa da amierkavkasiasTan. mesopotamiis samarTalSi, uZveles periodSive Seiqmna is normebi, romlebic Tamqarisa da Samalumas samarTlebriv reJims gansazRvravdnen. Tamqari iyo: 1) saxelmwifos savaWro agenti da gamosaRebis amkrefi; 2) vaWari, mevaxSe, romelic sakuTari saqmianobiT, dakavSirebuli iyo samefo sasaxlesTan. x.k-iT, samefo xelisufleba Tamqars avalebda aramarto sakuTari Semosavlebis didi nawilis samefo xazinaSi gadaricxvas, aramed sxva movaleobebsac: tyvedCavardnili meomris gamosyidvas, romelic valdebuli iyo, sakuTari SromiT, aenazRau-rebina TamqarisaTvis, misTvis gaweuli xarjebi. Tamqari, Tumca damokidebuli iyo, mainc sargeblobda farTo safinanso-savaWro saqmianobis TavisuflebiT; is debda msxvil savaWro garigebebs, hqmnida savaWro gaerTianebebs: sabanko saxlebs, romlebic msxvil savaWro operaciebs axorcielebdnen, axali miwebis aTvisebas afinansebdnen. mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba iyo Tamqarisa da wvrili savaWro agentis _ Samalumas urTierToba. Samaluma iyo Tamqaris partniori da TanaSemwe. mas garkveuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda, Tu Tamqari savaWro mogebas ver miiRebda. Tu Samaluma ver naxavda mogebas, mas daekisreboda, Tamqaris sasargeblod, zianis sammagi odenobiT anazRaureba. Tu navaWri momgebiani iyo, Samalumas evaleboda TamqarisaTvis garkveuli sabuTebis gadacema. xolo, Tu is ar gadascemda Tamqars sabuTebs, garigeba baTili iyo da mogeba damalulad CaiTvleboda, ris gamoc Samalumas daekisreboda miyenebuli zianis sammagi odenobis anazRaureba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tamqari dausabuTeblad daadanaSaulebda Samalumas mogebis damalvaSi, mas daekisreboda kompensaciis gadaxda, usafuZvlo braldebis gamo, rac eqvsjer aRemateboda miRebul sargebels. SuamdinareTSi, garkveuli samarTlebrivi dacviT, sargeblobdnen bariumi (aqadurad _ monadire) da redumi (aqadurad _ mwyemsi), anu profesionali meomrebi. maT mmarTvelisagan, samsaxuris safasurad, uZravi qonebis (miwis nakveTis) miRebis ufleba hqondaT.

3) Zveli mesopotamiis teritoriaze arsebuli saxelmwifoebis politikuri wyobileba

Zv. mesopotamiaSi saxelmwifoebriobis mowyobis uZveles formas warmoadgendnen qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi _ patesiatebi, romelTa saTaveSi idgnen patesebi. Tumca, mxedvelobaSi misaRebia im gansxvavebebis pirobiToba, rac zogierT saqalaqo-sasoflo Tems axasiaTebda, vinaidan qalaqis mosaxleobac aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli miwaTmoqmedebaSi da sargeblobda sasoflo Temis wevris yvela uflebiT. amitom SemTxveviTi rodia, rom aqadur dialeqtze qalaqi da sofeli erTi da igive sityviT _ uri aRiniSneboda. uZvelesi mesopotamiuri patesiatebis saTaveSi ensi-patesi (mefe-mmarTveli) idga (rac `gvaris uxucess, taZris damaarsebels niSnavda), romelic xSirad, lugalis (`didi kacis~, `mepatrone~) tituls iZenda, roca ensis xelisuflebis qveS erTiandeboda ramdenime qalaq-saxelmwifo. qalaqebSi moiwveoda saTemo krebebi da uxucesTa sabWoebi. saTemo organoebi uflebamosili iyvnen aerCiaT da gadaeyenebinaT mmarTvelni, ganesazRvraT maTi uflebamosilebani; saTemo organoebis kompetenciaSi Sedioda maTTvis uflebebis miniWeba samxedro da sakanonmdeblo sferoebSi. savaraudod, lugali ufro vrceli samxedro uflebebiT sargeblobda, vidre ensi-patesi. TviT saTemo sabWoebi aRWurvili iyvnen sakanonmdeblo, safinanso (fasebisa da yovelgvari gadasaxadebis dadgenis ufleba), sasa-marTlo da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis funqciebiT. qalaqi-saxelmwifos mmarTveli, amavdroulad, iyo saTemo kultis meTauric; is ganagebda sairigacio, sataZro da sxva sazogadoebriv samuSaoebs, meTaurobda jars, Tavmjdomareobda uxucesTa sabWoSi an saxalxo krebaze.

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aqadis mefis _ sargonisa da misi memkvidreebis mmarTvelobis periodSi moxda samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba, rac uris III dinastiis mefeTa zeobamde grZeldeboda. amas xels uwyobda, mmarTvelTa mier warmoebuli omebi, rac kanonzomieri movlena iyo. samefo xelisuflebis gaZliereba nakarnaxevi iyo Temebis gaerTianebis aucileblobiT da sairigacio-morwyviTi meurneobis centralizebuli da racionaluri gamoyenebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, warmoiSva axali tipis mmarTvelis _ lugali-hegemonis Zalaufleba, romelic calkeuli qalaqis farglebs scildeba da saTemo organoebis farglebiT aRar izRudeba. mmarTvelTa xelisufleba memkvidreobiT xasiaTs iZens, xolo administraciuli aparati da TviT lugali (mefe) _ saTemo teritoriebis erTobas ganasaxiereben. adgilobrivi ensi-patesebi mxolod adgilobrivi moxeleebis donemde daqveiTdnen. mefesve daeqvemdebara sataZro administracia. centriskenuli tendenciebis gaZlierebas xels uwyobda SuamdinareTelTa warmodgena, mefis xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi xasiaTis Sesaxeb. mefe xelisuflebas iRebda TviT ciuri mbrZaneblisagan. uris dinastiis yvela mefe, pirvelis _ ur-namus garda, sakuTar saxels RmerTis saxelis gverdiT werda, rac imaze metyvelebda, rom mefe RmerTis rCeuli iyo; mas miniWebuli hqonda danarCen adamianebze usazRvro aRzevebis uflebac. mmarTvelis mefobis RvTaebrivi warmoSoba asaxuli iyo samefo xelisuflebis atributebSic _ samoseli, diadema, kverTxi. mefis xelisuflebis maqsimaluri centralizacia moxda swored Zvelbabilonur samefoSi, romelic warmoadgenda ZvelaRmosvluri monarqiis erT-erT nairsaxeobas. mefe xamurabi formalurad SeuzRudavi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebiT sargeblobda. is iyo didi mmarTvelobiTi aparatis meTauric. amis Sesaxeb mowmoben Cvenamde moRweuli is 60 brZaneba, romelic xamurabim gamosca sakuTari mefisnacvlebis (qalaqisa da olqebis mmarTvelobis), mxedarTmTavrebis, elCebis mimarT: moxeleTa daniSvnisa da gaTavisuflebis, mosaxleobaSi aRweris Catarebis, arxebis mSeneblobis, gadasaxadis akrefis Sesaxeb. rogorc sxva ZvelaRmosavlur civilizaciaSi, mefis xelSi Tavmoyrili iyo Zalzed farTo sameurneo funqciebi: sairigacio meurneobis, taZrebis mSeneblobis meTauroba, sasaqonlo fasebis regulireba, xelosanTa, eqimTa, mSenebelTa gasamrjelos dadgena. xamurabis mefobaSi vaWrebi iqcnen mefis agentebad. mevaxSeobis gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebuli iyo mefis gansakuTrebuli moxeleebis _ saxelmwifos kontroliorebis saqmianoba. Zveli egviptis saxelmwifo aparatis msgavsad, Zveli babilonis saxelmwifo meqanizmSi Zalzed mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda e.w. nubanda _ pirveli vaziri, romelic, faqtiurad, aRasrulebda pates-ensi-lugalis vrcel uflebamosilebebs da xelmZRvanelobda administraciul aparats, is istoriaSi cnobili uZvelesi notariusicaa. Zveli babilonis saxelmwifo aparatis ierarqiaSi mesame piri iyo _ isaku, romelsac ufro sameurneo xasiaTis funqciebi hqonda miniWebuli. Zveli babiloni iyofoda olqebad, romlebsac marTavdnen samefo moxeleebi _ Sakanakumebi. isini pasuxs agebdnen gadasaxadebis akrefaze, wesrigis dacvasa da adgilobrivi samxedro razmebis mobilizaciaze. olqebi iyofoda Temebad, romelTa saTaveSi idgnen rabianumebi, Tumca, Zveli babilonis mefeTa xelisufleba sulac ar iyo upirobod SeuzRudavi da despoturi. TviT mefe xamurabis zeobaSic ganagrZobdnen arsebobas mmarTvelobis saTemo organoebi, uxucesTa sabWoebi, saTemo krebebi. maTi uflebamosilebani mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda, Tumca maT mainc SeinarCunes mTeli rigi administraciuli, safinanso, da sasamarTlo funqciebisa. isini ganagebdnen sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis uflebamosilebas da, mefis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad, wyvetdnen meTemeTa Soris warmoSobil davebs, agreTve im saadgilmamulo davebs, romlebic warmoiSveboda meTemeebsa da mefis miwebis ganmgeblebs Soris. Zv. babiloneTis yvelaze Zveli da mniSvnelovani qlaqebi (nipuri, sipari, babiloni) inarCunebdnen gansakuTrebul iuridiul statuss, vinaidan isini imyofebodnen adgilobrivi RvTaebis mfravelobis qveS. am qalaqebis mosaxleobas aTavisuflebdnen gadasaxadebis gadaxdis, SromiTi begarisa da samxedro samsaxurisgan. Zv. babilonis mmarTvelebma, savaraudod, ver SesZles ramdenime sasoflo Temisa da mtrulad ganwyobili tomis winaaRmdegobis daZleva. politikuri stabilurobis interesebidan gamomdinare, mefeebi iZulebuli iyvnen mTeli rigi privilegiebi (gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufleba, samxedro samsaxurze uaris Tqma, SromiTi begarisgan gaTavisufleba) mieniWebinaT aramxolod sakuTari msaxurebisaTvis (msxvili miwaTmflobelebi), aramed ramdenime tomis beladisa da taZrisTvis. maTi privilegiebi qvis gansakuTrebul monumentebze _ `kuduru~-ze amoitvifreboda. taZrebsa da centralur xelisuflebas Soris urTierTobebi iyo Zalzed rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse. msxvil miwaTmflobelobasa da damokidebuli mosaxleobis did raodenobaze dayrdnobiT, taZrebi iltvodnen ekonomikuri damoukideblobisaken. mxolod mefe xamurabim SesZlo taZrebis damorCileba administraciul da sameurneo sferoSi. mefe taZrebSi

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qurumebsa da administratorebs niSnavda da maTgan angariSgebas moiTxovda, sameurneo saqmianobis Sesaxeb. xamurabi `sibrZnis mcodne mefeTa RmerTad~ iwodeboda. Tumca, is arc uzenaesi qurumi da, miTumetes, arc Raribi iyo. mefes mxolod axal welze SeeZlo taZarSi Sesvla, sadac yovelwliurad zeimobdnen koronaciis rituals, roca mefe, RmerTi mardukis xelidan, iRebda samefo xelisuflebas. umefobis wlebad iTvleboda is periodi, rodesac ar xdeboda am ritualis dacva. koronaciis ZaliT Zv. babilonis mmarTveli _ adamiani iZenda mefobis unars, Tumca _ ar iyo babilonis RmerTi. SesaZlebeli iyo mefis, Cveulebrivi adamianis donemde, damxobac. igi mefobas kargavda, Tu mis mier wamowyebuli saqmiT, qveyanas safrTxe Seeqmneboda. mxolod mefis keTili, samarTliani saqmeebiT, RmerTebisadmi msaxuriT da maTi TayvaniscemiT, SesaZlebeli iyo misi gadarCena da taZrebis mxardaWeris mopoveba.

4) sasamarTlo organizacia

xamurabis mefobamde, Zvelbabilonur sazogadoebaSi, marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebaSi wamyvani adgili ekavaT sataZro da saTemo sasamarTloebs. sasamarTlo organos funqcia eniWebodaT taZrebis sabWoebs, saTemo krebebsa an, maT mier specialurad gamoyofil, saTemo sasamarTloebis kolegiebs. uZveles xanaSive wyaroebi axseneben samefo sasamarTloebsac. kerZod, Sumeruli qalaq-saxelmwifo lagasSi arsebobda gansakuTrebuli uzenaesi mosa-marTle-mmarTvelis erT-erTi umaRlesi moxele. samefo xelisuflebis gaZlierebam gamoiwvia saTemo da sataZro sasamarTloebis kompetenciis SezRudva. TemebSi kolegiuri sasamarTloebi kvlav uxucesTa sabWos wevrebisgan Sedgeboda, Tumca, maT rabianumebi meTaurobdnen. am sasamarTloebis qvemdebareobaSi ar Sedioda mefis moxeleTa da samefo qonebis irgvliv warmoqmnili davebi. xamurabis mefobaSi samefo sasamarTloebi yvela did qalaqSi Seiqmna da maT iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda mefis moxeleTa saqmeebi. Tumca, mefe arc saapelacio da arc uzenaesi sakasacio instancia iyo. mas Sewyalebis ufleba mxolod sikvdilmisjilTa mimarT eniWeboda. mefesTan saCivari Sedioda, mosamarTleTa mxridan, uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebis, saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis, marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi. mefe, aRniSnuli xasiaTis saCivrebs, gansaxilvelad Sesabamis administraciul an sasamarTlo organoebs gadascemda: saTemo an samefo uwyebebs. Zv. babilonSi saerTod ar arsebobda sasamarTlo instancia da nebismieri sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, principSi, saboloo iyo da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareboda. mefisnacvlebs TiTqmis yvelgan SeeZloT piris samarTalSi micema, misi dapatimreba da, zoga-dad, damnaSaveTa gamovlena. profesionali samefo mosamarTleebis garda (wyaroTa cnobiT), arsebobda gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlo Tanamdebobebi: sapolicio da sasamarTlo aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo macne, sasamarTlo mstovari d mdivani. arc sataZro sasamarTloebs dukargavT, sabolood, sakuTari funqciebi. Zv. babilonSi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani, adamianTa SegnebaSi, mudam ukavSirdeboda samarTlianobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebs. samarTlianobis qalRmerTi _ kitu _ yovlisSemZle mzis RmerTis _ SamaSis _ qaliSvilad iTvleboda da mas ugebdnen specialur taZrebs. Tumca, Zvelbabiloneli mosamarTleebi, arc Tu iSviaTad, borotad sargeblobdnen sakuTari mdgomareobiT, razedac metyvelebs mefe xamurabis kanonTa me-5 muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebda mosamarTlis dasjas, Tu is Secvlida sakuTar gadawyvetilebas mas Semdeg, rac is Caiwereboda beWeddasmul specialur dokumentSi (Tixis firfitaze).

5) Zveli SuamdinareTis (mesopotamiis) armia Sumerul patesiatebSi mefis (ensi-patesis) xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas didad uwyobda xels mmarTvelTa, sakmaod Zlieri, samxedro Zalebi, romlebic, Tavdapirvelad, dakompleqtebuli iyo taZrebis an mmarTvelisagan pirad damokidebuli adamianebisgan. mudmivi jaris Seqmna da misi saTemo SenaerTebisaTvis dapirispireba iyo mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis naTeli magaliTi. aqadis mefis _ sargonis Zlevamosil mbrZaneblad gadaqcevaSi udidesi roli Seasrula, mis mier Seqmnilma, mudmivma jarma. sargonis jarSi msaxurobdnen mciremiwiani meTeme-glexebi, romlebic, samxedro samsaxuris sanacvlod, mefis miwebidan iRebdnen damatebiT nakveTebs. xamurabis dros mudmivi jari sabolood dascilda saTemo miwaTmflobelobas. profesionali meomari _ bairumi da redumi, samsaxuris sanacvlod, mefisgan iRebs miwis nakveTs, romelic uzrunvelyofs aramxolod mas, aramed mis ojaxsac. samxedroebisaTvis gadacemuli miwis nakveTebi mTlianad amoRebuli iyo samoqalaqo brunvidan da, maT irgvliv dadebuli, nebismieri garigeba ucilod baTilad iTvleboda. tyved Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, meomari inarCunebda miwis nakveTze uflebas, xolo nakveTis mcire nawilze ufleba tyvedCavardnili

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meomris mcirewlovan vaJiSvilze gadadioda. armiaSi brZolisunarianobis d mkacri disciplinis SenarCunebis mizniT, xamurabis kanonebi adgendnen, mefis brZanebis damrRvevi meomrebis, mkacrad dasjis wesebs. amave kanonebiT, samxedro meTaurebs _ dekumsa da lubutums mkacrad ekrZalebodaT, sakuTari miznebisaTvis, meomris qonebis gamoyeneba. samxedro samsaxuri iyo uvado. Zv. babilonisagan gansxvavebiT, asureTSi mdidari meomari uflebamosili iyo, Tavis nacvlad, Raribi moadgile gamoeyvana, romelic Seasrulebda marwmuneblis movaleobebs. Tumca, marwmunebeli, sakuTar Tavze iRebda valdebulebas, rom sursaTiT moamaragebda mis moadgiles im pirobiT, rom am ukanasknelis ojaxi marwmuneblis sasargeblod iSromebda. Zv. babilonSi profesionali meomari sapolicio funqciebsac asrulebda. nawilobriv SenarCunebuli iyo saTemo mobilizacia, romelsac, ZiriTadad, msxvili samxedro laSqrobebis dros iyenebdnen. garda mSvildosnebisa da mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTi jarisa, Zvel-babilonur jarSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekavaT cxenosan razmebsa da sabrZolo etlebs.

$5. Zveli CineTis saxelmwifo samarTali


Zveli CineTis socialuri (civilizaciuri) istoriis qronologiuri CarCoebi moicavda or did periods: 1) cinis civilizacias d 2) Cinur civilizacias. Zveli CineTis saxelmwifoebriobis istoria ramdenime periodad iyofa, romlebsac istoriul literaturaSi moixsenieben samefo dinastiebis saxelwodebis mixedviT: 1. Sanis (inis) samefos xana (qr.S-mde XV-XIss.); 2. jous samefos xana (qr.S-mde XI-III ss.); jous periodi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa or etapad: a) Cuncus (qr.S-mde VIII ss.) da b) jangous (`mebrZoli samefoebis periodi~ _ qr.S-mde V-III ss.), romelsac Sedegad mohyva erTiani centralizebuli imperiebis Seqmna, axali saimperio dinastiebiT saTaveSi; 3. cinisa da xanis periodebi (qr.S-mde III _ qr.S-bis IIIss.). saqalaqo tipis civilizaciis pirveli kerebi Zv. CineTSi aRmocendnen jer kidev qr.S-mde II aTaswleulSi, mdinare xuanxes dablobSi mcxovrebi, inis tomis binadari miwaTmoqmedebis mimdevari, sagvareulo jgufebis bazaze. inis periodis Zv. CineTSi, gvarovnuli urTierTobis daSlisa da sazogadoebrivi Sromis dnawilebis Sedegad, moxda sagvareulo aristokratiis socialuri fenis gamoyofa, kerZod, Cndeba vani _ mmarTveli da misi garemocva _ naTesavebi, moxeleebi, tomTa beladebi. maTdami antagonisturad ganwyobili fenebi ki mosaxleobis Semdegi kategoriiT iyvnen warmodgenili: rigiTi meTeme-glexebi, ucxotomelebi, romlebsac xSirad emuqrebodaT monad qceva. uZvelesi primitiuli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis Seqmna, San (inis) xanis Zv. CineTSi, pirdapir ukavSirdaba warmoebis organizaciasTan, romelic warmoudgeneli iyo sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobisa da adidebuli mdinareebis gamanadgurebeli Sedegebis daZlevis, aseve sakuTari teritoriis ucxo tomebis Semosevisagan dacvis gareSe. saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmna, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixata tomis beladis _ vanis institus SeqmnaSi, romelic iyo inis samefos gaRmerTebuli mmarTveli. vani iqca, uzarmazari Zalauflebis mqone, saxelmwifos meTaurad. meorec, Seiqmna Zalzed ganStoebuli administraciuli aparati, romelSic Sevidnen mravalricxovani mmarTvelebi, mxedarTmTavrebi, qurumebi da sxvadasxva rangis samefo moxeleebi. isini Seurigeblad daupirispirdnen mdabio warmoSobis Tavisufal da naxevraddamokidebul meTeme-glexebsa da uuflebo monebs. inis samefos epoqaSi damkvidrda mefe-vanis uzenaesi sakuTrebis ufleba miwaze, rasac didad uwyobda xels vanis _ miwieri RmerTis Sesaxeb Seqmnili doqtrina. mdinare xuanxes auzSi mcxovrebi xalxis scialur-politikuri ganviTareba daaCqares dasavleTidan mosulma jous tomis xalxma, romlebmac qr.S-mde XII s. bolos daipyres inis samefo da sakuTari batonoba gaavrceles CrdiloeT CineTis mTel mosaxleobaze: uamrav sagvareulo koleqtivebze, romlebic gankerZoebulad cxovrobdnen da ganviTarebis gansxvavebul safexurebzec imyofebodnen. jous samefos vani iZulebuli gaxda, uzarmazari teritoriis farglebSi, SemoeRo sazogadoebis marTvis axali organizacia. am mizniT man dapyrobili teritoriebi, samemkvidreo mflobelobaSi, gadasca sakuTar naTesavebsa d uaxloes garemocvas , romlebmac, miwebTan erTad, Sesabamisi titulebic moipoves. Tavdapirvelad, calkeuli tituliani mflobelebis separatistuli ganwyoba centraluri xelisuflebis ZalisxmeviT iyo Sekavebuli. Tumca, qr.S-mde VIII s. adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi, romlebic erT dros vanis erTgulebi iyvnen, faqtiurad, srul damoukideblobas iZenen da vanis Zalaufleba vrceldeboda mxolod misi uSualo samflobelos _ domenis teritoriaze. adgilobriv mefeebad gadaqcevis Semdeg, separatisti-mmarTvelebi axla TiTon urigeben

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miwebsa da titulebs sakuTar xelqveiTebs, iZenen sakuTar vasalebsa da qmnian sakuTar administraciul aparats. amrigad, jous samefos Zv. CineTSi adgili daimkvidra daqucmacebulobam, romlis dros Cvevad iqca, samefoebs Soris, gamudmebuli Sinaomebi: xan erTi, xan meore vani-mmarTvelis hegemonoba da erTi samefos mier meoris STanTqma. mravalwlianma SeuCerebelma omebma gamoiwvia ekonomikuri krizisi, sairigacio nagebobebis moSla da Seqmna saxelmwifoebriobis rRvevis safrTxe. aseT viTarebaSi Zv. CineTis mosaxleobam gaacnobiera mSvidobis damyarebisa da Cineli xalxis erTmaneTTan daaxloebis aucilebloba. axli ganwyobis gamomxatvel ideologiad konfucianeloba iqca. konfucianeloba sulac ar aris religia, sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. es aris eTikuri da politikuri moZRvreba, romelic qadagebda qveynis gaerTianebas, `mikerZoebisa da xalxis ganadgurebis~ gareSe. miuxedavad omebisa, jangos periodSi, sxvadasxva raionebs da xalxs Soris gaZlierda ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebi, rac maTi daaxloebisa da, Svidi umsxvilesi Cinuri samefos irgvliv, miwebis Semokrebis sawindari iyo. qr.S-mde V s. Zv. CineTis istoriis gardamaval periodad iqca. am dros amoqmedda ramdenime faqtori, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves calkeuli samefoebis erT imperiad gaerTianebas da, erTian saxelmwifoSi, konfucianelobis gabatonebul politikur ideologiad qcevas. Sromis rkinis iaraRebis gamoyenebiT, swrafad ganviTarda meurneoba: moxda axali miwebis aTviseba, sairigacio nagebobebis gaumjobeseba, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisa da xelosnobis zrda, rac xels uwyobd sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, bazris Camoyalibebasa da vaWrebis fenis warmoSobas. aRniSnuli viTareba kidev ufro aCqarebda saTemo miwaTmflobelobis rRvevasa da miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis damyarebas, msxvili kerZo miwaTmflobelobis Seqmnas. dasaxelebuli garemoebebi ganapirobeben, Zv. Cinur sazogadoebaSi warmoSobili, ori urTierTsapirispiro tendenciis arsebobas, romlebic axasiaTebdnen Zveli xanis bolo ori saukunes: I. viTardeboda miwaze msxvili kerZo sakuTreba, romelic moijare glexebis, daqiravebuli muSakebisa da monebis eqspluataciaze iyo dafuZnebuli; II. iqmneba saxelmwifosagan uSualod damokidebuli, mZime gadasaxadebiT dabegrili glexobis farTo fena. es ori tendencia iyo Zv. Cinuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ori SesaZlo gza: 1) miwaze msxvili kerZo sakuTrebis gamarjveba _ daqucmacebulobisa da gamudmebuli Sinaomebis gziT; 2) miwaze msxvili saxelmwifo sakuTrebis ganmtkiceba da erTiani centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna. gaimarjva ganviTarebis meore tendenciam, romlis simbolod iqca cinis samefo. qr.S-mde 221 wels cinis dinastiis mmarTvelebma warmatebiT daasrules qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis brZola da iseTi socialuri wesrigi da saxelmwifo manqana Seqmnes, romlebmac ucvlelad ganagrZes arseboba ara mxolod, momdevno _ xanis samefos periodSi, aramed tradiciad iqcnen da, faqtiurad, SenarCunebuli iqnen saimperatoro CineTis arsebobis mTel manZilze.

2) Zveli CineTis sazogadoebrivi struqtura

Sanis-inis (qr.S-mde XV-XII ss.) da adreuli jous (qr.S-mde XI-X ss.) periodis Zv. CineTSi adgili hqonda gvarovnuli wyobilebis rRvevisa da socialurad antagonisturi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis process, roca mkveTri zvari gaevlo mosaxleobis sam kategorias Soris: 1) privilegirebul mmarTvel sagvareulo aristokratias, romelic Sedgeboda uzenaesi mmarTvelis, misi naTesavebisa da masTan daaxloebuli pirebis, agreTve sagvareulo da didi saojaxo (klanebi) gaerTianebis meTaurebisgan; 2) Tavisufal meTeme-glexebsa da 3) uuflebo monebs (romlebic warCinebulTa momsaxurebas eweodnen). mmarTveli aristokratia cxovrobda aramxolod monebis, aramed meTeme-glexebis eqsplua-taciis xarjze da iTvisebda maT mier Seqmnil namet produqtsa. amas Seesabameboda `sazogadoebrivi mindvrebis~ sistema, roca saTemo miwebis 1/9 nawils meTemeebi erToblivad amuSavebdnen, xolo `sazogadoebrivi miwebidan~ miRebuli mosavali, renta-gadasaxadis saxiT, ikribeboda mmarTvelTa da warCinebulTa Sesanaxad da saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis. saxelmwifo aparatis ganviTarebam da mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis garTulebam, jous periodis Zv. CineTSi, xeli Seuwyo kidev erTi dawinaurebuli wodebis _ sxvadasxva rangis maRalCinosani moxeleebis Seqmnas, romlebic cxovrobdnen imave renta-gadasaxadis xarjze, romelic `sakvebis~ formiT ikribeboda garkveuli Temebisa da teritoriebidan. miwaze sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis rRvevamda saTemo miwebis miTvisebam, warCinebulTa mxridan (gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebrivi mindvrebisa), qr.S-mde VI-V ss., gamoiwvia rogorc msxvili, ise wvrili kerZo saglexo miwaTmflobelobis ganviTareba. am procesis logikuri Sedegi ki iyo,

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umiwo da mciremiwiani glexebis raodenobis, mkveTri zrda, romlebic, rogorc wesi, iyvnen, kerZo da saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwebis, mxolo moijareebi. `sazogadoebrivi mindvrebis~ gaqrobasTan erTad, renta-gadasaxadi (`sazogadoebriv mindvrebSi~ samuSaoebis warmoebis formiT) Seicvala gadasaxadis sxva formiT da damkvidrda naturaluri gadasaxadi, produqtebis saxiT, TiToeuli ojaxis mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTis moculobis Sesabamisad. pirvelad aseTi saxis gadasaxadi SemoiRes jer kidev qr.S-mde VI saukunis dasawyisSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom am dros qveynis ekonomikaSi xarisxobrivi gardaqmna moxda, Zv. CineTSi socialuri diferencirebis procesi Zalzed nela mimdinareobda: 1) eqspluatirebuli mosax-leobis didi nawili ar iyo erTgvarovani, socialuri da wodebrivi TvalsazrisiT. mosxleobis am kategoriaSi Sediodnen is muSakebi, romlebi,c mTlianad an nawilobriv, moklebulni iyvnen sakuTrebis uflebas miwaze da warmoebis sxva saSualebebze; agreTve, Tavisufali umiwo da mciremiwiani glexebis fenidan gamosuli, moijareebi, romlebic mosavlis did nawils uxdidnen miwis mesakuTres, monebi da daqiravebuli muSakebi; 2) arc gabatonebuli socialuri fena iyo erTgvarovani. is Sedgeboda tituliani warCi-nebulebis, ranJirebuli moxeleebisa da ugvaro msxvili miwaTmflobelobelebisa da vaWrebisgan; 3) gamoiyofoda mosaxleobis kidev erTi kategoria, romelic, wodebrivad, Seda-rebiT erTgvarovani iyo da masSi Sediodnen mdabio warmoSobis wvrili Tavisufali mwarmoeblebi, warmoebis saSualebaTa mesakuTreebi _ glexebi da xelosnebi. mosaxleobis es kategoria ganicdida mZime sagadasaxado tvirTs. mosaxleobis samive kategorias Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebani asaxvas povebs samarTalSi. `keTilSobilni~ upirispirdebodnen mdabioebs kanonebisa da tradiciis Sesabamisad (mmarT-veli, misi naTesavebi, sagvareulo da msaxureuli aristokratia opozicias uwevda monebs, moijareebs, Tavisufal glexobasa da xelosnebs). msxvili miwaTmflobelobis zrda, romelic meTeme-glexebis masobrivi gaRatakebiT mimdi-nareobda, arsebiTad arRvevda, gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli glexobis, eqspluataciis tradiciuli sistemis safuZvlebs. gadaxdaunariani mosaxleobis raodenobis katastrofulma Semcirebam aiZula xelisufleba, reformebis gziT, xeli SeeSala misi gaRatakebisTvis. qr.S-mde 119 wels xanis imperatorma udim gamosca brZaneba msxvili miwaTmflobelebisaTvis kerZo miwebisa da monebis CamorTmevis Sesaxeb. es brZaneuleba Seexo gamdidrbuli vaWrebisa da mevaxSeebis kategorias da, misi ZaliT, dadginda qonebasa da Semosavlebze didi gadasaxadi. kidev ufro radikaluri agraruli reforma gaatara qr.S-mde 9 wels imperatorma van manma, romlis mizani iyo msxvili miwaTmfobelobis SezRudva. mas surda miwis fondis xelaxali gadanawileba. saxelmwifos miwis mTeli fondi imperatoris sakuTrebad gamocxadda da aikrZala misi yidva-gayidva. Tumca, es akrZalva sami wlis Semdeg moixsna, msxvili mesakuTreebis aqtiuri zewoliT.

3) Zveli CineTis saxelmwifo wyobileba

mmarTvelobis despoturi niSnebi yalibdeba jer kidev inis periodis Zv. CineTSi, sadac, Tavdapirvelad, ar arsebobda taxtis memkvidreobis mkacri wesebi _ memkvidreebad cxaddebodnen mmarTvelis Zmebi, vaJiSvilebi da axlo naTesavebi. inis samefos bolos taxtis memkvidred ufrosi vaJi xdeboda anu damkvidrda taxtis memkvidreobis pirmSoobiTi wesi _ maioratis principi. amave periodSi yalibdeba sakmaod ganStoebuli biurokratiuli adminitraciuli aparati, romelSic moxeleebi, Taobidan Taobas, gadascemdnen erTsa da imave Tanamdebobas, Tumca, vanis nebarTviT. adreuli jous samefoSi, Zv. CineTSi vanis xelisufleba da pirovneba sabolood gaRmerTebulia. is `cis Svilis~ tituls atarebs da mas `ca marTavs~. imperators uwodebdnen sakuTari qveSevrdomebis `dedasa da mamas~. vani _ qurumTuxucesia. jous periodis Zv. CineTSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis centri iyo vanis sasaxle, anu aq damkvidrda mmarTvelobis sasaxlur-votCinuri sistema. mmarTvelobis sasaxluri sistema gulisxmobda rogorc vanis momsaxurebas, ise saxelmwifoebrivi saqmeebis marTvas. vanis Semdeg, saxelmwifos meore piri iyo czai, romelic, mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof moxeleebTan erTad, iyo, sasaxlis SigniT, vanis nebis ganmcxadebeli. czai ganagebda sasaxlis xelosanTa saqmianobas, zedamxedvelobda vanis winaparTa taZrebs da sxva. sasaxlis karze gansakuTrebuli adgili Sanfu-s ekavaT (mefis Tanamesufreni), romlebic iyvnen vanis piradi mosamsaxureebi da, administraciuli da samxedro daniSnulebis, universaluri da gansakuTrbuli davalebebis Semsrulebelni. mTeli rigi Tanamdebobis pirebs evalebodaT,

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saxelmwifos sameurneo saqmianobaze, kontrolis ganxorcielebis funqciebi, kerZod: tye, wylebi, saZovrebi gansakuTrebuli moxeleebis _ `miwebis zedamxedvelis~ xelqveiTebis sazrunavi iyo. vanis sasaxlis msgavsad, mowyobili iyo avtonomiuri olqebis mmarTvelobac. adgilobrivi administraciis saTaveSi idgnen adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi _ juxou, romlebsac exmarebodnen sakuTari mrCevlebi da TanaSemweebi. vani juxous iwvevda `sasjelis, ritualis, samarT-lianobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb~ mosaTaTbireblad. qr.S-mde VII-VI ss. adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi gamovidnen vanis Zalauflebidan da, sakuTari interesebis dasacavad, yrilobebs marTavdnen, romlebzec debdnen, ficiT ganmtkicebul, xelSekrulebebs. cinisa da xanis periodebis CineTSi Seiqmna centralizebuli despoturi imperiebi. centralizaciis gamarjveba Zv. CineTSi aixsneba mTeli rigi mizezebiT, kerZod, CineTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri, sulieri da kulturuli erTobiT. aranaklebi mniSvneloba mieniWa Zv. CineTis, mmarTveli wreebis yvelaze mowinave nawilSi, imis gaazrebam, rom aucilebeli iyo qveynis politikuri gaerTianeba da erTianobis SenarCuneba, Sinaomebze uaris Tqma da, gansakuTrebiT, jangos samefos periodSi _ legizimis axali ideologiis damkvidrebas, romelic samarTlebrivad ganamtkicebda mosaxleobis politikur statussa da axleburad awesrigebda sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs. `xelisufleba _ is aris, rasac mxolod mmarTveli ganagebs~, _ werda legistebis erT-erTi beladi da cinis imperiis saxelmwifo moRvawe San iani. legistebis saqmianoba mimarTuli iyo mxolod mmarTvelis, saxelmwifos, xazinis mTavari interesebis dasacavad da is kerZo miwaTmflobelobis ganviTarebis sapasuxo reaqcia iyo, vinaidan kerZo miwaTmflobeloba pirdapir daemuqra gadaxdaunariani glexobis tradiciuli eqspluataciis sistemas. qr.S-mde IV s. San ianma gaatara ramdenime reforma, romelTa Sedegad Camoyalibda da ganmtkicda cinis centralizebuli saxelmwifo, romelic SemdgomSi cinis imperiad gadaiqca. am reformebis Sedegad dawesda: 1) miwebis Tavisufali yidva-gayidva, 2) SemoRebul iqna miwis gadasaxadi, romelsac TiToeuli miwaTmflobeli ixdida, misi miwis nakveTis moculobis Sesabamisad, 3) miwis gadasaxadTan erTad, SemoRebuli iqna mkveTrad gansazRvruli administraciul-teritoriuli mowyoba e.w. xuTi, aTi, TxuTmeti da ocdaxuTi ezos saxiT; 4) kvlav aRadgines, gvarovnuli wyobilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, urTierT-pasuxismgeblobis principi, romelSic igulisxmeboda, aRniSnul teritoriul erTeulSi mcxovrebi pirebis mimarT, urTierTTvalTvali da totaluri dasmna, rac uryevi wesrigis sawindari iyo; 5) saojaxo klanebs Soris xangrZlivi dapirispirebis aRmofxvris mizniT, mkacrad aikrZala SurisZieba da sisxlis aReba; 6) SemoRebuli iqna zoma-wonis erTiani sistema. cinis samefoSi legistebis mier ganxorcielebulma saSinao politikam Zlieri dartyma miayena centralizaciis mTavari mowinaaRmdegis _ sagvareulo tituliani aristokratiis interesebs. warCinebulobis gamomxatveli rangebis Sesabamisad, aristokratizmis miniWeba xdeboda ara warmomavlobis, aramed saxelmwifos (mmarTvelis) winaSe gaweuli samsaxuris mixedviT. qr.S-mde III saukunis bolos xanis samefoSi SemoRebul iqna 20 rangiani samoxeleo sistema, romlis Sesabamisad xdeboda Tanamdebobebis dakaveba da gasamrjelos miReba. cinisa da xanis epoqis Zvel CineTSi imperatoris _ vanis xelisufleba iyo gaRmerTebuli. cinis samefos mmarTvelma, romlis xelisuflebis qveS gaerTianda vrceli teritoria da Seiqmna cinis imperia, miiRo di-s (imperatoris) tituli. di iyo qveynis erTianobis simbolo. saxelmwifo aparatSi mniSvnelovani adgili im organoebs ekavaT, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyvnen, `cis Svilis~ RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, miTis saritualo CatarebasTan. Cineli despotis xelSi Tavmoyrili iyo uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo da samxedro Zalaufleba. is uzenaes msajulad iTvleboda da, amavdroulad, mravalsafexuriani samxedro-biurokratiuli aparatis meTauric iyo, romlis kompetenciaSi Sedioda centraluri da adgilobrivi samoxeleo aparatis yvela maRalCinosanis Tanamdebobaze daniSvna-gaTavisufleba. imperiis centralur aparatSi Sedioda ramdenime uwyeba, kerZod: safinanso, samxedro, sasamarTlo, ritualebis momwyobi, soflis meurneobis, saimperatoro karis, sasaxlis dacvisa da sxva. wamyvani uwyebebis meTaurebs iwvevdnen imperatorTan saTaTbirod, sadac ganixileboda saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi. Zveli aRmosavleTis sxva civili-zaciebis saxelmwifo aparatTan SedarebiT, Zveli CineTis saxelmwifo meqanizmi ufro mravalricxovani da farTo uflebamosilebebiT aRWurvili manqana iyo, romlic, Tavis mxriv, ganamtkicebda moxeleTa prestiJsa da socialur mniSvnelobas. xanis imperiis epoqaSi gaerTianebuli safinanso da samxedro uwyebebis saTaveSi idga kancleri _ Censiani, romelic, amavdroulad, asrulebda vanis mTavari TanaSemwes, pirveli ministris movaleobebsac. Censianis kompetenciaSi Sedioda safinanso politikis gansazRvra, saxelmwifo xazinaSi gadasaxadebisa da sxva Semosavlebis dadgena, saxelmwifo xarjebis regulireba.

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droTa ganmavlobaSi, saxelmwifo aparatis funqciebis garTulebasTan erTad, moxda, saxelmwifos calkeuli uwyebebs Soris, kompetenciis gamijvna. Tumca, es rTuli da xangrZlivi procesi iyo. magaliTad, armiis mTavarsardali iyo TviT imperatori. Tumca, vinaidan kancleri mis pirvel TanaSemwed da administraciuli aparatis faqtiur meTaurad iTvleboda, swored mas ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba yvela samxedro RonisZiebebis mimarT. saimperatoro karis uwyeba Camoyalibda xanis imperiis dros da mis Sesanaxad gamoiyeneboda is gadasaxadi, romelsac iRebdnen wylis nagebobebisa da samTomadno obieqtebis eqspluataciidan. am uwyebaSi arsebobda gansakuTrebuli moxelis _ duSuia-s Tanamdeboba, romelic sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobasa da maT funqcionirebaze axdenda zeda-mxedvelobas. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda samxedro uwyebas, romlis saTaveSi idga taivei. taiveis kompetenciaSi Sedioda armiis formireba, samxedro maRalCinosnebis daniSvna. mis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze is faqtic metyvelebs, rom taivei, CensianTan da uzenaes cenzorTan (iuSidafu) erTad, Sedioda moxeleTa yvelaze privilegirebuli kategoriis _ «sami hunis» jgufSi. imperiaSi arsebobda ritualebis gansakuTrebuli uwyeba, romelsac meTaurobda uzenaesi qurumi. unificirebuli ritualis daniSnuleba iyo mosaxleobis socialuri SekavSireba, arsebuli ritualebis mimarT, erTgulebisa da morCilebis aRzrda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom uzenaesi qurumi, qr.S-mde 124 w. Seqmnili, saimperatoro akademiis xelmZRvanelic iyo da, amrigad, `ganaTlebis ministris~ rolSic gamodioda. sazedamxedvelo organoebs meTAurobda uzenaesi cenzori. am uwyebis moxeleebi iyvnen imperatoris ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi, romlebic mowodebuli iyvnen daecvaT wesrigi centrsa da adgilobriv erTeulebSi, anu maT imperatoris `Tvalisa da yuris~ funqcia eniWebodaT yvela organos da Tanamdebobis piris mimarT, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT SeTqmulebebi, Ralati da sxva, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, danaSauli.


gadaxdaunariani glexobis eqspluataciis saxelmwifo formebi moiTxovdnen, qveyanaSi, zustad dad-genili administraciul-teritoriuli dayofis, arsebobas. jer kidev qr.S-mde IX s. dasavleT jouSi gaCnda teritoriuli mowyobis primitiuli elementebi. kerZod, am regionSi SemoiRes olqebad dayofis sistema, romelic, amavdroulad, iyo samxedro da sagadasaxado erTeuli. Zvel CineTSi samazro teritoriuli administracia yalibdeba jer kidev qr.S-mde VII saukuneSi, anu maSin, roca qveyanaSi batonoben gankerZoebuli adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi. TiToeul mazraSi igzavneboda, samefos mmarTvelis an msxvili erTeulis mmarTvelis winaSe, pasuxismgebeli moxele. am sistemam momavalSi didad ganapiroba politikuri decentra-lizaciis aRmofxvra da adgilebze centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba. cinisa da xanis droindeli, Zveli CineTi iyofoda olqebad, xolo olqebi mazrebad, mazrebi _ soflebad, soflebi _ Temebad (yevlaze wvrili administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli). adgilebze moqmedebda mmarTvelobis rTuli sistema, romelic efuZneboda samoqalaqo da samxedro Cinosnebis urTierTdaqvemdebarebis princips. kerZod, TiToeuli provinciis saTaveSi guber-natorebi idgnen, romlebic sakuTar Zalauflebas uyofdnen samxedro uwyebis warmomadgenlebs. samoqalaqo pirebis daqvemdebarebaSi moeqcnen, provinciaSi ganlagebuli, samxedro nawilebi. mxolod sazRvrispira olqebSi gubernatorebi erTpirovnulad ganagebda samoqalaqo da samxedro funqciebs. soflis meurneobis uwyebas meTaurobda Taviseburi uzenaesi xazinadari, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo saxelmwifo xazinaSi Sesuli gadasaxadebis, gamosasyidis, SromiTi begaris, marilsa da rkinaze, saxelmwifo monopoliis Sedegad, miRebuli Semosavlebis droul gadaricxvebze. is akontrolebda samoxeleo aparatisa da armiis Sesanaxad gaweuli xarjebis siswores. Temi, miuxedavad saTemo miwaTmflobelobis rRvevisa, kvlav inarCunebda, SedarebiT gancalkevebuli, erTeulis statuss. Temis saTaveSi idgnen mamasaxlisebi da `uxucesi mamebi~. umdablesi administraciuli personali, soflis mamasaxlisebis CaTvliT, ar Sedioda samoxeleo sistemaSi. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis qveda rgolis warmomadgenlebi, sxva meTemeebis msgavsad, ixdidnen gadasaxadebs da asrulebdnen SromiT begaras. Tumca, maT didi Zalaufleba hqondaT, kerZod, isini axorcielebdnen meTeme-glexebis mobilizacias, saTemo teritoriis dacvis mizniT. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobas _ uxucesTa sabWos xelmZRva-nelobda sanlao. biurokratiuli kontroli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebzec vrceldeboda. moqmedebda urTierTTvalTvalisa da pasuxismgeblobis sistema yvela doneze, sasoflo TemiT dawyebuli, umaRlesi moxeleebiT damTavrebuli.

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5) armia Zvel CineTSi

Zveli CineTis saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi udidesi roli eniWeboda SeiaraRebul Zalebs, rac xSiri omebisa da glexebis ajanyebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. omebi, kerZod, jous samefos xanaSi, Sanis-inis teritoriebis dapyrobam uSualo gavlena moaxdina Zveli CineTis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis procesze. jous samefos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis birTvs Seadgenda naxevradprofesiuli jari, romlc sajariso nawilebad iyofoda da samxedro dasaxlebebsa da banakebSi iyo ganlagebuli. samxedro banakebs miwis nakveTebs uyofdnen, riTac xdeboda maTi materialuri uzrunvelofa. wyaroebi asaxeleben vanis gankargulebaSi myof 14 armias. armiaTa jgufis meTauris Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiTi iyo. cinis imperiis xanaSi samxedro valdebuleba saamSeneblo da gadazidvebis movaleobebis tolfasi iyo. armiaSi iwvevdnen 23-dan 56 wlamde asakis mamakacebs, romlebic gadiodnen erTwlian samxedro momzadebas. maT evalebodaT ,erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, adgilis mixedviT, sajariso nawilSi samsaxuri. saxelmwifo sazRvris dasacavad, samsaxuris vadis ganusazRvrelad, igzavnebodnen samsaxurebrivi gadacdomis Camdeni moxeleebi, damnaSaveebi, savalo kabalaSi Cavardnili pirebi, moxetiale vaWrebi da bolos, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, _ meTeme-glexebi. TandaTanobiT, mudmivi armiac Seiqmna, romelic xazinis kmayofaze imyofeboda. masSi Sediodnen imperatoris piradi dacva d dedaqalaqis damcveli sajariso nawilebi. maTve ekisrebodaT sapolicio funqciebis Sesruleba. imperatoris piradi gvardiis meTaurs mniSvnelovani adili ekava samefo karze.

6) sasamarTlo xelisufleba Zvel CineTSi

cinis imperiaSi arsebobda specialuri sasamarTlo uwyeba, romlis saTaveSi tinvei idga. sasamarTlo sistemaSi Sediodnen, provinciebSi gamwesebuli, mosamarTleebi. aRniSnuli sistema imaze metyvelebda, rom Zv. CineTSi sasamarTlo funqciebi gamoyofili iyo zogad-administraciuli ufleba mosilebebidan, Tumca aseT gamijvnas araTanmimdevrli xasiaTi hqonda da, ZiriTadad, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis mimarT xorcieldebda. provincieli mosamarTle, amavdroulad, sapatimroebis ufrosic iyo sakuTar olqSi. sasamarTlo uwyeba (`sasjelis uwyeba~) mkacr meTvayureobas axorcielebda sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebaze. mis gansjadobas eqvemdebareboda gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis yvela saqme (moxeleTa mier uflebamosilebaTa gadameteba). amavdroulad, xanis imperiis CineTSi TiTqmis yvela administraciuli organo sasamarTlo marTlmsajulebis iyo aRWurvili. samoqalaqo davebze qveda rgolis sasamarTlo organod gamodioda samazro administracia. Tu saqme samazro uwyebaSi ver gadawydeboda, mas provinciis gubernatori ganixilavda, romelsac, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeeZlo saqme gadaegzavna centrSi, sasamarTlo an sxva uwyebis meTaurTan. saboloo, uzenaes sasmarTlo instanciad TviT imperatori gamodioda. mas SeeZlo, uSualod, yvela sasamarTlo davis ganxilva-gadawyveta.

$6. Zveli indoeTis saxelmwifo samarTali


msoflioSi erT-erTi uZvelesi civilizacia Camoyalibda mdinare indis dablobSi, qr.S-mde II aTaswleulSi. am civilizaciis centrebs xarapa da moxenjo-daro warmoadgendnen. arqeo-logiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dadginda, rom jer kidev III aTaswleulSi Cv.w.-mde aq arsebobda msxvili qalaqebi, romlebic iqcnen xelosnobis centrad, ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebisa da vaWrobis regionebad. amave periodSi aqtiurad mimdinareobda mosaxleobis qonebrivi diferencireba. mecniereba, samwuxarod, mxolod mwir istoriul cnobebs flobs Zveli indoe-Tis istoriis aRniSnuli periodis Sesaxeb. ufro srulyofiladaa warmodgenili istoriuli mtkicebulebani e.w. veduri periodidan (qr.S-mde II aTasw. bolo _ I aTaswleulis Sua xanebi), roca gaRrmavda socialuri diferencireba da saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis procesi iwyeba gangis dablobSi, rasac xels uwyobda, ramdenime aswleulis ganmavlobaSi, indoeTis teritoriaze indur-ariuli tomebis talRiseburi SemoWra, indostanis naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-dasavleTidan. maT konsolidireba moaxdines daaxloebiT qr.S-mde III-II aTaswleulis

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mijnaze, Crdilo-SavizRvispireTisa da kaspiis zRvis sanapiroebze. gangis dablobi, arieli tomebis SemoWrisas (qr.S-mde XIV-XIII ss.), dasaxlebuli iyo mundebisa da dravidebis eTnikuri jgufebiT, romlebic, nawilobriv, samxreTisken gandevnes, nawilobriv _ asimilirdnen, ufro maRali materialuri da sulieri kulturis mqone, ariebs. Cvenamde moaRwia am periodis religiuri Sinaarsis literaturulma Zeglebma _ vedebma, romlebic, mogvianebiT, iqcnen indoelTa wminda wignebad da saxalxo eposis nawarmoebad. mdinare indis dablobSi Seiqmna xarapas kultura, romelic indo-ariul kulturaze ramdenime saukuniT adre arsebobda. Tumca, mas arsebiTi gavlena ar mouxdenia, gangis dablobSi mcxovrebi, xalxis istoriul bed-iRbalze. swored gangis dablobSi mcxovrebma xalxma Seqmna Zveli aRmosavleTis erT-erTi yvelaze TviTmyofadi da maRali kulturis mqone civilizacia. yvelaze mravalricxovani da mravalferovani istoriuli cnobebi mogvepoveba e.w. magaTha-mauriebis periodidan moyolebuli (qr.S-mde I aTasw. II naxevari _ qr.S-bis I s.), anu im epoqis Sesaxeb, roca aramarto Zveli indoeTis, aramed sruliad Zveli aRmosavleTis teritoriaze Seiqmna da arsebobda yvelaze didi saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni _ mauriebis imperia (qr.S-mde IV-II ss.). am periodis literaturul wyaroebs Soris, gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaT Zvelindur politikur traqtats _ arTxaSastras, romlis avtorobas miaweren, mauriebis imperiis fuZemdeblis Candrahupta I-lis mrCevels _ kautilias, agreTve religiur-saritualo da samarTlebrivi debulebebis _ dharmaSastrebisa da dharmasutrebis brahmanul kompi-laciebs, romelTa Soris yvelaze cnobilia `manus kanonebi~.

2) mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba

samarTlis Zeglebi xataven indoeTis Zveli sazogadoebis wodebriv-kastobrivi dayofis naTel suraTs. am dayofam, Zvel indoeTSi, miiRo yvelaze dasrulebuli formebi. socialuri diferencirebis procesi, Zvelindur sazogadoebaSi, daiwyo jer kidev gancalkevebuli tomobrivi Temebis wiaRSi. gvarovnuli urTierTobebis daSlis Sedegad, sazogadoebaSi Zlieri da gavleniani gvarebi dawinaurdnen, romlebmac xelSi Caigdes mmarTvelobis, samxedro dacvisa da qurumTa movaleobebis sazogadoebrivi funqciebi. aman gamoiwvia socialuri da qonebrivi uTanasworobis, monaTmflobelobis ganviTareba da tomobrivi zedafenis sagvareulo aristokratiaSi gardaqmna. socialuri uTanasworobis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo usasrulo omebma, romelTa Sedegad warmoiSva damokidebulebis urTierTobebi, calkeuli tomebisa da Temebis mier urTierTdamoneba. Zvel indoeTSi mimdinare socialurma diferencirebam gamoiwvia ara ori antagonisturi fenis (batonisa da monis), aramed gansakuTrebuli wodebrivi jgufebis _ varnebis: brahmanebis (qurumebis), qSatriebis (meomrebis, mmarTvelebis), vaiSiebis (miwaTmoqmedni, xelosnebi) da Sudrebis (mosamsaxureebis) warmoSoba. brahmanebis, qSatriebis, vaiSiebisa da Sudrebis Sesaxeb pirveli moxsenieba mogvepoveba veduri literaturis uZveles nawarmoebSi _ rigvedebSi. brahmanebis qurumTa zedafenuri varnis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo, istoriuli ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, maT mier religiuri ritualebisa Catarebisa da veduri himnebis Seswavlis monopolizaciam. gansakuTrebuli samxedro zedafena, samxedro aristokratia _ qSatriebi yalibdeba, ariebis mier, Cr. indoeTis dablobi regionebis dapyrobis procesSi. am kategoriaSi, Tavdapirvelad, Sevidnen mxolod ariuli tomebi. Tumca, maT mier dapyrobili tomebis asimilaciis Sedegad, qSatriebis varna Seivso adgilobrivi beladebiT, Zlieri sagvareulo jgufebis meTaurobiT, razec metyvelebs, Zvel indoeTSi warmoSobili, qSatriebis gansakuTrebuli kategoriis _ qSatriebis Zmebis, anu qSatriebi _ aRqmiT da aradabadebiT _ arseboba. mesame varnis _ vaiSiebis saxelwodeba momdinareobs sityva `viS~-idan _ xalxi, tomi, dasaxleba. vaiSiebi mSromeli masebis (miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi) saerTo saxelwodebaa. qSatriebis danarCeni Tanamdebobis ( mdabio-vaiSebidan gamoyofas) xeli Seuwyo warmodgenam imis Sesaxeb, rom qSatriebi, omis dros mopovebuli mTeli simdidris, erTpirovnuli gamgeblebi iyvnen. Zveli induri sazogadoebis samsafexuriani dayofis safuZvelSi ido Sromis danawileba, Sromis danawilebis is Rrma socialuri qmediToba, roca fizikuri Sroma gansxvavdeboda gonebrivisagan, materialuri _ sulierisagan, mwarmoebluri _ mmarTvelobiTisagan. Sromis amgvar danawilebaSi ukve iyo Cadebuli socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworobis, sagvareulo aristokratiis mier, mSromeli xalxis eqspluataciis safuZvlebi. mas Semdeg, rac kidev ufro gaRrmavda ori umaRlesi varnis _ brahmanebisa da qSatriebis konsolidacia, Camoyalibda sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis garkveuli wilis _ balis (gadasaxadi), maT sasargeblod, gadaxdis regularuli wesi. gadasaxads ixdidnen brahmanebisa da qSatriebis materialuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis. es gadasaxadi mudmivad izrdeboda da, droTa ganmavlobaSi iqca,

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Tavisufali meTeme-glexebis saxelmwifoebrivi eqspluataciis Tavisebur formad. yvelaze mravalricxovani da eqspluatirebuli varnis _ Sudrebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSi-rebulia aborigenuli tomebis dapyrobis procesebi. Tumca, aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo TviT ariul sazogadoebaSi socialuri uTanasworobis gaRrmaveba. Sudrebis kategoria izrdeboda ara marto adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleobis, aramed ariuli Temebis uRaribesi nawilis xarjze, anu im nawilisa, romelic, valauvalobis gamo, emsaxureboda sam zeda varnas, eqceoda maT daqvemdebarebasa da zogjer monobaSi. manus kanonebSi (VIII, 415) CamoTvlilia monaTa 7 kategoria (Sesabamisad, monobis 7 wyaro): droSis qveS dapyrobili (samxedro tyve), sarCenad miRebuli mona, ojaxSi dabadebuli (Sobili monaqalisagan) mona, nayidi, naCuqari, memkvidreobiT miRebuli mona da monad dasjili (sasamarTlos mier). Zvel indoeTSi mebatones SeuzRudavi ufleba hqonda monaze: is wyvetda misi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxs. mona uflebauunaro iyo: mis mier dadebuli garigeba baTilad iTvleboda, monas yiddnen da am dros ixdidnen sabaJo gadasaxads, rac maTi safasuris 20/25% Seadgenda. dharmaSastrebi ganamtkicebdnen brahmanebs, qSatriebs, vaiSiebsa da Sudrebs Soris arsebul mkveTr religiur-samarTlebriv farglebsa da CarCoebs, rac mravalricxovani religiur-saritualo SezRud-vebiT, akrZalvebiTa da moTxovnebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod, Sudrebs ekrZalebodaT msxverplTSewirvis ritualSi _ `samskara~-Si monawileobis miReba, garda _ qorwinebis samskarasi. TiToeuli varnis mdgomareoba ganmtkicebuli iyo, memkvidreobiTi wesiT, gansazRvruli saqmianobiT. samarTliT ganmtkicebuli, varnis uflebrivi sazRvrebi pirdapir asaxavda individis faqtiur mdgomareobas sazogadoebrivi warmoebisa da ganawilebis sistemaSi, rac uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli mis sakuTrebis uflebasTan miwaze: rogorc saxelmwifo, ise saTemo miwebze. saxelmwifo miwebis formirebas xeli Seuwyo arieli tomebis dapyrobiTma omebma. dapyrobili tomebis miwis erTi nawili, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebasa da saxelmwifo teritoriebis gafarToebasTan erTad, uSualod gadavida samefo mflobelobaSi (sita). arTxaSastras mixedviT, am miwebze gamoiyeneboda monebisa da damokidebuli moijareebis Sroma; miwis meore nawili _ Zalian adreve gadaeca warCinebulebs, mmarTvelobiTi aparatis mosamsaxureebs, samsaxurebrivi wyalobis saxiT, e.w. nawyalobevi qoneba. isini uflebamosili iyvnen aekrifaT gadasaxadebi: Temebidan, mTeli olqebidan, erTi an ramdenime komliani soflebidan. miwaze saxelmwifo sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli iyo, gabatonebuli mmarTveli zedafenis mier, meTeme-glexebis eqspluataciac. am zedafenas warmoadgendnen: mmarTvelobiTi aparatis mosamsaxureebi, samefo moxeleebi, mxedarTmTavrebi. eqspluataciis formas ki rentis (gadasaxadis) gadaxda warmoadgenda. saTemo zedafena iyenebda monisa da Temis sxva uuflebo wevris Sromas. Zvel indoeTSi Tems Zalzed farTo mflobelobiTi uflebebi hqonda miniWebuli. mas TiTqmis SeuzRudavad SeeZlo saTemo miwebis gankargva: yidva-gayidva, Cuqeba (gansakuTrebiT, taZrebs), ijariT gadacema. saTemo sakuTrebaSi moqceuli iyo saZovrebi, sairigacio nagebobani, gzebi. saTemo miwaTmflobelobis gverdiT, arsebobda kerZo saglexo miwaTmflobeloba, anu didi patriarqaluri ojaxis miwaTmflobeloba, romelsac aseve farTo uflebamosilebani gaaCnda : gayidva, ijariT gadacema, Cuqeba. sruluflebiani meTeme-miwaTmflobeli, ZiriTadad vaiSi, TviTonac iyo eqspluatatori. mis meurneobaSi Sromobdnen miwis armqone daqiravebuli muSebi, `xelmiukarebelTa~ kastis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic, ZiriTadSi, hqmnidnen namet produqts (anu maTi Sroma usasyidlo iyo) da monebi. Tumca, Zvel indoeTSi monuri Sroma ar sargeblobda upiratesobiT, maT Soris _ samefo meurneobaSi. mauriebis periodSi qSatriebis kategorias, romlis xelSi Tavmoyrili iyo samxedro, poli-tikuri da ekonomikuri Zalaufleba, miakuTvnes, uSualod, samefo sagvareulos wevrebi da daqiravebuli meomrebis privilegirebuli kategoria. qalaqebis ganviTarebam da vaWrobis gafarToebam gamoiwvia, vaiSiebis SigniT, gamdidrebuli savaWro-samrewvelo zedafenis, maT Soris vaWrebis, mevaxSeebis, dawinaurebuli xelosnebis raodenobis zrda. isini korpo-raciebSi erTiandebodnen da mefis savaWro agentebis, gadasaxadebis da baJis amkrefTa rols asrulebdnen.

3) saxelmwifo wyobileba

primitiuli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi Zvel indoeTSi yalibdeba qr.S-mde I aTas.,

calkeuli tomebisa an tomTa kavSirebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze, e.w. tomobrivi saxelmwi-foebis formiT. aRniSnuli warmonaqmnebi warmoadgendnen mcire moculobis saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebebs, romlebSic tomobrivi organoebi gardaiqmnen saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis

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organoebad. Zvelinduri gaerTianebebis mmarTvelobis formas, ZiriTadSi, monarqia warmoad-genda, romelSic gabatonebuli mdgomareoba epyraT brahmanebs. Tumca, am gaerTianebebs Soris adgili hqonda qSatriebis oligarqiul respublikebs, romlebSic politikuri batonoba xorcieldeboda, uSualod, qSatriebis samxedro Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis mmarTvelebi (protosaxelmwifoebis) _ rajebi asrulebdnen umartives mmarTvelobiT funqciebs, uzrunvelyofdnen sagareo usafrTxoebas, mosamarTleobdnen da, rogorc mTavarsardlebi _ gankargavdnen miwis fonds: miwis nakveTebs gadascemdnen taZrebs, brahmanebs, warCinebulebs, uzrunvelyofdnen renta-gadasaxadis akrefas. zogierT saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnSi rajas xelisufleba arCeviTi iyo. mxolod mogvianebiT damkvidrda, mefobis miRebis, memkvidreobiTi principi. arCeviT monarqiebSi mTeli saxelmwifo xelisufleba Tavmoyrili iyo uxucesTa sabWos xelSi. mmarTvelis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis, administraciuli organoebis Camoyalibebis Sedegad, uxucesTa sabWo kargavs Zvel uflebamosilebebs da, mis nacvlad, mefis gverdiT yalibdeba saTaTbiro organo _ pariSadi. Tumca, am viTarebaSic, mmarTveli didad iyo damokidebuli mecnieri-brahmanebisa da qSatriebis samxedro aristokratiis nebaze da es damokidebuleba ufro mZimdeboda imis gamo, rom mudmivad mimdinareobda mmarTveli varnebis urTierTdapirispireba xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi. daaxloebiT qr.S-mde IX-VIII ss., Zvel indoeTSi, Zveli tomobrivi saxelmwifoebis safuZvelze (romlebic qalaqebisa da qalaqebSi _ vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdebodnen da viTardebodnen), yalibdeba met-naklebad msxvili saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi, romelTa Soris mimdinareobs mudmivi omebi, rac maT ganadgurebas uwyobda xels. am saxelmwifoebma indur istoriaSi ver SesZles arsebiTi kvalis datoveba, Tu ar CavTvliT maT Sesaxeb miTiTebebs Zvelindur eposSi. swored am droidan, saTaves iRebs: 1) moklevadiani da susti saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnis istoria, romlebic aRmocendebodnen da swrafadve iSlebodnen, sxvadasxva faqtorebis Sedegad. 2) garda amisa, Zveli indoeTis civilizacias axasiaTebda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis centralizaciisa da Zlieri saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Seqmnisaken naklebi swrafva. Zv. indoeTis civilizaciis aRniSnuli Tavisebureba mTel rig istoriul mizezebTan aris dakavSirebuli: maT Soris umTavresia: a) varnul-kasturi wyoba da b)saTemo organizaciis simtkice. mkacri varnul-kasturi sistema, masSi adamianisaTvis, erTxel da samudamod, mikuTvnebuli mdgomareobis dadgenis wesiT; kasturi konformizmiT; brahmanebis mier dadgenili, religiur-zneobrivi wesebis usityvo dacviT _ Tavisebur alternativas warmoadgenda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis iZulebiTi xasiaTis mimarT. ueWvelia, rom Zvelinduri sazogadoebis Caketilobas xels uwyobda induri Temis avtonomiuroba (naturaluri meurneobis pirobebSi), masSi arsebuli patriarqalur-patronomiuli, kastebs-Sorisi urTierTobebi, Temis miwaTmoqmed da xelosan wevrebs Soris, rasac `jajmani~ ewode-boda. politikuri konsolidaciis Semdgomi procesebi, romelTa daCqareba sagareo safrTxem gamoiwvia, qr.S-mde V s-Si xels uwyobdnen, SedarebiT Zlieri, Zv. induri saxelwifoebis _ koSalasa da magaThas Seqmas, romelTa Soris paeqroba magaThas gamarjvebiT dasrulda, qr.S-mde IV s-Si. magaThas xelsayreli geografiuli, strategiuli da savaWro mdebareoba hqonda indoeTis Cr.aRmosavleT nawilSi. magaThaSi axali mmarTveli dinastiis poziciebis gamyarebam, rac, al. makedonelis mier dasmuli, mmarTvelis damxobiT iqna gamowveuli, safuZveli Cauyara mauriebis vrceli imperiis Seqmnas. mauriebis imperia ganviTarebis mwvervals aRwevs qr.S-mde III. s-Si, mefe aSokis zeobis periodSi. am dros indoeTSi yalibdeba, SedarebiT centralizebuli, aRmosavluri monarqia. imperia yalibdeboda ara marto dapyrobiTi omebis ( rac mTeli rigi tomebisa da xalxis damonebas iwvevda da magaThasa da calkeuli samTavroebs Soris vasalur urTierTobebs amkvidrebda), aramed e.w. moraluri dapyrobis Sedegad _ indoeTis Cr. aRmosavleTis ganviTarebuli olqebis mier, sakuTari religiur-kulturuli gavlenis damkvidrebiT, qveynis sxva nawilebze. imperiaSi, SedarebiTi centralizacia, emyareboda ara marto, maT mier nawarmoeb, dapyrobiT omebs, aramed qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis nawarmoeb moqnil politikas. imperiis teritoriis, metad Wrel, SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes mTeli rigi naxevradavtonomiuri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic inarCunebdnen sakuTar mmarTvelobis organoebsa da Cveulebebs. maT Soris iyvnen, mauriebis mimarT, xarkis gadaxdisa da samxedro daxmarebis pirobiT, damokidebuli vasaluri samTavroebi, respublikuri saxelmwifo-Temebi, gvarovnul-tomobrivi kavSirebi. mauriebis imperiaSi _ rTul politikur gaerTianebaSi _ ar wydeboda brZola or tendecias Soris: 1) erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis aucileblobis momxreTa da 2) separa-tistuli, centridanuli Zalebis SigniT. saboloo jamSi, am ukanasknelma SesZlo, qr.S-mde II s-Si, gaimarjvebis mopoveba. swored amis gamo, dauSvebelia qveynis centralizaciis, misi

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biurokratiuli mmarTvelobiTi aparatis, gadaWarbebulad, dadebiTi Sefaseba, rasac ase aqtiurad cdilobda arThaSastra, roca is xatavda idealuri, `yovlismomcveli mmarTve-lobis~ suraTs. Zvel indoeTSi centraluri administraciul-samxedro aparati iyo, SedarebiT, susti, rac mWidrod ukavSireben, saxelmwifoSi arsebuli, Temuri TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mniSvne-lovan rolTan. yovelive zemoTqmuli, saSualebas iZleva vamtkicoT, rom Zv. indoeTis monarqiul saxelmwifoebSi, maTi gansakuTrebuli Zlierebis xanaSic ki, Zv. indoeli mefis xelisufleba ar iyo absoluturi. is Sesustebuli iyo ara marto Temis TviTizolaciiT, aramed saxelmwifoSi, samemkvidreo aristokratiis gabatonebuli mdgomareobiT. swored es Zala iyo uflebamosili daedgina da daecva tradiciuli religiur-eTikuri normebi. religia Seicavda mefis sakanonmdeblo funqciebs, amtkicebda samarTlis normis uryevobasa da ucvlelobas, radgan normis aRniSnuli statusi TviT vedebiT iyo ganmtkicebuli. vedebis axsna-ganmartebis ufleba ki mxolod brZen-brahmanebs hqondaT. aRniSnuli tradiciis Sesusteba mxolod aSoki mefis zeobaSi moxda, roca mTavrobis brZanebuleba Sevida samarTlis wyaroTa CamonaTvalSi..induisturi politikur-religiuri koncefcia RvTismosavi da RvTisasurveli mefis Sesaxeb _ devaraji, mefis mTavar movaleobad gansakuTrebuli dharmis Sesrulebas moiTxovda. mefis funqciebSi Sedioda: 1) gadasaxadebis dadgena da maTi akrefis uzrunvelyofa (bali); 2) marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba, brahmani mrCevlebis daxmarebiT; 3) mcirewlovanTa, sneulTa da qvriv-obolTa meurveoba; 4) stiqiuri ubedurebebis winaaRmdeg brZolis xelmZRvaneloba; 5) Zalzed mniSvnelovani funqcia iyo sajaro samuSaoebis organizeba; 6) samefo miwebis aTviseba da sairigacio nagebobis mSenebloba. religiuri mrwamsis Tanaxmad, Zv. aRmosavleTis yvela qveyanaSi mefis xelisufleba gaRmerTebuli iyo. Tumca, Zvel indoeTSi, maT Soris mauriebis saxelmwifoSi, ver visaubrebT Teokratiuli monarqiis Sesaxeb. aSoki sakuTar Tavs RmerTs ki ar uwodebda, aramed RmerTisaTvis sasurvels. manus kanonebSi ufro samefo xelisuflebaa gaRmerTebuli, vidre TviT mefe-adamiani, romelic SesaZloa suleli, ugunuri, gaunaTlebeli da Zunwic ki yofiliyo. mefe iyo administraciuli aparatis meTauri. maszed iyo damokidebuli yvela Tanamdebobis piris daniSvna da maTi saqmianobis gakontroleba. yvela samefo moxele, arThaSastras mixedviT, or jgufad iyofoda: centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis moxeleebad. gansakuTrebuli adgili ekavaT mefis mrCevlebs _ umaRles moxeleebs (mantrinebi, mahamat-rebi). mefis mrCevlebi hqmnidnen mefis saTaTbiro organos _ mantripariSads, romelic warmoadgenda, tomobrivi demokratiis mmarTvelobis, Tavisebur gadmonaSTs. misi wevroba ar iyo zustad gansazRvruli: mefis moxeleebis garda, mis saqmianobaSi monawileobas iRebdnen qalaqis warmomadgenlebic. es organo inarCunebda mcire damoukideblobas, Tumca _ mxolod meorexarisxovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas. mauriebis samefoSi gamoiyofoda moxeleTa gansakuTrebuli jgufi, romelic armiis uzrunvelyofaze axorcielebda zedamxedvelobas. saqmianobis sferos mixedviT, es moxeleebi eqvemdebarebodnen an gadasaxadebis mTavar amkrefs, an mTavar xazinadars, an armiis mTavarsardals (senapati). umaRlesi moxeleebis sxva jgufidan gansakuTrebuli adgili epyraT: mTavar mosamarTles, mefis iuridiul mrCevelsa da sakulto saqmeebSi mefis mrCevels, ufliswulebis aRmzrdelsa da uzenaesi sasaxlis qurums (purohita). mefis xelisuflebis mier moxeleTa daniSvnis garda, arsebobda moxeleTa Tanam-debobebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis sistema, rasac xels uwyobda kasturi sistema. saxelmwifo aparatisaTvis ufro meti efeqturobis miniWebis mizniT, mauriebis dros Seiqmna makontro-lebeli, sazedamxedvelo moxeleebis (inspeqtorebis), jaSuSebis, mefis saidumlo agentebis mTeli sistema. am moxeleebs mefe `dRe da Rame iRebda TavisTan~ da ibarebda maTgan angariSs (arThaSastra).


mauriebis imperiaSi gansakuTrebuli sirTuliT gamoirCeoda administraciuli mowyoba da, masTan dakavSirebuli, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sistema. imperiis teritoriis mxolod nawili Sedioda mefisa da misi karis uSualo mmarTvelobaSi. yvelaze vrcel administraciul erTeuls provincia warmoadgenda. maT Soris gamoiyofoda 5 yvelaze didi provincia, romlebsac ufliswulebi marTavdnen da sasazRvro provinciebi _ samefo ojaxis sxva wevrebis mier marTvadi teritoriuli erTeulebi. provinciis mmarTvelis funqciebSi Sedioda misi teritoriebis dacva, wesrigis damyareba, gadasaxadebis akrefa, saamSeneblo samuSaoebis uzrunvelyofa. naklebad msxvil administraciul erTeuls warmoadgenda olqi, romelsac saolqo ufrosi meTaurobda, romelic `yvela saqmeze fiqrobda~; mis movaleobaSi Sedioda sasoflo

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administraciis kontroli. arThaSastra gamohyofda 4 saxis sasoflo olqs, romlebic 800, 400, 200 da 10 dasaxlebisagan Sedgeboda da, TiToeulis Sesabamisi (adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoTa) mmarTvelis mier, imarTeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom maT gasamrjelos yvelaze mcire erTeulSic uxdidnen, rac imaze mowmobs, rom soflis _ Temis mamasaxlisi ar iyo mefis moxele. mamasaxlisis mova-leobaSi Sedioda gadasaxadebis akrefa, TemSi wesrigis uzrunvelyofa. yvelaze mniSvnelovani SidasaTemo cxovrebis sakiTxebi _ irigacia, saTemo kultis dacva, yaCaRebisagan Tavdacva-mogvareba _ saTemo krebebze wydeboda.

5) sasamarTlo

Zvel indoeTSi arsebobda sasamarTloebis ori sistema: samefo da SidasaTemo sasamarTlo. uzenaes sasamarTlo instancias is sasamarTlo warmoadgenda, romelSic mefe monawileobda brahmanebTan da gamocdil mrCevlebTan erTad, an maTi Semcvleli sasamarTlo kolegia _ sabha, romelic Sedgeboda, mefis mier daniSnuli, brahmanisa da sami mosamarTlisagan. mefe _ uzenaesi mosamarTle aRWurvili iyo yovelwliuri amnistiis uflebiT. arThaSastras Tanaxmad, yvela administraciul erTeulSi iniSneboda, sami mosamarTlisagan Semdgari, sasamarTlo kolegia. garda amisa, specialuri sasamarTlo ixilavda sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs, axorcielebda `qurdebze zedamxedvelobas~. saqmeebis didi nawili ganixileboda saTemo _ kasturi sasamarTloebis mier. araoficialuri kasturi sasamarTloebi indoeTSi dRemdea SenarCunebuli.

6) armia

armia did rols TamaSobda Zveli indoeTis saxelmwifoebSi. omebi da sxva xalxis Zarcva saxelmwifos keTildReobis mniSvnelovan wyarod ganixileboda. pativs miagebdnen mefes _ mamac meomarsa da ZaliT im yvelafris mompovebels, rac mas ar hqonda. mefes gadaecemoda naZarcvi qonebis didi nawilic, kerZod: miwa, iaraRi, oqro, vercxli; danarCens meomrebs gadascemdnen. armiis dakompleqteba zdeboda memkvidreobiTi principiT. daqiravebuli meomrebis gamoyvana evalebodaT, calkeul gaerTianebebs, kerZod, savaWro gildiebs, damokidebul mezoblebs, vasalebs. armia asrulebda sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis funqciasac. is mtkiced icavda saxelmwifos mTlianobas da amis gamo jari 2, 3, 5 da 100 sofels Soris iyo Cayenebuli.

$7. Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis samarTalganviTareba

1) Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis samarTlis wyaroebi

a) Zveli mesopotamiis saxelmwifoebis samarTlis wyaroebi

pirvelyofili samarTlebrivi regulaciis mravalsaukunovani cxovrebis Semdeg, qr.S-mde IV-III aTaswleulebSi msoflios ramdenime regionSi aRmocenda maRalganviTarebuli samiwaTmoqmedo civilizaciebi, romlebsac gaaCndaT sairigacio teqnika, damwerloba, msxvili sataZro da saqalaqo arqiteqtura. intensiuri tomTaSorisi urTierTobebis Sedegad, aq jer proto-saxelmwifoebi, xolo Semdeg _ ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebi da sakanon-mdeblo dadgenilebani gaCnda. maT hqmnidnen da ganaviTarebdnen uZvelesi saxelmwifoebis administraciuli, sasamarTlo da samxedro uwyebani. ZvelaRmosavluri samarTali _ egvipturi, babilonuri, induisturi, Cinuri _ interess iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac is im myari samarTlebrivi sistemebis saxiT aris warmodgenili, rom-lebic mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebuli religiur warmodgenebTan da, garkveuwilad, damoki-debuli iyvnen Tavisi drois savaWro da sxva saxis samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis kulturasTan. amave dros, ZvelaRmosavluri samarTali _ Taviseburi memkvidreobac iyo, CveulebiTi samarTlebrivi institutebis mimarT. Zveli mesopotamiis saxelmwifoebSi, adreul xanaSive, samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaro gaxda

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dawerili sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelsac, ama Tu im samefos, mbrZaneblis nebiT iRebdnen da mas savaldebulo Zalas aniWebdnen. samefo kanonmdeblobis gamoCena mravalricxovani saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT ganisazRvreba. saxelmwifoTa warmoqmna uricxvi omebis, gadatrialebebisa da dapyrobebis Sedegad xorciel-deboda, radgan am regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo susti teritoriul-politikuri gaerTianebebis arseboba da, ama Tu im mbrZaneblis _ mmarTvelis xelisuflebis xanmokle ganmtkiceba da maleve damxobac. samefo kanonmdeblobis daCqarebul ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo am regionSi sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebisa da sagareo da saSinao vaWrobis swrafi tempiT ganviTarebam. kerZod, babiloni iyo Zveli samyaros saerTaSoriso vaWrobis erT-erTi umTavresi centri. uZvelesi samefo warwerebi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos kanonebad an, reformatoruli saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnil aqtebad, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. maTSi Tavmoyrili iyo mesopotamiis mefeTa mier, namdvilad an moCvenebiT, miRweuli gamarjvebebi dapyrobiT omebSi, mosaxleobis mimarT maTi mzrunveloba, taZrebisa da qalaqebis aRmSenebloba da sxva. anu mefeTa aRniS-nuli warwerebi apologeturi xasiaTis iyo da, ZiriTadad, ama Tu im mbrZaneblis qeba-didebas Seicavda da naklebad hgavda, WeSmaritad, samarTlis normis krebulebs. aseTi istoriuli dokumentebis ricxvs miekuTvneba lagaSis samefos mbrZaneblis _ urukaginas (uruinginas) e.w. reformebi, romlebic daax. qr.S-mde 2400 wels ganxorcielebula. aRniSnul istoriul dokumentSi saubaria urukaginas mier gatarebul reformebze, Raribebis gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebis, TviTneburi gadasaxadebis gauqmebis, sataZro qonebis dacvis Sesaxeb da sxva, rac mis mefobamde uxeSad irRveoda uwindeli mefeebis mier. urukaginas mizani ufro sakuTari pirovnebisa da saqmianobis gandideba da istoriisaTvis Semonaxva iyo, vidre im samarTlis wignis Sedgena, romelSic aisaxeboda misi namdvili moRvaweoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom uZvelesma warwerebma ver Seasrules, moqmedi kanonebis amsaxveli dokumentebis roli, maT mainc Seqmnes, mbrZanebelTa sakanonmdeblo moTxovnaTa werilobiTi Sedgenisa da gamoqveynebis, keTilmyofeli tradiciis safuZveli. anu am warwerebiT iwyeba kanonis (am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT) dadgenis uZvelesi tradicia. Cvenamde moRweuli, Tumca arasrulad, uZvelesi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi iyo: uris III dinastiis damaarseblis (qr.S-mde III aTas. bolo) ur-namus kanonebi; isinis samefos mmarTvelis _ lifid iStaris kanonebi (qr.S-mde II aTas. dasawyisi); eSnunis mefis _ bilalamas kanonebi (qr.S-mde II aTas. dasawyisi); Suaasuruli kanonebi (qr.S-mde II aTas. Sua xanebi) da Zveli mesopotamiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi dokumenti _ xamurabis (Zveli SuamdinareTis uZlieresi saxelmwifos _ Zveli babilonis mefis kanonebi (qr.S-mde 1792-1750 ww.). ur-namus kanonebi iwyeba prologiT, romelic Seicavs cnobebs istoriuli movlenebis, mefis keTili saqmeebis, `qveyanaSi samarTlianobis damyarebisa da borotebisa da SuRlis gandevnis~ Sesaxeb. prologs mosdevs TviT kanonTa teqsti, romelSic Camoyalibebulia axali dadgenilebani zoma-wonis erTiani sistemis SemoRebis Sesaxeb (saswori 1 minisa da 1 siklis odenobiT _ mina da sikli vercxlis fuladi erTeulebia. sikli udrida vercxlis 1/120 kg, 225 litri qeris Rirebulebas, romelic daqiravebuli muSakis Tviuri Semosavali iyo). imave sqemiT _ preambula da moqmedi samarTlebrivi debulebebi _ Sedgenili iyo sxva kanonebic. pompezuri prologebis mTavari mizani iyo samefo dadgenilebebis sasurvelobisa da savaldebulobis da, maSasadame, TviT mefis xelisuflebis kanonierebis dasabuTeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa xamurabis kanonebi, romlebic 1901-1902 ww. q. suzaSi (Zveli elamis samefos centri) aRmoaCines frangebis arqeologiurma eqspediciam. kanonebi amotvifruli iyo, 225 sm simaRlis (yvelaze viwro adgilas - 165 sm, xolo yvelaze ganier adgilas - 190 sm siganis), Savi bazaltis svetze, romelic 3600 striqons moicavda. savaraudod, es sveti elamitebs, sabrZolo nadavlis saxiT, gautaciaT, babilonis damar-cxebis Semdeg. svets amSvenebs Zv. babilonis yvelaze Zlevamosili mefis _ xamurabis gamosa-xuleba, romelic momlocvelis pozaSi dgas mzis RmerTis _ SamaSis winaSe. SamaSi mas gadascems kanonebsa da sakanonmdeblo debulebebs, romlebic aqadur enaze iyo Sesrulebuli. 1988 wels xamurabis kanonebi, aqaduri dialeqtidan, qarTul enaze Targmna zurab kiknaZem. xamurabis kanonebi III nawilisgan Sedgeboda: prologi, kanonTa teqsti da epilogi. qvaze amotvifruli erTiani teqstidan Tarjimnebma 282 paragrafi anu muxli gamijnes, Tanac maT 37 muxlic aklia (ganadgurebulia gamtaceblebis mier). prologi aRwers mefe xamurabis saqmianobasa da misi damsaxurebebis mniSvnelobas, sakuTari qveSevrdomebis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi, maT Soris, misi sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis Sefasebas. kanonTa teqsti SeiZleba ramdenime rubrikad dajgufdes: 1. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis wesis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli (crumowmeoba da, mosarCelis mier, ficis darRvevisaTvis dadgenili pasuxismgebloba, mopasuxisa da

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meqrTame-mosamarTlis pasuxismgebloba) _ 1-5 muxlebi; 2. mefis, taZrebis, meTemeTa, mefis xalxis, muSqenumi-moijaris sakuTrebis dacva (mm. 6-25). mefis xalxis mier, samsaxurebrivi qonebiT sargeblobis normebi (26-41);' 3. miwisa da sxva uZravi qonebis mflobeloba da mflobelobis darRvevasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebani (mm. 42-88); 4. savaWro da finansuri garigebebi. giraos miRebisa da Senaxvis wesebi (mm. 89-126); 5. saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis institutebi (mm. 127-195) (memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba _ debisa da Zmebis Tanasworuflebianoba, samkvidros miRebisas); 6. wyenis, cema-gvemisa da asoTmoRebisaTvis dadgenili sasjeli. sasamarTlo procesis ganxorcielebis wesi da Taviseburebani (mm. 196-214); 7. moZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebuli garigebebi, eqimis, mSeneblis, gemTmSenebeli ostatebis pasuxismgebloba uxarisxo da arakeTilsindisierad Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis (mm. 215-277); 8. monebiT vaWrobisa da maTTdami mopyrobis wesebi (mm. 278-282). epilogi Seicavda mefe xamurabis qeba-didebasa da yvela im piris wyevla-krulvas, vinc daarRvevda an, Tundac, ar daemorCileboda mis mier Seqmnil kanonebs. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia is cvalebadoba, rac Tan axlavs aseT dasabuTebas, radgan amgvar dasabuTebaSi uSualod iyo gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigis, ama Tu im mbrZaneblis uZlevelobis xarisxis done. kerZod, Tu umis mbrZanebeli _ lugalzahesi (qr.S-mde 2373-2349 ww.) sakuTar xelisuflebas imas ukavSirebda, rom `Sumeris taZrebSi qveyanam is `ensi~-d airCia~, xamurabi aqcents sakuTar RvTiurobasa, `mefeT-mefobaze~ da, zogadad, mesopotamiis yvela taZrisa da RmerTebis rCeulobaze akeTebda. xamurabis dros babiloni didi centralizebuli samefos, misi mTavari RvTaebis _ mardukis mudmivi mefobis centria, xolo marduki xamurabis iwvevs am uzarmazari qveynisaTvis samarTlianobis misaniWeblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqmis yvela aseTi kanoni erTmaneTis msgavsia (zogjer teqstua-luradac), maTSi mainc iyo mniSvnelovani gansxvavebani, vinaidan TiToeuli samarTlis wyaro sakuTari drois, sakuTari saxelmwifos Taviseburebebsa da realobas asaxavda. magaliTad, Sak-i (Suaasuruli kanonebi), romlebic xamurabis kanonebze (xk-i) ramdenime saukuniT gvian Seiqmna, Sinaarsobrivad, ufro arqaulia, maTSi asaxulia mkacrad patriar-qaluri wesebi, danaSaulisTvis dadgenili umkacresi sasjeli da sxva. Sak-i CamorCebodnen xk-ebs, samarT-lebrivi teqnikisa da samarTlis institutebis damuSavebis TvalsazrisiTac. tradiciulad, mesopotamiis kanonmdeblobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekavaT pirovnebisa da adamianis qonebis xelmyof samarTaldarRvevebs, romelTa mimarT, sasjelis saxiT, gaTvalis-winebuli iyo miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba _ anu sazRauris dadgena: qurdoba, sxeulis dazianeba, mebatonis monis mimarT, mesakuTris uflebebis xelyofa, misnoba, qalis mimarT Zaladoba, colis mruSoba. TiTqmis yvela aqtiT (kanoniT) mkacrad isjeboda iseTi danaSauli, rogoric iyo crumowmeoba, ciliswameba, rac dakavSirebuli iyo iseTi cnebebis gaRmer-TebasTan, rogorebicaa `samarTlianoba~, `mocemuli sityvisadmi erTguleba~. droTa ganmavlobaSi, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis, mevaxSeobis, savalo kabalis zrdisa da didi patriarqaluri ojaxebis rRvevis gavleniT, sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoboda xelSekrulebebs: sesxi, miwis ijara, yidva-gayidva (nasyidoba), qonebis memkvidreobiT gadacema da sxva. yvela sakanonmdeblo aqtis erT-erTi mTavari niSani iyo maTi arasrulyofileba da dausrulebloba. magaliTad, xk-is debulebebi, ZiriTadad, awesrigebdnen, samefo-sataZro meurneobasTan dakavSirebul, samarTlebriv urTierTobebs. isini ar exebodnen Zalzed mniSvnelovan SidasaTemo da, Temsa da samefo xelisuflebas Soris, warmoqmnil urTi-erTobebs. kanonebSi arsebuli xarvezebi, ama Tu im qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis mxolod konstatacia, sanqciis miTiTebis gareSe, kidev erTxel mowmoben imaze, rom, kanonebis garda, samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wyarod iTvleboda saTemo Cveulebebi, romlebic iyo mTavari wyaro samefo kodeqsebisaTvis. Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom am Cveulebebze kargad imuSaves, vidre maT samefo kanonebSi asaxavdnen, razedac is gansxvaveba metyvelebs (maT Soris, terminologiuri), romelsac vxvdebiT, mravalricxovan Tixis dafebze daweril xel-SekrulebebSi. Zveli mesopotamiis samarTalze (sxva ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciebis msgavsad) didi gavlena iqonia religiam, religiurma ideologiam. Tumca, es gavlena ar iyo iseTi Rrma da yovlismomcveli, rogorc amas adgili hqonda indoeTSi. Zvel mesopotamiaSi religiasac axasiaTebda garkveuli Taviseburebani. Zveli babilonis religiuri wesebis wignsa _ Supru (qr.S-mde XII s.) da xk-Si miTiTebuli codvebis CamonaTvali TiTqmis emTxveva erTmaneTs. Tumca, babilonelTa warmodgenebSi codvisa (RvTis nebis nebsiT an uneblied darRveva) da danaSaulis cnebebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. codvis Cadena bralis gareSec aris SesaZlebeli: codvils, SesaZloa, arc ki scodnoda, Tu romel codvas sCadioda. danaSauli ki aucileblad brals gulisxmobda. Tumca, bralis dadgena yovelTvis, Tan-

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mimdevrulad, ar xdeboda. `ciuri~ sasjeli codvili qmedebis arc subieqtur da arc obieq-tur mxares iTvaliswinebda. RmerTebs nebismieri codvisaTvis nebismieri sasjelis, ubedu-rebis gamogzavna SeeZloT da maTi Tavidan acileba mxolod qurumis gamolocviT iyo SesaZ-lebeli (am dros monaniebac ki ar iyo saWiro). miwieri marTlmsajuleba ki gardauvali iyo, iseve rogorc ideologiis gamiwiereba. Zv. mesopotamiis faseulobaTa sistema pirdapir aisaxa samarTalSi, sadac ar iyo SemuSavebuli samoTxisa da jojoxeTis cnebebi, imqveyniur samya-roze warmoadgenebi. Zveli mesopotamiis samarTlis wyaroTa, maT Soris xk-is, damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo maTi samarTlebrivi teqnikis primitiuloba, samarTlis normaTa kazuisturoba, formalizmi da simboluri xasiaTi. maTSi verc danaSaulis cnebas vpoulobT, romelic xSirad Znelad Tu gansxvavdeba kerZo samarTaldarRvevisagan da verc mkvlelobis, qurdobis amsaxveli normis abstraqtul Camoyalibebas. simboluri iyo, mTeli rigi danaSaulisTvis dadgenili, pasuxismgeblobis zoma: mkerds kveTdnen im ZiZas, romelic Secvlida axalSobils. formaluri da simboluri xasiaTi hqonda fics. samarTlis wyaroebSi ver vxvdebiT normebis Camoyalibebis dasabuTebulobas: sisxlis samarTlis normebi gadajaWvulia procesualur normebTan, qonebrivi urTierTobebis, saojaxo urTierTobebis momwesrigebel normebTan. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom samarTlebrivi masalis dalagebis Sinagani logika mainc SeiniSneba. kerZod, xk-Si samarTlis normebi dajgufebulia samarTlebrivi regulirebis sagnis mixedviT, xolo erTi jgufidan meoreSi gadasvla xorcieldeba asocirebis gziT.

b) Zveli indoeTis samarTlis wyaroebi

Zv. indoeTis kulturuli, socialur-ekonomikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis Tavise-burebebis amsaxveli, samarTlis specifikuri normebi gamoxatulia uZvelesi samarTlis wyaroebSi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmobaT e.w. dharmaSastrebs _ religiur-zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis _ wesebis (dharma) krebulebsa da arTxaSastrebs _ traqtatebs politikisa da samarTlis Sesaxeb. dharmis (qcevis wesi) cneba Zalzed mraval-ferovania. es religiuri saTnoebac aris, moralic, qcevis wesic, im wesebis krebulic, romlebic savaldebuloa yvela marTlmorwmune indoelisaTvis da awesrigeben misi cxovrebis yvela sferos. termini `dharmas~ garda, Zvelindur samarTalSi arsebobda `niaia~-s cnebac, romelic iyo, evropuli kanonis msgavsi, dharmaze ufro viwro cneba. is im zogadsavaldebulo qcevis normas aRniSnavda, romlis darRveva iwvevda, saxelmwifos mier gamoyenebuli sasjelis Sefardebas. dharmaSastrebi, romlebsac, Tavdapirvelad, brahmanebi mxolod sakuTari mowafeebisaTvis adgendnen, droTa ganmavlobaSi, aramxolod avtoritetul samarTlis wyaroebad, aramed arTxaSastrebis Tavisebur opoziciadac iqcnen da, garkveul etapze, gamodevnes kidec isini, Tumca, maTgan gadmoiRes is, rac uSualod samarTals exeboda. samarTlis istoriis mecnierebisaTvis did danaksliss warmoadgens is faqti, rom dRemde ar dadgenila dharmaSastrebis zusti raodenoba da maTi Seqmnis zusti dro. dharmaSastrebSi imdenad mravalferovani masalaa Sesuli, rom warmoudgenelia maTi sandoobis, WeSmaritebis dadgenac, vinaidn isini mudmivad ganicdidnen Sesworebebisa da damatebebis Setanas. amitom, praqtikulad, yvela dharmaSastris daTariReba mxolod miaxloebiT aris SesaZlebeli (ori-sami saukune), radgan brahmanTa aRniSnuli nawarmoebi im literaturuli Janris uli kanonebis tradiciis mixedviT iyo Seqmnili, romelSic komentirebas ukeTebdnen indoeTis wminda wignebs _ vedebs (veda `sanskritze~ codnas niSnavs). am wignebSi mudam aris miTiTeba Zveli drois brZen adamianebze. uZvelesi dharmaSastrebia: gautama, baudhaiana, ahastamba, vasiSTha, romlebsac dharmasutrebi (`sutra~ _ Zafi) ewodeboda. es dharmasutrebi, savaraudod, qr.S-mde I aTas. meore naxevarsa da axali welTaRricxvis mijnazea Seqmnili. dharmasutrebis safuZvelze Seiqmna, uSualod dharmaSastrebis vrceli literatura _ manusmriti anu manus kanonebi (qr.S-mde II saukune _ qr.S-bis II saukune), iajnavalkiasmriti (qr.S-bis II-III ss.), naradasmriti (qr.S-bis III-IV ss.). am xasiaTis dharmaSastrebs Soris, gansakuTrebuli adgili da mniSvneloba manus kanonebs (mk-s) eniWebaT. manus kanonebi (manusmriti _ manusagan damaxsovrebuli, manavadharmaSastra) _ (dharmaSi manus mier micemuli darigeba) warmoadgens religiur-eTikuri normebis krebuls, romelic leqsis formiT aris Sedgenili da kaciobriobis legendarul mamamTavarsa da did winapars _ manus miewereba. krebulis saboloo redaqcia Sedgenilia qr.S-bis II s. Sua xanebSi. manus kanonebi 12 Tavisagan Sedgeba, romlebic 2685 leqss – Slokebs Seicaven. manus kanonebis I Tavi Seicavs cnobebs samyarosa da misi Semoqmedis (RvTaebrivi TviTarsis)

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Sesaxeb, oTxi ZiriTadi wodebis (varna) warmoSobisa da, maT Soris, brahmanTa gabatonebuli mdgomareobis dacvis Sesaxeb, Tanac xazgasmulia maTi roli samyaros kanonis saganZuris dacvis saqmeSi, romelsac emorCileba yvela adamiani. II Tavi saubrobs marTlmorwmune indusis aRzrdis Sesaxeb, vedebSi mocemuli codnis Semecnebis gziT. vedebis Seswavlis Semdeg adamiani iTvleboda axali sulieri cxov-rebisaTvis momzadebulad _ orjerdabadebul (dvijati). amave TavSi saubaria Cveulebebis, ritualebis rolisa da dharmaSastrebSi `damaxsovrebuli wminda sibrZnis~ Sesaxeb. III TavSi Sesulia saojaxo cxovrebis momwesrigebeli normebi: marTlzomieri qorwineba (anuloma), marTlsawinaaRmdego qorwinebis (pratiloma) Sedegebi da Sesabamisi ritualebis dacvis aucilebloba. IV, V, VI Tavebi Seicaven cnobebs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sakralizaciis saSualebebis Sesaxeb: higienis yoveldRiuri wesebi, dRis ganrigi, akrZaluli qcevebis CamonaTvali, ganwmen-disa da asketuri ritualis normebis aRwera. VII Tavi mogviTxrobs mefis _ rajas dharmis Sesaxeb, sasjelisa da marTlmsajulebis rolis Sesaxeb, wesrigisa da `yvela qmnilebis dacvis~ Sesaxeb; masSi mocemulia rCevebi administraciuli, samxedro da sagadasaxado saqmeebis ganxorcilebis Taobaze. VIII Tavi eZRvneba sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis 18 sababis dadgenas (saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis darRveva, danaSaulebrivi qmedeba: qurdoba, Zaladoba, ciliswameba, moqmedebiT Seuracxyofa, azartuli TamaSebi, mruSoba, sulieri moZRvris _ gurus sawolis Seuracxyofa, alkoholuri sasmelebis moxmareba), agreTve kanonis, samarTalwarmoebisa da sasjelis Sesaxeb gamotanili gadawyvetilebebis mniSvnelobis Sefaseba (aucilebeli mogeriebis pirobebSi sasjelidan gaTavisufleba _ bavSvis, qalisa da qurumi-brahmanis Zaladobisagan dacvis dros). IX Tavi mogviTxrobs `colisa da qmris mudmivi kanonis Sesaxeb~, maT saojaxo cxovrebaSi, ojaxis wevrebis pirad da qonebriv uflebebsa da movaleobebze, memkvidreobaze, sasjelis Sesaxeb; mefis rolze sasjelis Sefardebis dros. X Tavi Seicavs im wesebs, romlebic saerTo iyo sami orjerdabadebuli varnisaTvis: sakuT-rebis uflebis SeZenis 7 kanonieri saSualeba; yvela adamianisaTvis nebadarTuli arsebobis aTi wesi, Tu es adamianebi ubedurebas gadaeyrebian; oTxive varnisaTvis saerTo dharmebi. XI Tavi eZRvneba xelmiukarbelTa kastis _ Candalebi-s cxovrebis wesis regulirebas (savaraudod, es kasta warmoiSva araswori, Sereuli, varnebsSorisi qorwinebis Sedegad, rac dharmis darRvevas niSnavda). XII Tavi gadmogvcems moTxovnebs kultis, ritualebisa da maTi monawileebis konkretuli movaleobebis Sesaxeb; saubrobs adamianis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, Tu adgili eqneba, misi mxridan, sakuTari azrebis, sityvebisa da sxeulis araswori moqmedebebis arasakmariss gakontrolebas. mk-is da sxva dharmaSastrebis Seqmna iyo, Zveli indoeTis samarTlebrivi azris ganviTarebis, axali etapis amsaxveli movlena, romelSic upiratesoba saero gavlenam moipova da maT ufro xSirad praqtikuli daniSnulebisTvis iyenebdnen. Tu adreul dharmaSastrebSi, ZiriTadad, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli deliqti _ danaSauli iyo asaxuli: mkvleloba, mruSoba, Seuracxyofa, qurdoba, romlebic saerTo cnebiT _ himsa (zianis miyeneba) aRiniSneboda, ufro gviandeli periodis dharmaSastrebSi, sul ufro meti yuradReba saxelSekrulebo da qoneb-riv urTierTobebs eTmoboda. aqve ganixileboda maTi darRvevisaTvis dadgenili pasuxis-mgeblobis sakiTxi (valis gadauxdeloba, giraos Sesaxeb garigeba, qonebis gayofis sakiTxi, miwis nakveTis sazRvrebis dadgena da maTi moSla da sxv.). am dharmaSastrebSi dadgenili samarTlis normebi ufro mowesrigebuli da klasificirbulia. mk-dan moyolebuli, dharma-SastrebSi samarTlis normebis dadgena xdeboda, sasamarTlo ganxilvis 18 sababis mixedviT. sasamarTlo ganxilvis sababis (normebis) pirveli jgufi, mk-is mixedviT, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebs exeboda: valis gadauxdeloba, girao, sxvisi qonebis gasxviseba, savaWro an sxvagvar gaerTianebebSi monawileoba; Semdeg modian is normebi, romlebic gasamrjelos gadaxdaze uaris Tqmas, SeTanxmebis darRvevas, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis moSlas, mepatronisa da mwyems Soris davis warmoSobas aregulireben. normebis momdevno jgufs sxvagvari mimarTuleba aqvT. valdebulebiTi urTierTobebidan kanonmdebeli konkretul deliqtebze (danaSaulze) gadadis, kerZod, ganixileba: miwis nakveTis mijnis Sesaxeb dava, ciliswameba da moqmedebiT Seuracxyofa, qurdoba, mkvleloba, Zaladoba da mruSoba. yvela aRniSnuli qmedeba Zvelinduri deliqturi samarTlis birTvs Seadgenda da isini adamianis pirovnebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis _ himsa cnebaSi Sediodnen. wina normebTan asocirebuli, sasamarTlo ganxilvis momdevno sababebi exebodnen saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi normebis xelyofas, agreTve awesrigebdnen azartuli TamaSebisa da maTTan gaTanabrebuli danaSaulis saxeebs. amrigad, sasamarTlo ganxilvis 18 sababi mniSvnelovnad

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gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove dargobrivi sistemisgan, vinaidan masSi SeuZlebeli iyo sisxlisa da kerZo samarTlis normebis urTierTgamijvna. Semdegi cnobili dharmaSastra _ iajnavalkiasmriti iyo, romelSic ufro meti yuradReba eTmoboda procesualur normebs. masSi Camoyalibebulia mTeli rigi samarTlebrivi prin-cipebisa: sasamarTloSi mtkicebis prioritetuli saSualebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, kerZod: dokumentebi, nivTmtkiceba, mowmis Cveneba; im faqtebis sasamarTlo ganxilvis aucilebloba, romlebic exeba gansaxilvel davas. iajnavalkiasmritSi gamoyenebulia `mZime samarTal-darRvevis~ cneba, kerZod: mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli, mosamarTleTa mikerZoe-buloba da sxva. naradasmriti _ dasrulebuli iuridiuli Txzulebaa, romelic mTlianad eZRvneba samarT-lebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilvas, rac samarTlebrivi kulturis ganviTarebis maRal doneze metyvelebs. `naradas~ Semdgeneli scildeba, TiToeuli danaSaulis saxisaTvis, konkretuli sasjelis miTiTebas da Semdegi formis abstraqtuli rekomendaciebiT Semoi-fargleba: `jarimas imsaxurebs~, `dae, is mefem da msajulma dasajon~. masSi xSirad aris miTiTeba Cveulebebsa da adgilebze moqmedi CveulebiTi samarTlis normebze, rac aRniSnuli dharmaSastras praqtikul daniSnulebaze metyvelebda. miuxedavad dharmaSastrebis didi mravalferovnebisa, aSkarad SeimCneva, rom maT Soris arse-bobs didi msgavseba, didi urTierTgavlena, urTierTdamokidebuleba, teqstualuri Tanxved-roba da mTavari _ im religiur-filosofiuri koncefciebis, principebis erToblioba, romlebsac isini efuZnebodnen: TviT dharmis cneba, masSi ganmtkicebuli varnebis uTanasworoba, ritualis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. Zv. indoeTis samarTlis wyaroebSi Camoyalibebuli koncefciebis ricxvs miekuTvneba tradiciuli religiuri Sexedulebac, romlis Tanaxmad, maTi Sinaarsi, normebis moqmedebis farglebi ganpirobebuli iyo TviT vedebiT _ `yvela codnis~ wminda wyaroebiT. aqedan SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom dharmaSastrebs Soris winaaRmdegoba dauSvebeli iyo. xolo, Tu mainc aRmoCndeboda aseTi winaaRmdegoba (realobaSi sakmaod xSirad), maT Soris aRmoCenili kolizia Sesabamisi axsna-ganmartebiT daiZleoda. Zveli indoeTis ganviTarebis etapze, erT-erT mniSvnelovan samarTlis wyarod miiCneoda, wminda saero Janris literatura _ arThaSastra, romelic asaxavda politikis Sesaxeb mecnierebis ganviTarebas. Cvenamde moRweuli erT-erTi aseTi nawarmoebi iyo samecniero traqtati politikis da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis xelovnebis Sesaxeb, romlis Sedgenas miaweren, mauriebis dinastiis mefis _ Candrahupta I-is (qr.S-mde IV s.) didi vaziris _ kautilias saxels. am nawarmoebSi vrceli cnobebia daculi Zv. indoeTis administraciisa da finansebis, samarTalwarmoebis, sasamarTlo organizaciis, danaSaulisa da sasjelis Sesaxeb, romlebsac wminda gamoyenebiTi, saqmiani xasiaTi hqondaT. arThaSastras Sinaarss Seadgenda _ mefis dharmis ganxilva, sagareo da saSinao politika, romlis centrSi dgas saxelmwifo sargeblis (arTha) cneba, xolo ukana planze gadainacvla religiurma zneobam, samarTal-darRvevis codvilobam, religiuri gamosyidvis aucileblobam. aRniSuli xasiaTis qSatriuli literatura, savaraudod, efuZneboda wina periodis praq-tikuli daniSnulebis literaturas da is agreTve Seicavda samefo kanonmdeblobis normebsac. samarTlis literaturaSi oro tradiciuli Janris erTdrouli warmoSoba Zveli indoeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis TaviseburebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, kerZod maTSi aisaxa saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sisuste, Temebis avtonomiuroba, varnebis socialur struqturaSi brahmanTa gansakuTrebuli roli d adgili. isini warmoaCenen Zveli indoeTis samarTlis ganviTarebas, ori donis mixedviT: saxelmwifoebrivi done (arThaSastra) da saTemo done (dharmaSastra). ramdenadac didic ar unda yofiliyo Zv. indoeTSi dawerili samarTlis Zeglebis mniSvneloba, qveynis ganviTarebis yvela etapze, prioritetul samarTlis wyarod mainc Cveulebebi iTvleboda. yvela dharmaSastra Seicavs Cveulebaze dayrdnobas rogorc zogaddeklaraciuli formiT, ise samarTlis konkretuli normebis TvalsazrisiT. Cveuleba (aCara, adaCara) gulisxmobda keTilgonieri adamianebis~ qcevas zneobis, sazoga-doebrivi sargeblis moTxovnis Sesabamisad. Zveli indoeTis samarTlebrivi sistemis evo-luciis calkeul etapebze, icvleboda damokidebuleba samefo kanonmdeblobis mimarT. samefo moTxovnebi (ediqtebi), rogorc samarTlis wyaroebi, ar iyo moxseniebuli adreul dharmaSastrebSi (gautama, vasiSTha), radgan maTSi araferia naTqvami mefis sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb da mmarTvelis dharma, maTi azriT, mxolod damnaSaveTa dasjaSi mdgomareobs. dharmasutrebi arafers amboben saTemo sasamarTloebSi mefeTa saqmianobis Sesaxeb. sxvagvarad aris gadawyvetili sakiTxi `saero~ arThaSastraSi, sadac mefeTa ediqtebs ufro meti Zala aqvT miniWebuli, vidre dharmaSastrebs.

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g) Zveli CineTis samarTlis wyaroebi

msoflios arc erT samarTlis sistemas ganucdia ori urTierTdapirispirebuli filosofiuri moZRvrebis esoden didi gavlena, rogorc es moxda Zveli CineTis samarTlis sistemis mimarT. Zv. CineTis samarTlis istoriaSi konfucianelobis eTikur-politikuri dogmatika da legizmis politikur-samarTlebrivi koncefciebi yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad iqcnen da gansazRvres samarTlis, misi ideuri safuZvlebis, principebisa da institutebis Semdgomi ganviTareba, agreTve ganapirobes CinelTa tradiciuli samarTalgageba da samarTalSefardebis meqanizmebi. orive ZvelCinuri skolis zogad niSnad iTvleba maTi politikuri daniSnuleba. orive skola cdilobda `racionalur~, `samarTlian~ sawyisebze moewyo Cinuri sazogadoebis cxovreba. Tumca, es miswrafeba orive skolam sxvadasxvagvarad warmarTa, ramac maT Soris gamwvavebuli urTierTobebi Camoayaliba da, saboloo jamSi, mainc kompromisis miRweviT dasrulda. ZvelCinuri samarTalganviTarebis istoriaSi SesaZlebelia sami etapis gamoyofa: I epati moicavda Sanis-inis da adreuli jous samefoebis xanas, roca Zvel-Cinuri sazoga-doebrivi urTierTobebis regulatorad, umTavresad, eTikuri normebi (li) gamodiodnen, romlebic ganapirobebdnen Cinuri sazogadoebis wevrTa damokidebulebas mmarTvelisa _ vani da Sidasaojaxo urTierTobebisadmi. es normebi aigo ufrosebis, mSoblebis, warCinebulebis pativiscemasa da vanisadmi usityvo morCilebaze. am periodSi samarTlis normebi jer kidev ar iyo gamijnuli religiur-eTikuri normebis saerTo masidan da maTTan erTad hqmnidnen erTian mTlians. amasTanave, vanis _ mmarTvelis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebasTan erTad, sul ufro meti mniSvneloba mieniWa mmarTvelis, misi garemocvis da umaRlesi moxeleebis gankargulebebsa da brZanebebs, romelTa Sesruleba iZulebis gziT xorcieldeboda. qr.S-mde VI s. sakuTar moZRvrebas qmnis Zveli samyaros erT-erTi udidesi filosofosi kon-fuZi (konfuci, kunZu), romlis upirobo avtoritetma saukuneebs gauZlo. konfucianelobis ZiriTadi filosofiuri idea aris harmonia, rogorc sayovelTao kosmiuri wesrigis mTavari piroba, samyaroSi arsebuli Tanafardoba da, Sesabamisad, adamianTa bedniereba. harmoniaSi igulisxmeboda ara mxolod adamiansa da bunebas Soris, aramed TviT adamianebs Soris urTi-erTkavSiri, urTierTgavlena, rac maT iseT qcevaSi unda gamovleniliyo, romelic `bunebriv wesrigs~ anu saTnoebasa da zneobas Seesabameboda. konfuZis azriT, samarTliani wesrigis dacvis saSualeba iyo ara kanoni, aramed im tradiciebis, moraluri normebis (li) Sesruleba, romlebic idealuri qcevis ganmtkicebas emsaxurebian da yvelaferSi `zomierebis~ dacvasac gulisxmoben, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamianebs wavidnen kompromisze. konfucienelobis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, `cis moTxovnaTa~ safuZvelze Seqmnili harmoniuli sazogadoeba aris adamianTa jgufebis erToblioba, romelTagan TiToeuli movalea im socialuri da samarTlebrivi sawyisebis safuZvelze arsebobdes, romelic, am jgufebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli, funqciebis Sesrulebas maqsimalurad uwyobs xels. aseTi gaerTianebebis mTavari idea aris siao _ mSoblis mimarT Svilis siyvaruli, ufrosebis pativiscema, maT Soris, sazogadoebis ierarqiuli kibis ufro maRal safexurze mdgomi pirebis mimarT. `li~-s moTxovnaTa mkacri dacva, rac zedmiwevniT zustad SemuSavebuli ritualis gziT xorcieldeboda, gansazRvravda konfucianelobis gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas sakanonmdeblo formis, rogorc sayovelTao sazomis mimarT, romelic yovelTvis rodi moiTxovs mkacr dacvasa da savaldebulo sasamarTlo warmoebas. swored amaSi mdgomareobda konfucianelobis principuli gansxvaveba legizmisgan. II etapi ZvelCinuri samarTalganviTarebis istoriisa iwyeba jangos samefos periodidan (qr.S-mde V-III s.). am etapze moxda samarTlis rolis ganmtkiceba: sasjelis mTeli kompleqsis SemuSaveba. swored am etapis arsebobasTan aris dakavSirebuli legizmis dasrulebuli moZRvreba, xalxisa da saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb. legizmis yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgeneli iyo San iani (gunsun iani), romelic Tavis naSromSi ”San czun Su” (Sanis olqis mmarTvelis wigni) mtkiced icavda mmarTvelis absoluturi Zalauflebis ideas. misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo kanonis usityvod Sesruleba da, iZulebis meSveobiT, qveSevrdomTa marTva. legistebi qadagebdnen adamianTa fuWi da SeuZlebeli arsebobis ideas, umkacresi sasjelis farglebs miRma. amitom isini amodiodnen prevenciuli RonisZiebebisa da koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis aucileblobidan, riTac uzrunvelyofili iyo `kargi mmarTveloba~. Tanac, legistebi uars ambobdnen, raime kavSiri daenaxaT, sasjelis zomasa da Cadenili danaSaulis simZimis xarisxs Soris. umkacresi sasjeli unda iqnas Sefardebuli yvela pirisaTvis, vinc umniSvnelod daarRvevda mmarTvelis raime brZanebas. kanonis winaSe `Tanasworobis~ ideis qadageba gulisxmobda, Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis, sasjelis gardauvalobas, riTac legistebi cdilobdnen waerTmiaT warCinebulebisaTvis, sxvadasxva samTavroebis

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moxeleebisaTvis – memkvidreobiTi privilegiebi, centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT. amitom, SemTxveviTi ar iyo sasjelis ukiduresi gamkacreba; misi gardauvalobis moTxovna pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, danaSaulis cnebasTan. or ideologias Soris brZolis garTulebam, axali Zlieri impulsi misca Zveli Cinuri samarTlis tradiciuli niSnebisa da institutebis Camoyalibebas, rac qr.S-mde III s. meore naxevarSi kidev ufro gaZlierda. es moxda cinis xanaSi (qr.S-mde 221-207 ww.), pirveli Zveli Cinuri imperiis dros, roca legizmi iqca, saxelmwifos ukiduresi formis, oficialur ideologiad. am periodSi xelisuflebaSi legistebi modian, romlebic, ZaladobiT, uSedegod cdiloben sakuTari Sexedulebebis cxovrebaSi gatarebasa da, xalxis masobrivi Segnebidan, konfucianelobis aRmofxvras (konfucianelTa wignebis ganadgureba, maTi mimdevrebis devna). legendis Tanaxmad, cinis imperatorma cinSixuandim qr.S-mde 213 w. brZana konfucianelTa yvela wignis ganadgureba da 400 mecnieri konfucianelis sikvdiliT dasja. ZvelCinuri samarTlis Camoyalibebis bolo etapze (qr.S-mde III s. _ qr.S-bis III ss.), xanis dinastiis damyarebasTan erTad, moxda konfucianelobis formaluri gamarjveba da misi legizmTan Serwyma, riTac xeli Seewyo orTodoqsaluri konfucianelobis damkvidrebas, romlis mTavari daniSnuleba iyo misi ZiriTadi debulebis gaazreba, arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri wesebis gamarTleba da saukuno ganmtkiceba, radgan am ideologiis mixedviT, is pirdapir pasuxobda ZvelCinuri sazogadoebis interesebis SenarCunebasa da funqcionirebas. am ideologiis gabatonebul postulatad iqca adamianTa uTanasworobis, maTi socialuri, wodebrivi da Tanrigobrivi gansxvavebis konfucianeluri mrwamsi. aRniSnul gansxvavebaTa uryevobas unda emsaxurebodes, ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi, adamianTa qcevis mkacri reglamentacia, umkacresi `li~-sa (moraluri normebis) da, oficialurad aRiarebuli, ritualis meSveobiT. orTodoqsaluri konfucianeloba ar uaryofda kanonsa, mkacr sasjels da simkacrisa da lmobierebis urTierTzemoqmedebas gulisxmobda. aRniSnuli varaudidan gamomdinareobda Tezisi, rom morali da samarTali emTxveva erTmaneTs. morali iZleoda qcevis stereotips, samarTali ki, sasjelis meSveobiT, krZalavda misgan Tavis daRwevas. gabatonebuli konfucianeluri moralis normebi, Zalis meSveobiT _ kanonis (fa) mkacri sasjeliT dgindeboda, ramac asaxva pova orTodoqsaluri konfucianelobis formulaSi: `iq, sadac sak-marisi ar aris li, savaldebuloa `fa~-s gamoyeneba~. konfucianelobis da legizmis Serwymam xeli Seuwyo imas, rom `li~-s normebma SeiZines meti savaldebuloba da formalizmi, xolo samarTalSi inplementirebuli iqna, im droisaTvis ukve kanonizirebuli, konfucianelTa wignebis amonaridTa mTeli pasaJebi. istoriuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, Zvel CineTSi pirveli dawerili kanonebi gaCnda jer kidev Sanis-inis saxelmwifoSi, xolo qr.S-mde X s. jous samefoSi ukve arsebobda sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, romelic 3 aTasi muxlisagan Sedgeboda. Cinuri kodeqsebis uZveles droSi Seqmnis mtkiceba _ tradiciis, konfucianelTa moZRvrebisadmi pativiscema ufro aris, vidre realoba. konfucianelebi amtkicebdnen, rom `mmarTveli ar hqmnis samarTals, aramed gadmogvcems mas, radgan igi endoba Zvelebs da uyvars isini~. Zv. CineTSi dawerili kanonebi Cndeba qr.S-mde VI-V ss., rac iyo Cinuri sazogadoebis socialuri diferencirebis Sedegi. amitom, SemTxveviTi rodia, rom erT-erTi uZvelesi dawerili kanoni iyo `kanoni saadgilmamulo gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, romelic miuRiaT Qqr.S-mde VI s., `lu~-s samefoSi, riTac ganmtkicda saTemo miwaTmflobelobis gauqmeba da kerZo miwaTmflobelobis damkvidreba. mebrZoli samefoebis (jangos samefo) periodSi, sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis gaZliereba (qr.S-mde V-III ss.) dakavSirebuli iyo kanonis gamoyenebis aucileblobasTan, saxelmwifoSi politikuri viTarebis stabilizaciis mizniT, im pirobebSi, roca Zveli Cinuri samTavroebi moicva xangrZlivma, sisxlismRvrelma Sinaomebma. Zvel CineTSi dawerili kanonebis arsebobis uZvelesi materialuri mtkicebuleba is brinjaos samfexia, romelzec amotvifruli iyo `kanonTa mimoxilvis~ teqsti (daax. qr.S-mde 536 w.), romlis safuZveli gaxda `u sin~-is cneba: danaSaulisaTvis dadgenilia sasjelis 5 nairsaxeoba _ daSanTva, cxviris mokveTa, erTi an orive qveda kiduris mokveTa, kastracia da sikvdiliT dasja (yvelaze gavrcelebuli sasjeli). mxolod qr.S-mde V-IV ss. mijnaze Cndeba erT-erTi upirvelesi kanonTa krebuli _ `veis samefos kanonTa wigni~, romelic Seiqmna sxvadasxva samTavroebis samarTlebrivi debulebebis safuZvelze da romelsac, tradiciulad, winaparTa kanonebs uwodeben. is 6 Tavisgan Sedgeboda: kanonebi qurdebis, yaCaRebis, jurRmulSi dapatimrebis, damnaSaveTa dakavebis, sikvdiliT dasjisa da wamebis iaraRis Sesaxeb. am krebulma safuZveli Cauyara, kanonTa krebulis SemuSavebis, samomavlo praqtikas. qr.S-mde III-II ss., xanis samefos CineTSi, farTod gavrcelda Zveli kanonebis komentireba.

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2) Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis kerZo samarTali

a) qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTlis mixedviT

Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTlis normebis umravlesoba awesrigebda qonebriv urTierTobebs. mesopotamiaSi ar Camoyalibebula miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis instituti. samarTali miwas ganixilavda Tavisufali da damokidebuli mflobelobisa da sargeblobis kategoriebSi. noyieri, damuSavebuli miwis mniSvnelovani masivebi Tavmoyrili iyo samefo da sataZro meurmeonaSi, romlis farTobi mudmivad izrdeboda, mmarTvelis mxridan, mravalricxovani Sewirvis xarjze. samefo da sataZro miwebis damuSaveba evaleboda damokidebuli mosaxleobis sxvadasxva kategorias; daiSveboda miwis ijariT da samsaxuris safasurad gadacema, SedarebiT dawinaurebuli kategoriis warmomadgenlebisaTvis: meomrebis, Tamqarebis, qurumi-qalebis da sxvaTa sasargeblod. saTemo miwebi gaicemoda an koleqtiur mflobelobasa (saZovrebi, mindvrebi), an _ kerZo-saojaxo mflobelobaSi. Sak-i da xk-i imaze mowmoben, rom meTeme-glexs, miwis nakveTze, imdenad farTo uflebebi hqonda, rom is, SesaZloa, am nakveTis mesakuTrec yofiliyo. mas SeeZlo sakuTari nakveTis gayidva, gacvla, dagiraveba, ijariT gacema, memkvidreobiT gadacema, rogorc gansakuTrebuli uZravi qonebis nairsaxeobisa (xk-i, 39-47, 60-65 mm.), da mas amisaTvis ar esaWiroeboda mmarTvelis, an TviT Temis Tanxmoba. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom miwa ar iqca yidva-gayidvis Cveulebriv sagnad da mesopotamelTa warmodgenaSi miwis gasxviseba `ubedurebad~, xolo sxvisi miwis Sesyidva, usamarTlobad iTvleboda. amitom, meTemis miwis gasxviseba, Temis farglebs gareT an misi ojaxis wevrTa wris miRma, Cveulebisamebr, SeuZlebeli iyo. miwis nakveTis gasxvisebis Semdeg adamiani, TiTqosda, mis moadgiles tovebda. Sak-is Tanaxmad, Webze, rusa da koleqtiuri saTemo mflobelobis sxva obieqtebze SenarCunebuli iyo sagangebo kerZo sakuTreba. mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi iyo dasaSvebi iseTi miwis nakveTis Sesyidvis ufleba, romelzedac Webi an ru iyo gayvanili. maTi yidva, rogorc wesi, SeeZloT msxvil miwaTmflobelebs da mevaxSeebs, romlebic sakuTar miwaTmflobelobas zrdidnen gamousyidavi an valSi dagiravebuli nakveTebis misakuTrebis xarjze. babilonelis sruluflebiani statusi pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli, saTemo miwebze, miwis nakveTis flobis uflebasTan, rac mxolod avilumis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis maCvenebeli iyo. xk-iT, Tu avilumi kargavda miwis nakveTs, mas sxva uflebebic erTmeoda, anu, Tu is kavSirs wyvetda TemTan, mas erTmeoda, saTemo miwaTmflobelobidan warmoSobili, yvela ufleba (maT Soris, colTan urTierToba). meTeme-glexis miwaTmflobeloba yovelmxriv daculi iyo samarTliT. Sak-is mixedviT, Tu adgili eqneboda sxvisi mindvris miTvisebas, samanis moSlis an gadaadgilebis gziT, damnaSave isjeboda, dazaralebuli pirisaTvis samjer meti farTobis nakveTis gadacemiT. garda amisa, samarTaldamrRvevs TiTebs kveTdnen da, erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, samefo samuSaoebis Sesrulebis movaleobas akisrebdnen. kanonmdebloba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda meomris miwaTmflobelur uflebebs. Tumca, meomris miwis nakveTis _ ilku-qoneba samarTlebrivi reJimi asureTsa da babilonSi, arsebiTad, gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. asureTSi meomari ilku-qonebas saTemo miwidan (radgan aq ar iyo samefo miwebis vrceli fondi), xolo babilonSi, _ samefo miwidan iRebda. xk-iT, meomris nakveTi mTlianad amoRebuli iyo savaWro brunvidan da, ilku-qonebis mimarT, dadebuli nebismieri garigeba baTili iyo. Tu meomari, samsaxurisgan Tavis aridebis mizniT, tovebda nakveTs, mas erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi unarCundeboda maszed ufleba, im pirobiT, rom is, am xnis ganmavlobaSi, sakuTar movaleobebs daubrundeboda. Sak-is mixedviT, Temis mier im pirisaTvis gamoyofili miwis nakveTi, romelic samefo movaleobas asrulebda, `sasaxlis wilad~ iTvleboda, xolo am adamianze ambobdnen, rom is `sakuTar TemSi mindvrisa da saxlis movaleobas~ asrulebda. Zvelinduri Sastrebi, erTi mxriv, imaze mowmobdnen, rom Zvel indoeTSi qonebrivi diferencireba sakmaod Rrmad iyo wasuli, xolo meore mxriv, afiqsirebdnen saTemo, kasturi, patriarqaluri da didi saojaxo-klanuri kavSirebis SenarCunebas. saTemo miwaTmflobelobaSi imyofebodnen saZovrebi, sairigacio nagebobebi, gzebi. Zvelinduri samarTlis normebi icaven Temis, soflis, dasaxlebis miwaTmflobelobis uflebas da maT aniWeben miwis gankargvis SeuzRudav uflebas: gayidva, ijariT gacema, Cuqeba, gansakuTrebiT taZrebis mimarT. kerZo saglxo miwaTmflobelobac farTo uflebamosilebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli: gayidva,

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ijariT gacema, Cuqeba, razec mowmoben Sastrebis debulebebi (mk-i, 248-266 mm., arTh. 8-9, III Tavi). Tumca, meTeme-miwaTmflobelis uflebamosilebani mniSvnelovnad iyo SezRuduli: mesakuTres ar SeeZlo miwis Tavisuflad gayidva, vinaidan, mezoblebis sasargeblod, mesakuTres ar SeeZlo mietovebina da daumuSavebeli daetovebbina misi kuTvnili nakveTi (arTh., III, 9(1), 10, (1-12). savaraudod, sakuTrebis cneba Zvel indoeTSi qr.S-mde I aTas. I mesamedSi Camoyalibda. amis Sesaxeb mowmoben Semdegi sityvebis _ àgama~ da `hramana~-s arsis Secvla (romlebic xSirad Zvelindur literaturaSi gamoiyeneboda). àgama~, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod miTvisebas, qonebis SeZenas aRniSnavda da Semdeg SeiZina iseTi sakuTrebis mniSvneloba, romelic izomeboda da iTvleboda, agreTve mas iyenebdnen, mesakuTruli uflebis mamtkicebeli saSualebebis sameulis mniSvnelobiT: werilobiTi sabuTi, mowmis Cveneba, nivTiT sargebloba. sakuTrebis uflebis cnebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb (nivTiT sargeblobis uflebisagan gansxvavebiT) metyvelebda, dharmaSastrebSi arsebuli, nivTis flobisa da nivTiT sargeblobis xandazmulobis vadebis cnebis warmoSoba. xandazmulobis vada, nivTze flobis uflebas, sakuTrebis uflebad gadaaqcevda da es vada, mk-is mixedviT, 10 wels Seadgenda (VIII,147). arThaSastra ukve adgenda, moZrav da uZrav qonebaze, xandazmulobis gansxvavebul vadebs (10 da 20 weli, Sesabamisad) da, amavdroulad, mxedvelobaSi iRebda im gamonakliss, romelic daiSveboda bavSvebis, Wkuasustebis, avadmyofebis, mefisa da brahmanis (vedebis mcodneni) sakuTrebis mimarT. xandazmulobis wesi ar vrceldeboda giraosa da Senatanze. sairigacio nagebobebis mimarT, sakuTrebis ufleba wydeboda, Tu maT usargeblod datovebdnen 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi. miwaze dawesebuli fasi fiqsirebuli iyo, Tumca daiSveboda garkveuli danamatis SemoRebac, romelsac gamyidvels ki ara, gadasaxadTan erTad, xazinas uxdidnen. mindvris gamo aRmocenebul davebSi, sasoflo da saqalaqo mamasaxlisebTan erTad, mezoblebic monawileobdnen. Tu ver moiZebneboda adamiani, romelic utyuar Cvenebas miscemda mindvris sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, TviTon mefe axdenda mindvris farTobis dadgenas, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr. kerZo samarTlis normebma ver moipoves damoukidebuli ganviTareba Zveli CineTis tradiciul samarTalSi. Tumca, zmna ìJ~, romelsac ìqonie sakuTrebis~ mniSvneloba hqonda, cnobili iyo Zvel CineTSi, jer kidev jous samefos bolo periodidan (qr.S-mde IV-III ss.). Zvel CineTSi uzenaesi saxelmwifo sakuTreba miwaze Tanaarsebobda saTemo da glexebis kerZo miwaTmflobelobasTan erTad. Zvel CineTSi daSvebuli iyo miwis yidva-gayidva, wvril nakveTebad dayofa an, msxvili nakveTebis saxiT, Tavmoyra erTi piris xelSi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom rogori gardaqmnac ar unda ganecada miwaTsargeblobis process, kerZo an koleqtiur mflobels mxolod miwis flobis uflebis gankargva SeeZlo da is verasdros gaxdeboda miwis sruli kerZo mesakuTre, raSic mas udides winaaRmdegobas uwevda yovlisSemZle saxelmwifo, romelic mudmivad inarCunebda wamyvan rols Zveli CineTis sameurneo cxovrebaSi. àziuri~ socialur-ekonomikuri struqtura gamoricxavda im politikuri da samarTlebrivi garantiebis arsebobas, romlebic, zogadad, kerZo sakuTrebis da, gansakuTrebiT, miwaze sakuTrebis institutis ganviTarebas Seuwyobdnen xels. xolo, Tu moxdeboda, aseTi struqturisaTvis krizisis Semqmneli, kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTareba, maSinve cxovrebaSi xorcieldeboda reformatoruli saqmianoba, romlis Sedegad kvlav aRdgeboda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri kontrolis funqcia.

b) valdebulebiTi samarTali, Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTlis mixedviT

Zveli SuamdinareTis samarTlis mixedviT, valdebulebis warmoSobis ori safuZveli arsebobda: saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi da zianis miyenebidan aRmocenebuli valdebulebebi. xelSekrulebis calkeuli saxeebia, magaliTad, sesxi, gacvla, yidva-gayidva. maT Zalzed adre poves ganviTarda da sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba, Zveli mesopotamiis samarTlis mixedviT. yvelaze ukeT saxelSekrlebo urTierTobebi mowesrigebulia xk-iT, romlebic Seicaven, valdebulebiTi samarTlis maregulirebeli, srulyofili normebis umravlesobas. Sak-Si, ZiriTadad, saubari exeboda im xelSekrulebebs, romlebic satranzito vaWrobis ganviTarebas uwyobdnen xels: Senaxvis, gadazidvis, amxanagobis xelSekrulebebi. yvela garigeba or jgufad iyofoda: erTi jgufi awesrigebda nivTis gasxvisebas, meore _ gasxvisebis gareSe, nivTze uflebebs. garigebebis pirveli nairsaxeoba (individis cxovrebasTan, nivTis mWidro kavSiris Sesaxeb, tradiciuli warmodgenebidan gamomdinare)

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ufro mkacri moTxovnebis dacvas gulisxmobda, vidre garigebebis meore jgufi: werilobiTi formiT xelSekrulebis gaformebas, ficis warmoTqmas, mowmeTa Cvenebebis arsebobas da sxva. aseTi xelSekrulebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda: yidva-gayidva, Cuqeba, memkvidreobiT miRebuli qonebis (samkvidros) gayofa, Svilad ayvana. yidva-gayidvis werilobiT xelSekrulebaSi saWiro iyo: nasyidobis obieqtis zusti aRwera, nivTis mimarT, gamyidvelis mesakuTruli uflebebis dadastureba, raTa myidveli daculi yofiliyo, mesame piris an saxelmwifos mxridan, nivTis qurdobis Taobaze Setanili sarCelisagan (kerZod, ganusxvisebeli samefo miwebis, meomarTa miwis nakveTebis gayidvis dros). es xelSekruleba zogjer Seicavda daTqmas, sarCelis Setanis Taobaze, calmxrivi an ormxrivi uariT da Tanxmobas, _ ar gasaCivrebuliyo iseTi dasrulebuli garigeba, romelic ganmtkicebuli iqneboda saxelSekrulebo fasis specialuri danamatiT (`vartum~-i). fasis gadaxdis Semdeg, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis moSla mxolod garkveuli garemoebebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, kerZod, Tu gamyidveli Segnebulad (winaswari SecnobiT) damalavda nivTis dafarul nakls. xk-Si, magaliTad, saubaria iseTi xelSekrlebis moSlaze, romlis obieqti iyo epilefsiiT daavadebuli mona. aseTi xelSekrlebis moSla SesaZlebeli iyo erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis namdvilobis erT-erTi mkacri piroba iyo nivTis fasis dauyovneblivi gadaxda, rac xSirad irRveoda faqtiuri nasyidobis sabuTisa da, masTan erTad gaformebuli, savalo xelwerilis gacemis gziT. aseTi garigebis dros mowmeTa raodenoba izrdeboda sam aTeul kacamde. sesxis, nivTebisa da adamianebis daqiravebis, agreTve mevaxSeobis xelSekrulebis samarTlebrivi regulirebisas, gansakuTrebiT naTlad, gamoikveTa is gansxvaveba, rac axasiaTebda ori ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciis samarTlebriv sistemas: Tavisi droisaTvis sakmaod zomieri da kompromisuli, Zvelbabilonuri samarTlis sistema mniSvnelovan daTmobebs gulisxmobda, raTa maqsimalurad SeezRudaT meTeme-glexebis gaRatakeba da maT mier miwebis dakargva, rac kidev ufro gaamwvavebda socialur da wodebriv antagonisms; xolo ukompromiso da umkacresi Suaasuruli samarTlis sistema, ZiriTadad, gabatonebuli oligarqiuli fenis interesebis damcveli iyo da mas naklebad adardebda sazogadoebis qveda fenebis moTxovnebi. xk-is muxlebis didi odenoba awesrigebda miwis moijaris samarTlebriv mdgomareobas da adgenda mis pasuxismgeblobas, razec metyvelebs sesxis, qiravnobis, miwis ijariT aRebis kabaluri pirobebis arseboba. am pirobebis Sedegad mxolod Raribi fenebi zaraldebodnen. kerZod, xk-Si saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom valis gaqviTva SesaZlebelia TviT movalis, misi colis an Svilebis mier, valis gadaxdis safasurad, gaweuli kabaluri samsaxuris saxiT. xk-Si agreTve gvxvdeba, erTmaneTis Semdeg ganlagebuli, muSaxelisa da muSa-pirutyvis qiravnobis maregulirebebi normebis bloki. Tanac, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, `keTilSobili~ profesiebis mqone pirTa (eqimi, mSenebeli, gemTmflobeli) da monebisa da, sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis Semsrulebeli, pirebis daqiravebuli Sromis anazRaureba. aRsaniSnavia, rom saeqimo momsaxurebis anazRaureba pacientis socialur mdgomareobaze iyo damokidebuli. ZeglebSi specialurad gaiTvaliswines miwaTmoqmedis daqiravebis pirobebi. kerZod, 257-e muxliT daTqmulia, Taviseburi saxelfaso anazRaureba, romelic vercxliT an xorbliT gaicemoda da ufro maRali iyo zafxulis periodSi, ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis Catarebis dros. Tu daqiravebuli muSaki ar moiyvanda purs mindroSi, moiparavda marcvals, dascemda mepatronis pirutyvs, mas jarimas akisrebdnen (marcvlis gadaxdiT), xolo jarimis gadaxdaze uaris Tqma sikvdiliT isjeboda (odiozurad). valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis mowesrigebas cdilobdnen Zvelinduri Sastrebic, kerZod, sasamarTlo ganxilvis 18 sababidan TiTqmis naxevari im normebs ekuTnis, romlebic awesrigebdnen valdebulebebs, xelSekrulebebs: sesxi, qiravnoba, yidva-gayidva, Senaxva (Senatani). amavdroulad, maTSi gaTvaliswinebulia xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis garantiebi: girao (be) da Tavdeboba. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis mowesrigebis dros Camoyalibebulia saerTo principebic, kerZod: xelSekruleba ideboda werilobiTi formiT, dokumentSi zustad iyo gansazRvruli garigebis Sesrulebis dro da adgili, garigebaSi monawile mxareTa da TavmdebTa sacxovrebeli adgil, sqesi, kasta (varna). garigeba baTilad iTvleboda, Tu is farulad, mowmeTa gareSe, an motyuebiT da iZulebis gamoyenebiT, simTvraleSi an Wkuasusti adamianis, moxucis, bavSvis, fizikuri naklis mqone piris mier, an ganrisxebuli an ubedurebaSi myofi adamianis mier iyo dadebuli (mk-i, VIII, 163-165; arTh., III, a). SezRuduli iyo, agreTve, qalebis da didi patriarqaluri ojaxis im wevrTa qmedunarianoba, romlebic aseTi ojaxis mamamTavris xelisuflebaSi imyofebodnen (mamisagan damokidebuli Svili an piriqiT, dasaojaxebeli Zma). aramarTlzomieri garigeba ara Tu baTili, aramed, jarimis gadaxdis saxiT, dasjadic iyo. mkacri formalobis Semsubuqeba dasaSvebi iyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garigebis dadeba dakavSirebuli iyo mefis davalebasTan,

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saxelmwifo saidumloebis dacvasa an im pirebis mier ideboda, romlebic misdevdnen moxetiale cxovrebis wess: mwyemsebi, monadireebi, msaxiobebi (maTTvis formalobis dacva zedmet sirTuled CaiTvleboda). SastrebSi detalurad aris damuSavebuli sesxis xelSekruleba, romlis dadebisas savaldebulo iyo xelwerilis gacema (iajv. II, 93). Sastrebis Sesabamis debulebebSi aisaxa am institutis evoluciis mravalsaukunovani istoria. sesxis xelSekrulebis momwesrigebeli normebi mowmoben, erTi mxriv, mevaxSeobis ganviTarebasa da Zalzed maRali saprocento ganakveTebis arsebobaze, xolo, meore mxriv, _ TviTgasworebisa da TviTnebobis pirvelyofili elementebis SenarCunebaze. kreditors gasesxebulis ukan dasabruneblad, faqtiurad, SeuzRudavi SesaZleblobebi eZleoda (iZulebis wesiT, saxlis alyaSi moqceviT, movalis pirutyvisa da vaJiSvilebis gatacebiT). Tanac, mk-i pirdapir avalebda mefes daejarimebina, kreditoris winaaRmdeg momCivani movale. valis mimarT dadgenili, saprocento ganakveTis nairsaxeoba imis mixedviT ganisazRvredeboda, Tu ra odenobis sesxi iyo gacemuli da ra iyo sesxis obieqti: fuli, xorbali, agreTve movalis, garkveuli varnisadmi kuTvnileba. SudrisaTvis procentis raodenoba ufro meti iyo, xolo brahmanis mimarT, _ ufro naklebi (iajv.). arThaSastras mixedviT, gansakuTrebulad daTqmuli iyo, colis mier, qmris savalo valdebulebis aRsruleba da, piriqiT, rac imaze metyvelebda, rom arThaSastra qals ufro met uflebebs aniWebda, vidre es dharmaSastrebis mier iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. qals ar evaleboda qmris valebis gadaxda, Tu qali ar iRebda maT sakuTar Tavze, xolo qmars, zogadi wesis sapirispirod, evaleboda colis valebis gadaxda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qmari wavida da ar uzrunvelyo is saarsebo saSualebebiT (arTh., III, 11(23-24). umaRlesi kastebisaTvis metad damamcirebeli iyo daqiravebuli Sroma, ris gamo mk-i momsaxurebas axasiaTebda `ZaRluri cxovrebis wesad~ da brahmans daJinebiT urCevda, Tavi Seekavebina saqmianobis aRniSnuli sferosagan. Zalzed mZime pirobebi iyo dadgenili piradi qiravnobisaTvis, kerZod: Tu daqiravebuli muSaki ver Seasrulebda dakisrebul samuSaos, mas jarimas akisrebdnen (mk-i, VIII, 215) da qiravnobis gasamrjeloze uars eubnebodnen maSinac ki, Tu is avadmyofobis mizeziT jerovnad ver Seasrulebda nakisr samuSaos (mk-i, VIII, 217). amavdroulad, sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis sababad, SastrebSi specialurad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli mwyemsisaTvis, vaWrisaTvis, gadamzidavisaTvisa da meZavi qalisaTvis gasamrjelos gadaxdis movaleoba, romlis darRveva, sasamarTlos gziT, ormagi anazRaurebiT isjeboda. SastrebSi dawvrilebiT ganixileba Senaxvis xelSekruleba, amxanagoba, mindobiloba da yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba. maTSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo Senatanis Semnaxvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba, Tu Senatanis ganadgureba (dakargva, mospoba) moxda stiqiuri ubedurebis an mefis, RmerTis Carevis Sedegad (iajv., II, 65). yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebas axasiaTebda kasturi SezRudvebis daweseba, savaWro saqmianobis mimarT, kerZod _ umaRlesi varnebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis (mk-i, X, 85). monad TviTgayidva an axlo naTesavebis gayidva kastidan gandevniT isjeboda (mk-i, XI, 60-62). sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis SedarebiT susti ganviTareba aisaxa yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis arastabilur ganviTarebaze, romelic adreuli dharmaSastrebis Tanaxmad, nebismier dros SeiZleba moSliliyo, xolo mk-is mixedviT _ 10 dRis ganmavlobaSi. savaWro urTierTobebis ganviTarebas umadloda (gviandel SastrebSi), sasamarTlo ganxilvis sababTa Soris, iseTi davebis ganxilva, rogorebic iyo gayidulis gadacemaze uaris Tqma, an nayidze uaris Tqma. yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebebis moSla, naradas Tanaxmad, imave dRes iyo SesaZlebeli, xolo meore dRes _ pirgasamtexlos gadaxdis Semdeg. arThaSastraSi gayidulis gadacemasa da nayidze uaris Tqmas, rogorc sasamarTlo ganxilvis sababs, mTeli Tavi eZRvneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom amave TavSi ganixileba qorwinebaze uaris Tqmis sakiTxi im mizeziT, rom saqmros an sacoles raime dafaruli nakli aRmoaCndeboda. gansakuTrebuli daTqma iyo Camoyalibebuli pirutyvisa (1,5 Tve) da adamianis (1 weli) gayidvis Sesaxeb garigebis moSlis gamo (arTh., III, 15 (17, 18). Zveli CineTis valdebulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom saTemo miwebi Zalzed adre gadavida kerZo mflobelobaSi, Tems jer kidev qr.S-mde I s. saadgilmamulo urTierTobebis gamo, damoukidebel mxared xelSekrulebebSi monawileobis miReba SeeZlo, xolo Temis warmomadgenlis monawileoba, saerTod, savaldebulo piroba iyo saadgilmamulo garigebebis dros. qr.S-bis I s. wyaroebis Tanaxmad, miwis gamo yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis dadeba qalebsa da saxelmwifo monebsac SeeZloT. yidva-gayidvis xelSekrlebis garda, Zalzed gavrcelebuli iyo miwis ijaris xelSekruleba, rogorc wesi, moweuli mosavlis naxevris gadaxdis pirobiT da miwis dagiraveba. farTod iyo gavrcelebuli adamianis daqiravebis xelSekrulebebi, sesxis xelSekrulebis dadebisas –

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mevaxSeoba, romelic CveulebiTi samarTlis normebiT rgulirdeboda. miwaTmoqmedebis waxalisebis mizniT, uZvelesi droidan TiToeul adamians mieniWa upatrono (beiTalmani) an mitovebuli miwebis dakavebis ufleba. garkveuli drois amowurvis Semdeg, miwebis aRniSnuli kategoria, kadastrSi registrirdeboda rogorc maTi dammuSaveblis kerZo sakuTreba. Zvel CineTSi xSirad gamoicemoda kanonebi, romlebic moiTxovdnen wvrili saglexo miwaTmflobelobis raime gziT dacvas, risi naTeli magaliTi iyo, qr.S-mde I s. ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifo politika im pirTa mimarT, romlebic savalo kabalaSi Cavardnen. sayovelTaod gavrcelda valSi Svilebis gayidvis Cveuleba. Tu valSi gayiduli bavSvi sami wlis ganmavlobaSi ar iqneboda gamosyiduli, is samudamod monad iqceoda. qr.S-bis I s. imperatorma udi-m gamosca reskripti yvela im saxelmwifo monebis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romlebic uwindeli kanonmdeblobiT monadqceviT ar isjebodnen maT mier Cadenili danaSaulis gamo.

g) saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis evolucia Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebSi

samarTlis istoriis mkvlevarTa Soris gansakuTrebul interess swored ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciebis saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis institutebi iwvevs. Zvel mesopotamiaSi adamianis cxovreba srulyofilad ar iTvleboda, Tu mas kargi meuRle da ramdenime Svili ar hyavda. am regionSi patriarqaluri urTierTobebi Zalzed myari iyo da xangrZlivi drois manZilze TiTqmis ucvlelad SenarCunda, gansakuTrebiT _ Zvel asureTSi. miuxedavad amisa, didi patriarqaluri ojaxebis rRvevis procesma, qr.S-mde II aTaswleulSi, TiTqmis mTlianad moicva Zvelmesopotamiuri sazogadoeba. Tanac, Zvel babilonSi, Zvel asureTTan SedarebiT, colsa da Svilebze qmrisa da mamis xelisuflebis Sesustebis tendencia ufro metad gamovlinda da gaRrmavda. uflebriv aspeqtSi, qr.S-mde II aTaswleulis Zvelbabiloneli qalbatoni sulac ar iyo absoluturad daucveli, miuxedavad imisa, rom, sazogadoebrivi azris gaTvaliswinebiT, misi roli mxolod qmris sakuTrebad yofnaSi Tu gamoixateboda. Zvel babilonSi qals mowmed gamosvlac SeeZlo, qurum-qalobac da qonebis flobac. mas xSirad vaWrobis ganxorcielebac xelewifeboda. misi saojaxo statusi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda asureli qalbatonis mdgomareobisagan. Zvel mesopotamiaSi qorwineba sasiZosa da sapatarZlos ojaxebs Soris an TviT sasiZosa da sapatarZlos ojaxs Soris, dadebuli xelSekruleba iyo. Tumca, Zvel babilonSi qals mainc SeeZlo am xelSekrulebis Sinaarsze gavlenis moxdena, kerZod: sapatarZlos SeeZlo saqmrosagan moeTxova gansakuTrebuli xelSekrulebis dadeba, romelic qmars ukrZalavda valSi mis dagiravebas (xk-i, 151). qorwinebis namdvilobas xels ver SeuSlida sapatarZlos uasakoba da misi mxridan, qorwinebaSi Sesvlaze Tanxmobis ararseboba. rig SemTxvevaSi, qmris monuri mdgomareobac ar iyo qorwinebis xelSemSleli garemoeba (xk-i 175-176). Tumca, qorwinebis namdvilobisaTvis mainc iyo dadgenili ramdenime aucilebeli piroba: 1) TerhaTumi _ sasiZos mier sapatarZlos ojaxisaTvis gadaxdili gamosasyidi Tanxa, romelsac, muSa xelis dakargvis gamo, sapatarZlos ojaxs uxdidnen, kompensaciis saxiT; 2) biblumi _ TerhaTumis gadaxdamde, sasiZo niSnobis dros sapatarZlos ojaxs, bes saxiT, winaswar aZlevda saqorwino saCuqars. Tu saqorwino xelSekruleba saqmros mizeziT moiSleboda, is bes (biblumi) da gamosasyid Tanxas (TerhaTumi) kargavda da isini sapatarZlos ojaxs rCeboda Sercxvenili saxelis gamo, kompensaciis saxiT. xolo, Tu xelSekruleba sapatarZlos ojaxis braliT moiSleboda, mas sasiZosaTvis ormagi odenobiT unda aenazRaurebina biblumisa da TerhaTumis Rirebuleba. Sak-i ar icnobda niSnobis rituals da aq termini `biblumi~ colisaTvis gadaxdil gamosasyids niSnavda da pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli qorwinebis dadgomasTan; 3) colis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi qmars SeeZlo gamosasyidis ukan gamoTxova, an simamri valdebuli iyo mamamTilisaTvis sxva qaliSvili gadaeca (31, III); 4) SeriqTumi _ Zvel babilonSi sapatarZlos ojaxi sasiZos aZlevda qalis mziTevs, romelsac qmari colis TanxmobiT gankargavda. Tu qali uSvilo gardaicvleboda simamrs ufleba hqonda ukan gamoeTxova mziTevi, xolo Tu mas Svilebi darCeboda, _ mziTevi maT memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. qmris ganmeorebiT daqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, dedinacvals xeli ar miuwvdeboda gerebis kuTvnil qonebaze. SeriqTums taZrebis qurum-qalebsac aZlevdnen. Tu qaliSvili mamis ojaxidan ar miiRebda mziTevs, mas, Zmebis Tanabrad, mamis qonebidan memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba eniWeboda; 5) saojaxo simtkicisa da ojaxuri siwmindis dacva iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani religiuri

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aRTqma. Zvel babilonSi mruSoba da siZva umZimes religiur codvad iTvleboda, razedac mowmoben `Supru~-Si Camoyalibebuli moTxovnebi. Zvel babilonSi ojaxi monogamiuri iyo, Tu meuRleebs Svilebi hyavdaT (mona-qalTan _ mxevalTan Tanacxovreba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda). Tu asureTSi, mamakacis mxridan, colisadmi erTgulebis cneba saerTod ar arsebobda, xolo colis mxridan Ralati _ umkacresad isjeboda, babilonSi odnav gansxvavebuli wesebi damkvidrda, kerZod: qmris moRalate cols wyalSi agdebdnen, roca qmari uars ambobda mis patiebaze; Tumca, colis mudmivad moRalate qmris mimarTac iyo garkveuli SezRudvebi _ Sercxvenili coli tovebda qmris saxls da mziTvianad brundeboda mamis saxlSi. am uflebas coli maSinac iZenda, roca qmari Tems miatovebda an cilismwameblur gancxadebas akeTebda colis mimarT. gamarTlebuli iyo colis mier qmris mitoveba da sxva mamakacTan wasvla imis gamo, rom qmarma is saarsebo saSualebebis gareSe datova. yofili qmris dabrunebis Semdeg, coli valdebuli iyo mas dabruneboda, xolo bavSvebi sakuTar mamebTan rCebodnen (xk-i 135 muxli). Zv. mesopotamiaSi qorwineba ar iTvleboda `wminda da xelSeuxeblad~. ur-namus kanonebis Tanaxmad, kacs SeeZlo colis mitoveba da is mas 1 mina vercxls uxdida, Tu es ukanaskneli qorwinebamde qalwuli, da naxevar minas, Tu manamde _ sxva qorwinebaSi namyofi iyo. asureTSi qmars colis mitoveba yovelgvari gamosasyidis gadaxdis gareSec SeeZlo. xk-i mixedviT ki, colis mitoveba qmars garkveuli garemoebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo, kerZod: qmars ar SeeZlo keTrovani colis mitoveba (142 m.); mas SeeZlo uSvilo colis mitoveba, Tumca _ gamosasyidis gadaxdisa da mziTevis ukan dabrunebis pirobiT (138 m.); magram qmari saxlSi ver moiyvanda mxevals, Tu coli TviTon ar miscemda qmars mona-qals, romelic maT Svilebs gauCenda. am SemTxvevaSi mona-qali iyo mxolod Svilebis mSobeli da ara maTi deda da ojaxis diasaxlisi (xk-i,146 m). mxolod mflangveli da qmris Semarcxveneli colis mitovebis ufleba hqonda mamakacs yovelgvari gamosasyidis gadaxdis gareSe, an mas SeeZlo aseTi coli mona-qalad daetovebina sakuTar saxlSi (xk-i, 141). xk-i mixedviT, garigebis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli forma iyo Sviladayvana, romelic xorcieldeboda ori, mkacrad gansazRvruli, samarTlebrivi formiT: 1)Svilad ayvanils memkvidred niSnavdnen; 2) Svilad ayvanili memkvidred ar cxaddeboda. orive gansxvavebuli formis safuZvelSi ido Sviladayvanis gansxvavebuli miznebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi mizani iyo uSvilo ojaxis gvaris gagrZeleba, meoreSi _ muSa xelis SeZena. Sesabamisad, Sviladayvanis pirvel formas axorcielebda mxolod Tavisufali mamakaci im Tavisufali bavSvebis mimarT, romlebic Sves Tavisufalma mSoblebma. pirveli formiT Sviladayvanili piri yvelanair kavSirs wyvetda genetikur ojaxTan, maT Soris _ memkvidreobis uflebas. memkvidreobis uflebis gareSe, Sviladayvanil pirs SeeZlo sakuTar ojaxSi dabruneba da mas mSvileblis qonebidan samemkvidreo wilic ergeboda, Tu man mSvileblis ojaxSi nayofierad iSroma (xk-i, 189). RviZli Svilebis samemkvidreo uflebebze saubrisas, unda aRiniSnos, rom, tradiciulad, samkvidro masidan Tanabar wils mxolod mamkvidreblis vaJiSvilebi iRebdnen. Sak-is Ta-naxmad, ufross vaJs TviTon SeeZlo samkvidro wilis arCeva; `saxlis, mindvris, baRebis, monebisa da pirutyvis~ gayofis dros, qaliSvilebi mamis qonebidan mxolod mziTevs iRebdnen. Zvel babilonSi Zalzed garTulebuli iyo vaJiSvilisaTvis memkvidreobis CamorTmevis procedura. mamas ar SeeZlo vaJiSvilisaTvis memkvidreobis uflebis CamorTmeva maSinac ki, Tu Svili mas mZimed Seuracxyofda (xk-i, 169). mamis ojaxidan mziTevis gareSe darCenili qaliSvili, mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis Semdeg, ZmebTan erTad iRebs samkvidro wils (xk-i, 189). xk-i Tanaxmad, qmris memkvidred cxaddeboda cocxlad darCenili meuRle, Tu mas qmarma, sicocxleSi, saCuqrad ar gadasca garkveuli qoneba. Zvel babilonSi anderZiT memkvidreobis nairsaxeobad iTvleboda Cuqeba. saCuqari iyo is qoneba, romelic, mziTevis saxiT, qaliSvilisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, an _ vaJiSvilisaTvis gadacemuli qonebis nawili, romliTac mas saqorwino gamosasyidi unda gadaexada, an disTvis misacemi mziTevi Seeqmna; an colisaTvis micemuli qonebis is nawili, romelic, qmris gardacvalebis Semdeg, mas nebismieri SvilisaTvis unda gadaeca. saojaxo da memkvidreobiT urTierTobebs _ `colisa da qmris mudmiv dharmebs~ _ eZRvneba Sastrebis rigi Tavebisa, mk-is, ZiriTadad III, IX da arThaSastrasSi _ III wignis 3-7 Tavebi. `qmrisa da colis Sesaxeb dharmebis~ yvela moTxovna mowmobs, Zvelindur sazogadoebaSi, qalis damcirebul mdgomareobaze, rom aq jer kidev xeluxleblad SenarCunda didi patriar-qaluri (ganuyofeli) saojaxo klanebi, romelTa meTaurebi SeuzRudav Zalauflebas flobdnen, sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis mimarT. saojaxo urTierTobebis sferoSi yvelaze naTlad gamovlinda sociokulturuli tradiciebis, CveulebiTi samarTlis normebis gavlena, razedac mowmobs miTiTeba qorwinebis rva sxvadasxvagvar formaze. qorwinebis aRniSnuli formebi gavrcelebuli iyo Zvel indoeTSi da aucileblad povebda asaxvas Zvelindur

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SastrebSi. qorwinebis pirveli oTxi forma brahmanebis mier iyo aRiarebuli da waxalisebuli. es formebi, ZiriTadad, mamis mier sakuTari qaliSvilis gaTxovebaSi mdgomareobda da garkveuli mziTevis micemas gulisxmobda. qorwinebis aRniSnuli formebi iyo: 1) brahma (mk-i, III, 27); 2) daiva; 3) arSa; 4) prajapatia. brahmanebis mier aRiarebuli da waxalisebuli qorwinebis formebs upirispirdeboda qorwinebis 4 gansxvavebuli forma: 1) asura _ sapatarZlos yidva, romelic Tumca aRiarebuli iyo, mainc idevneboda iseve, rogorc, ded-mamis Tanxmobis gareSe, siyvaruliT dadebuli qorwineba; 2) pandharva, sapatarZlos motacebis Sedegad dadebuli qorwineba; 3) raqSasa da iZulebiTi qorwineba, Zaladobis gamoyenebiT; 4) paiSaCa. bolo oTxi forma, faqtiurad, sapatarZlos yidvas, anu ojaxSi damatebiTi muSa-xelis Semoyvanas gulisxmobda. swored amitom iyo, rom Sastrebi qorwinebis pirvel oTx formas brahmanebsa da qSatriebs uwesebdnen, xolo vaiSiebisa da SudrebisaTvis dadgenili iyo, sapatarZlos gamosyidviT dadebuli saqorwino kavSiri. sapatarZlos motacebiT dadebuli qorwineba (romelic, saboloo jamSi gamosasyidis gadaxdiT mTavrdeboda) pirvelyofili sazogadoebis kidev erTi gadmonaSTi iyo da is pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeboda qorwinebis sxva formebs. ojaxSi qalis mTavari daniSnuleba iyo Svilebis gaCena da maTi aRzrda. Tanac, Svilebs Soris upiratesoba vaJiSvilebs eniWebodaT, romlebsac gardacvlili winaprebisaTvis sulis mosaxseniebeli ritualebis Catareba evaleboda. STamomavloba da pirutyvi iyo simdidris ZiriTadi nairsaxeoba. aqedan gamomdinare, bavSvis kanonier mamad misi dedis qmari iTvleboda, miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara es mamakaci bavSvis biologiuri mama. aseT viTarebaSi qali (coli) Sinaur pirutyvsa da mona-qals (mxevals) uTanabrdeboda, romelTa STamomavlobac mepatronis kuTvnileba iyo (mk-i, IX, 52-55). miuxedavad codvad aRiarebisa, daiSveboda colisa da Svilebis gayidva (mk-i, XI, 69). vaJiSvilebis gayidva, Cveulebriv, ar iwvevda maT monad qcevas. gaCuqebuli da monad gayiduli vaJiSvilebi (ukiduresi siRatakis gamo) axal ojaxebSi pirdapiri naTesavebis uflebebs iZendnen. coli iyo aramxolod qmris kuTvnileba, misi pirovnebis (sxeulis) nawilic. amitom gayiduli colic ar Tavisufldeboda sakuTari qmris xelisuflebidan (mk-i, IX, 46) da, Zveli indusebis warmodgeniT, qmari gardacvalebis Semdegac inarCunebda maszed sakuTar uflebebs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunebuli, tradiciuli debulebebi ukrZalavda qvriv qalebs xelmeored gaTxovebasa (mk-i, IX, 64) da maTi TviTdawvis Cveulebas awesrigebda, qmris dakrZalvis dros (`sati~). uSvilod gardacvlili qmris cols naTesavebi avaldebulebdnen bavSvis gaCenas mazlis an sxva axlobeli mamakacisagan (mk-i, IX, 57-65); Tumca, CveulebiTi samarTlis es arqauli norma mxolod dasaSvebi da ara waxalisebuli iyo, radgan mas mk-i `pirutyvisaTvis damaxasiaTebel~ movlenad miiCnevda (mk-i, IX 66). mk-i arc mamakacis mravalcolianobas uwyobda xels. Tumca, qmars SeeZlo saxlSi sxva colis moyvana, Tu pirveli coli ar gamoirCeoda keTil-gonierebiT, siqveliT, alkohols etaneboda an iyo mflangveli da boroti zraxvebisa (mk-i, IX, 80). colis mTavari movaleoba iyo qmris pativiscema da morCileba. `Tu coli ar Sobs bavSvebs, sxva colis moyvana qorwinebis merve wels daiSveba, Tu mkvdar bavSvebs Sobs, _ meaTe wels, Tu mxolod qaliSvilebs Sobs _ meTerTmete wels, xolo Tu uxeSad saubrobs _ dauyovnebliv~ (mk-i, IX, 81). uzneo qalebis mimarT dadgenili sajarimo sanqcia SeiZleboda Secvliliyo sajaro garozgviT, savaWro moedanze da am sasjels kidev ufro amZimebda is garemoeba, rom qalis garozgva Candalas (xelmiukarebels) evaleboda (arTh., III, 3 (27-28). mk-i, qorwinebis namdvilobis pirobebis gansazRvrisas, ara Tu krZalavda, aramed xelmSemwyob garemoebad miiCneva arasrulwlovanTa qorwinebas (mk-i, IX, 88); Tumca, arThaSastra (III, 3(1) adgenda qalisa da mamakacis saqorwino srulwlovanebis asaks _ 12 da 16 weli, Sesabamisad. sasurveli ar iyo, Tumca daiSveboda varnebs Soris qorwineba, Tu qmari ufro maRali varnis warmomadgeneli iyo, vidre coli (`anuloma~ qorwineba) da umkacresad ikrZaleboda maRali varnis warmomdgeneli qalis, dabali varnis warmomadgenel mamakcze gaTxoveba (`pratiloma~ qorwineba). induizmis principebis sruli dacviT, dharmaSastrebi krZalavdnen, xolo arThaSastra dasaSvebad miiCnevda qorwinebis Sewyvetas ganqorwinebis gziT, Tu: 1) meuRleebs sZuldaT erTmaneTi; 2) Tu meuRleebi sastikad epyrobodnen erTmaneTs (arTh., III, 3 (15-17). arTh., dharmaSastrebisagan gansxvavebiT, dasaSvebad miiCnevda qvrivi qalebis xelmeored qorwinebaSi Sesvlas. Sastrebi, Cveulebisamebr, qalebs saojaxo sakuTrebis memvkdreTa wridan gamoricxavdnen, iseve rogorc gandevnil, avadmyof, invalid, Wkuasust ojaxis wevrebs. agreTve, dadgenili iyo, sxvadasxva varnis warmomadgeneli qalebis mier, Sobili bavSvebis gansxvavebuli samemkvidreo uflebebi. kerZod, Sudra qalisa da orjerdabadebuli mamakacis qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvi ar iRebda memkvidreobas da mas mxolod mamis mier boZebuli mcire

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qoneba ergeboda (mk-i, IX, 155). unda aRiniSnos, rom gardacvlili Sudras qonebis memkvidreobis wesi naklebad mkacri iyo da, Tu is sicocxleSi, Svilad aRiarebda mxevalTan Sobil bavSvs, es ukanaskneli misi memkvidre gaxdeboda (mk-i, IX, 179). memkvidreobas moklebuli pirebi, mxolod sakuTari naTesavebis (memkvidreebis) mowyalebis amara rCebodnen. xolo qalis gansakuTrebuli sakuTreba _ stridhana, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, yvela mis Svils, maT Soris, qali-Svilebsac, memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. Zvel CineTSi ojaxi atarebda patriarqalur xasiaTs. did saojaxo kavSirebs axasiaTebdaT simtkice. didi ojaxis saTaveSi, romelic sameurneo erTeulic iyo, ojaxis uxucesi mamakaci idga, romelsac ojaxis yvela daarCeni wevri emorCileboda: colebi da mxevlebi, vaJiSvilebi da SviliSvilebi, maTi colebi da Svilebi, monebi da mosamsaxureebi. ojaxis ufrosi gamodioda ojaxis mbrZaneblisa da qonebis mepatronis rolSi. `mamis~ cneba ieroglifi _ `fu~-Ti aRiniSneboda, rac maTraxian xels niSnavda, _ ojaxis daumorCilebeli wevris dasjis simbolo. miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, Sesustda didi saojaxo kavSirebi, rasac kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli legistebis politikam. didi saojaxo kavSirebis, saojaxo klanebis separatizmis winaaRmdeg brZolam, ganapiroba qr.S-mde 356-350 ww., didi ojaxebis iZulebiTi daSlis procesi, riTac xeli Seewyo Zlieri centralizebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Seqmnas. es movlena San-ianis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca, didi patriarqaluri ojaxis arseboba da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mkacri wesebi (socialur-ekonomikuri ujredi) momdevno saukuneebSic SenarCunda. saojaxo samarTlis safuZvelSi ido konfucianelTa warmodgenebi ojaxis _ pirveladi socialuri ujredis Sesaxeb, romelic bunebiTi kanonebis safuZvelze funqcionirebda, socialuri wesrigis zogadi sistemis SigniT. qorwinebis upirvelesi daniSnuleba iyo ojaxis fizikuri da sulieri gamravleba da ganmtkiceba, rac nayofieri Sobadobis (umTavresad mamakacebis) Sedegad miiRweoda. STamomavlobis aryolas, konfucianeloba, vaJiSvilebis mxridan, mSobelTa upativcemulobis yvelaze mZime nairsaxeobad miiCnevda. qorwinebis namdvilobisaTvis ramdenime piroba iyo dadgenili, kerZod: 1) qorwinebas sasiZosa da sapatarZlos ojaxebi, an TviT sasiZo da sapatarZlos ojaxi debdnen, rac kerZo SeTanxmebiT iyo ganmtkicebuli, romlis darRveva aramxolod garkveuli materialuri zaralis anazRaurebas, aramed ojaxis uxucesebis, sisxlis samarTlis wesiT, dasjas iwvevda; 2) tradiciuli warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom qorwineba _ aramxolod cocxlebs Soris, aramed gardacvlilTa Soris iseTi SeTanxmebaa, romelSic es Zalebi Zalzed dainteresebulni arian, radgan colis SeZena da misi nayofiereba mTavari monapovaria (maSasadame, savaldebuloa niSnobis Sesabamisi ritualis mowyoba, romlis dros sasiZos ojaxs sapatarZlosaTvis garkveuli saCuqrebi unda mierTmia (fuli, samkaulebi, pirutyvi) da winaparTa taZarSi sazeimo paraklisic gadaexada); 3) Tu Sanis-inis droindel, Zvel CineTSi qorwineba naTesavebs Sorisac daiSveboda, momdevno periodSi qorwineba aramxolod naTesavebs Soris, aramed mogvareebs Sorisac aikrZala, raTa uneblied ar momxdariyo monaTesave ojaxebis erTmaneTSi Sereva. Zvel Cinur sazogadoebaSi saojaxo sagvareuloebis simcirem ganapiroba am mkacri wesidan gamonaklisis daSveba _ `damatebiTi meorexarisxovani colebis~ yidvis dros (liZis I wigni); 4) liZis V wignSi ganmtkicda saqorwino asakis Taviseburi zeda da qveda zRvari: mamakacebisaTvis _ 16-dan 30 wlamde; qalisaTvis _ 14-dan 20 wlamde, rac winaparTa risxvisa da moTminebis sazRvris, Tavisebur dafiqsirebad, miiCneoda uRirsi da umaduri STamomavlobis mimarT. aRniSnuli asakobrivi cenzebis dacva Zvelad TviT saxelmwifos evaleboda, romelic mkacrad sjida maT damrRvevT. am mizniT, specialuri moxele adgenda, zeda saqorwino asaks miRweuli, mamakacebisa da qalebis sias da meTvalyureobda, raTa 30 wels miRweul mamakacs aucileblad eqorwina mxolod 20 wlis asakis qalze; 5) dadgenili socialuri wesrigis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri principi iyo monogamia: `erTi qmari _ erTi coli~, Tumca, is Taviseburad sruldeboda da mkacr erTgulebas, qmris mimarT, mxolod colisagan moiTxovda. qmars didi raodenobiT `damatebiTi~ (meorexarisxovani) colebisa da mxevali qalebis yolis ufleba hqonda (gansakuTrebiT colis unayofobis dros). maTi ricxvi mamakacis socialur mdgomareobaze iyo damokidebuli; 6) qorwinebis damabrkolebel garemoebad qmrisa da misi naTesavebis glovis vadebic miiCneoda. agreTve, danaSaulisaTvis dasjil pirTan qorwinebaSi Sesvla; 7) ikrZaleboda wodebaTaSorisi qorwineba, rac sisxlis samarTlis wesiT isjeboda, gansakuTrebiT, Tavisufal adamiansa da monas Soris qorwineba, rac qurdobis danaSaulad

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kvalificirdeboda. tradiciuli Cinuri samarTali, sxva ZvelaRmosavluri samarTlebrivi sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT, ara Tu nebas rTavda, sasurveladac ki miiCnevda, ganqorwinebis gziT, qorwinebis Sewyvetas da sisxlis samarTlis wesiT sjida meuRleebs, Tu isini ar ganqorwindebodnen `meuRlis movaleobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi~. am qmedebaSi igulisxmeboda zianis miyeneba SeuracxyofiT, cema-gvemiT, dasaxiCrebiT _ meuRlis an misi naTesavebis mimarT. ganqorwinebis moTxovna aramxolod meuRleebs, aramed maT naTesavebsac SeeZloT. qals TiTqmis ar SeeZlo ganqorwinebis moTxovnisadmi SewinaaRmdegeba. Zveli wesis Tanaxmad, coli qmris gverdiT rCeboda `miwier da imqveyniur samyaroSi~ (liZi, XI wini): is meored ver gaTxovdeboda. Tumca, usafuZvlo ganqorwinebis mosurne qmaric katorRuli samuSaoebis SesrulebiT isjeboda; qmari ver ganqorwindeboda colTan, Tu es ukanaskneli mis mSoblebs glovobda. qmris pasuxismgebloba colis namoqmedarze imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is misi Tavmdebi iyo, colis mier Cadenili yvela samarTaldarRvevis gamo, mZime danaSaulis garda. Zvelad mamas SeeZlo sakuTari Svilebis gayidva. es wesi mxolod ufros vaJiSvilze ar vrceldeboda, radgan is, sxva SvilebTan SedarebiT, upiratesobiT sargeblobda. vaJiSvilis, SviliSvilis, rZlis cemiT mkvleli mama, deda, papa da mamis mxridan bebia dausjelni rCebodnen da es wesi XIX saukunemde SenarCunda. isjebodnen vaJiSvilebi da SviliSvilebi, romlebsac surdaT didi ojaxidan gamoyofa da saojaxo qonebis nawilis miTviseba. ojaxSi dadgenili naTesauri urTierTobebi da ojaxis wevrTa ufros-umcrosobis statusi ganapirobebda sasjelis simZimes rogorc `saojaxo~, ise sxvagvari danaSaulis gamo.

3) sisxlis samarTlis institutebis evolucia, Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTlis mixedviT

I. danaSauli

Zveli mesopotamiis samarTlebrivi azri ver ganviTarda im donemde, roca kanonmdeblobaSi Sesalebeli iqneboda sisxlis samarTlis zogadi principebis, abstraqtulad Camoyalibebuli im normebis ganmtkiceba, romlebic exeboda bralis formebis, pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli, Semamsubuqebeli, gamomricxavi garemoebebis, Tanamonawileobis, danaSaulis mcdelobis cnebebs. Tumca, aRniSnuli cnebebis Sesaxeb garkveuli miTiTeba mainc gvxvdeba xk-Si, kerZod, ganzrax da gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSauls Soris gansxvavebebis Secnoba (xk-i, 206, 207 mm.), Tanamonawileoba (damxmare da wamqezebli), danaSaulis ganucxadebloba an dafarva, pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli garemoebebi da sxva. magaliTad, CxubSi miyenebuli dazianeba, romelmac Tavisufali adamianis sikvdili gamoiwvia, jarimis dakisrebiT isjeboda, romlis moculoba imis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda, Tu vin iyo dazianebuli: avilumi, Tu muSqenumi. aRniSnuli norma gamonaklisad iqca CveulebiTi samarTlis zogadi wesidan. Aadamianis ganzraxi an gaufrTxileblobiT mkvleloba damnaSaves an misi naTesavis sikvdiliT dasjas iwvevda. CxubSi gaufrTxileblobiT miyenebuli dazianeba, xm-is mixedviT, Tavisufal adamians sasjelisgan aTavisuflebda. gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT _ dauyovnebliv koconze dawva _ isjeboda, xanZris dros Cadenili, qurdoba (kvalificiuri qurdoba) (xk-i, 25 m.), qalis Tanamonawileoba sakuTari qmris mkvlelobis danaSaulSi (xk-i, 153 m.). amasTanave, Zveli mesopotamiis samarTlis wyaroebi imazec mowmoben, rom aRniSnul civilizaciebSi jer kidev aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda pirvelyofili sazogadoebis arqauli normebi, kerZod: TviTgasworeba, koleqtiuri saTemo pasuxismgebloba, obieqturi Seracxva. Sak-is mixedviT, colis mimarT `marTlmsajuleba~ misi qmris kompetenciaSi Sedioda, romelic wyvetda colis dasjis an patiebis sakiTxs. Qqmars SeeZlo colis gamo, sakuTar Tavze aeRo pasuxismgebloba, am ukanasknelis mier qurdobis danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi. Mmasve SeeZlo colis gamosyidva, naqurdalis ukan dabrunebis gziT, Tumca _ qals yurebs kveTdnen. qurd qals, romelzec qmari uars ityoda, cxviris mokveTa emuqreboda da naqurdalis mesakuTres SeeZlo `misi wayvana~. Tu coli sakuTar qmars gaqurdavda, mas qmari aseve yurebis mokveTiT sjida (Sak-i, 3, III). xk-is (129 g.) mixedviT, qmris moRalate coli wyalSi gadagdebiT isjeboda, Tu mas qmari danaSauls ar apatiebda. 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Temis teritoriaze Cadenili Zarcvis gamo, `roca mZarcveli ar iqneboda dakavebuli~, dazaralebuls miyenebul zians mTeli Temi da misi meTauri _ `rabianumi~ unazRaurebda. Zveli mesopotamiuri kanonmdeblobis saerTo niSani iyo gansakuTrebuli sisastike, riTac ufro Sak-i gamoirCeoda. danaSaulis udidesi raodenoba sikvdiliT dasjas gulisxmobda (xk-is mixedviT, 30 danaSauli), romlis dros talionis principis gamoyenebas hqonda adgili ara mxolod ganzraxi danaSaulis, aramed gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulis dros. rodesac danaSaulis saxeebze vsaubrobT, xk-Si ganmtkicebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis sistematizirebas unda vecadoT da erTmaneTisgan gavmijnoT danaSaulis Semdegi saxeebis

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jgufebi: 1) pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis jgufi; 2) sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis jgufi; 3) ojaxis simtkicisa da ojaxuri cxovrebis siwmindis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis jgufi. pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis jgufSi Sediodnen: ganzrax da gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili mkvleloba (colis mier qmris mkvleloba, eqimis mier warumateblad Catarebuli operacia, romelmac avadmyofis sikvdili gamoiwvia, kreditoris saxlSi movalis SimSiliT sikvdilis piramde miyvana), sxeulis dazianeba (asoTmoReba), sityviTa da moqmedebiT Seuracxyofis miyeneba, cru braldeba, ciliswameba. danaSaulis meore jgufs sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli warmoadgenda. mkacrad isjebodnen qurdebi da kerZo pirebisgan, danaSaulebrivi gziT, mopovebuli nivTebis SemZenni. Tumca, gansakuTrebiT mkacrad isjeboda sasaxlisa da taZris qonebis xelmyofi piri. zogadi wesidan gamonaklisis saxiT, xk-is 6 muxlSi, abstraqtul formaSi Camoyalibebuli iyo sasaxlisa da taZris sakuTrebis xelyofis mcdelobis danaSaulis Semadgenloba. qurdobisa da Zarcvis garda, qonebrivi danaSaulis jgufs miekuTvneboda: monisaTvis monobis damRis moSla (xk-i, 226-227 mm.), Tamqaris an mevaxSis TaRliToba, movalis mimarT (xk-i, 90-95, 108), sxvisi qonebis mospoba da dazianeba, pirutyvis mier naTesebis waxdeba (xk-i, 57 m.) da sxva. danaSaulis mesame jgufSi saojaxo cxovrebis siwmindis da ojaxis simtkicis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli Sedioda: sisxlis aRreva, mruSoba, siZva (xk-i, 129, 133, 143), gaupatiureba (xk-i, 130), axalSobili bavSvis motaceba da Secvla (xk-i, 14, 194), colis mier qmris marTlsawinaaRmdego da TviTneburi mitoveba, gaqceuli qalis dafarva, qmriani qalis motaceba. danaSaulis aRniSnuli jgufis gamo sasjelis Sefardebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda aramxolod damnaSavesa da dazaralebulis socialuri mdgomareoba, aramed maTi sqesi da saojaxo statusi. Sak-is mixedviT, SedarebiT msubuqad isjeboda piri, romelic gasaTxovar qals gaaupatiurebda (Sak-i, 55-56, III). Zvelmesopotamiuri samarTlis wyaroebi sasjelis Semdeg saxeebs asaxelebendnen: 1) sikvdiliT dasja xdeboda koconze dawvis, wyalSi daxrCobis, sarze Camocmis formiT; 2) xSirad iyenebdnen sxeulis damazianebel sasjels (asoTmoRebas): xelis mokveTa, TiTebis, yuris, enis mokveTa, maT Soris talionis principiT (Tvali Tavlisa wil, kbili kbilisa wil, xeli xelisa wil, gantexa gantexisa wil), Tu dazaralebuli da damnaSave pirebi socialuri mdgomareobiT Tanasworni iyvnen; 3) sasjelis aRniSnuli saxeebs gverdiT gvxvdeba: monadqceva, Temidan da ojaxidan gandevna (gaZeveba, mokveTa), jarima (kompozicia _ sisxlis fasis dadgena, sisxlis daurveba), iZulebiT samuSaoze ganmweseba (katorRa), daSanTva, joxiT cema (gvema); 4) jarima, datacebuli qonebis Rirebulebebis mravalgzisi anazRaurebis saxiT, sikvdiliT dasjas utoldeboda. winaswari SecnobiT, dakisrebuli jarimis gadaxdis SeuZlebloba (mag., sasaxlidan an taZridan gatacebuli xomaldis, kameCis Rirebulebis 30-magi jarima), damnaSavis gardauval sikvdils gulisxmobda. jarimis odenobis (iseve, rogorc asoTmoRebiTi sasjelis simZime) mTlianad iyo damokidebuli damnaSavisa da dazaralebulis socialur mdgomareobaze. Zv. indoeTSi samarTlis mWidro kavSirma religiasa da zneobasTan, ganapiroba Zvelinduri samarTlis mTavari maxasiaTebeli niSani, romelic imaSi mdgomareobda, rom danaSauli da codva erTmaneTisagan jer kidev ar iyo mkveTrad gamijnuli. danaSaulisa da codvis diferencirebis safuZvelSi, mk-is mixedviT, ara TviT samarTaldarRvevis, aramed samarTal-darRvevisaTvis Sefardebuli sasjelis xasiaTi ido. erT SemTxvevaSi _ danaSaulisaTvis jarima da sxeulebrivi sasjeli iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, meorisaTvis _ codvis gamosyidva. kerZod, mk-Si udides codvad iseTi qmedeba miiCneoda, romelic braleulis ritualur uwmindurobasa da umZimesi gamosyidvis aucileblobas iwvevda, magaliTad, brahmanis mkvle-loba, loToba, qurdoba, gurus (maswavleblis) colTan mruSoba. agreTve aseTi codvis Camden pirTan urTierToba (mk-i, XI, 55). sxva TavSi aseTive qmedeba (mk-i, IX, 235) deliqti-danaSaulis kategoriisadmi aris mikuTvnebuli, romlis Sedegad, sasjelis saxiT, dadgenilia sakuTrebis CamorTmeva da qveynidan gaZeveba (atimia). aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom iseTi umZimesi codva, rogoric iyo did codvilTan urTierToba, danaSaulad ar miiCneoda. zogadad aRsaniSnavia, rom Zveli samyaros samarTalSi danaSaulis cnebaze saubari mxolod pirobiTad Tu SeiZleba, vinaidan am periodSi saerTod ar arsebobda kerZo samarTaldarRvevis _ deliqtisa da danaSaulis mkveTri gamijvna. konkretuli danaSaulis ganxilvisas, Sastrebi zogadi cnebebidan, principebidan amodian: aRiareben bralis formebs (ganzraxvasa da gaufrTxileblobas), aucilebel mogeriebas, recidivs, Tanamonawileobas, pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel da damamZimebel garemoebebsa da sxva. pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxav garemoebad miiCneoda: saxlSi sxva qalis yofna, Tu saxlis mepatronem ar icoda amis Sesaxeb an qali saxlSi, saxlis mepatronis nebis sawinaaR-

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mdegod imyofeboda (arTh., III, 4 (8); mkvleli Tavisufldeboda pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu mkvlelobas Tavdacvis, msxverplad Sewiruli saCuqrebis dacvis, qalisa da brahmanis dacvis mizniT Caidenda (aucilebeli mogerieba, mk-i, VII, 349). Tanac, am dros mniSvneloba ar hqonda msxverplis mdgomareobas, anu bavSvi, guru, Rrmad moxuci an, Tundac, vedebSi Rrmad ganswavluli, brahmani yofiliyo mokluli. pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad miiCneoda sityvieri an fizikuri SeuracxyofiT Cadenili danaSauli, ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenili qmedeba da damnaSaves mdgomareoba (nasvami an gonebawaxdenili) (arTh., III, 18(10); 17(14). Semamsubuqebel garemoebad zogjer is faqti miiCneoda, rom damnaSave ara sakuTari nebiT, aramed sxva piris pirdapiri miTiTebiT moqmedebda (visganac damokidebuli iyo). aseT SemTxvevaSi maszed dakisrebuli jarima orjer naklebi iyo, vidre wamqezeblisaTvis dakis-rebuli gadasaxadi. Semamsubuqebel garemoebad iTvleboda damnaSavesaTvis Tavsdatexili ubedureba. pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebad miiCneoda: danaSaulis jgufuri xasiaTi (arTh., III, 19(16); recidivi. sasjelis Sefardebisas, rogorc zogadad ZvelaRmosavlur samarTalSi, Zvelinduri samarTali iTvaliswinebda damnaSavesa da dazaralebulis pirad statuss, maT sqess, asaks, varnul kuTvnilebasa da maT Soris naTesauri kavSiris arsebobas. rogorc wesi, ufro maRali varnuli statusi umsubuqebda damnaSaves pasuxismgeblobas, xolo dazara-lebulis ufro maRali varnuli statusi amZimebda mas, garda qurdobis danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevisa, roca sapirispiro principi moqmedebda. mk-is mixedviT, am SemTxvevaSi brahmani ufro didi jarimis dakisrebiT isjeboda, vidre Sudra. gansakuTrebiT isjeboda mefisa da taZris interesebis xelyofa. ZvelaRmosavlur samarTals kidev erTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebda, kerZod, samarTlis wyaroebSi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba, e.w. saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis Tundac met-naklebad srulyofili CamonaTvali. miuxedavad amisa, ZvelaRmosavlurma samarTalma mainc icoda danaSaulis aRniSnuli saxe, kerZod, Zvelinduri narada iTvaliswinebda mZime sasjelis Sefardebas, `mtruli~ ganzraxviT, iaraRis ukanono tarebisaTvis; arTh. (III, 18(12) gansazRvravda yvelaze did jarimas sakuTari qveynisa an soflis SeuracxyofisaTvis. wyaroebSi gamoyofilia iseTi saxis samarTaldarRveva, rogoric iyo RvTisgmoba da Tanamdebobrivi danaSauli. danaSaulis pirvel saxes miekuTvneboda: RmerTebisa da wminda adgilebis SebRalva (arTh., III, 18(12), wminda wyalsatevis dagiraveba (arTh., III, 10(12)), meore saxes _ mefis mosamsaxureTa meqrTameoba, maT Soris mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba, cru brZanebebis Sedgena da gacema (mk-i, IX, 231-232). normebis udidesi nawili `Zaladobis~ cnebis qveS gaerTianebul danaSaulis jgufSi Sedis, rac, faqtiurad, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSauls gulisxmobda. aRniSnuli saxis danaSaulSi Sediodnen: 1) mkvleloba, romelic damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasjas iTvaliswinebda; yvelaze mZime danaSaulad brahmanis mkvleloba iTvleboda, xolo TviTon brahmani ar isjeboda sikvdiliT, mkvlelobis Cadenis SemTxvevaSic ki. aseTi danaSaulisaTvis is qveynidan gaZevebiT isjeboda. 2) sxeulis dazianeba SastrebSi ganixileboda qmedebiT miyenebuli Seuracxyofis konteqstSi da, maT Soris, arThaSastra gamohyofda: mikarebas, xelis moqnevas, dartymas (arTh., III, 19(1). aseTi danaSaulisaTvis Sefardebuli jarimis odenoba varirebda damdgari Sedegis mixedviT: gamoiwvia, Tu ara cemam sisxlis Rvra an `TiTqmis sikvdili~; motexili iyo Tu ara xeli, fexi; amogdebuli iyo Tu ara kbili, mokveTili iyo Tu ara yurebi, cxviri, dakarga Tu ara dazaralebulma gadaadgilebis, saubris, sakvebis miRebis unari. am SemTxvevaSi, jarimis gadaxdis garda, damnaSaves saeqimo xarjebis gadaxdac evaleboda, dazaralebulis sasar-geblod (arTh., II 19(12). jgufuri cema-gvema, TiToeuli damnaSavesaTvis, jarimis gaormagebuli odenobis Sefardebas gulisxmobda. arThaSastra, sityvieri Seuracxyofis danaSauls, miakuTvnebda `lanZRvas, damcirebasa da muqaras~, Tanac mxedvelobaSi miiReboda Seuracxmyofeli sityvebis faruli da Ria mniSvneloba da is, Tu ramdenad Seesabameboda Seuracxyofa sinamdviles. SastrebSi, adamianis sicocxlis gverdiT, dacul sikeTed adamianis Rirseba miiCneoda, romlis xelyofac, aseve piris varnul-wodebrivi kuTvnilebis mixedviT isjeboda. Tu Tanabari socialuri statusis mqone pirebi, erTmaneTs sityviT an moqmedebiT Seuracx-yofdnen, damnaSave mxare, Cveulebriv, jarimis dakisrebiT isjeboda. aseve xdeboda maSin, Tu damnaSave mxare ufro maRali varnuli statusis mqone piri iyo (mk-i, VIII, 276, 268). xolo, Tu Seuracxmyofeli qmedeba Cadenili iyo Sudras mier, orjer dabadebulTa kastis warmomadgenlis mimarT, mas mZime sxeulebrivi sasjeli emuqreboda _ enis, tuCebis, xelebis, fexebis mokveTa, kastracia (mk-i, VIII, 270-280). SastrebSi miTiTebul, erT-erTi uZveles da umZimes, codvad da danaSaulad mruSoba iTvleboda. mk-Si, mruSobis Sesaxeb, normebi mkvlelobis danaSaulis Semdeg modian.

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mruSobaSi braldebuli pirebi sikvdiliT isjebodnen. SastrebSi am danaSauls Zalzed farTo ganmarteba aqvs: sxvis colTan saidumlo saubari, masTan arSiyi, mis tansacmelTan mikareba da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu qmari cols mruSobas aiZulebda, qali ar isjeboda (mk-i, VIII, 362; narada, I, 183). Sastrebi erTmaneTisgan ar ganasxvavebdnen mruSobasa da gaupatiurebas (qaliSvilisaTvis pativis axda, misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod) (mk-i, VIII, 364). am danaSaulisaTvis sxeulebrivi sasjelis Sefardeba iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu damnaSave da dazaralebuli gansxvavebuli socialuri statusis mqoneni iyvnen. xolo statusiT Tanaswori piri mxolod didi jarimis gadaxdiT kmayofildeboda. umaRlesi varnis warmomadgenel qalTan mruSobaSi mxilebuli Sudra kastraciiT isjeboda. 3) SastrebSi didi adgili eTmoba qonebriv danaSauls _ qurdoba, Zarcva, romlebic pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul, ciliswamebisa da mruSobis danaSaulTan gaTanabrebul qmedebad miiCneoda, radgan qoneba, Zveli indusis marTlSegnebaSi, pirovnebis gagrZeleba, masTan uwyvet kavSirSi myofi sikeTe iyo. qonebriv aspeqtSi ganixileboda, mag., qalisa da colis mdgomareoba. swored amis gamo gvxvdeba dharmaSastrebSi xSiri asociaciebi mruSobasa da sanaxebis waxdenis danaSaulTan (qali mindvris, xolo mamakaci _ marcvleulis gansaxiereba iyo _ mk-i IX, 32-33). aRsaniSnavia, rom iajnavalkia umZimes danaSaulad mkvlelobas da sxvisi qonebis ganadgurebas miiCnevda. am logikasTan srul SesabamisobaSi, `saero~ arThaSastra (wigni III, Tavi 19), erTi rubrikis _ `moqmedebiT Seuracxyofa~ qveS aTavsebs Semdegi Sinaarsis samarTlis normebs: sityviTa da moqmedebiT Seuracxyofas, sxeulebrivi zianis miyenebas, mkvlelobas, qurdobas, sxvisi nivTis dazianebas, sxvisi pirutyvis dasaxiCrebasa da cemas. Tumca, SastrebSi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad aris gamijnuli Zarcva, anu iZulebiTi moqmedebiT nivTis miTviseba, mesakuTris TandaswrebiT da qurdoba _ nivTis miTviseba mesakuTris aryofnis dros an mis Cumad, rac Sesanaxad miRebuli sxvisi nivTis dafarvaSi an am faqtis uaryofaSi mdgomareobda. danaSaulis dasaxelebuli saxeebis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sasjelis sxvadasxva saxe, romelTa sruli da amomwuravi CamonaTvali SastrebSi ar gvxvdeba. manus kanonebiT (VI-II, 310), mefes moeTxoveboda ukanonobis aRmofxvra sami xerxiT: 1) dapatimrebiT; 2) borkilebis dadebiT da 3) sxvadasxva saxis sxeulebrivi sasjelis gamoyenebiT. manus kanonebis sxva adgili (VIII, 129) asaxelebs: SeniSvnas, sayvedurs, jarimas, sxeulebriv sasjels, sikvdiliT dasjas. Tumca, masSi araferia naTqvami gamawbilebel sasjelze _ daSanTva, Tavis gadaparsva, qveynidan gaZeveba, kastidan da ojaxidan gandevna (mokveTa _ atimia), romlebsac xSirad iyenebdnen, razec mowmoben sxva Slokebi. mk-i ganasxvaveben martiv (Tavis mokveTa) da kvalificirebul (sarze Camocma, wyalSi daxrCoba) sikvdiliT dasjas (IX, 279), romelic, rig SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi jarimis gadaxdiT icvleboda, riTac, faqtiurad, dasaSvebi iyo mdidari da Raribi damnaSaves gansxvavebul, araTanabar mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba. brahmanebis mimarT sikvdiliT dasja ar gamoiyeneboda da masTan e.w. samoqalaqo sikvdili iyo gaTanabrebuli, rac danaSaulis da sasjelis sajarod gancxadebiT, daSanTviT, kastidan da qveynidan gaZevebiT xorcieldeboda. daSanTvas sxva kastis warmomadgenlebis mimarTac iyenebdnen, sxeulebrivi sasjelisa da fuladi jarimis sasjelis gverdiT (mk-i, IX, 236, 237). Zveli CineTis tradiciuli samarTali, ZiriTadad, sisxlis samarTlis saxiT viTardeboda, romlis normebi, TiTqosda, zedargobriv xasiaTs atarebdnen. am normebma asaxva poves saojaxo-saqorwino da kerZo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis sferoSic. swored es garemoeba gansazRvravda sisxlis samarTlis normebisa da institutebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aramxolod Zveli CineTis samarTlebrivi sistemis, aramed, tradiciuli konfucianelobasa da legizms Soris mimdinare davaSi im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra ufro ukeTesia mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebisTvis _ moraluri norma (li), Tu sasjeli (sin)? Zv. CineTSi danaSaulis cneba dakavSirebuli iyo adamianis danaSaulebrivi nebis gamovlenasTan. samarTaldamrRvevi ganixileboda `mdabal adamianad~, xolo misi `simdable~ imiT ganisazRvreboda, rom es adamiani gamodioda im mankieri, danaSaulebrivi nebis matareblad, romelsac, danaSaulis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, SeeZlo an mTeli samyaros dangreva, an wesrigis _ harmoniiis danergva im socialur jgufSi, romlis wevric iyo konkretuli adamiani. moraluri normebis upiratesobis aRiarebidan gamomdinareobda is faqti, rom braleulobis zoma da sasjelis simkacre ara qmedebis, aramed damnaSavis sulieri mdgomareobis xasiaTs unda Seesabamebodes, anu _ ara imdenad danaSaulebrivi qmedebis simZmes, ramdenadac danaSaulebrivi nebis intensiurobas. Zvel CineTSi, konfucianelTa principis _ `Tu adamians keTili neba aqvs, is kanons ar arRvevs~ _ Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda bralis formebis Sesaxeb, specifikuri moZRvreba da mxedvelobaSi miiReboda piris danaSaulebrivi neba, sasjelis SerCevisa da Sefardebis dros. am moTxovnis Sesabamisad, ZvelCinur samarTalSi gamoiyofa

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ganzraxi danaSauli, ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenili danaSauli da SecdomiT Cadenili qmedeba: sxeulebrivi zianis miyenebisas, sasjelis simZime imaze iyo damokidebuli, qmedeba `boroti ganzraxviT~, Tu Cxubis dros iyo Cadenili. ZvelCinur samarTalSi ganasxvavebdnen damTavrebul danaSaulsa da danaSaulis mcdelobas, romlis dros, Tumca ki, gamovlinda danaSaulebrivi neba, magram mainc SedarebiT msubuq sasjels imsaxurebs misi Camdeni piri. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli Cinuri samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nakli swored is iyo, rom sisxlis samarTlis mravali principi zustad ar moqmedebda da, konfucianelobis dogmatebis zewoliT, xSirad, damTavrebuli danaSauli da danaSaulis mcdeloba erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli ar iyo. `danaSaulebrivi nebis~ koncefcia gansazRvravda iseTi institutebis Sinaarss, rogoric iyo Tanamonawileoba da jgufuri danaSauli. jer kidev axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli norma, romlis Tanaxmad, danaSaulebrivi jgufis meTaurad is piri miiCneoda, romelmac uSualod Caifiqra da dagegma aRniSnuli danaSauli. danaSauli mxolod maSin miiCneoda jgufurad, roca is winaswari SeTanxmebis Sedegad iqneboda Cadenili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulebrivi jgufis TiToeuli wevri, pasuxs agebda saTiTaod, calkeuli danaSaulisaTvis. meTauris, rogorc danaSaulis ideuri sulis-Camdgmelis gamoyofa, romlis braleuloba, danaSaulebrivi jgufis sxva monawileebTan SedarebiT, gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo, konfucianelobis did gamarjvebad miiCneva legistebis moZRvrebaze, sasjelis universaluri ideis Sesaxeb. bralis Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebis (Cinuri tradiciuli samarTali ar icnobda Seuracxadobis cnebas) Sesaxeb, samarTlebrivi debulebebis Sinaarsi konfuZis moZRvrebiT ganisazRvreboda, romlis Tanaxmad, 8 wlamde asakis bavSvebi da 70 wlis asaks gadacilebuli moxucebi, sxeulebrivi sasjeliT ar isjebodnen. danaSaulis CamonaTvalSi, ama Tu im, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Setana da, maT mimarT, gamoyenebuli sasjelis simkacre, mTeli rigi mizezebiT, iyo ganpirobebuli: imperatoris subieqturi neba, ama Tu im samarTlebrivi koncefciis dominireba: konfucianeloba, Tu legizmis ideologia. aRniSnuli sia Zalzed danawevrebuli iyo da gaurkvevel xasiaTs atarebda. ukve jous epoqisaTvis, kanonmdeblobam daadgina danaSaulis 500 saxeoba. aRniSnul CamonaTvalSi gansakuTrebuli adgili saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSauls ekuTvnoda: imperatoris Ralati, janyi, xolo cinis periodSi _ konfucianelobis akrZaluli literaturis kiTxva da Senaxva. qr.S-mde IV-III ss. moxeleTa saxelmZRvaneloebi, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa ganxilvis iseT magaliTebs Seicavdnen, rogoric iyo: taZarSi Cadenili qurdoba, sakulto sagnebis qurdoba, dasaxiCreba, ciliswameba, armiis rigebidan dezertiroba. konfucianelTa zneobis kanonebis Sesabamisad, adreul etapzeve gamoiyo iseTi danaSauli, rogoricaa mamisadmi upativcemulo da, zogadad, ojaxis ufrosi wevrebis mimarT, uRirsi damokidebuleba.

II. sasjeli.

Zvel CineTSi termini `bao~ gamoiyeneboda Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis samagieros mizRvis aRsaniSnavad. Zvel CineTSi samagieros mizRva, rogorc sasjeli, romelsac talionis principis saxe ufro hqonda, Zalzed sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, radgan is jer kidev gvarovnuli wyobilebis periodSi warmoiSva. amis gamo Zvel CineTSi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, sisxlis aRebis Cveuleba ganagrZobda arsebobas da mas uSedegod ebrZodnen Zv. CineTis mmarTveli wreebi. sasjelis tradiciuli sistemis saboloo damkvidreba mxolod qr.S-mde V-IV ss. moxda da is sasjelis filosofiur gaazrebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelic Zv. Cinelebs sakralur cifrTan _ `xuTi~ _ akavSirebda. sasjelis skala Seicavda 5 nairsaxeobas: daSanTva, cxviris mokveTa, fexebis mokveTa, kastracia da sikvdiliT dasja. es skala Seivseboda xolme sxva saxis sasjeliT: msxvili da wvrili xelketebiT cema (100-dan 500 dartymamde meryeobda), monad qceva, jarima. cinis samefoSi, legizmis ideologiis gabatonebasTan erTad, SemoiRes umkacresi saxis sasjeli: damnaSaves qvabSi moxarSva, neknebis amomtvreva, Tavis gaxvreta, rac garkveuli saxiT, simboluri sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobasTan iyo gaTanabrebuli. jer kidev Sanis-inis CineTSi cnobili iyo simboluri sasjelis gansakuTrebuli sistema (`sian~-i), roca fexebis mokveTa icvleboda muxlis tuSiT SeRebviT, sikvdiliT dasja _ tilos perangis tarebiT, riTac ZvelCinuri sazogadoeba damnaSaves aRzrdasa da gamosworebas cdilobda da, amis gamo, mas sajarod kicxavda da arcxvenda. simboluri sasjelis gadmonaSTebi jous samefos xanaSic gvxvdeba.

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Zveli Cinuri samarTlis tradiciuli instituti, romlis winaaRmdeg legistebs uSedegod ebrZodnen konfucianelebi, iyo damnaSavis naTesavebis koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principi, maTi naTesavis mier Cadenili danaSaulis gamo. uZveles xanaSi ganadgureba emuqreboda damnaSavis mTel gvars. cinis periodis CineTSi, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulisaTvis, sikvdiliT isjeboda aramxolod damnaSave, aramed misi naTesavebis sami Taoba, mamis, dedisa da colis mxridan. aseTi damnaSaveebis sikvdiliT dasjas win uswrebda yvela sxva sasjeli: sviringi da Semdeg xel-ketebiT cema, sikvdilis dadgomamde. amrigad, cinis epoqaSi sasjelis mizani iyo sazogadoebis daSineba. sasjeli yovelTvis asaxavda damnaSavesa da dazaralebuli piris socialur mdgomareobas. sadamsjelo politika monebis mimarTac, garkveulwilad, Seicvala: qr.S-mde I s-Si aikrZala monebis dausjeli mokvla, gauqmda kanoni monis sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb, mis mier Tavisufali adamiani dasaxiCrebis SemTxvevaSi.

4) sasamarTlo procesi Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi

sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb saubrisas, aRsaniSnavia, rom samive ZvelaRmosavluri civi-lizacia garkveul Taviseburebebs mainc gvTavazobs. kerZod, Zveli mesopotamiis sasamarTlo procesSi, sisxlisa da samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebas Soris mkveTri gansxvaveba ar gvxvdeba. Tumca, ukve gamoiyo ramdenime samarTaldarRveva, romelTa devnas saxelmwifo kvlav ganagrZobda, mxareTa Soris morigebisa da kompensaciis gadaxdis miuxedavad, kerZod: Tamqaris mier mevaxSeobis operaciebis warmoebas mefis moxele meTvalyureobda da am ukanasknels ufleba hqonda Tamqari pasuxisgebaSi mieca, samarTaldarRvevis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi. umetes SemTxvevaSi, mosarCele anu dazaralebuli piri valdebuli iyo mopasuxe TviTon mieyvana sasamarTloSi. gansakuTrebiT saSiSi damnaSaves dakaveba da dapatimreba mefis moxeleTa saqme iyo. sasamarTloSi mtkicebulebebis warmodgena mosarCelisa da mopasuxis movaleoba iyo. jer kidev Sumeruli kanonebi icnobdnen alibisa da nivTmtkicebis cnebas. mtkicebulebis mniSvnelovan saSualebas mowmis Cveneba warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is ficiTa da ordalebiT _ wyliT gamocda _ iyo ganmtkicebuli. ficis dadebaze uaris Tqma, ur-namus kanonebiT, sadao nivTis an Tanxis dakargvas, xolo ordalebze uari _ bralis aRirebas niSnavda. Sak-is Tanaxmad, ordalebis gamoyeneba (anu RvTis msjavri) aramxolod braldebulis, aramed mbralmdeblis mimarTac daiSveboda. Sak-biT, ordali ficis Semowmebis saSualebad gamodioda da masze uaris Tqma aramxolod bralis aRiarebas, aramed TviTdawyevlas niSnavda. fici qurumebis winaSe daideboda. ificebdnen mefis, RmerTebis, wminda adgilebis saxeliT. qurumebi ordalebis organizebasa da dakiTxvaSi monawileobdnen (mag., misnobaSi dadanaSaulebuli piris mimarT) (Sak-i, 47,III). rigi saqmeebis mimarT, savaldebulo iyo werilobiTi dokumentebis warmoadgena, mtkicebulebis saxiT. jer kidev Sumeruli epoqisaTvis cnobili, kerZo-samarTlebrivi dokumenti, Tavdapirvelad dadebuli garigebis dasamowmeblad gamoiyeneboda. xolo, qr.S-mde III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze, doku-menti TviT garigebis aucilebel Semadgenel nawilad iqca, kanonis moTxovnis an mxareTa SeTanxmebis ZaliT. dokumentis damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo misi formalizmi da saqmiani lakonuroba. imisaTvis, rom mxareebi daculi yofiliyvnen dokumentis gayalbebisagan (masSi ukanonod cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana), is iluqeboda. dokumentis sworad Sedgenis mizniT, specialuri cnobari da saxelmZRvaneloebi iqmneboda, romlebSic praqtikuli magaliTebi da iuridiuli terminologia iyo moyvanili. sasamarTlo saqme dasrulebulad iTvelboda mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg. gadawyvetileba saboloo iyo da misi gadasinjva ar daiSveboda. sikvdiliT dasjis an asoTmoRebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba sajarod da dauyovnebliv xdeboda. Zvelinduri samarTalwarmoeba dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili rogorc arThaSastraSi, ise gviandeli periodis dharmaSastrebSi, Tanac sabraldebo xasiaTis procesis wesebi, ZiriTadSi, emTxveoda erTmaneTs rogorc sisxlis samarTlis, ise kerZo samarTlis saqmeebze. samarTalwarmoeba iwyeboda sasamarTloSi sasarCelo gancxadebis SetaniTa da mosarCeles da Semdeg mopasuxes dakiTxviT (arTh., III, 1(17). saqmis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, TiToeuli mxare uflebamosili iyo rwmunebuli warmoedgina, romelic garantias iZleoda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT (ZiriTadad, savalo valdebulebis mimarT). am dros mopasuxes ar hqonda ufleba Sesagebeli sarCeli (braldeba) Seetana, garda iseTi SemTxvevebisa, roca ganixileboda qurdobis, vaWarTa SeTanxmebis darRvevisa da mxareTa Soris kamaTis saqmeebi. ganxilva Sewydeboda, Tu mopasuxe aRiarebda brals, winaaRmdeg

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SemTxvevaSi, mas vada eZleoda pasuxis mosamzadeblad: pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ 3-dan 7 dRemde, meore SemTxvevaSi _ Tvenaxevari. mopasuxes, dasabuTebulad unda gaebaTilebina mopasuxis Cveneba imave dRes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas dajarimeba emuqreboda. Tu mosarCele an mopasuxe daemaleboda marTlmsajulebas, maTi qmedeba bralis aRiarebad ganixileboda. procesi sajaro da SejibrebiTobiTi iyo, rasac kidev ufro ganamtkicebda mosarCeles da mopasuxes uflebas, sakuTari simarTlis dasamtkiceblad, bes Setanaze, romelic mefis sasargeblod gadairicxeboda, wagebuli mxaris mier Setanili Tanxis angariSidan. Zvel indoeTSi mtkicebulebaTa saSualebad miiCneoda: mowmis Cveneba, dokumentebi da ordalebi. 1) Sastrebi did yuradRebas uTmoben mowmis CvenebaTa saimedoobas (mk-i, VII, 68, 69, 72; arTh., III, 11 (25-33). Zv. indoeTSi zogadi principi moqmedebda: mowme im mxaris Tanaswori unda iyos, socialuri statusis mixedviT, romlis sasargeblod iZleva Cvenebas. am moTxovnis darRveva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod mZime danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi (qurdoba, Zaladoba), radgan am dros mowmeebis Semowmeba zedmiwevniT ar xdeboda (mk-i, VIII, 72). mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar iyo saTanado mowme, dasaSvebad miiCneoda bavSvis, moxucis, mowafis (maswavleblis mimarT), naTesavis, monisa da qalis mowmeoba (mk-i VIII, 70, 71). arThaSastrebSi aRniSnul CamonaTvals emateba kastidan gandevnili avadmyofi, Candala, grZnobis organoebs moklebuli piri, Tu aRniSnuli dava `ar exeboda maT msgavsebas~. crumowmeoba danaSauli iyo da zogjer sadao Tanxis aTmagi jarimiT, zogjer _ qveynidan gaZevebiT isjeboda (arTh., III, 11(45). arThaSastrebSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mowmisaTvis, ficis dadebis, specialuri ritualis mowyoba. 2) uZvelesi droidan mtkicebulebaTa saSualebad ordalebi _ RvTis msjavri iyo cnobili. iajnavalkiaSi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili xuTi didi orodali (sasworiT, cecxliT, wyliT (wminda da ubralo) da SxamiT). Tumca, maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo, jer erTi _ mxareTa TanxmobiT, meore _ avtoritetuli mtkicebulebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi _ dokumenti, mowmis Cveneba, nivTiT sargeblobis faqti da mesamec _ sajarod. mas Semdeg, rac SastrebSi mniSvnelovani adgili daeTmo qonebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebas, gaizarda dokumentis _ yvelaze saimedo mtkicebulebis roli da mniSvneloba. Zvel CineTSi, Tavdapirvelad, SejibrebiTobiTi procesi moqmedebda, Tumca, procesis aRniSnuli saxe adreve uTmobs adgils samZebro process, romelic, droTa ganmavlobaSi, sabolood gabatonda kidec. ZvelCinuri samarTalwarmoeba, danaSaulis gamoZiebas, gansa-kuTrebul moxeles avalebda. sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi, samazro an saolqo mmarTvelobis organoSi, gancxadebis an dasmenis Setanis Semdeg iwyeboda. dasmena, gansakuTrebiT qurdobis an mkvlelobis saqmeze, Zalzed zustad unda yofiliyo gansazRvruli, radgan uzustoba damsmenis dasjas iwvevda. dasmenaze `ufleba~ damokidebuli iyo piris socialur mdgomareobasa da mis adgilze, sisxliT naTesauri kavSirebis sistemaSi, garda, saxelmwifosa da imperatoris winaaRmdeg, Cadenili danaSaulis gamo. umkacresad isjeboda crudasmena. damsmeni imave sasjeliT isjeboda, rac, dasmenaSi miTiTebuli, danaSaulisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. sikvdiliT dasja emuqreboda im pirebs, vinc mSoblebs, babuas, bebias da sxva axlo naTesavebs daasmenda. ikrZaleboda anonimuri dasmena da aseTi dasmenis Sedegad dasjili pirebi pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavisufldebodnen. samazro moxeleebi iZiebdnen saqmes da sisruleSi mohyavdaT sasamarTlos ganaCeni. mZime danaSaulis gamoZieba saolqo gamgeobebis kompetenciaSi Sedioda. mtkicebulebis sistemas mowmis Cveneba da nivTmtkiceba Seadgenda. nivTmtkicebis mopoveba danaSaulis adgilis an gvamis daTvalierebis Sedegad moipoveboda. mniSvnelovan mtkicebulad fici iTvleboda. cinis epoqis saxelmZRvanelo, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis gamoZiebis dros, dasaSvebad miiCnevda wamebis gamoyenebas im SemTxvevaSi, roca damnaSave mxilebuli iqna danaSaulis CadenaSi, Tumca uars ambobda bralis aRiarebaze an cvlida sakuTar Cvenebas saqmis irgvliv, gamoZiebis etapze. ZvelCinuri samarTalwarmoeba braldebulis braleulobis prezumfciis principsac icnobda. saqmis irgvliv gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dros, farTod gamoiyeneboda analogia. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamomZiebeli borotad iyenebda wamebas, xeljoxebiT scemda eWvmitanils, mis mimarT, sasjelis saxiT, katorRuli samuSaoebi gamoiyeneboda, radgan, mas gamoZiebis dros, boroti ganzraxviT Semoakvda braldebuli. sikvdiliT dasjili damnaSavis Tavi da tani sajarod gamoikideboda yvelaze xalxmraval adgilebSi: mindorSi, bazris moedanze an sasaxlis ezoSi, Tu damnaSave Tanamdebobis piri iyo.

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Tavi II. antikuri qveynebis saxelmwifo da samarTali

$1. Aantikuri qveynebis zogadi daxasiaTeba

xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi adreuli Qcivilizaciebi, protosaxelmwifoebi, Camoyalibda jer kidev qr.S. III-II aTaswleulSi. MmaT ar ganucdiaT Zv. aRmosavluri civilizaciebis mniSvne-lovani gavlena. balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilsa da egeosis zRvis napirebze pirveli proto-saxelmwifoebis, mogvianebiT ki _ msxvili saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba iyo am regionis avtoqtonuri (aborigenuli) mosaxleobis (pelasgebisa da minoelTa) Zveli elinebis-aqavelebis mier dapyrobis Sedegi. dapyrobam gamoiwvia sxvadasxva kulturis, enobrivi jgufisa da xalxis urTierTaRreva, ramac Sva axali maRalganviTarebuli kreta-mikenuri civilizacia, romlis dros moxda sxvadasxva saxelmwifos aRzevebac da dacemac (knososis, mikenis samefoebi). am saxelmwifoebSi arsebobda monarqiuli mmarTveloba, msxvili saxelmwifo da sataZro meurneoba da sasoflo Temi, rac metyvelebda maT msgavsebaze tipiur ZvelaRmosavlur civilizaciebTan. kreta-mikenuri tradiciebi didxans axdendnen gavlenas, Semdgomi periodis, elinur-aqavur saxelmwifoebze, romlebsac axasiaTebda saTemo meurneoba da rac dakavSi-rebuli iyo samefo sasaxlesTan. samefo kari ki uzenaesi sameurneo organizatoris funqciebs axorcielebda. eladaSi saxelmwifoTa Camoyalibebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba iyo is, rom saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnis procesi talRiseburad (permanentulad) mimdinareobda, radgan maszed did gavlenas axdenda elinur tomTa drodadro migracia. kerZod, qr.S. XII saukuneSi eladaSi, CrdiloeTidan, SemoiWrnen dorieli tomebi. dorielTa migraciam daaqveiTa am regionSi saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis bunebrivi procesi. dorielTa Semosevas mosdevs e.w. “bneli saukuneebis” periodi (qr. Sobamde XII saukune - VIII s.s. pirveli naxevari), xolo Semdeg arqauli xanac. aRniSnulma movlenebma kvlav Semoabrunes istoriuli ganviTarebis Carxi da daamkvidres elinebis tomobrivi saxelmwifoebriobis periodi, rac regresuli movlena iyo. antikur samyaroSi, saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis procesis, meore mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoadgens saSinao da sagareo faqtorebis urTierTSejereba, razec mowmobs am regionSi rogorc aqavelTa da dorielTa intervencia (elinur samyaroSi), ise etruskuli samyaros gavlena (romis saxelmwifos evoluciaze). Aantikur samyaroSi saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis procesis Tavisebureba (aRmosavleTis samyarosgan gansxvavebiT) didad iyo ganpirobebuli bunebriv-geografiuli faqtorebiT. kerZod, mTiani qveyana, nayofieri, noyierniadagiani miwebis nakleboba, rac xels uSlida miwaTmoqmedebis, gansakuTrebiT, iseTi meurneobis ganviTarebas, romelic moiTxovda koleqtiuri sairigacio samuSaoebis warmoebas, rogorc amas hqonda adgili Zv. aRmosavleTis qveynebSi; antikur samyaroSi ver gavrcel-deboda da dakonservdeboda aRmosavluri tipis sasoflo Temi. Tumca, Zv. eladaSi xelsayreli pirobebi Camoyalibda xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebisaTvis: meTu-neoba da liTonis damuSaveba. Ggarda amisa, antikur samyaroSi swrafi tempiT ganviTarda savaWro brunva, rac xels uwyobda sabazro meurneobis ganviTarebasa da kerZo sakuTrebis zrdas. Zvelelinur samyaroSi gaRrmavebuli socialuri diferenciacia gaxda mkveTri politikuri brZolis safuZveli, romlis Sedegad daCqarda, saxelmwifos primitiuli formebidan, maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebriobisaken gadasvlis procesi, gacilebiT ufro Rrma socialuri SedegebiT, vidre amas hqonda adgili Zv. aRmosavlur civilizaciebSi. Bbunebrivma pirobebma gavlena iqonies, Zv. eladaSi, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mowyobaze kidev erTi mimarTulebiT: mTiani landSafti da yureebi, romlebic yvela mimarTulebiT kveTdnen sanapiros, sadac cxovrobda elinTa mniSvnelovani nawili, arsebiTad uSlida xels qveynis politikur gaerTianebas da, miTumetes, usargeblod da SeuZleblad xdida centralizebuli mmarTvelobis Camoyalibebas. Aamrigad, TviT bunebrivi winaRobani ganapirobebdnen mravalricxovani da, SedarebiT momcro zomis, sakmaod izolirebuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis `polisebis~ Camoyalibebas. Ppolisuri sistema iyo saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani, praqtikulad unikaluri, niSan-Tviseba, romelic axasiaTebda ara mxolod Zv. eladas, aramed mTlianad antikur samyaros.Ppolisis geografiuli da politikuri karCaketiloba (kontinentur nawilsa da kunZulebze), Rrmad wasuli Sromis danawilebis pirobebSi, aiZulebda poliss damokidebuli yofiliyo xelosnobis nawarmis eqsportsa da

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xorblisa da monebis importze, e.i. saerTo-elinur da saerTaSoriso sazRvao vaWrobaze. zRvam didi roli iTamaSa antikuri (elinuri) polisis cxovrebaSi. Mman uzrunvelyo kavSiri garesamyarosTan (sxva polisebTan, koloniebTan da aRmosavlur civilizaciebTan). saSinao organizaciis aspeqtSi, antikuri polisi iyo karCaketili saxelmwifo, romlis iurisdiqciis miRma darCnen monebi da ucxoelebi (sxva polisebidan mosulebic ki). Ppolisis moqalaqeebisaTvis polisi mikrokosmosi iyo, romelsac sakuTari wminda adgilebi, politikuri mowyobis formebi, gansakuTrebuli Cveulebebi da, bolos, sakuTari samarTlis sistema gaaCnda. polisma Secvala, Zv. elinebisaTvis Cveuli, sasoflo-saTemo koleqtivebi da, kerZo sakuTrebis gavleniT, Camoayaliba samoqalaqo da politikuri Temi, anu samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirveladi sawyisebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom polisebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba arsebobda (ekonomikur cxovrebasa da politikuri brZolis simwvaveSi), polisur samyaroSi, upirobo upiratesobiT, respublikuri mmarTvelobis formis mravalferovneba sargeblobda, kerZod: aristokratia, demokratia, oligarqia, plutokratia (mcirericxvovani, Zalzed mdidari jgufis mmarTveloba), tirania. elinuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesi, romelic iwyeba patriarqaluri struqturebiT da homerosis epoqis protosaxelmwifoebiT, sakuTari ganviTarebis mwvervals aRwevs antikuri demokratiis ayvavebis periodSi da avlens iseT kanonzomierebebs, romlebic xels uwyoben politikuri cxovrebis ganviTarebas da qlaq-saxelmwifoTa mowyobis sxvadasxva formis cvlas. qr.Sobamde II aTaswleulis bolos elinur samyaroSi SeiniSneba monarqis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis, SedarebiT zogadi, ten-dencia. Mmonarqi _ bazilevsi, arqageti, reqsi aris mxedarTmTavari, mosamarTle, sasaxluri meurneobis uzenaesi mmarTveli, romlis mmarTvelobis meTodebSi xSirad vlindeboda despotizmis niSnebi, rac Zv. aRmosavlur civilizaciebs axasiaTebda. patriarqalur-saTemo kavSirebis daSlam, rasac emyareboda samefo xelisufleba, aristok-ratiul ojaxTa mxridan, opoziciurobis zrdam (miTumetes, rom maT xelSi Tavi moiyara didma simdidrem da sazogadoebis did nawilze gavlenis mopovebam) Sedegad gamoiRo monarqiis Zalismieri damxoba, TiTqmis mTel antikur samyaroSi, ramac, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifos mowyobis polisuri sistemis Camoyalibebas. Tumca, adreuli respublikis periodSi, polisuri sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, demokratiuli potenciali jer kidev susti iyo da amitom ver xorcieldeboda uSualo demokratia anu demosis _ xalxis SeuzRudavi monawileoba saxelmwifo struqturebis mowyobasa da funqcionirebaSi. Ddemokratiuli wyobis saboloo damkvidrebas, bevr elinur polisSi, win uswrebda erTpirovnuli mmarTvelis _ tiranis mier xelisuflebis uzurpacia. tiranebi, Cveulebriv, sagvareulo aristokratiis wridan gamosuli pirebi iyvnen. Tumca, isini sakuTar Zalauf-lebas Zveli aristokratiuli da patriarqaluri wesebis aRmosafxvrelad da polisis mosaxleobis farTo fenebis interesebis dasacavad iyenebdnen. erTpirovnuli, SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis reJimi _ tirania damyarda mileTSi, korinToSi, aTensa da megaraSi. maT xeli Seuwyves kerZo sakuTrebis uflebis ganmtkicebasa da aristokratiis privilegirebuli mdgomareobis aRmofxvras, demokratiis _ saxelmwifo marTva-gamgeobis axali formis _ Camoyalibebas, romelic yvelaze ukeT asaxavda samoqalaqo da politikuri Temis sayovelTao interesebs. Zvelelinuri, kerZod aTenis, saxelmwifoebriobis dacemis mTavari mizezi iyo aramarto monoba, aramed am saxelmwifos politikuri mowyobis Sinagani sisuste.

$2. Zveli aTenis saxelmwifo samarTali

1) saxelmwifos warmoSoba Zvel aTenSi

Sua eladis patara olqi _ atika (sadac, mogvianebiT, Seiqmna Zv. aTenis saxelmwifo) qr.Sobamde II aTaswleulis bolos dasaxlebuli iyo oTxi ioniuri tomiT, romlebsac sakuTari uxucesTa sabWoebi da, saxalxo krebis mowvevis uflebiT aRWurvili, arCeviTi beladebi _ bazilevsebi hyavdaT. Mmwarmoebel ekonomikaze gadasvlis Semdeg, roca ganviTarda Sromis individualizacia da saTemo miwaTmflobeloba daiSala calkeul nakveTebad (maT calkeuli ojaxebi gankargavdnen, memkvidreobiT miRebuli, mflobelobis uflebiT), moxda qonebrivi diferencirebis gaRrmaveba da sagvareulo didkacobis gamoyofa Tavisufali meTeme-glexebis gaRatakebuli masebidan. Tavisufal meTeme-glexebs Soris uRaribesi nawili _ Tetebi iZulebuli Seiqna ijariT aeRo warCinebulTa miwebi an monobaSi Cavardniliyo. Aam procesebis daCqarebas xels uwyobda Zv. aTenis xelsayreli sazRvao-sanapiro mdebareoba da, Sesabamisad, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis swrafi tempiT ganviTareba. sagvareulo aristokratia

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iqca monebis pirvel mebatoneebad. Qqr.Sobamde I aTas. dasawyisSi monoba iyo sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena. Tumca, mona jer kidev ar iyo sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ZiriTadi subieqti. monebis garda, meurneobaSi Sromobdnen warCinebulTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebic. Tumca, monebi yvelaze mZime da uRirss saqmes asrulebdnen. Mmxolod mogvianebiT, miiRo monobam meurneobaSi gabatonebuli xasiaTi da monis mebatone aRar iRebda monawileobas mwarmoebel SromaSi, ris gamoc mona iqca materialuri dovlaTis erTaderT mwarmoeblad. xelisuflebis sagvareulo-tomobrivi organizacia TandaTanobiT Seegua im faqts, rom mas ara mxolod sakuTari wevrebis, aramed Tavisufali meTemeebis gamdidrebuli zedafenis interesebi unda daecva da gaeRrmavebina monaTa eqspluatacia. gaizarda warCinebuli gvarebis gavlena saxalxo krebazec. Mmxolod maTi warmomadgenlebi airCeodnen uxucesTa sabWosa da bazilevsis Tanamdebobaze. amrigad, pirvelyofili sazogadoeba nel-nela politikur sazogadoebad gadaiqca. Tumca, am sazogadoebas jer kidev mravlad hqonda gvarovnuli wyobilebis gadmonaSTebi, ris gamoc mas ar SeeZlo advilad gadaewyvita, an Tundac droebiT Seekavebina sazogadoebaSi gamZafrebuli antagonizmi (Seurigebeli dapirispireba). am proce-sebis damaCqarebeli indikatori gaxda sagareo faqtori (geografiuli pirobebi, vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTareba, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise sagareo ekonomikuri kontaqtebi, sagvareulo kavSirebis daCqarebuli rRveva da gvarebisa da tomebis asimilacia). Zv. aTenis saxelmwifos Seqmnis mniSvnelovan etapad iTvleba Tezevsis (Tezeosis) reformebis xana. Tezevsisadmi miwerili reformebi im cvlilebebis Sedegi iyo, romelic atikaSi saukuneebis manZilze mimdinareobda da qr.Sobamde VIII saukuneSi dasrulda. Ppirveli refor-ma sinoikizmi iyo, anu atikis tomebis erT _ aTenis xalxad gaerTianeba. sinoikizmis Sedegad Seiqmna sabWo, romelic oTxive tomis saqmeebs marTavda. Aamrigad, sagvareulo organizaciis Zvel sistemas mniSvnelovani dartyma miadga. aTenis polisi sazogadoebis politikuri organizaciis teritoriul formad iqca. sazogadoebis politikuri organizacia dabejiTebiT moiTxovda sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis erTgvarovan da centralizebul marTvas (tomobrivi gansxvavebebis miuxedavad) da ganviTarebadi socialuri urTierTobebis ufro aqtiur regulirebas. erT dros, sakmaod monoliTuri, gvarovnuli sazogadoeba rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCnda. jer kidev xSiri iyo, gvarisa da tomis SigniT mimdinare dapirispireba. Tumca, ukve warmoiSva axali konfliqti, romelic kidev ufro gaRrmavda atikaSi, qonebrivi diferencirebis Sedegad. atikis olqSi aucilebel pirobad iqca politikuri (saxelmwifo) xelisuflebis Seqmna, romelic, erTi mxriv, iqneboda sazogadoebaSi SeTanxmebisa da Serigebis miRwevis saSualeba da, meore mxriv _ sazogadoebis damorCilebis meqanizmi, anu saxelmwifo amaRldeboda sazogadoebaze da SesZlebda mis marTvas. saxelmwifos Seqmnis gzaze, meore RonisZieba iyo atikis mosaxleobis ara mxolod socialuri, aramed politikuri diferencireba, TviT Tavisufali mosaxleobis SigniT. amrigad, Tezevsis mier gatarebuli sinoikizmis Sedegad, aTenis xalxi jer daiyo sam gansxvavebul socialur fenad: Tavisufali aTeneli, Tetebi, ucxoelebi _ metekebi da monebi, xolo Semdeg, TviT Tavisufal aTenelebs Soris, dadginda politikuri uTanasworoba da gamoiyo sazogadoebis ori urTierTdapirispirebuli Tavisufali fena: 1) evpatridebi _ warCinebulebi, D2)demosi _ aTenis xalxi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, or kategoriad: a) geomorebi _ miwaTmoqmedni da b) demiurgebi _ xelosnebi da vaWrebi iyofoda.

2)Aarqonti da areopagi

evpatridebi sakuTari simdidrisa da, sazogadoebrivi Tanamdebobebis dakavebis, gansakuT-rebuli uflebis wyalobiT, cdilobdnen SeezRudaT bazilevsis Tanamdeboba, romelic ganasaxierebda sagvareulo demokratiis Zvel tradiciebsa da gadmonaSTebs. Aamitom, bazi-levsis funqciaTa didi nawili gadaeca axal arCeviT Tanamdebobis pirebs _ arqontebs, romlebic mxolod evpatridebis wridan airCeodnen. Tavdapirvelad, arqontis Tanamdeboba samisdReSio iyo, Tumca, mogvinebiT maT mxolod aTi wlis vadiT irCevdnen. Qqr.Sobamde VII saukuneSi Zv. aTenSi 9 arqonts irCevdnen, Tanamdebobaze yofnis erTwliani vadiT. Aarqontebis kolegias xelmZRvanelobda arqonti _ eponimi, romelic samoqalaqo xelisuflebas meTaurobda: niSnavda im Tanamdebobis pirebs, romlebic sagundo da Teatraluri konkursebis damfinanseblebi iyvnen; ganagebda saojaxo-memkvidreobiTi samarTlis sakiTxebs. Aarqonti _ bazilevsi Tavmjdomareobda areopagSi, ganagebda sakulto sakiTxebs da sataZro miwebis ijaris wesiT gacemas. Aarqonti _ polemarqosi iyo mTavarsardali da masve evaleboda Zv. aTenSi ucxoelebis _ metekebis saqmianobis gankargva. GdanarCeni eqvsi arqonti e.i. Tesmotetebi ganagebdnen, areopagis iurisdiqcias mikuTvnebul marTlmsajulebiT saqmianobas. arqontebs SeeZloT saqmis saboloo gadawyveta. arqontTa kolegiam araTu SeiTvisa bazi-

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levsis Zveli samxedro, sakulto da samarTlo funqciebi, aramed, mogvianebiT xelT igdo qveynis uzenaesi mmarTveloba. imave qr.Sobamde VIII saukuneSi Seiqmna sajaro mmarTvelobis kidev erTi organo _ areopagi. areopagis saxelwodeba momdinareobs Zvelelinuri omis Rmer-Tis _ aresis saxelidan, romlis mTis ZirSic ikribebodnen areopagitebi. areopagma Secvala Zveli uxucesTa sabWo. am organos kompetenciaSi Sedioda arqontebis arCeva da maTi saqmianobis kontroli, is iwvevda saxalxo krebebs da uzenaes marTlmsajulebas axor-cielebda. areopagis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda yvela yofili da moqmedi arqonti, romlebic mxolod evpatridebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.Aantikuri sazogadoeba politikur sazogadoebad iqca, anu mis saTaveSi moeqca, amave wridan gamosuli, saxelmwifo xelisufleba. xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis yofil sinkretizms (erTianobas, mTlianobas) bolo moeRo. amavdroulad, grZeldeboda, saxelmwifos warmoSobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, meore procesis gaRrmaveba _ mosaxleobis teritoriuli niSniT mowyoba. qr.Sobamde VII saukuneSi Zveli aTeni teritoriul olqebad _ nabkrariebad daiyo. Oolqis mcxovrebT, tomobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, evalebodaT erTi samxedro xomaldis ageba-aRWurva da misi ekipaJis gamoyvana.

3) solonisa da klisTenes reformebi

qr.Sobamde VI saukuneSi aTenSi metad rTuli viTareba Seiqmna. sasaqonlo-fuladi urTi-erTobebis swrafi zrda iwvevda Tavisufali mosaxleobis socialuri diferencirebis gaRrmavebas. evpatridebisa da geomorebis rigebs gamoeyo mdidar miwaTmflobelTa fena; evpatridebis erTi nawili gaRatakda, geomorebisa _ Tetebad iqca, romlebic sxvis miwas ijariT amuSavebdnen da, safasurad, mosavlis mxolod 1/6 iRebdnen, an savalo kabalaSi vardebodnen, Tanac sazRvargareT gayidvis muqariT. izrdeba, xelisuflebas Camocilebuli, mdidari savaWro-samrewvelo zeda fenis ekonomikuri roli da gaRatakebuli Tetebis raodenoba. sul ufro aramyari xdeba saSualo da wvrili miwaTmflobelebisa da xelosnebis mdgomareoba. aRniSnuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavisufali mosaxleobis SigniT, warmoiqmna winaaRmdegobaTa mTeli komleqsi: mdidarsa da gaRatakebul evpatridebsa (romlebic jer kidev pyoben Zalauflebas) da, miwaTmflobelTa, xelosanTa da vaWarTa rigebidan gamosul, mdidrebs Soris, romlebic aqtiurad ibrZvian xelisuflebis mosapoveblad da amisTvis iyeneben im ukmayofilebas, romelic saSualo da wvrili mesakuTreebis rigebSi mwifdeboda. es winaaRmdegobani iyo brZola, Zveli sagvareulo aristokratiasa da, gamdidrebuli mdabios mier, waqezebul da gaZRolil demoss (xalxs) Soris. aRniSnul winaaRmdegobaTa dasacxromad da, yvela Tavisufali aTenelis, erT gabatonebul fenad Sesakravad saWiro gaxda Rrma da gadaudebeli socialur-politikuri reformebis gatareba, romelTac qr.Sobamde 594 wels safuZveli daudo arqontad arCeulma solonma. solonis reformebis mTavari mizani iyo Tavisufali mosaxleobis mtrulad ganwyobili dajgufebebis interesebis Serigeba, ris gamoc misi reformebi kompromisul da sanaxevro xasiaT atarebda. solonis reformebi, aTenis saxelmwifos Seqmnis gzaze, mniSvnelovani movlena iyo da maTi Sedegebi SeiZleba politikur revolucias SevadaroT. 1. sisaxTia. Ees iyo Zv. aTenSi, savalo kabalaSi Cavardnili, gaRatakebuli Tavisufali mosaxleobis ezoebidan im savalo qvebis amoReba, romlebzec miTiTebuli iyo kreditoris vinaoba, valisa da procentis raodenoba da gadaxdis TariRi. Aam qvebis amoRebiT, savalo monobidan gaTavisuflda demosis didi nawili da sastikad aikrZala, samomavlod, Tavi-sufali aTenelis valSi monad gayidva. sisaxTiam didi dartyma miayena sagvareulo aristokratiis interesebs da is demosisadmi daTmobad miiCneva. Tumca, solonma ar Seasrula RaribTa moTxovna, miwis xelaxali gadanawilebis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad imisa, rom man daadgina miwaTmflobelobis maqsimaluri zRvari. AZv. aTenSi problemad rCeboda miwis Tavisufali yidva-gayidva, rac mdidar aTenelTa sasargeblod gadadgmuli nabiji iyo da man gamoiwvia umiwod darCenili glexobis swrafi gaRatakeba. 2. sacenzo reforma. aRniSnuli reforma warCinebulTa memkvidreobiTi privilegiebis mospobas gulisxmobda. warCinebulobis nacvlad, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda qonebrivi cenzi. solonma mosaxleoba, qonebrivi niSniT, oTx kategoriad dayo. Ppirvel TanrigSi yvelaze mdidari moqalaqeebi Sevidnen. maT daaxloebiT 500 medimni (wonis erTeuli) xorbali hqondaT, wliuri Semosavlis saxiT. meoreSi _ is moqalaqeebi, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 300 medimns Seadgenda, mesameSi _ 200 medimnis mqoneni, xolo meoTxeSi _ isini, visac 200 medimnze naklebi hqondaT. TiToeul Tanrigs garkveuli politikuri uflebebi eniWeboda: sazogadoebrivi Tanamdebobebis dakaveba, mxolod pirveli sami Tanrigis warmomadgenlebs SeeZloT; xolo

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arqontisa _ mxolod pirveli kategoriis mqones. meoTxe Tanrigis mqone Raribebi moklebuli iyvnen am uflebebs. Tumca, maT SeeZloT saxalxo krebis muSaobaSi monawileobis miReba, miTumetes, rom am organos roli mkveTrad gaizarda. saxalxo kreba _ eklesia SeimuSavebda da iRebda kanonebs, irCevda Tanamdebobis pirebs. 3.Hhelieia. helieia iyo, Taviseburi, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo. igi Sedgeboda 6000 arCeviTi mosamarTleebisgan, aqedan 5000 axorcielebda marTlmsajulebas, xolo 1000 wevri _ sarezervo jgufs Seadgenda. helieias wevrebs, erTwliani vadiT, airCevdnen, 30 wlis asaks miRweuli, moqalaqeebidan. helieia iyofoda 10 kolegiad _ dikasteriad, romelSic 500-500 mosamarTle da 100-100 rezervisti Sedioda. aTenSi moqmedebda wesi, rom helieastebs mxolod saqmis ganxilvis dRes, wilis yriT, ganamwesebdnen dikasteriebSi, saqmis ganxilvis mizniT. aRniSnuli wesis mizani iyo saqmis obieqturi da miukerZoebeli gamoZieba. helieia pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo organo iyo saxelmwifo danaSaulisa da, Tanamdebobis piris mier, sakuTari uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebis saqmeebze da saapelacio instancia _ sxva sasamarTloebis mier ganxilul saqmeebze. helieias evaleboda kontrolis funqciebi da is uflebamosili iyo uari eTqva, eklesiis mier miRebuli, kanonproeqtis damtkicebaze. 4. 400-Ta sabWo _ bule. Eevpatridebis interesebis dasacavad, solonma Seqmna mmarTvelobis axali organo _ bule, romlis wevrebs _ bulebtebs irCevdnen pirveli sami Tanrigis mqone moqalaqeebi, TiTo tomidan _ filidan 100-100 wevris odenobiT (es is tomebia, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyares aTenis xalxs da sadac, jer kidev, didi iyo evpatridebis gavlena da sagvareulo tradiciebis simyare). solonis reformebma didi dartyma miayena xelisuflebis sagvareulo organizaciasa da aristokratiis memkvidreobiT privilegiebs. Tumca, maT hqondaT sanaxevro da kompromisuli da ara Zireuli da mkveTri xasiaTi. reformebma ver gadaWres mZafri winaaRmdegobani sxvadasxva socialur fenebs Soris. reformebma gamoiwvies sagva-reulo aristokratiis ukmayofileba da verc demosi daakmayofiles. maT Soris brZola grZeldeboda, rasac Sedegad mohyva, Zv. aTenSi, pisistratesa da misi vaJiSvilebis xangrZlivi (qr. Sobamde 560-510 w.w.) tirania. am dros tiraniad Zv. aTenSi iTvleboda ukanono mmarTveloba da ara maincdamainc mkacri reJimi. Zv. spartis daxmarebiT, romelic ufrTxoda Zv. aTenis gaZlierebas, aristokratiam daamxo tirania. Tumca, arc misi batonoba aRmoCnda xangrZlivi. Rarib fenebze dayrdnobiT, aTenis mdidarma savaWro-samrewvelo zedafenam, romelsac klisTene meTaurobda, gandevna spartiatebi da qr.Sobamde 509 wels mniSvnelovani reformebi gaatara, romelTa Sedegad Zv. aTenSi bolo moeRo sagvareulo wyobis narCenebsac. klisTenem gaauqma mosaxleobis dayofa oTxi Zveli tomobrivi gaerTianebis safuZvelze. 1. teritoriul-administraciuli reforma. atika aT teritoriul filad daiyo. TiToeuli fila Seicavda atikis sxvadasxva adgilas mdebare teritorias _ tritias: saqalaqo, sanapiro da sasoflo teritoriis nawils. Tavis mxriv, tritia demebad iyofoda. filebis aseTi struqtura asustebda saadgilmamulo aristokratiis politikur poziciebs, radgan pirvel or teritoriul nawilSi (tritiaSi) umravlesoba swored savaWro-xelosnur fenebs da ara warCinebulT epyrad. glexobac gaTavisuflda Zveli sagvareulo tradiciebisgan, romlebsac emyareboda aristokratiis avtoriteti. politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba maTac moipoves, vinc ar Sedioda adgilobriv tomobriv organizaciaSi. Zveli sisxliTnaTesauri principis nacvlad, damkvidrda mosaxleobis teritiriuli niSniT mowyobis principi. 2. 500-Ta sabWo _ bule. 400-Ta sabWos nacvlad, mosaxleobis teritoriuli principiT mowyobis safuZvelze, klisTenem SemoiRo 500-Ta sabWo _ bule, romelSic Sediodnen aTive filis warmomadgenlebi, 50-50 wevris odenobiT. bulebtebs kenWisyriT irCevdnen, 30 wlis asaks miRweuli moqalaqeebidan, erTi wlis vadiT. bules kompetenciaSi Sedioda mmarTvelobis sakiTxebis gadawyveta: sxva saxelmwifoebTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyareba, finan-sebis marTva, arsenalze, flotsa da navsadgurebze zedamxedveloba, vaWrobis regulireba, Tanamdebobis pirebis gakontroleba. Tanamdebobis pirebs SeeZloT sabWoSi gansaxilvelad sakuTari winadadebebis gamotana. sabWos mniSvnelovani funqcia iyo, saxalxo krebaze gasatani, sakiTxebis winaswri ganxilva, riTac is, faqtiurad, krebaze kontrols awesebda. Mmimdinare sakiTxebis gaZRolis mizniT, bule aT komisiad _ pritaniebad daiyo. TiToeul komisiaSi aTive filis 50-50 warmomadgeneli Sedioda. komisia morigeobiT asrulebda bules funqciebs, kenWisyriT yoveldRe irCevda axal Tavmjdomares, romelic saxlxo krebis Tavmjdomareobasac iTavsebda. 500-Ta sabWos muSaobis vadis amowurvis Semdeg, misi TiToeuli wevri angariSs abarebda, sakuTari saqmianibis Sesaxeb da xSirad pasuxsac agebda sakuTari qmedebis gamo. 3. strategosTa kolegia. Seiqmna kidev erTi kolegialuri organo _ aTkaciani strategosTa kolegia, romelic imave principiT iqmneboda, rac bulesaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: mosaxleobis teritoriuli principiT mowyobis safuZvelze _ TiTo warmomadgeneli aTive filidan. Tavdapirvelad, strategosebi mxolod samxedro funqciebs asrulebdnen;

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mogvianebiT (strategoss periklosis droidan), maT meore planze gadaswies arqontebi da aTenis saxelmwifos umaRles Tanamdebobis pirebad iqcnen. Tanamdebobis dakavebis win, yvela kandidati movale iyo gaevlo specialuri Semowmeba _ dokimasia, romlis mizani iyo kandidaturis keTilsaimedoobisa da piradi Tvisebebis Semowmeba, raTa sazogadoeba darwmu-nebuliyo, rom pirs ufleba hqonda daekavebina aRniSnuli Tanamdeboba. 4. ostrakizmos procedura. aristokratiis politikuri revanSis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, klisTenem saxalxo krebis praqtikaSi SemoiRo axali procedura _ ostrakizmo. yovel-wliurad moiwveoda saxalxo kreba, romelic kenWisyriT adgenda, xom ar iyo aTenSi saxelmwi-fosaTvis saSiSi da arasasurveli moqalaqe. Tu aseTi aRmoCndeboda, krebis TiToeul mona-wiles SeeZlo misi saxelis Tixis dafaze (ostrakoni) dataneba da, xmaTa umravlesobiT, arasasurvel pirs aTi wlis vadiT gandevnidnen aTenidan. Oostrakizmo miiCnies Tixis dafebis sasamarTlod. 5. klisTenem SeinarCuna helieias sasamarTlo. 6. saxalxo kreba _ eklesia. Zv. aTenSi xelisuflebis umaRles organod saxalxo kreba _ eklesia iTvleboda. is, Tavdapirvelad, weliwadSi aTjer, xolo, mogvianebiT, 40-jer ikribeboda. gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi (mtris moulodneli Semoseva an stiqiuri ubedureba) adgili hqonda sagangebo krebis mowvevas. eklesiis kompetencia Zalzed farTo iyo: is iRebda kanonebs, kerZo sakiTxebze gamoscemda fseTizmebs (dadgenilebebs), irCevda Tanamdebobis pirebs, axorcielebda maT saqmianobaze kontrols, wyvetda omisa da zavis sakiTxebs da qveynis sursaTiT momaragebis problemebs. specialuri kreba ixilavda moqalaqeTa arzebs da wyvetda sakiTxs calkeuli pirebis saxelmwifodan gandevnis Sesaxeb, ostrakizmos wesiT. saxalxo krebis muSaobaSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba hqondaT mxolod 20 wlis asaks miRweul, sruluflebian aTenel moqalaqeebs. aTenis moqalaqeoba mxolod aborigen aTenel mamakacs eniWeboda (Tu mas dedac ZirZveli aTeneli hyavda). qalebs, ucxoelebs _ metekebs da, miTumetes nivTadqceul monebs aTenis moqalaqeobis miReba da saxelmwifo organoebSi saqmianoba ekrZalebodaT. iSviaTi iyo mSromeli xalxis monawileobac, ris gamoc maT am funqciisaTvis qr. Sobamde IV saukunidan gasamrjelosac ki uxdidnen. yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saWiro iyo 6000 aTenelis anu sruluflebian aTenelTa sul mcire 1/5 daswreba. TiToeuli krebis dRis wesrigi winaswar iyo cnobili. yoveli Tvis erT-erTi kreba mTavar krebad iTvleboda; maszed ixilavdnen Tanamdebobis pirTa saqmianobas, sasursaTo mdgomareobas, xolo meeqvse Tvis mTavar krebaze _ ostrakizmosa da Tanamdebobis pirTa braleulobis sakiTxs. saxalxo krebaze sityviT gamosvla da kanonproeqtis wardgena, formalurad, yvelas SeeZlo, faqtiurad ki mxolod profesional oratorebis _ demagogebis, romlebic moqalaqeTa calkeuli jgufis interesebs icavdnen. kanonproeqtis irgvliv xmis micema xelis aweviT xdeboda. saxalxo krebis mier miRebuli kanonproeqti mxolod maSin iZenda kanonis Zalas, Tu mas ar uaryofda helieia. qr. Sobamde 478 wels aTenis egidiT Seiqmna delosis sazRvao kavSiri (simaqia), romelSic daaxloebiT 140-160 Zvelelinuri polisi Sevida. maT evalebodaT samxedro gemebis mowyoba, ekipaJis momzadeba _ gamoyvana da kavSiris xazinaSi e.w. Torosis gadaxda. Qqr.Sobamde V saukunis meore naxevarSi, periklosisa da efialtes moRvaweobis Sedegad, Seiqmna aTenis arqe _ uZlieresi Zvelelinuri saxelmwifo.

$3. Zveli spartis saxelmwifo samarTali


Zveli eladis istoriaSi meore yvelaze gavleniani polisi iyo Zveli sparta. spartis saxel-mwifos Camoyalibebis mTavari safuZveli, romelic, ZiriTadSi, qr. Sobamde VIII-VII saukuneebSi mimdinareobda, is saerTo kanonzomierebani iyo, romlebic axasiaTebda pirvelyofil gvarov-nul wyobilebas. magram, Tu Zvel aTenSi am kanonzomierebebma gamoiwvia gvarovnul-tomobrivi urTierTobebis TiTqmis sruli aRmofxvra: 1) Zvel spartaSi saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis process arsebiTi Taviseburebebi axasiaTebda, rac, upirveles yovlisa, gvarovnuli organizaciis, xangrZlivi droiT, SenarCunebaSi mdgomareobda; 2) spartis ganviTarebis meore mTavar Taviseburebas warmoagenda, sazogadoebis evoluciaze, Zaladobrivi faqtoris uxeSi gavlena. qr.S-mde XII saukuneSi, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze mdebare, lakeoniis dablobSi moxda momxvduri dorieli da avtoqtonuri _ aqaveli tomebis gaerTianeba, romelsac win uswrebda maT Soris xSiri sabrZolo Setakebebi. am gaerTianebis Sedegad, Seiqmna spartiatebis Temi, romelic qr.S-mde VIII-VII saukuneebSi afarToebs sakuTari

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samflobeloebis farglebs, imonebs mezobeli olqis _ meseniis mosaxleobas da damoki-debulebis qveS aqcevs dapyrobili teritoriis periferiaze mcxovreb mosaxleobas. dapyrobis Sedegad, miwa (im periodSi warmoadgenda warmoebis ZiriTad saSualebas) aRmoCnda dampyrob-lebis saerTo sakuTrebaSi. amasTan erTad, ganviTarda mosaxleobis mkveTrad antagonisturi diferencireba: erTi mxriv, gabatonebul socialur fenad qceuli spartiatebi da meore mxriv, monad an naxevraddamokidebul kategoriad qceuli dapyrobili xalxi. spartiatebTan ganviTarebuli politikuri xelisuflebis organizacia tipiuri iyo gvarov-nuli wyobilebis rRvevis periodisaTvis, kerZod: ori arqageti (tomobrivi beladi), gerusia (uxucesTa sabWo) da apela (saxalxo kreba). Tumca, aRniSnuli organoebi ar iZleoda sakmariss saSualebas, raTa srulyofilad ganxorcielebuliyo dapyrobili mosaxleobis marTva, miTumetes, rom is ocjer mainc aRemateboda dampyrobelTa saerTo raodenobas. amrigad, Seiqmna obieqturi pirobebi politikuri xelisuflebis SeqmnisaTvis, romelic ar iq-neboda mTeli mosaxleobis interesebis Sesabamisi da mxolod, misi mciredi nawilis bato-nobas uzrunvelyofda dapyrobili mosaxleobis udides masaze. 3) spartis erT-erTi Taviseburebad iTvleba is, rom, dapyrobili masebis damorCilebis uzrunvelsayofad, savaldebulo iyo TviT spartiatebs Soris erTianobis SenarCuneba da gvarovnuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, garkveuli elementebis dakonserveba; 4) amasve uwyobda xels spartis meurneobis agraruli xasiaTi, qveynis teritoriis mniSvnelovani izolacia, romelic yoveli mxridan mTis qedebiT iyo garSemortymuli, rac xels uSlida qveyanaSi rogorc Sida vaWrobis, ise saerTaSoriso savaWro da sasaqonlo _ fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli garemoebebis erToblioba didad ganapirobebda spartis _ lakedemonis saxel-mwifos Camoyalibebasa da mis Semdgom evolucias, aseve sxva Zvelelinur polisebTan mis damokidebulebas. aRniSnuli periodis Zveli spartis socialuri da politikuri wyoba ganmtkicda e.w. retriT (xelSekrulebiT), romlis Sedgenas miaweren legendarul kanonmdebels da spartis saxelm-wifos erT-erT mamamTavars _ likurges. likurges istoriulobisa da mis mier gatarebuli reformebis drois Sesaxeb utyuari cnobebi ar mogvepoveba. Tumca, savaraudod, reformebis ganxorcieleba unda momxdariyo daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde VIII-VII saukuneSi, xolo sabolood likurgeseuli wyoba qr. Sobamde VII-VI saukuneebSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo. retra (savaraudod ara erTi) cdilobda ori ZiriTadi amocanis gadawyvetas: 1) spartiatebs Soris erTianobis SenarCunebas, maT Soris qonebrivi diferencirebis SeCerebis gziT da 2) dapyrobil mosaxleobaze erToblivi batonobis ganmtkicebis mizniT, spartiatebis politikuri sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis Seqmnas.

2) sazogadoebrivi wyoba

Zvel spartaSi Camoyalibda, Taviseburad, antagonisturi sazogadoeba, romelic inarCunebda gvarovnuli wyobilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. 1) gabatonebuli fena spartiatebi iyvnen. mxolod isini iTvlebodnen sruluflebian moqalaqeebad. moqalaqeebs Soris miwaze saerTo sakuTrebis SenarCunebis pirobebSi, gabato-nebuli fenisadmi kuTvnileba uzrunvelyofili iyo imiT, rom TiToeul spartiats sargeblobaSi gadacemuli hqonda miwis nakveTi _ klerosi, romelzec mimagrebuli iyvnen e.w. hilotebi (uuflebo avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba, romelic monobidan yma-glexobisaken garda-maval fenas warmoadgenda). hilotebis Sroma uzrunvelyofda spartiatsa da mis ojaxs saarsebo saSualebebiT. lakedemonSi miwa gayofili iyo 9000 klerosad, romlebic moculo-biTac Tanabari iyo da gasxvisebasac ar eqvemdebareboda, anu dauSvebeli iyo misi gayidva, gaCuqeba da Tavdapirvelad _ memkvidreobiT gadacemac. spartiatebi cxovrobdnen qalaqis tipis dasaxlebaSi, romelic xuT sofels aerTianebda da ufro gasamxedroebul banaks waagavda. spartiatebis yofa-cxovreba mkacrad iyo regal-mentirebuli. maTi mTavari amocana iyo samxedro saqme. imisaTvis, rom spartiatebSi gamoewrToT meomruli suliskveTeba, biWunebs Svidi wlis asakidan gaamwesebdnen specialur skolebSi _ agogeSi, romlebic saxelmwifos srul kmayofaze arsebobdnen. bavSvebis aRzrda-swavlebaze zrunavdnen gansakuTrebuli Tanamdebobis pirebi _ pedonomebi. isini spartiat mozardebs uRvivebdnen mkacri disciplinisadmi morCilebas da ufrosebis brZanebaTa usityvo Sesrulebas, Zalasa da gamZleobas, samxedro codnasa da simamaces. swavleba 20 wlis asakSi mTavrdeboda. spartiatebi 20-dan 60 wlamde samxedro valdebuli iyvnen. ufrosi mamakacebi erTiandebodnen asakobriv da sxva kavSirebSi, romlebic maT socialur statuss gansazRv-

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ravdnen. yvelaze rCeuli moqalaqeebis mcirericxovani jgufi e.w. 300 mxedris korpusSi erTiandeboda. qalebi TiTqmis mTlianad gaTavisufldnen saojaxo meurneobidan da Svilebis aRzrdis movaleobidan. maT gaaCndaT garkveuli damoukidebloba da hqondaT garToba-dasvenebis saSualeba (xelsaqme _ qsova). spartiatebs Soris erTobis SesanarCuneblad dawesda e.w. sisiTiebi (fiditebi) _ saerTo trapeza, romelic ewyoboda, spartiatebisaTvis dadgenili, yovelTviuri mosakreblis xarjze. sisiTosebs hqondaT Tanabari porciebi. sapatio wils mxolod Tanamdebobis pirebi iRebdnen. erTgvarovani iyo meomrebis samosi da iaraRic. spartiatebs Soris erTianobis SenarCunebas xels uwyobda likurges mier dadgenili wesebi, fufunebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. spartiatebs ekrZalebodaT vaWroba, fulis dagroveba, ris gamoc qveyanaSi SemoiRes rkinis zodebi, fuladi monetis magivrad. Tumca, es SezRudvebi ver aicilebdnen Tavidan spartiatebs Soris qonebriv diferencirebas, rac Zirs uTxrida maT erTobasa da ,,Tanasworobas”. vinaidan miwis nakveTebi memkvidreobiT mxolod ufros vaJiSvilebs gadaecemoda, danarCenebi e.w. amovardnil nakveTebs anu beiTalman qonebas iRebdnen, xolo Tu aseTi qonebac ar iyo, maSin spartiatebis umcrosi vaJebi hipomeionebis (fskerze daSvebuli lumpen-proletariatis) kategoriaSi gadadiodnen da saxalxo krebasa da sisiTiebSi monawiloebis uflebas kargavdnen. hipomeionTa raodenoba ganuxrelad izrdeboda, xolo spartiatebisa _ Sesabamisad, mkveTrad mcirdeboda; kerZod, IV saukuneSi, maTi ricxvi mxolod 700 Seadgenda. xolo 371 wels Tebes winaaRmdeg, leqtrasTan gamarTul brZolaSi marcxis Semdeg, spartam dakarga meseniis olqi da, faqti-urad, elinuri samyaros meore xarisxovan polisad iqca. 2) periekebi _ spartis unayofo, mTian periferiaze mdebare, raionebis mosaxleoba, romelic samarTlebrivi statusiT, gardamaval fenas Seadgenda spartiatebsa da hiloTebs Soris. isini piradad Tavisufali da garkveuli qonebrivi uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvili fenaa, romlebic moklebuli iyvnen politikur uflebebs da maTze zedamxedveloba evalebodaT gansakuTrebul Tanamdebobis pirebs _ harmostebs. periekebze vrceldeboda samxedro valdebuleba da maT evalebodaT mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiT jarSi _ hoplitebSi msaxuri. periekebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba iyo vaWroba da xelosnoba. sakuTari samarTlebrivi statusiT, periekebi axlos idgnen Zvel aTenel metekebTan, Tumca umaRles Tanamdebobis pirebs, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSec SeeZloT maTi sikvdiliT dasja. 3) hiloTebi _ meseniisa da kinuriis damonebuli avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba, saxelmwifos sakuTrebas Seadgendnen. hiloTebi gadacemuli iyvnen spartiatebis gankargulebaSi, amuSa-vebdnen maT miwebs da aZlevdnen maT mosavlis naxevars mainc (saSinao saqmeebSi spartiatebi asaqmebdnen tyve-monebs). miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel spartasa da Zvel aTenSi monaTa eqspluatacia iyo sazogadoebrivi warmoebis safuZveli, koleqtiuri spartiatuli monoba mainc mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda klasikuri monobisagan (mona-nivTi). hiloTia monobis specifikuri forma iyo. hiloTebi praqtikulad: 1) damoukideblad warmarTavdnen sakuTar meurneobas, monebiviT ar iyvnen nivTebi da 2) Tavisuflad gankargavdnen mosavlis darCenil nawils. maTi qonebrivi da socialuri mdgomareoba miaxloebuli iyo Sua saukuneebis yma-glexebis statusTan; 3) igulisxmeba, rom hiloTebs ojaxic hyavdaT da 4) raRac, Temis msgavs, gaerTianebasac hqmnidnen, Tumca spartiatebis koleqtiuri sakuTrebis farglebSi; 5) hiloTebi monawileobdnen spartis mier gamarTul omebSi, msubuqad SeiaraRebuli meomrebis saxiT; 6) maT SeeZloT gamoesyidaT Tavi da mieRoT Tavisufleba, Tumca yovelmxriv uuflebo fenad rCebodnen. yovelwliurad spartiatebi, saxelmwifoebriv doneze, awyobdnen kriptiebs _ hiloTebis sanqcionirebul masobriv xocva-Jletas, danarCeni mosaxleobis daSinebis mizniT.

3) saxelmwifo meqanizmi

Zveli spartis saxelmwifo wyobileba Camoyalibda ori tomobrivi gaerTianebis (proto-saxelmwifos) saxelmwifo organizaciaSi gardaqmnis Sedegad, Tumca xelisuflebis gvarovnuli organizaciis mniSvnelovani niSnebis SenarCunebiT. aman gamoiwvia e.w. ,,likur-geseuli wyobis” Camoyalibeba qr. Sobamde VI saukunisaTvis. mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom es iyo gadatrialeba, romelic ukavSirdeba meseniis dapyrobisa da hiloTiis Camoyalibebis dasrulebas, rac moiTxovda spartiatebis Temis konsolidacias, maTi ekonomikuri mdgo-mareobis gaTanabrebisa da politikur uflebebSi gaTanasworebis meSveobiT. yovelive aRniS-nulis Sedegad, sparta iqca samxedro banakad, romelic gabatonda damonebuli mosaxleobis

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mravalricxovan masaze. spartiatebis saxelmwifo meqanizmis saTaveSi idga: 1) ori arqageti. maTi arseboba dakavSirebuli iyo Zvel tradiciasTan, romlis Tanaxmad, dorielTa da aqavelTa ori warCinebuli gvaris _ evripontidebisa da ageadebis _ mamamTavrebi beladebad airCeodnen (Tumca, mxolod am ori gvaridan). arqagetebis Zalaufleba gacilebiT susti iyo, iuridiulad, vidre Tundac SezRuduluflebiani Zveli aTeneli bazilevsisa. arqagetis xelisuflebam memkvidreobiTi xasiaTi miiRo evripontidebisa da ageadebis sagvareuloebis SigniT, Tumca maTi xelisufleba arasodes yofila SeuzRudavi da memkvidreobiTi, anu ar gadadioda mamidan ufross vaJze: yovel 8 weliwadSi erTxel, delfosis orakulis varskvlavTmricxvelobisa da misnobis Sedegad, arqageti marTlmsajulebas gadaecemoda da gadayenebuli iqneboda. zogjer maTi gadayeneba am proceduris gareSec daiSveboda. Tumca, mTlianobaSi arqagetebis mdgomareoba sapatio iyo. isini samxedro nadavlis did nawils iRebdnen, msxverplSewirvas axorcielebdnen, gerusiaSi (uxucesTa sabWoSi) Sediodnen, mTeli TemisaTvis mniSvnelovan zogierT saqmeze marTlmsajulebas axorcielebdnen. Tavda-pirvelad, arqagetebis samxedro Zalaufleba TiTqmis, SeuzRudavi iyo. maT eqvemdebareboda jari, laSqrobisas isini wyvetdnen jariskacTa sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxs. Tumca, mogvia-nebiT maTi samxedro xelisuflebac mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda. 2) gerusia (geroni _ uxucesi) _ uxucesTa sabWo, iseve, rogorc arqageti, xelisuflebis is organo iyo, romelic gvarovnuli sazogadoebis gadmonaSTs warmoadgenda da misi (marTlac uxucesTa sabWos) transformirebuli varianti iyo. gerusiis SemadgenlobaSi 28 geroni Sedioda, romlebsac samisdReSiod irCevda saxalxo kreba im warCinebuli spartiatebis wridan, romlebic 60 wlis asaks iyvnen miRweuli. gerusiaSi orive arqagetic Sedioda. amrigad, misi wevrebis raodenoba 30 Seadgenda. Tavdapirvelad, gerusia ganixilavda im sakiTxebs, romlebic Semdgom saxalxo krebaze unda ganxorcielebuliyo, riTac isini, faqtiurad, warmarTavdnen mis saqmianobas. drois Semdeg, gerusias uflebamosilebani gafarTovda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu geronebi da arqagetebi kmayo-fili ar iqnebodnen saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebiT, maT SeeZloT misTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva da saxalxo krebis datoveba. gerusia sxva qveynebTan molaparakebaSic monawileobda, ganixilavda sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs saxelmwifo danaSaulis Taobaze da arqagetebis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo process awarmoebda. 3) apela (saxalxo kreba) momdinareobda Zvelelinuri terminidan _ apelaZein. apela ikribeboda mdinare knakionis napiras, babikis xidis qveS. iq arc portiki da arc raime Senoba-nageboba iyo, raTa likurges azriT, krebis monawileebi ar garTuliyvnen raime ganyenebul Temebze saubriT. apelas muSaobaSi monawileobda, 30 wlis asaks miRweuli, yvela spartiati. Tavdapirvelad, apelas arqagetebi iwvevdnen, romlebic TviTonve Tavmjdomareobdnen mas. saxalxo krebaze gamosvlis ufleba mxolod Tanamdebobis pirebs SeeZloT (zogjer ucxo qveynis elCebs. monawileebi ki mxolod ismendnen gamosvlebs da kenWisyraSi (xmis micemaSi) monawileobdnen. xmis micema yviriliT xdeboda, xolo sadao SemTxvevebSi krebis monawileebi sxvadasxva mxares dgebodnen da ise yvirodnen sakuTar azrs. apela yovelTviurad, TveSi erTxel moiwveoda (garda sagangebo krebisa). krebaze iRebdnen kanonebs, irCevdnen Tanamdebobis pirebs, wyvetdnen omisa da zavis sakiTxebs, sxva saxelmwifoebTan mokavSireobas, arqagetis qonebis memkvidreobis sakiTxebs, ganisazRvreboda, Tu romel arqagets unda esardla jarisaTvis konkretul laSqrobaSi. yvela aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, apelas roli SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo, vidre amas Zvel aTenSi hqonda adgili agorasTan (eklesiasTan) mimarTebaSi. Tumca, arc misi rolis uaryofaa safuZvliani. mxolod qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi moxda apelas rolis dacema da is pasiur dawesebulebad iqca. 4) eforati Zvel spartaSi qr. Sobamde VIII saukuneSi Cndeba, sagvareulo aristokratiasa da arqagetebs Soris gamwvavebuli dapirispirebis Sedegad) kerZod, arqaget Teopomposis dros. sagvareulo aristokratia iRebda samxedro nadavlis did nawils da SesaZlebloba hqonda ebatona Tavisufal meTemeebze, riTac is cdilobda arqagetebis samisdReSio Zalauflebis SezRudvas da maT nacvlad, garkveuli vadiT, aristokratiis warmomadgenelTa rigebidan, irCevda gansakuTrebul Tanamdebobis pirebs. aseT pirebs warmoadgendnen xuTi efori. isini airCeodnen ,,Rirseuli” spartiatebisgan, erTi wlis vadiT; erTian kolegiad moqmedebdnen, romelic gadawyvetilebas iRebda xmaTa umravlesobiT. Tavdapirvelad, eforebi TiTqos arqagetebis TanaSemweebad iTvlebodnen da sasamarTlo saqmeebis ganxilvas axorcielebdnen qonebriv davebze. qr. Sobamde VI saukunis Sua xanebidan eforTa xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. maT sakuTar kontrols dauqvemdebares arqagetebi _ laSqrobebSi maT ori efori dahyvebodaT. eforebma gerusiis mowvevis uflebac moipoves da saxalxo krebasac xelmZRvanelobdnen. gerusiasTan erTad, eforebi Tavidan icilebdnen, apelas mier arasa-

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surveli gadawyvetilebis miRebas. eforebis xelSi gadavida Zveli spartis sagareo urTierTobebis warmoeneba, qveynis Sida saqmeebis marTva, spartiatebis mier dadgenili wesebis dacvaze, zedamxedveloba, maTi gasamarTleba da dasja, omis gamocxadeba da zavis dadeba, danarCeni Tanamdebobis pirebis gakontroleba. TviT eforebis saqmianoba, praqtikulad, ar kontroldeboda. isini mxolod uflebamonacvleebis winaSe iyvnen angariSvaldebuli. eforebis gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaze isic metyvelebs, rom maT ar evalebodaT saerTo sisiTiebSi monawileoba da hqondaT gansakuTrebuli sufra.

$4. Zveli romis saxelmwifo samarTlis istoria

1) mokle istoriuli eqskursi, romis saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis periodizacia da sazogadoebrivi wyoba uZveles xanaSi

romi Svid borcvze ganlagebuli ramdenime dasaxlebis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna. Sesabamisad, am adgils Septimontium-i anu Svidborcviani (aventinusi, palatinusi, kapitoliumi, kvirinalis, viminalis, eskvilinusi da keliusi) ewoda. mogvianebiT, qalaqs galavani Semoavles, romelic mosaxleobas mtris Tavdasxmisagan icavda. am borcvTagan erT-erTs, kapitoliumi Semdegi garemoebis gamo ewoda: borcvze iupiteris taZris asagebad saZirkvelis gaTxrisas md. tibro-sis sanapiroebze muSebma adamianis Tavis qala aRmoaCines. metad xelsayreli savaWro gzebis (via Salaria) kveTaze mkvidri primitiuli sasoflo Temi, TandaTanobiT iZenda qalaq-saxelmwifos (civitas) niSan-maxasiaTeblebs. galavanSemovlebuli uZvelesi civitas-is teri-toriaze (pomoerium), mravlad iyo wminda adgilebi, sadac sxvadasxva magiuri da religiuri ritualebi tardeboda; aqve mdebareobda mTavrobis rezidencia da sagangebo adgilebi saxal-xo krebebis Casatareblad. miTis Tanaxmad, uZvelesi dasaxleba romulusis saxels ukavSirdeba, manve daudgina qalaqs Tavdapirveli sazRvrebi (e.w. Roma quadrata). qalaqs gars ertya sajaro miwebi da saZovrebi (ager publicus) da mtris Semosevebisagan daucveli soflebi da miwaTmoqmedTa gancalkevebiT mdgomi qoxebi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalebis Tanaxmad, civitas-is garSemo saforti-fikacio samuSaoebi permanentulad, laTinebis TemebiT dasaxlebuli soflebis gaerTianebiT, mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, romi alba-longas (Alba Longa) kolonia iyo. aqve dabadebula qalRmerT vestas qurumi qali rea-silvia, tyupi Zmis _ romulusisa da remusis deda. amrigad, romi saerTo mmarTvelobas daqvemdebarebuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis kong-lomerats, ciceronis Tanaxmad, coetus hominum iure sociali-s, warmoadgenda. Zveli romaelebi im xalxs miekuTvneboda, romelic cxovrobda italiis (apeninebis naxevar-kunZulze) dasavleTsa da Sua nawilSi. aq mdebareobda laciumis olqi (Latium), romlis CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen etruskebi (araarieli tomebi), xolo mis samxreTiT _ Zvelelinuri koloniebi, anu, kulturuli da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT maRal doneze mdgari xalxis dasaxlebebi. Tavdapirvelad, romauli saxelmwifo Camoyalibda rogorc saqalaqo Temi (civitas) da, Tvisobrivad, arafriT gansxvavdeboda Zvelelinuri polisisgan, _ sakuTari saxalxo krebebiT (comitia curiata), SedarebiT mokrZalebuli uflebebis mqone beladiT – rex

(ductor) da sagvareulo aristkratiis sakrebuloTi – Senatus. romis civilizaciam ganvlo mmarTvelobis formebis Tanmimdevruli evolucia reqsebis xanidan moyolebuli, respub-likuri da imperiuli wyobilebiT damTavrebuli da misi istoria TiTqmis 12 saukunes moi-cavs. romis saxelmwifosa da samarTlganviTarebis periodebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTma-neTisgan. samarTalganviTarebam moicva xuTi _ didi (arqauli, winaklasikuri, klasikuri, postklasikuri periodebi da iustinianes samarTalSemoqmedeba) da sami qveperiodebi. romis saxelmwifoebriobis periodizacia dakavSirebulia saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis formebis eviluciasTan, kerZod: 1. uZvelesi Rex-bis xana _ qr. Sobamde 754-510 ww.; 2. civitas Romani-s epoqa _ qr. Sobamde 509-27 ww., romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa: a) adreuli respublikis _ qr. Sobamde 509-367 ww. da b) gviandeli respublikis _ qr. Sobamde 367-27ww. _ etapebad; 3. Imperium Romani _ qr. Sobamde 27 weli-qr. Sobis 476 weli, romelic, aseve, iyofa or qveetapad: a) principium _ qr. Sobamde 27 weli-qr. Sobis 235 weli da b) dominatus _ 284-476 wlebi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifoebriobis CamoTvlili periodebi exeba mxolod uSualod Zveli romis saxelmwifos da ara, 395 wlis Semdeg, orad gayofil _ dasavleT da aRmosavleT _ romis imperias, radgan aRmosavleT romis anu bizantiis imperiam iarseba kidev, TiTqmis 1000 wlis

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ganmavlobaSi da arseboba Sewyvita 1453 wlis 28 maiss, Turqi-osmaloebis Semosevisa da dapyrobis Sedegad. damkvidrebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, romis damaarseblad da mis pirvel rex-ad iTvleba Romulus. missave sapativsacemod, Latium-si olqSi Seqmnil civitas-s ewoda Roma, xolo iq mcxovreb xalxs _ cives Romani. romulusis droidan moyolebuli, vidre ukanaskneli rex-is _ Tarquinius Superbus-is zeobamde, romaelebi cxovrobdnen gvarovnuli wyobilebis pirobebSi, romelic, Tanmimdevrulad iZenda mosaxleobis profesiuli diferencirebis niSnebs da iqmneboda qurumTa, miwaTmoqmedTa, meomarTa, mesaqonleTa, mewaReTa da vaWarTa qalaq-saxelm-wifo _ martivi civitas Romani. romulusmave moaxdina sajaro miwebis – ager publicum

gadanawileba civitas-is wevrebs Soris da TiToeul genus – gvars arguna 50 measedi anu 2-2 iuger, romelic iyo saojaxo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sakarmidamo miwis nakveTi. saxnav-saTesi miwebi, saZovrebi da tyeebi TiToeul familias-s mflobelobasa da sargeblobaSi, da ara sakuTrebis uflebiT gadaecemoda. gvarebi iyofoda ojaxebad – familias, romelic iqca sazogadoebis Ziri-Tad ujredad (institutad). Familias-s saTaveSi idga, TiTqmis SeuzRudavi uflebiT aRWurvili, paterfamilias-i, romelic iyo gardacvlili winapris kultTan da gvaris damaarsebelTan _ adgnatus proximus yvelaze axlos mdgomi mamrobiTi sqesis uxucesi piri. swored paterfamilias-i zedamxedvelobda: 1. dadgenili mos (Cveulebas), mores maiorum (winaparTa naanderZevs), fas (religiur wesrigs), aequitas (bunebiTi samarTlianoba), iustitia (marTal samarTals) da consuetudo (CveulebiT samarTals) aRsrulebas; 2. sagvareulo qonebis memkvidreobiT gadacemas; 3. ius religiosae-s movla-patronobasa da dacvas; 4. sagvareulo saxelis tarebis uflebas (es ufleba SenarCunda imperiis epoqamde). Cives Romani Sedgeboda sami tomisgan: laTinebi, sabinebi da etruskebi, romlebic, Tavdapirvelad, Sedgeboda 100 gvarisgan. mogvianebiT, gvarebis raodenoba gasammagda, Tanac TiToeuli tomi aerTianebda 10 kurias _ curia (gvarebis gaerTianebas), rac Zalzed xelsayreli iyo samxedro, administraciuli da sagadasaxado TvalsazrisiT. kuris saTaveSi idga curion-i. romauli Temis sruluflebian wevrad iTvleboda mxolod is piri, vinc miekuTvneboda romelime gvars da iricxeboda curia-Si. aseT pirebs patricii _ patriciebi ewodebodaT, radgan isini iyvnen warCinebuli gvarebisa da romis damaarsebelTa STamo-mavlebi. patriciebze damokidebul pirebs clientes _ klientebi ewodebodaT. isini eqvemdebarebodnen sakuTar patroni (patronebs), patriciebis wridan. rogorc wesi, klientebad xdebodnen yofili da gaazatebuli monebi, romlebic darCnen patronis ojaxSi. klientebi ganagrZobdnen sakuTari patronis pativiscemas, misdami samsaxurs samsaxurs, misTvis daxmarebis gawevas mSvidobianobis periodSi. patroni ki icavda sakuTar klients saojaxo erTobis miRma da, upirveles yovlisa, sasamarTloSi. patronatoba efuZneboda CveulebiT da religiur normebs. SezRuduli uflebebi hqonda mosaxleobis kidev erT, mravalricxovan da gavlenian kategorias _ plebs-s (plebeebs). es iyo civitas Romani TavisufladSobili mosaxleobis nawili, romelic flobda miwis nakveTs, ixdida gadasaxads da samxedro begaras. Tumca, maT ekrZalebodaT, romaelTa mier dapyrobili teritoriis ganawilebisas, miwis nakveTis moTxovna da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, _ administraciuli, sasamarTlo da sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba da, qr. Sobamde 445 wels miRebuli, kanuleusis kanonis (lex Canuleia) amoqmedebamde, romis sruluflebian moqalaqesTan qorwinebaSi Sesvla. uflebrivi uTanasworoba Tanda-TanobiT ispoboda da, am mxriv, saetapoa ramdenime movlena, romelic ganmtkicda, Sesabamisi, sakanonmdeblo aqtiT, kerZod: qr. Sobamde 494 wels SemoiRes plebs-is meTauris _ tribuni plebis Tanamdeboba, romelzec consilia plebis (plebeebis sakrebulo) mier airCeoda mxolod plebs-is warmomadgeneli. mxolod tribuni plebis-s hqonda veto-s ufleba patricii-ebis yvela gadawyvetilebaze, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeboda plebs-is interesebs; ukve naxsenebi qr. Sobamde 445 wels miRebuli, kanuleusis kanoni (lex Canuleia), romliTac plebs-s neba darTes kanonier qorwinebaSi Sesuliyvnen cives Romani-sTan; qr. Sobamde 287 wels miRebuli, plebiscita Hortensia,

romliTac consilia plebis (plebeebis sakrebulo) gadawyvetilebebi _ plebiscita gauTanabrda lex-s (romaul kanons), rogorc samarTlis umTavress wyaros da savaldebulo gaxda rogorc plebs-Tvis, ise patricii-saTvis. Cives Romani-sTan, statusiT, yvelaze axlos idga uZvelesi Latium-is olqis (romis samxreTiT) mosaxleoba _ latini prisci (uZvelesi laTinebi) da, agreTve, e.w. qr. Sobamde 338 wlamde arsebuli laTinuri ligis moqalaqeebi. maT mieniWaT romSi Casaxlebis (ius migrandi), romaelebTan kanonier qorwinebaSi Sesvlis (ius conubii) ufleba. Tumca, isini moklebuli iyvnen, maT sasargeblod datovebuli, samkvidros miRebis uflebas da sakuTari anderZis datovebis uflebas. mTeli maTi samkvidro maT yofil patrons rCeboda; dauSvebeli iyo,

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anderZiT, maTi meurveebad dasaxeleba. laTinebis msgavsi statusi mieniWaT romSi Camosaxlebul da romaul provinciebSi mcxovreb ucxoelebs _ peregrini (peregrinebs). Peregrini-s hqondaT kanonieri garigebebis dadebisa (ius

commercii) da romSi Casaxlebis (ius migrandi) ufleba, Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, moklebuli iyvnen romaelebTan kanonier qorwinebaSi Sesvlis (ius conubii) uflebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierT laTinur Tems mainc mieniWa aRniSnuli ufleba, romaelebTan xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZvelze. laTinisa da roaeli matrona (qalbatoni) qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvi, imperator Hadriaus rescripta (imperator adrianes gankargulebiT) xdeboda romis moqalaqe. is laTini moqalaqe, vinc sakuTar TemSi ikavebda maRal da sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobas, SesaZlebeli iyo romis moqalaqeobis miReba da romSi politikuri karieris gagrZeleba (ius

suffragii). laTinTa am kategorias latini coloniarii (koloniebis laTinebi) ewodebodaT. Tumca, 212 wels, imperator karakalas ediqtiT, romelic istoriaSi cnobilia Constitutio Antoniniana-s saxelwodebiT, imperiis TavisufladSobil mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba mieniWaT, riTac gauqmda is privilegium da ius singularae, rac axasiaTebda mxolod cives Romani-s. Zvelromauli sazogadoebis fskerze idgnen monebi (servi, servere). monoba ar iyo romis samoqalaqo samarT-lis (ius civile) instituti. mas aRiarebs xalxis samarTali (ius gentium). monoba, romSi, iyo klasikuri xasiaTisa, rac imas niSnavs, rom mona iyo ara samarTlis subieqti, armed romis moqalaqeTa Soris, garigebebis dadebis sagani – molaparake nivTi (instrumentum vocalae). kerZod: dasaSvebi iyo monis yidva-gayidva, memkvidreobiT gadacema, kredotorisaTvis valSi gacema, TviTneburi dasja. monobis uZvelesi wyaro iyo monadSobili an SemdgomSi monadqceuli, samxedro tyveebis monad gayidvisa an damnaSavis monad dasjis gziT. mogvianebiT, monobis wyaro gafarTovda, kerZod: valauali movalis, valis gadauxdelobis gamo, monad gayidva; sikvdilTmisjilTaTvis sasjelis Secvla monobiT (katorRa samxedro gemebze _ galerebze); danaSaulebrivad, sakuTari Tavis monad gayidva, marTlsawinaaRmdegod, mogebis miRebis mizniT; monasTan mruSobaSi mxilebuli romaeli matronas damoneba, miuxedavad mis samgzisi gafrTxilebisa Seewyvita urTierToba monasTan da sxva. aRniSnuli garemoeba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala klasikur periodSi, stoicizmis filosofiis gavleniT, kerZod: dauSvebeli iyo, mebatonis mier, monis TviTneburi dasja; monis SeZena, dasaglejad, mxecebisaTvis migdebis mizniT da sxva. monobidan gaTavisuflebis (gaazatebis) _ manumissio ramdenime gza arsebobda, kerZod: manumissio censu _ yovel xuTweliwadSi erTxel Sedgenil, sacenzo siaSi, gaazatebulad, yofili monis Cawera; manumissio vindicta – saritualo kverTxis dadebiT, mebatonis mier sakuTari monis gaazateba praetor-is (mosamarTleobis funqciiT aRWurvili magistratis) winaSe, kvazi sasamarTlo procesis warmarTvis gziT; manumissio testamentaria –

monis gaazataba misi anderZSi Setanis gziT, raTa azati gaxdes mamkvidreblis arasrul-wlovani memkvidreebis meurved; manumissio inter amicos – monis gaazateba yofili patronis xuTi megobris TandaswrebiT, raTa maT sakuTar Tavze aeRoT azatis interesebis dacva, Tu patroni moindomebda misi uflebebis darRvevas. gaazatebuli yofili mona iZenda latini Iuniani (iuniusis laTinebis) statuss. laTinTa es nairsaxeoba warmoiSva qr. Sobis 18-19 wlis lex Iunia Norbana-s (iunius norbanas kanoni) miRebis Semdeg. laTinTa es kategoria ar iyo, Tundac, latini coloniarii (koloniebis laTinebi) tolfasi,

rom araferi vTqvaT latini prisci-ze (uZvelesi laTinebi). Latini Iuniani-is (iuniusis laTinebis) Tavisufleba iyo “naklebi (minus Latium) [moculobis] ufleba” (Gai, 1, 26-27). L

2) Zveli romis saxelmwifo wyobilebis evoluciis Taviseburebani da etapebi

Rex-is xanaSi xelisuflebas axorcielebda sami institucia: rex-i, Senatus (sagvareulo aristokratiis sakrebulo, romelic iyo Zveli uxucesTa sabWos modificirebuli nairsaxeoba) da comitia curiata (cives Romani-s saxalxo krebis uZvelesi nairsaxeoba).

a) Rex

Rex-i sardlobda jars, xelmZRvanelobda Temis yoveldRiur mmarTvelobas da iTvleboda Suamavlad RmerTebsa da romael xalxs Soris. amrigad, rex-is saqmianobaSi adgili hqonda saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis elementebs. Tumca, mis funqciebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc samxedro sfero da iZulebis gamoyenebis ufleba (ius coertionis) iyo. xolo, vinaidan rex-s, sakuTari qarizmatulobis wyalobiT, SeeZlo RmerTebTan urTierToba, mas qurumT-

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uxucesobasac aniWebdnen; danarCeni qurumebi momavals zeciur movlenebze dakvirvebiT, msxverplad Sewiruli cxovelebis Signeulobisa da frinvelTa frenis (auspicium, augurium) mixedviT winaswarmetyvelebdnen. iTvleboda, rom romaelebi sakuTar RmerTebTan debdnen xelSekrulebas (religia laTinuri sityvidan – ligare _ xelSekvra momdinareos), riTac aixsneba maTi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba locvebisa da religiuri ritualebisadmi. gadmocemis mixedviT, roms marTavda Svidi reqsi: romulusi (Romulus), numa pompiliusi (Numa

Pompilius), tulus hostiliusi (Tullus Gostilius), ankus marciusi (Ancus Marcius), tarkvinius priskusi (Tarquinius Priscus), servius tuliusi (Servius Tullius) da tarkvinius amayi (Superbus). pirveli oTxi reqsi laTinTa da sabinTa warmomadgeneli iyo, xolo bolo sami reqsi ki _ etruskTa tomisa. respublikis periodSi romma SeinarCuna reqsebis xelisuflebisaTvis niSandoblivi rudimen-tebi. laTini reqsebi roms senatTan TanxmobiT marTavdnen, samagierod, xalxis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. etruskma reqsebma TavianTi despotizmiT xalxi daipirispires. bolo reqss _ tarkviniuss amays _ romaelebi ganudgnen aujanydnen da gandevnes. etruskTa dinastiis reqsebma SemoiRes uzenaesi xelisuflebis (imperium) Semdegi simboloebi: spilos Zvlisgan damzadebuli samefo taxti, porfiris samosi _ toga (toga) da wkeplebiT SeiaraRebuli piradi mcvelebi (lictores); magram romaeli rex-i araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar miiCneva mefed; ase rom, maTi zeobis epoqa arasworad miiCnies monarqiuli mmarTvelobis periodad.

b) senati

Tavdapirveli senati (Senatus) iyo uxucesTa sabWo, romelic reqss iseTi umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifo problemebis gadawyvetaSi exmareboda, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, omisa da zavis sakiTxi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, romulusma Tavad daaarsa senati, romlis SemadgenlobaSic 100 senatori Seiyvana; drois kvalobaze, maTi ricxvi gaizarda da tarkvinius priskusis mmarTve-lobis dros maTma ricxvma 300 miaRwia. SesaZloa, senatorTa ricxvi ganisazRvreboda im patres raodenobiT, senatSi adgilis dakavebis ufleba rom moipoves. senatorTa es wodeba (patres) imas mowmobs, rom senati gvarTa meTaurebis wridan iqmneboda. gvari (gens) iyo im ramdenime monaTesave ojaxis gaerTianeba, romelsac saerTo winapari hyavda. Civitas-is Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, ojaxis (familia), gvarisa (gens) da tomis (tribus) funqciis sakiTxi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ganixileboda romanistikaSi. ojaxis wevrebs erTmaneTTan sisxliT naTesaoba akavSirebdaT. ojaxi uZvelesi socialuri organizmia. ojaxTa kavSiri, romelsac saerTo wina-pari (patres gentis) hyavda naTesavTa erTobas _ gvars (gens) qmnida. gvaris wevrebi saerTo sagva-reulo saxels atarebdnen da gvaris yvela wevrisaTvis erTnair wminda ritualebs (sacra

gentilicia) aRasrulebdnen. reqsis gardacvalebis Semdeg mTeli Zalaufleba gadadioda senator-Ta xelT (interregnum), romlebic axal reqss irCvdnen.

g) saxalxo krebebi

uZveles xanaSi romSi moqmedebda mxolod comitia curiata. Tavdapirvelad, kuriis krebis kompe-tencia lex curiata de imperio (romlis ZaliTac reqss saxelisuflebo uflebamosileba eniWeboda) mxardaWera da adrogatio (Svilad ayvanis erT-erTi saxe) gaxldaT. centuriis komiciebi (comitia

centuriata) boloswina etruskelma reqsma servius tuliusma Seqmna. aRniSnuli komicia efuZneboda romaeli jaris axal struqturas, romelic, jariskacTa qonebrivi statusis mixedviT, xuT kategoriad iyofoda. romis jarisa da saxalxo krebebis reformatorad servius tuliusia miCneuli. laTinTa da sabinTa `monarqiis~ pirvel etapze jaris Sekreba gvarebis mixedviT xdeboda; wlis ganmavlobaSi jarSi, patriciebisa da klientebisagan, romel wevrs unda emsaxura, amas gvari (gens) adgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, jarSi kavaleria domini-rebda. brZolis hoplituri taqtikis SemoRebiT, cxenosanTa rigebi Semcirda. hoplitebi (hoplitas) (mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTi jari) _ es iyo asi meomrisagan Semdgari samxedro razme-bi (centuriae), romlebic mkacrad icavdnen sabrZolo mwyobrsa da samxedro disciplinasa, rac maT brZolisunarianobas ganamtkicebda. samxedro reformis gatarebisas, qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, servius tuliusma moqalaqeebi 5 jgufad dahyo. pirveli, umaRlesi jgufis wevrobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo 100 000 sisterciis

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(fuladi erTeuli) qona, meoresaTvis _ 75 000, mesame da meoTxisaTvis _ Sesabamisad, 50 000 da 25 000, xolo bolo, mexuTe jgufs 12 000 sisterciis qona moeTxoveboda. moqalaqeTa TiToeuli kategoria valdebuli iyo gamoeyvana centuriis gansazRvruli raodenoba (magali-Tad, pirvel kategorias 30 centuriis gamoyvana evaleboda). mxedrobas (equites) 18 centuria gamohyavda, xolo damxmare kari (muSebi, musikosebi da proletarii) kidev 5 centurias qmnida. amgvarad, centuriebis saerTo ricxvi 193 Seadgenda. centuria (centuria), erTdroulad, samxedro erTeuli da politikur-fiskaluri gaerTianeba iyo, anu maT saxalxo krebaze xmis micemis ufleba hqonda. xmis micemisas, pirveloba moqala-qeTa yvelaze SeZlebul fenas eniWeboda, vinaidan centuriaTa yvelaze didi raodenoba (30 centuria) am fenas gamohyavda. xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobis mopovebis Semdeg (moqalaqeTa pirveli fena, cxenosnebTan erTad, 98 centurias Seadgenda. isini pirvelebi aZlevdnen xmas da saxalxo krebebze xmaTa umravlesobas iRebdnen) xmis micemis procedura wydeboda.

3) patriciul-plebeuri civitas-i da respublika

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, tarkviniusebis gvaris ukanaskneli reqsi qr. Sobamde 510 wels romidan gandevnes da, erTwliani uflebamosilebis vadiT, magistratis Tanamdeboba SemoiRes. kolegiis wevri _ magistratebi umaRlesi samxedro da politikuri xelisuflebiT aRWurvili pirebi iyvnen. qr. Sobamde 451 wels SeirCa aTi moqalaqe (decemviri legibus scribundis), romelTac XII dafis kanonebis redaqtireba daevalaT. sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba, patriciebsa da plebe-ebs Soris urTierTobebis ukiduresi gamwvavebisa da politikuri dapirispirebis fonze, ori weli gagrZelda. XII dafis kanonebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, xalxma konsulebis arCeva aRar isurva da mmarTveloba gadasca konsulis ZalauflebiT aRWurvil samxedro tribunebs (tribuni militum consulari potestate), romelTac jarebis sardlobis ufleba moipoves. qr. Sobamde 367 wels liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanoniT (lex Liciniae et Sextiae) konsulati _ respublikuri romis saxelmwifo wyobilebis umaRlesi organo _ sabolood damkvidrda. antikuri periodis cnobebis interpretaciisas, istorikosTa azri orad iyofa: erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, romSi tarkviniusebis gandevnis Semdeg, politikuri sistemis reformireba mkveTrad, revoluciuri meTodebiT ganxorcielda; istorikosTa meore jgufis (umravlesobis) azriT, reforma mdovred, Tumca, Tanamimdevrulad mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, SesaZloa yovel-wliurad, airCeoda mxolod erTi umaRlesi pretori (praetor maximus, prae+ire _ jaris winamZRoli, mxedraTmTavari), romelsac, damxmared (savaraudod, jarebis sardlebad) umcros pretorebs (praetores minores) uniSnavdnen. romis respublikuri saxelmwifo wyoblebis sawyisi etapi patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris gamudmebuli da mkveTri urTierTdapirispirebiT xasiaTdeboda. privilegirebuli politikuri uflebebis mudmivad borotad gamoyenebiT, patriciebis gabatonebuli fena pleebis gaRizianebas iwvevda; protestis niSnad, plebeebi roms tovebdnen da secesiebs (secessio), anu romidan maT saTayvanebel wminda mTaze organizebul gaqcevas, mimarTavdnen. patriciebi samxedro samsxurs mxolod plebeebs avaldebulebdnen, valauval plebeebs savalo kabalaSi amyofebdnen. aRniSnuli, pirveli socialuri konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. qr. Sobamde 494 w. plebeebma miaRwies, rom patriciebma maT mier arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi _ tribuni plebis _ aRiares. plebsis tribunebs magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze veto-s dadebis ufleba miecaT. RvTaebrivi kanonis (lex sacrata) ZaliT, plebsis tribuni xelSeuvalobiT (sacrosanctae) sargeblobda; mis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul qmedebaSi mxilebuli piri kanongareSed (homo sacer) cxaddeboda. male plebeebma politikuri moTxovnebic wamoayenes. maT patriciebs plebsis tribunis ufle-bamosilebaTa (potestas tribunicia) aRiarebas, tribunisaTvis veto-s uflebis, plebsis saxalxo krebaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebisTvis (plebiscita) iuridiulad savaldebulo Zalis miniWeba mosTxoves. valeriusisa da horaciusis kanonis (leges Valeriae-Horatiae) miRebiT, tribuni, xel-Seuvalobis mqone civitas-is uflebamosi, magistratad iqca; qr. Sobamde 445 w. kanuleusis kano-niT (lex Canulea) patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; qr. Sobamde 367 w. plebeebis konstituciuri moTxovnebi sabolood dakmayofilda. liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanonis (leges Liciniae Sextiae) Tanaxmad, ori konsulidan erT-erTi, aucileblad, plebsis warmo-madgeneli unda yofiliyo. publilius filonis kanoniTa (lex Publilia Philonis) da hortensius ka-noniT (lex Plebiscita Hortensia), plebsis saxalxo krebebze miRebul gadawyvetilebebs komiciebis mier dadgenili, kanonis Zala mieniWa. patriciul-plebeuri mmarTvelobis mqone civitas-is safuZvelze aRmocenebulma axalma saxelm-

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wifo wyobam, qr. Sobamde III-II saukuneebSi ganviTarebis mwvervals moaRwia. mmarTvelobis am tipis saxelmwifo organoebi iyo: magistratura, senati da saxalxo krebebi. Zveli berZeni istorikosisa da filosofosis polibiosis Tanaxmad, romis saxelmwifo wyobi-leba Sereuli tipis saxelmwifo formaa, romelic aristoteles mier gansazRvrul monarqiis, aristokratiisa da demokratiis cnebaSi ar jdeba. erTi mxriv, Tu konsulis uflebamosilebas ganvixilavT, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom romi _ monarqiaa; senatis uflebamosilebaTa ganxilvis safuZvelze, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom is aristokratiuli wyobis mqonea; xolo mravalricxo-vani xalxis politikur uflebebsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, vifiqrebT, rom romi demokra-tiuli saxelmwifoa. imdroindel romSi, senatisa da patriciuli magistraturis batonobis didi xnis manZilze, mmrTvelobis sferoSi monawileobis misaRebad, plebeebis brZolis miuxe-davad, romis saxelmwifo wyoba mainc aristokratiuli niSnebiT xasiaTdeboda. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia xelisuflebaTa aRniSnuli Tanafardoba xelisuflebaTa danawilebis (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo xelisufleba) Tanamedrove Teoriis mixedviT aixsnas. erTi ram faqtia: romis saxelmwifo wyobis sistemiT, politikuri institutebis urTi-erTdamokidebulba da urTierTkontroli xorcieldeboda. mudmivmoqmedi organo _ senati (Se-

natus), uflebamosilebaTa erTwliani vadiT arCeul magistratebze, arsebiTi gavlenas axdenda; imavdroulad, sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis (res publica) saerTo mmarTvelobasac uWerda mxars.

a) magistratura

respublikuri magistraturis ZiriTadi niSnebia: 1. arCeviToba; 2. kolegialoba; 3. Tanamdeboba-ze yofnis erTwliani vada; 4. usasyidloba; 5. angariSvaldebuleba. wesis Tanaxmad, magistratebi komiciebSi erTwliani vadiT da kolegialobis principiT airCe-odnen; maT hqondaT Tanabari uflebamosilebani, aseve kolegis gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadebis ufleba. did xarjebTan dakavSirebuli samsaxuris miuxedavad, magistratoba usasyid-lod iyo; Tanamdebobis dakavebisas, isini debdnen fics, rom kanonis Sesabamisad (nihil contra

leges fecissent) imoqmedeben. magistrati, romelic sakuTar Zalauflebas borotad iyenebda, meqrTameobaSi braldebuli piris msgavsad (crimen repetundarum) isjeboda. kuriatul kanonTa (lex curiata) da auspiciiT (auspicia) anu RvTis nebis axsna-ganmartebis uflebiT, romael konsulebs uzenaesi xelisufleba (imperium) eZleodaT. Imperium-i anu uze-naesi xelisufleba eniWeboda ufross magistratebs _ konsulebs, diqtatorebs, pretorebsa da samxedro tribunebs. erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben imperium-is or saxes: imperium militiae _ romis sazRvrebs gareT jaris sardlobis ufleba da imperium domi _ umaRlesi samoqalaqo xelisuf-leba q. romis sazRvrebSi, sadac moqalaqeTaTvis sasjelis Sefardeba izRudeboda mxolod romaeli xalxisadmi apelirebiT (provocatio ad populum), romelic braldebuls saxalxo krebisaTvis mimarTvis uflebas aZlevda. T. momzenis klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, magistraturebi iyofada or saxeobad: Cveulebrivi (ordinariae-ordinaluri) da gansakuTrebuli (extra ordinem-eqstraordinaluri). Tavis mxriv, Cveu-lebrivi magistratura mudmivmoqmed da garkveuli Sesvenebebis Semdeg amoqmedebul organoe-bad iyofoda. mudmivmoqmedi magistraturebi: 1. konsulati. romSi erTi wlis vadiT arCeuli ori konsuli iyo. maTi Tanamdebobaze yofnis erT wels maTive saxeli ewodeboda. konsulebi axorcielebdnen imperium-s, anu uzenaes samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas; atarebdnen samkerde niSansa da reqsis simboloebs: emosaT porfiris toga da Tan dahyvebodaT liqtorebi. damnaSavisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanis ufleba mxolod konsuls eniWeboda. sikvdilmisjils e.w. provocatio-s wesiT am ganaCenis gasaCivreba centuriis saxalxo krebis mimarT mxolod q.romis farglebSi SeeZlo; Tu aRniSnul sasjels provinciaSi gamoitndnen, is saboloo iyo da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareboda. 2. pretura. pretori uzenaesi xelisuflebiT aRWurvili magistri (praetor maximus) iyo. lici-niusisa da seqstiusis kanonebSi pretori moxseniebulia konsulis umcros TanaSemwed (collega

minor). imave kanoniT, pretors marTlmsajulebis (iurisdictio) ganxorcielebis funqciac mieniWa, gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan marTlmsajulebis instituciurad gamo-yofis Semdeg. qr. Sobamde 242 w. SemoiRes axali Tanamdeboba ucxoelebis pretori (praetor

peregrinus), romelsac romael moqalaqeebsa da ucxoelebs Soris sasamarTlo davebis ganxil-va-gadawyveta daevala. 3. kvestura. kvestori iyo konsulis TanaSemwe (quaestores parricidii), romelsac, umTavresad,

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saxelmwifo damnaSaveTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da danaSaulis gamoZieba evaleboda. garda amisa, kvestorebs, danaSaulebrivi xelyofisagan saxelmwifo xazinisa da sxva saxis sazogadoebrivi qonebis dacvac evalebodaT (quaestores aerarii). 4. ediliteti. Tavdapirvelad, edilebi (aediles) plebsis RvTaebaTa kults zedamxedvelobdnen. mogvianebiT, maT romSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva (cura urbis), qalaqis xorbliTa da sar-Co-sanovagiT momarageba (cura annonae) da TamaSebis organizeba (cura ludorum) daevalaT. 5. plebsis tribunati. Tavdapirvelad, plebsis tribunebi, patriciebis winaaRmdeg socialuri TanasworobisaTvis brZolaSi, plebeebis `revoluciuri~ beladebi iyvnen. patriciati iZulebu-li gaxda, magistratebis mier miRebul nebismier gadawyvetilebaze, plebsis tribunis vetosa (intercessio) da moqalaqeTa dacvis (ius auxilii), aseve senatisa da plebsis krebebis mowvevis ufle-bac (ius agendi cum senatus, cum plebe) eRiarebina. 6. cenzura ordinaluri, magram ara permanentuli magistratura iyo. yofili konsulebi 18 Tvis vadiT airCeodnen cenzorebad (censor), romelTa movaleobac yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel, qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, moqalaqeebis aRwera da maTi saTanado kategoriebSi gan-weseba gaxldaT. cenzori akompleqtebda senats (lectio senatus), zedamxedvelobda moqalaqeTa zneobas (cura morum). Tu moqalaqe uzneo qmedebas Caidenda, mas ricxavdnen moqalaqeTa siidan, mis mier Cadenil uRirs qmedebaze werilobiTi miTiTebiT. magistraturis meore _ eqstraordinaluri saxe diqtatoris instituti iyo. sagangebo viTarebis dros konsulebi niSnavdnen diqtators, romlis uflebamosileba mxolod eqvsi TviT gamisazRvreboda. am drois ganmavlobaSi is iyo erTpirovnuli xelisufali, romlis kompetenciaSic uzenaesi samxedro da samoqalaqo administracia (imperium militiae et imperium domi) Sedioda. diqtaturis dros moqalaqeTa yvela ufleba SeCerebuli iyo. ramdenime magistraturis erTi piris xelSi moqceva dauSvebeli iyo. qr. Sobamde 180 w. viliusis kanoniT (lex Villia annalis) dadginda: erTi da igive piri, imave an sxva Tanamdebobaze xelmeored mxolod ori wlis Semdeg airCeoda. amave kanoniT, ganisazRvra magistratobis Sem-degi ierarqia (cursus honorum): kvestura, ediliteti, pretura, konsulati; cenzorad da diqta-torad mxolod yofili konsuli daiSveboda.

b) senati

senati (senatus) iyo respublikuri romis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgelobiTi da saTaTbiro organo, romlis wevrebadac senatori (senex) _ patriciebi (e.w. `patres~ - mamebi) da senatori _ plebeebi (e.w. conscripti - miwerilni) airCeodnen. senatis kompetenciaSi Sedioda: omis gamocxadeba da zavis dadeba; religiuri ceremonialis aRsrulebaze zedamxedveloba; sazogadoebrivi finansebis gankargva da mxedarTmTavrebis da-niSvna. aRniSnuli mowmobs, rom senatis funqcia mxolod saTaTbiro uflebamosilebiT ar ifargleboda. magistratebis xelisufleba droiT iyo SezRuduli, xolo mudmivmoqmedi sa-xelmwifo organo senati, komiciebis mier miRebul kanonebs sakuTari auctoritas-iT amtkicebda, senatusconsultum-iT ki sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas axorcielebda. senatorTa ricxvi permanentu-lad izrdeboda da III saukunis dasawyisSi aTass miaRwia.

g) saxalxo krebebi

Tavdapirvelad, magistratebis arCeva da kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micema centuriis saxalxo krebis kompetencia iyo. magram reformebis gatarebam, da qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, moqalaqeTa socialur jgufebad, SedarebiT, samarTlianma dayofam, ganapiroba tribis komi-ciebisaTvis centuriis krebebis umaRlesi funqciebis nawilis gadacema. mogvianebiT, kanonis Zalis mqone plebiscita-s plebsis kreba (consilia plebis) iRebda. umaRlesi magistratebis (magistratus maiores) _ konsulebis, cenzorebis, pretorebis arCeva (daniSvna) cen-turialuri komiciis kompetencia iyo. tribebis komiciebi yvelaze dabali rangis magistra-tebs (magistratus minores) _ edilebsa da kvestorebs irCevdnen; plebsis krebebze ki _ plebsis tribunebs. plebsis krebebze magistratebad mxolod moqmedi magistratebis mier warmodgenil pirebs irCevdnen. kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micemis dros sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mxolod moqmed ma-gistratebs hqondaT; saxalxo kreba uflebamosili iyo maTi iniciativa mieRo an saerTod

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uareyo; misi Secvlis, Sevsebis an nawilobriv miRebis ufleba maT ar gaaCndaT. komiciebis mowvevis ufleba (ius agendi cum populo) umaRles magistratebs, xolo plebsis krebebis (ius agendi

cum plebe) _ plebsis tribunebs hqondaT. saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis dasrulebisTanave, romma aqtiuri dapyrobiTi omebis politika daiwyo, ris Sedegadac im droisaTvis cnobil, TiTqmis mTel geografiul sivrceze gabatonda. meore punikuri omis Semdeg (qr. Sobamde 220 w.), daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 168 w. mim-dinare omebis Sedegad, romis saxelmwifo msoflio imperia gaxda. qr. Sobamde II saukunidan romis saxelmwifo wyobileba, axali socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma, Rrma krizisma moicva. upirveles yovlisa, Zveli civitas-is administraciuli organoebi msoflio imperiis mmarTvelobis sferoSi wamoWril moTxovnebs veRar akmayofilebda. umaRles Tanamdebobaze xanmokle vadiT pirTa arCeva saxelisuflo struqtu-rebs araefeqturs xdida, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme dapyrobili provinciebis samxedro mmarTvelobas exeboda. saxelmwifos konstituciur mdgomareobaze uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenda, erTi mxriv, Zveli senatoruli aristokratia, savaWro operaciebiT gamdidrebuli mxedarTa wodebis da meore mxriv, optimatebisa (optimates) da popularebis (populares) urTierT-qiSpi. primitiul agrarul ekonomikas swrafad enacvleboda monebis Sromaze damyarebuli intensiuri latifundisturi meurneoba. gamudmebuli omebis Sedegad sakuTar miwebs kargavda wvril mesakuTreTa fena _ jarisa da saxalxo krebebis mTavari wyaro. amis Sesaxeb mogviTx-robs plutarqes `biografiebis~ is Tavi, romelic tiberius graqhusis moRvaweobas eZRvneba. kerZod, etruriis velebis Semovlisas, man aRmoaCina, rom glexebis mier mitovebuli miwis nakveTebis did nawils senatoruli aristokratiis monebi amuSavebdnen. aRniSnuli viTareba moraluri simtkicis daqveiTebaze metyvelebda. politikuri krizisis erT-erTi mizezi sruluflebian moqalaqeTa raodenobisa da dapyrobili teritoriebis (provinciebis) mosax-leobis raodenobis disproporciis Seuqcevadi gazrdac iyo. krizisuli periodis sxva epizodTa Soris Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda Zmebi graqhusebis mier SeTavazebuli agraru-li reforma; am movlenam kidev ufro gaamwvava mZvinvare politikuri qiSpi saxelmwifoSi. politikuri simSvidis rRvevis kidev erT mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Seurigebeli dapirisp-reba mmarTvel oligarqiasa (senatoruli nobilitas) da mxedarTa wodebas (ordo equister) Soris. samxedro beladebsa da senats Soris dausrulebelma konfliqtma erTpirovnuli xelisufle-bis krizisi ganapiroba. romis saxelmwifo sistema saWiroebda siaxles, politikur anu konstituciur reformas an antikonstituciur qmedebas _ saxelmwifos gadatrialebas. am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji gaius mariusma gadadga. romauli jaris SemadgenlobaSi, daqi-ravebuli jaris nawilebis SeyvaniT man konsuloba moipova. qr. Sobamde 104-100 ww. samoqala-qo omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, kornelius sulam, ganusazRvreli vadiT, Tavi diqtatorad gamoacxada da senatoruli oligarqiis reJimis aRdgena daiwyo. plebsis tribunebis gavlenis Semcirebis mizniT, man aRadgina Zveli principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, plebsis krebis gadawyve-tilebas kanonis Zala mxolod senatis mier damtkicebis Semdeg eniWeboda. man tribuns CamoarTva sxva magistraturis dakavebis ufleba, xolo veto-s ufleba gaavrcela im saCivrebze, romelsac, Seuracxyofis msxverplad qceuli an magistratis mier, sakuTari mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegad, dazaralebuli moqalaqe mowinaaRmdegis mimarT Seitanda. sulas reformebi maleve gauqmda; saxelmwifo kvlav mwvave politikurma krizisma da samoqa-laqo omis safrTxem moicva. Tavdapirvelad, prokonsulis sagangebo uflebamosilebani mia-niWes pompeuss, romelmac qr. Sobamde 52 w. Tavi erTpirovnul, `kolegis gareSe~ konsulad (consul sine collega) gamoacxada. Semdeg, keisaris, pompeusisa da krasusis paqtiT, Seiqmna pirveli triumvirati, rac sajaro xelisuflebis gadanawilebas niSnavda. krasusis daRupvis Semdeg Tavi iCina dapirispirebam optimatebis lider pompeussa da popularebis belad keisars Soris. provinciaSi sakuTar legionebTan myofma keisarma konsulobas ver miaRwia. aseve ar gaiTvaliswines misi interesebi, ris gamoc plebsis tribunebs uari eTqvaT saxalxo krebebSi monawileobaze. am faqtma sabolood gaamwvava damokidebuleba senatsa da keisars Soris, romelmac, demokratiuli wyobilebis aRdgenis sababiT, italiis sazRvari gadmolaxa. mis winaaRmdeg oligarqiuli reJimis damcvelma pompeusma gailaSqra. gamarjvebis mopovebis Sem-deg, keisarma cezalpiuri galiis, siciliisa da sxva provinciebis mkvidrT romis moqalaqeoba uboZa, riTac maT swraf romanizacias Seuwyo xeli. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi konsulad, cenzorad, mudmiv diqtatorad arCeulma keisarma tribunis Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas) kanondarRveviT miiniWa. keisari grZnobda saxelmwifo reformebis gatarebis aucileblobas; ris gamoc, moZvelebuli saxelmwifo sistemis reorganizebis mizniT, gadamWreli zomebi mii-Ro. keisris reformebi oqtavianes gardaqmnebis dasawyisad miiCneva. romis imperiis uzenaesi politikuri xelmZRvaneloba (gestio rei publicae) diqtatorma (dictator) igdo xelT; mTeli imperiis

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administraciuli mmarTveloba ki italiuri modelis Sesabamisad, lex Iulia municipalis-is safuZvleze gardaiqmna. keisrisaTvis imperator perpetuum wodebis miniWebam magistratebze, se-natsa da saxalxo krebebze misi uzenaesi xelisufleba ganamtkica. qr. Sobamde 44 wlis martis Tvis dResaswaulis idebis (idus) dros, keisris reformatoruli da mmarTvelobiTi diqtatoruli xelisufleba daemxo; magram keisris mkvlelebma dasaxul mizans ver miaRwies: warsulis dabruneba, senatoruli oligarqiis batonobis aRdgena, SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. markus antoniusis, oqtavianesa da lipidusis SemadgenlobiT axali triumvirati Seiqmna. qr. Sobamde 31 wels aqciumis (Actium) koncxTan (saberZneTi), markus antoniusTan brZolaSi, oqtavianem gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova da safuZveli Cauyara saxelmwifos axal politi-kur wyobas _ principats.

4) msoflio imperia (qr. Sobis I-V ss.)

a) principati

Princeps (pirveli); restaurator rei publicae (respublikis amRorZinebeli); res gestiae divi Augusti (RvTaebrivi avgustusis mmarTveloba); consensus universorum (moqalaqeTa sayovelTao Tanxmoba). mas Semdeg, rac oqtavianem keisris mkvlelebi dasaja da sakuTari mtrebic daamarcxa, romis istoriaSi axal politikur sistemas mieca dasabami. Zvel respublikuri politikur wyobas axali saxelmwifoebrivi reJimi mxolod garegnulad eTanadeboda. Tanamedrove terminolo-giis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo respublikuri wyobis ara revoluciuri damxoba, aramed misi TandaTanobiTi reformireba. axali politikuri wesrigis damyarebisa da misi konsolidaciis periodSi, avgustusis ZiriTadi mizani respublikis aRdgena (restaurator rei

publicae) gaxldaT. avtobiografiaSi `Res gestiae divi Augusti~ avgustusi warmogvidgeba im axal-gazrda mxedarTmTavrad, romelmac jari sakuTari saxsrebiT daiqirava, raTa `SeTqmulTa mir Cagruli samSoblo gaeTavisuflebina~ (avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Canawerebi ankarasa da antioqiaSi aRmoCenilma warwerebma Semogvinaxa. xsenebuli memuarebi avgustusma sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi dawera. SesaZloa, Canawerebi amotvifruli yofiliyo im marmarilos filebze, romlebiTac marsis velze aRmarTuli misi mavzoleumi moapirkeTes). markus anto-niusis dasamarcxeblad senatma oqtavianes pretoris imperium-i uboZa da senatSi miiRo. qr. Sobamde 43 w. oqtaviane konsulad airCies, xolo qr. Sobamde 32 wels `italiasa da provin-ciebSi~ SeTqmulTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad (coniuratio Italiae et provinciarum) gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebani mianiWes. moqalaqeTa sayovelTao TanxmobiT (consensus universorum), qr. Sobamde 31 wels mopovebuli gamarjvebis niSnad, oqtavianes respublikis amaRorZinebeli (restaurator rei publicae) uwodes. amieridan, mas yovelwliurad irCevdnen konsulis Tanamdebo-baze, xolo privilegiis niSnad senatSi princeps-oba (pirveli) uboZes. qr. Sobamde 27 wlis 13 ianvars, senatis sazeimo sxdomaze, oqtavianem ganacxada, rom amieridan igi daasrulebda mSvidobismyofel misias, uars ityoda saxelmwifo saqmeebze da mTel Zalauflebas romael xalxsa da mis senats gadascemda. senatis daJinebuli moTxovniT, oqtavianem `gulmowyaleba gamoiCina~ da, konsulobis SenarCunebasa da gandgomili provinciebis dasamorCileblad mini-Webul sagangebo imperium-ze, Tanxmoba ganacxada. senatma mas Augustus wodeba mianiWa, ris Sedegad oqtavianes Imperator Caesar Augustus-s uwodebdnen. Imperator samxedro meTaurs niSnavda (am wodebiT legionebi mxedarTmTavars mimarTavdnen). Caesar _ misi Sviladamyvanis, iulius keisris saxeli iyo. Augustus _ romis axaldamaarsebeli, anu axali romulusi (qalaqis daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli religiuri rituali augustum, augurium) iyo. senatis mier miRebul politikuri gadawyvetilebebze Tavad avgustusi werda: `amieridan, sakuTari auctoritas wyalobiT, me yvelaze maRla videqi, Tumca Cemi potestas, magistraturaSi moRvawe, ko-legebis Zalauflebas ar aRemateboda~. swored auctoritas wyalobiT, anu yvelas mier aRiarebuli piradi prestiJis da ara potestas, anu magistratis xelisuflebis safuZvelze, miRweul iqna kompromisi mmarTvelobis axal, avtoritarul wessa da saxalxo-aristokra-tiul-respublikur reJims Soris. T. momzenis mtkicebiT, principati, rogorc orxelisufle-bianoba, iyo iseTi reJimi, romlis drosac Zalaufleba gamijnuli iyo princefssa da senats Soris. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, avgustuss saukeTeso wesrigis fuZemdebeli (optimi status

auctor) uwodes. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis axali mowyobis pirobebSi princefss imperium proconsulare maius et

infinitum da tribunicia potestas mieniWa. pirveli wodebiT jaris uzenaesi mxedarTmTavroba da saim-perio provinciebis mmarTvelobis ufleba igulisxmeboda. Tribunicia potestas-iT ki, princefss

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magistratebis mier gamocemul nebismier aqtze, veto (intercessio) dadebis SesaZleblobas da plebsis saxalxo krebebis mowvevis uflebas (ius agendi cum plebe) aniWebda. mogvianebiT, qr. Sobamde 44 w. keisris mibaZviT, oqtavianem plebsis tribunis Tanamdebobaze, dadgenili proceduris gareSe, sakuTari kandidatura wamoayena. Tumca markus antoniusis protestis gamo, tribunis Tanamdebobaze oqtavianes uari eTqva. qr. Sobamde 36 w. oqtavianes plebsis tribunis RvTaebrivi xelSeuvaloba (sacrosanctitas) mieniWa, xolo 30 wels _ tribunis samisdReSio Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas vitalicia). man tribunis uflebamosilebas SeuTavsa prokonsulis Tanamdeboba (imperium proconsulare), riTac dairRva uZvelesi da myarad moqmedi principi: erTi piris xelSi samoqalaqo (imperium domi) da samxedro (imperium militiae) xelisuf-lebis SeTavsebis dauSvebloba. romSi Sesvlis dros, prokonsulebisagan gansxvavebiT, prin-cefss jaris sardlobis uflebamosilebis moxsna ar moeTxoveboda. tiberiusis droidan moyolebuli, princefsis tribunis xelisufleba imperiis mTel teritoriaze gavrcelda. qr. Sobis II saukunidan tribunebs aRar irCevdnen. Tumca, cnobebi am Tanamdebobis Sesaxeb IV da V saukuneebSi gamocemul imperatorTa konstituciebSia SemorCenili. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi wesrigisa da simSvidis damkvidrebis Semdeg, avgustusis moRvaweobiT, dasabami mieca provinciebis romanizaciis xangrZliv process. egvipte man romaeli xalxis xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara, xolo egviptis mmarTveloba sakuTar Tavze aiRo. yvelaze mdidar provinciebs, maTi Semorigebis sababiT, princefsi uSualod sakuTar xelisuflebas uqvemdebarebda (saimperatoro provinciebi), xolo danarCeni provinciebi senatis administra-ciul daqvemdebarebaSi (senatis provinciebi) rCebodnen. provinciebis pirvel saxeobas avgustusis legati-propretorebi (legati Augusti pro praetore) marTavdnen, meore saxeobas _ prokonsulebi. Tumca, yvela maTgans Tanamdebobaze princefsi niSnavda. municipaluri mmarTvelobis reJimsac (municipia) romauli struqtura hqonda: magist-ratebi, senati, komiciebi. municipaluri sabWoebi (ordo decurionum) 100 wevrisagan Sedgeboda. isini yofili magistratebis rigebidan airCeodnen. saqmianobis kolegialuri wesiT warsamarTavad magistratebs municipiebSi erTi wlis vadiT irCevdnen. principatis periodSi imperiuli biurokratia Camoyalibda. princefsma sakuTari uflebamosi-lebani, ierarqiulobis mixedviT, Tanamdebobis pirebs gadasca, romlebic, saqmianobis safasu-rad, gasamrjelos iRebdnen. yvelaze didi gavleniTa da ZalauflebiT pretorebi sargeb-lobdnen: 1. samxedro funqciebiT aRWurvili, praefectus praetorio imperatoris pirad gvardias sardlobda; 2. romSi policiasa da sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos praefectus urbi xelmZRvanelobda; 3. Ramis saaTebSi simSvidis uzrunvelmyof samsaxurs praefectus vigilum xelmZRvanelobda; masve eqvemdebareboda xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuri; 4. sursaTiT uzrun-velyofis samsaxuris ufross _ praefectus annonae bazrebis kontrolic evaleboda; 5. safosto samsaxuris ufrosi praefectus vehiculorum iyo. imperatoris piradi kancelariis (scrinia) ZiriTadi funqciebi iyo: imperatoris saxeliT oficialuri mimowera, imperatoris qonebis gankargva, sakadro sakiTxebis gadawyveta, princefsis iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul sasamarTlo davaTa ganxilva. Sesabamisad, impera-toris kancelaria (scrinia) oTx ganyofilebad iyofoda: 1. ab epistulis _ princefsis oficialuri korespondenciis ganyofileba; 2. a rationibus _ imperatoris qonebis marTvis ganyofileba; 3. a

cognitionibus _ princefsis iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebuli sasamarTlo davebis ganmxilveli ganyofileba; 4. a libellis _ arzebisa da ajebis ganmxilveli ganyofileba. imperator adrianes mmarTvelobis dros saxelmwifo aparatis biurokratizaciis procesi dasrulda, Seiqmna saimperatoro sabWo (consilium principis), anu gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiro or-gano, romlis SemadgenlobaSi maRalCinosani moxeleebi da gamoCenili iuristebi Sediodnen. amrigad, principati iyo SeniRbuli, Selamazebuli romauli imperia, romlis dros, formalurad, ganagrZobdnen arsebobas respublikuri periodis saxelmwifo organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi, Tumca realuri Zalaufleba Tavmoyrili iyo mxolod princefsisa da misi uaxlovesi garemocvis xelSi. axali reJimis yvelaze rTuli sakiTxi _ qveynis pirveli piris xelisuflebis memkvid-reobiTobis problema _ verc avgustusis politikurma geniam gadawyvita da verc misi memkvidreebis gonierebam. qarizmatulobis tradiciuli rwmenisa da rex-is dros taxtis memkvidreobiTobis dinastiuri formisadmi romaelTa siZulvilis gamo, xelisuflebis monacv-leobis problema kvlavac gadauWreli iyo da mudmiv politikur krizisebsa da gadatriale-bebs uwyobda xels. konkretuli istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saimperatoro taxtis memkvidris daniSvna sami wesiT xdeboda: 1. imperatoris mier mis sicocxleSive memkvidris daniSvna anu cooptacia; 2. senatis Sexedulebisamebr memkvidres daniSvna; 3. legionebis mier ama Tu im piris imperato-

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rad gamocxadeba. rogorc wesi, princefsebi memkvidred Sviladayvanils asaxelebdnen.

b) dominati (Dominatus)

dominatis saxeliT cnobili axali politikuri sistemis epoqaSi, princefsi (princeps _ senatorTa Soris pirveli) mbrZaneblad (dominus) iqca, xolo moqalaqeebi (civis) qveSevrdomebi (subditi) gaxdnen. dominatis dros imperatori absoluturi Zalauflebis mqone piri iyo. saxelmwifoSi damkvid-rebuli sistema, principatis avtoritaruli demokratiidan dominatis periodis absolutur da TviTmpyrobelur monarqiamde, romis politikuri sistemis xangrZlivi evoluciis Sedegi iyo. qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis axali principebi III saukuneSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis sistemis umwvavesi krizisis dros SemoiRes, rasac ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis cvlilebebi kidev ufro aRrmavebda. aRniSnuli viTareba primitiuli agraruli ekonomikis, mZime sagadasa-xado sistemisa da sasoflo raionebis (annona) mudmivi danawevrebis sruli kraxis Sedegi iyo. fuladi erTeulis emisias gamudmebiT mimarTavdnen karakala da sxva imperatorebi. Tumca, saxelmwifoSi mZvinvare inflacias es ver Sveloda. sayovelTao siRaribisa da sulier faseu-lobaTa Rrma krizisis viTarebaSi, saxelmwifoSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba politikur faqto-rebs eniWeboda. upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos samxedro aristokratiis uzomo batonoba, maT politikosebs sakuTari neba Tavs moaxvies da faqtiurad, mmarTvelobis yvela sferoSi TviT-neboba daamkvidres. qveynis mdgomareobaze uaryofiTad aisaxeboda sagareo faqtorebic, kerZod, barbarosTa gamudmebuli Semosevebi da romis armiaSi maTi (germanelebis, aRmo-savleTis xalxisa da momTabare arabebis) miReba; klasikuri romauli civilizaciisadmi mtrulad ganwyobilma elementebma TandaTanobiT mniSvnelovani gavlena moipoves, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa romis saxelmwifoze da misi civilizaciis daqveiTeba da dacema gamoiwvia. 212 wels imperatorma markus avrelius antoninus karakalam mTeli imperiis Tavisufal mosax-leobas romis moqalaqeoba mianiWa, ramac romis moqalaqeTa (cives romani) privilegirebuli mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad Seasusta. romis moqalaqeebi romis imperatoris qveSevrdomebad iqcnen. romis imperatorebma, aRmosavluri monarqiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mmarTvelobis despoturi forma daamkvidres. septimius severusma dominus-is wodeba miiRo. dion kasiosis Tanaxmad, imperator septimius severusma sakuTar Svilebs anderZad daubara: `gaamdidreT jariskacebi da safrTxeze nuRar ifiqrebT~. zogma imperatorma senatorebad barbarosebi daniSna da sasaxlis karze aRmosavlur-despotu-ri ritualebi SemoiRo. 239-284 ww. romis imperia umwvavesma politikurma krizisma da anarqiam moicva, rasac mowmobs is faqti, rom am drois ganmavlobaSi saimperatoro taxti, erTmeoris miyolebiT, 22 pirma daikava. maTi umravlesoba saxelmwifoSi gamefebul qaoss Seewira. mSvidobianobis xanmokle periodi daamyara iliriuli warmoSobis mxedarTmTavarma avreliane-m, romlis brZanebiTac fulis monetebze misi tituli _ mefe da RmerTi (dominus et deus) _ iyo amotvifruli; amiT igi aRmosavleTis monarqebs baZavda. mkacri wesrigis damyarebas, imperiis Zlevamosilebisa da romauli gmiruli suliskveTebis aRdgenas Seecada meore ilirieli mxedarTmTavari diokletiane (284-305 ww.). man sakuTar xelisuflebas sakraluri xasiaTi miani-Wa da moiTxova, rom misTvis iupiteris vaJi _ ioviusi (Iovius) ewodebinaT. romis armiis reformirebis Sedegad diokletianem Seqmna swrafi reagirebis korpusi _ exercitus praesentialis, romelsac mtris Semoseva sazRvarzeve unda ukuegdo. inflaciis SesaCe-reblad man gamosca ediqti _ edictum de rerum venalicium, romliTac diokletianem pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebze, momsaxurebis sferos da satransporto saSualebebze minimaluri fasebi daadgina. garda amisa, man mniSvnelovani reforma ganaxorciela imperiuli mmarTvelobis sfe-roSic; Seqmna xelisuflebis ierarqiuli piramida, romlis umaRlesi piri Tavad imperatori iyo. e.w. officia palatina (sasaxlis uwyebani) centraluri mmarTvelobis organoebad iqca, xolo quaestor sacri palatii (RvTaebrivi sasaxlis mcveli) erTgvarad, iusticiis ministri iyo; magister

officiorum _ provinciis moxeleTa ufrosi iyo; comes sacrarum largitationum-i da comes rerum

privatarum-i, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo finansebsa da imperatoris qonebas ganagebdnen. msxvili sajariso SenaerTebis meTaurebad imperatorma ramdenime Tanamdeboba _ magistri militum _ SemoiRo. vrceli imperiis farglebSi, mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizaciis mizniT, diokle-tianem e.w. tetrarqiis sistema Seqmna; man imperia dayo or _ aRmosavleT romisa da dasavleT romis _ imperiebad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, oTx _ aRmosavleTi, iliria, italia da galia _ prefeqturad daiyo, es ukanasknelni _ diocezebad, xolo diocezebi _ provinciebad. imperiis TiToeul nawils marTavda avgustusi (Augustus), romelsac memkvidris Svilad ayvana SeeZlo.

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aseT memkvidreebs `keisrebi~ ewodebodaT. diokletiane aRmosavleT romis imperias ganagebda, misi rezidencia nikomediaSi mdebareobda; dasavleT imperias, romlis dedaqalaqic milani (mediolani) iyo, mmarTvelad maqsimiane daeniSna. magram xelisuflebis memkvidreobiTobis problema verc am RonisZiebebma gadaWra. 305 w., imperator diokletianes taxtidan nebayoflo-biT gadadgomis Semdeg, brZola xelisuflebisaTvis axali ZaliT gamwvavda. imperatorma konstantinem, metoqis _ maqsenciusis damarcxebiT, imperia kvlav gaaerTiana. impe-rator konstantines, romelic saxelmwifos 307-337 ww. marTavda, romaeli istorikosi amiane marcelinusi novatorad da uZvelesi institutebis reformatorad ixseniebs. konstantines 313 wils milanis (mediolanis) ediqtiT _ `qristianuli religiis mimarT rjulSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb~, TandaTanoboT, qristianoba imperiis oficialur religiad, xolo RvTaebrivi samar-Tali _ monarqiis politikur sayrdenad iqca. saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi konstantinem gadaita-na bizantionSi, romelsac mogvianebiT konstantinopoli ewoda. konstantines gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma vaJebma imperia kvlav or nawilad gayves. 395 w., roca imperatorma Teodosius I-ma saxelmwifos aRmosavleTi nawilis marTva Tavis erT vaJiSvils _ arkadiuss, xolo dasav-leTi nawilisa, meore vaJs, honoriuss daavala, imperiis gayofa sabolood dasrulda. barba-rosTa gamudmebul Semosevas ganicdida dasavleT romis imperia. 476 w. barbarosebis samxedro beladma _ odoakrma dasaleT romis ukanaskneli imperatori romulus avgustulusi daamxo, riTac dasavleT romis imperiis istoria dasrulda. aRmosavleT romis _ bizantiis _ imperia kidev TiTqmis 1000 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobda arsebobas da is daeca Turq-osmaloTa Semosavisa da, 53-dRiani alyis Sedegad, imperiis dedaqalaqis _ konstantinopolos dakavebis Semdeg, 1453 wlis 28 maiss. bizantiaSi viTardeboda romis samarTali, romelmac ganviTarebis mwvervals imperator ius-tiniane I Magnus (didis) mmarTvelobis dros (527-565 ww.) miaRwia. iustiniane daibada iliriis provinciaSi (romelmac imperias ramdenime imperatori misca) terensiumis mxareSi, glexi _ sabaciusis ojaxSi. iustiniane mTielisa da miwaTmoqmedisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sulieri sitkiciT gamoirCeoda. igi bizantionSi Camoiyvana da aRzarda biZam (dedis Zmam) _ iustinem, romelic imperator anastasiosis gvardiaSi msaxurobda. anastasiosis gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxti daikava iustinem. man TanammarTvelad disSvili daniSvna da iusitinianec uwoda. iusti-nianem iqorwina cirkis mocekvave qal _ Teodoraze, romelsac iustinem, disSvilTan erTad, Augusta-s tituli uboZa. iustinianes sanukvari ocneba romis imperiis Zveli didebisa da teri-toriuli mTlianobis aRdgena iyo. iustinianes mmarTvelobis mkvidri sayrdeni qristianuli ideologia da samarTlebrivi `klasicizmi~ iyo.

$5. antikuri samyaros samarTali

1) samarTlis wyaroebi Zvel eladasa da Zvel romSi

samarTali, rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da misi kulturis elementebis SemakavSirebeli erT-erTi faqtori, antikur xanaSi Tavidanve rodi aRwevs srulyofilebas. ganviTarebis adreul etapze, is sakuTari iuridiuli teqnikis doniT da ZiriTadi institutebis Camoyalibebis xarisxiT, didad rodi gansxvavdeboda Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebis samarTlis sistemebisgan. antikur eladasa da romSi samarTlis ganviTareba calkeuli polisebis CarCoebSi mimdinareobda da, Sesabamisad, zogierT qalaq-saxelmwifoSi demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis done arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda danarCeni polisebisgan, rac aucileblad asaxvas povebda samarTalganviTarebaSic. polisuri sistemis damkvidrebam gamoiwvia samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis gaaqtiureba da samarTlis TandaTanobiTi gaTavisufleba religiur-miTologiuri safarisgan. dauwereli Cveulebebis nacvlad (romelTa ganmartebas xSirad TviTneburad axorcielebda saero aristokratia) saTanado adgils kanoni ikavebs, romelmac saero xasiaTi SeiZina da, Cveulebriv, dawerili formiT gamoicemoda. amrigad, antikuri samyaros samarTali (wminda saxiT) warmogvidgeba polisuri cxovrebis erTaderT avtoritetul da savaldebulo regulatorad, romelic gaTavisuflda yovelgvari mistiuri an religiuri Zalisagan. kanonmdeblobis da ara Cveulebebis aRiarebam, samarTalSemoqmedebis ZiriTad formad (eladaSi), an kanonis _ samarTlis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyarod miCnevam (romSi), arqaul epoqaSi damkvidrebuli, CveulebiTi samarTlis kodifikacia gamoiwvia. Eelinuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, swored amgvari saxe hqonda samarTlis uZveles kodifikaciebs, kerZod, italiaSi _ loqras teritoriaze zalevkosis mier, agreTve siciliaSi _ kataniaSi, qarondis mier ganxorcielebul kodifikaciebs. msgavsi krebulebi iqmneboda sxva elinur polisebSic, maT Soris aTenSi,

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qr.Sobamde VII saukunis bolos (arqont drakontis kanonebi). Zvel aTenSi axali demokratiuli konstituciis Seqmnas, rac kanonis saxalxo krebis mier miRebas gulisxmobda, safuZveli Cauyares, qr.Sobamde VI saukuneSi ganxorcielebulma, solonisa da klisTenes reformebma. Zvel romSi tradiciuli CveulebiTi samarTali (consuetudo) gadamuSavda da XII dafis kanonebSi Caiwera. XII dafis kanonebis miRebac saxalxo krebis prerogativad iqca. elinur polisebs Soris, yvelaze daxvewili samarTlis sistema Zvel aTens gaaCnda. man mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoebis samarTalganviTarebaze, gansakuT-rebiT delosis kavSiris (simaqias) qveynebis samarTalze. a) gortinis kanonebi. kunZul kretaze mdebare, uZvelesi qalaqis gortinis adgilas, daaxloebiT 1884-1885, 1887 w.w. didi warwera iqna aRmoCenili. es warwera aRmoaCines RvTaeba apolonis taZris _ piTonis nangrevebSi. apolonis taZari agebulia qr.Sobamde VII s. warwera Sedgeba 12 svetisagan da daaxloebiT 17 aTas asos Seicavs. is amotvifruli iyo mrgvali Senobis, savaraudod, sasamarTlos sxdomaTa darbazis Sida kedelze. gortinis kanonebi Cvenamde moRweuli yvelaze vrceli Zvelelinuri sakanonmdeblo teqstia.Aam kanonebis ZiriTadi nawili qr.Sobamde VI-V s.s. periodSia Seqmnili. Tumca, teqsti ufro adreuli xanis warwerebsac Seicavs. gortinis kanonebSi saubaria piris statusis (samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis) da kerZo samarTlis sxvadasxva institutebis Sesaxeb, kerZod: qonebis gayofa ganqorwinebis an erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, mSoblebis qonebis memkvidrebiT miRebis Sesaxeb; sagvareulo qonebis flobis Sesaxeb; qaliSvilis memkvidered gamocxadebis Sesaxeb; sadao qonebis Sesaxeb; Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb; valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb. b) arqont drakontis kanonebi. arqonti _ Tesmoteti drakontis kanonebis Sesaxeb (gamocemulia qr.Sobamde 621 wels) mowmobs gviandeli warwera, romelic Seicavs qr.Sobamde 409-408 w.w. saxalxo krebis dadgenilebas, gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili mkvlelobis Sesaxeb kanonis restavraciis Taobaze da am kanonebis nawyvetebs. drakontis kanonebi gaufrTxi-leblobiTi mkvlelobis Sesaxeb Zvel aTenSi moqmedebda qr.Sobamde III saukunemde. drakontis kanonebis Sesaxeb cnobebs Seicaven Zveli elini filosofosebisa da istorikosebis naSromebi. kerZod, aristoteles “aTenis politiaSi” vkiTxulobT, rom: “drakontma Tavisi kanonebi gamoaqveyna arqont aristeqmes xanaSi. am dros saxelmwifos wyobileba da moqalaqeTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba didad iyo damokidebuli moqalaqeTa qonebriv cenzze, xolo maRali Tanamdebobis dakaveba mxold umaRlesi aristokratiis warmomadgenlebs SeeZloT”. drakontis kanonebi gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli simkacriT, ris gamoc maT drakonul (sisxliT daweril) kanonebad moixseniebdnen. drakontis kanonebiT, orasamde danaSaulisaTvis gaTva-liswinebuli iyo sikvdiliT dasja. kanonebSi sanqcio-nirebuli iyo zogierTi religiuri debuleba da CvelebiTi samarTlis normebi, riTac drakontma daawesa mkacri da odiozuri sasjeli. sikvdiliT isjeboda ara mxolod RvTisgmoba da ganzraxi mkvleloba, aramed bostneulis qurdoba da usaqmuri, gancxromiTi cxovreba. Tumca, gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis kanonmdebeli iTvalis-winebda mxolod gaZeveba-mokveTas. g) solonis refomebi. solonis reformebis Sedegad, qr.Sobamde 594 wlidan daiwyo solonis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba. kanonTa teqsti Cvenamde, pirvelwyaros saxiT, moRweuli ar aris. Tumca, savaraudod, kanonebi xis an Tixis dafebze iwereboda da maT Sesaxeb cnobebs gviandeli periodis istorikosTa naSromebSi vkiTxulobT. solonis kanonebi sakiTxTa farTo wres exeboda: saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organizacia, axali samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis (savalo reforma, miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ganmtkiceba) regulireba, moqa-laqis samarTlebrivi statusis gasazRvra. d) likurges reformebi. Zveli spartas socialuri da politikuri wyoba, qr.Sobamde VIII-VI s.s., ganmtkicebuli iyo e.w. retra-Ti (xelSekrulebiT), romlis Sedgenas legendarul kanonmdebels _ likurges miaweren. likurge, rogorc istoriuli pirovneba, savaraudod, arc ki arsebobda da misi reformatoruli saqmianobis periodic daudgenelia. iTvleba, rom retra Sedgenilia qr.Sobamde VIII-VII s.s. xolo, sabolood, “likurges wyoba” Zvel spar-taSi Camoyalibda qr.Sobamde VII saukunis bolosa da VI saukunis dasawyisSi. retras Semo-Reba imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom, plutarqosis azriT, likurgem gagzavna kacebi del-fosSi, orakulTan da misgan miiRo pasuxi _ retra: “aage zevsi pelaniusisa da aTena pelanias taZari, xalxi filad dayavi, daawese 30 wevrisagan Semdgari sabWo, romelSic Sevlen beladi _ arqagetebi da drodadro xalxi Seikribos babikasa da knakionis Soris krebaze. kanonis SemoTavazeba da xmebis daTvla Sen gevaleba, xolo saboloo gadawyve-tilebis miReba xalxs miande”... savaraudod, retra ramdenime iyo da, maTi meSveobiT, ori ZiriTadi amocana unda gadawyvetiliyo: 1) spartiatebs Soris erTobis SenarCuneba, qonebrivi diferencirebis xelov-nuri SeCerebis gziT; 2) spartiatebisaTvis iseTi organizaciis Seqmna, romelic uzrun-velyofda maT batonobas dapyrobil mosaxleobaze meseniaSi, kinuriasa da lakonikaSi, anu

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lakedemonis (spartis) saxelmwifos Seqmna. pirvel retraSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo gerusiis Seqmna, 28 geronisa da 2 arqagetis SemadgenlobiT: erTi arqageti evripontidebis, meore _ ageadebis warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. meore retraSi likurgem lakedemonis miwa, spartis irgvliv, 30000 nawilad _ periekebisTvis, xolo spartis SigniT _ 9000 nawilad dayo, spartiatebis ojaxebis raodenobis mixedviT. likurgem akrZala oqro-vercxli da sxva moZravi qoneba (fufuneba). man SemoiRo rkinis zodebi, fuladi erTeulis saxiT, rac mouxerxebeli da metad rTuli Sesanaxi iyo. mesame retraSi likurgem akrZala omi erTsa da imave mowinaaRmdegesTan, raTa is ar miCveuliyo winaaRmdegobis gawevas da ufro meti meomruli suliskveTebiT ar gamsWvaluliyo. meoTxe retraSi likurgem izruna qorwinebasa da STa-momavlobis gaCenaze. e) sxva samarTlis wyaroebi. Zvel aTenSi qr.Sobamde V-IV s.s. sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis gaaqtiurebam vrceli sakanonmdeblo masalis dagroveba gamoiwvia. kanonebisagan gansxva-vdebodnen, saxalxo krebis mier miRebuli, fseTizmebi _ calkeuli pirebis mimarT gamocemuli dadgenilebani. Tumca, isini xSirad zogadsavaldebulo normebsa da kanonebsac Seicavdnen. daskvnisaTvis, unda aRiniSnos, rom samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis ZiriTadi institutebi, Zvelelinur samarTalSi, ar iyo sakmarisi sizustiT da sisruliT SemuSavebuli da xSirad gvarovnuli wyobis gadmonaSTebs Seicavda. v) Zveli romis civiluri samarTali (ius civile) romis saxelmwifos farglebSi samarTlis Tanamedrove sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, kerZo da sajaro samarTali mkveTradaa erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, Zveli romaelebi samarTlis sistemas erT mTlianobad ganixilavdnen da iuridiuli institutebis sxvadasxva aspeqts mxolod im socialuri rolis mixedviT adgendnen, Tu romelSic samarTlis subieqtebi gamodiodnen da romel sazogadoebriv avtoritets uzrunvelyofda adamianTa Soris tipur kavSirTa normatiuli xasiaTi. Tu saqme exeboda calkeul pirTa _ privates _ (sityvidan privus gancalkevebuli, raimes uqoneli) individualur Tu saojaxo interesebs, maSin saxeze iyo kerZo urTierTobebi, xolo subieqtebis formalizebuli neba, romelic maT kavSirebs gansazRvravda, kerZo kanonad (lex privata) iTvleboda. rodesac sakiTxi romaeli xalxis, kviritebis, saerTo interesebs (Populus Romanus Quiritium) exeboda, maSin am urTierToebebis, anu sajaro interesebis, normatiul safuZvels mTeli xalxis formalizebuli neba _ sajaro kanoni (lex publica) warmoadgenda. urTierTobis monawileTa Semadgenlobis mixedviT, romauli samoqalaqo Temis (civitas) samarTali (ius civile), romaelTaTvis mkacrad erovnuli, kvirituli samarTali iyo, xolo zogadsavaldebulo da sajarod mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, kerZo samarTlebrivi urTi-erTobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebsa da farglebs gansazRvravda. normaSemoqmedebiTi wesebi aRniSnuli normatiuli sistemis safuZvelze regulirdeboda, romelic moicavda: religiur ritualebs, mmarTvelobis sayovelTao-saxalxo organoebis (senati da magistratura) saqmianobas, marTlzomieri moTxovnebis sasamarTlo dacvis formebs, ucxoelebTan urTierTobis principebs, piris statusis Secvlis wesebs, romauli moqalaqeobisa da qorwinebis gansazRvris normebs, moqalaqeTa Soris (rogorc sicocxleSi, ise maTi garda-cvalebis Semdeg) qonebrivi urTierTobis (sanivTo, valdebulebiTi, memkvidreobiTi samarTali) myar formebs. uZveles romaul samarTals, erT-erTi mkvidri tomis kviritebis (Quiritium) saxelwodebis mixedviT, kvirituli samarTali ewodeboda. es saxelwodeba uZveles garigebebSi terminad damkvidrda da gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneboda, rodesac saqme nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas (sakuTreba kvirituli samarTlis mixedviT dominius ex iure Quiritium) exeboda. mogvianebiT, samarTlis am sistemas civiluri samarTali (ius civile) ewoda, riTac xazi gaesva romis moqalaqeTa samarTlis mkacrad erovnul xasiaTs (samarTlis viwro gagebiT). sakanonmdeblo doneze civiluri samarTliT kerZo samarTlis viwro erovnuli sistema regulirdeboda; farTo gagebiT ki, civiluri samarTali yvela komentars moicavda, romelic romaelma iuristebma, XII dafis kanonTa sistemasTan erTad, Seqmes. z)pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium) samarTlis civiluri sistemis Tanadroulad, TandaTanobiT samarTlis axali sistema _ pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium), anu Tanamdebobis pirTa samarTali (ius honorarium) _ Camoyalibda. drois kvalobaze, monaTmflobeluri sistemisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sedegad, gabatonebuli socialuri fenis xelSi Tavi moiyara vaWrobiTa da mevaxSeobiT miRebulma kapitalma, msxvilma saadgilmamulo sakuTrebam, ris safuZvelzec socialuri dapirispireba gamwvavda. Zveli civiluri samarTlis dadgenilebebi, rogorc raodenobrivi, ise xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT, axal socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs veRar pasuxobda. aRniSnuli xarvezebi saswrafo aRmofxvras saWiroebda, romlis gamosworebac sasamarTlo

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magistratebma _ pretorebma _ iTaves. pretoruli samarTali Tanminmdevrulad iqmneboda, rasac Sedegad mohyva, ZiriTadad, pretoruli ediqtebis safuZvleze Seqmnili, mTeli rigi axali institutebisa, romlebic samarTlebrivi dacvis axali saSualebebiT aRiWurva. civiluri samarTali pretoruli samarTlis sistemas arc cvlida da arc auqmebda, piriqiT, mis paralelurad iqmneboda da masTan erTad arsebobda. T) xalxis samarTali (ius gentium) civiluri samarTali gamoiyeneboda mxolod romis moqalaqeebis mimarT. is pirebi, romlebic romaul Tems ar ganekuTvnebodnen, mtrebad (hostes) iTvlebodnen da samarTlebriv dacvas ar eqvemdebarebodnen. warmoebisa da sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvlis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, ucxoelebis ZiriTadi kerZo uflebebis (sakuTrebis ufleba, xelSekrulebis dadebis ufleba, memkvidreobis miReba da sxva) aRiareba da dacva savaldebelo gaxda, ris safuZvelze samarTlis axali sistema, xalxis samarTali (ius gentium) Seiqmna. civiluri samarTali ara marto pretorul samarTals, aramed samarTlis kidev erT saxes _ xalxis samarTals _ upirispirdeboda. romis samarTlis istoriaSi es sistema yvelaze originaluri movlena gaxldaT. Ius gentium gaxda universaluri samarTlis sinonimi, romelic, erTi mxriv, ius civile-s, xolo, meore mxriv, romis imperiis saqonelbrunvaSi monawile xalxis erovnuli samarTlis sistemebs daupirispirda. vinaidan ius gentium-is normebs romaeli pretori mxolod romSi iyenebda, es sistema, kvlav, romSi moqmed samarTlad rCeboda. Tu pretori miiCnevda, rom modave mxaris interesebi samarTliani iyo, magram misi dacva civiluri samarTlis normebiT ver ganxorcieldeboda, maSin pretori gascemda faqtebze damyarebul (in factum conceptae) sasarCelo formulas, romelic saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da saqonelbrunvis Cveulebis princips efuZneboda. amgvarad Camoyalibda samarTlis axali sistema, romelic srulad Seesabameboda yofiT pirobebs. is SemuSavebeli iqna, sasamarTlo magistratebis praqtikuli saqmianobis Sedegad, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze da xSirad savaWro Cveulebebs efuZneboda. mkacrad formaluri da naklebad mobiluri civiluri samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxis samarTali ukeT da swrafad Seewyo mzard socialur moTxovnebs. ZirZveli tradiciebisagan Tavisufali ius gentium-iT ganviTarebuli savaWro urTierTobebi regulirdeboda, romlis monawile mxareebi romaelebi da sxva eris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. amrigad, ius gentium-i universalur samarTlad iqca im TvalsazrisiT, rom komerciuli urTierTobis dasaregulireblad, savaWro brunvis nemismieri monawile mxaris mimarT (maTi moqalaqeobis miuxedavad) gamoyeneba. civiluri samarTlisa da xalxis samarTlis urTierTsapirispiro dualizmi maT Serwymas ver ganapirobebda. samarTlis unificirebis procesiT dainteresebuli iyo romauli sazogadoeba, romelic dapyrobili qveynebis yvela olqSi samoqalaqo da savaWro brunvis gafarToebas eswrafoda. aRniSnuli procesis warmatebiT ganviTarebas, uSualod uwyobda xels peregrinebisaTvis romis moqalaqeobis miniWeba. sabolood, pretoruli samarTlis, CveulebiTi samarTalisa da, zogadad, iurisprudenciis aqtiurma Zalisxmevam, ius civile-sa da ius

gentium-is Serwyma ganapiroba. ganviTarebuli ius civile-s mxardaWeriTa da TanadgomiT, pretoruli samarTali sazogadoebriv yofaSi, faqtiurad, ius gentium-is principebs amkivrebda. gansakuTrebuli simkacriTa da formalizmiT ius civile saojaxo-memkvidreobiT urTierTobebze zemoqmedebda, rasac ver vityviT ius gentium-ze. samagierod, moZravi qonebis brunvis farTo sfero ius gentium-is gavleniT viTardeboda. Ius gentium-is swrafi ganviTarebis maCvenelad, romaelma iuristebma misi regulirebis sferoSi, monobis institutis Setana miiCnies. Ius

gentium-i gansakuTrebul zegavlenas saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebze axdenda, ris Sedegadac, civiluri samarTlisagan gansxvavebuli, axali tipis xelSekrulebebi Seiqmna, romlebic, yovelgvari sazeimo ritualebisa da formalobebis gareSe, sada, martiv SeTanxmebebs efuZneboda. xalxis samarTlis zegavlena ius civile-ze ormxrivi iyo: 1. dadgenili institutebi ius civile-m wrafad STanTqa, 2. amavdroulad, Zveli civiluri samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi xalxis samarTalSi aisaxa. romauli ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, aRniSnuli procesi sul ufro viTardeboda; amis gamo Tavad romaelebi ius gentium-sa da ius civile-s Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. Ius gentium-is Sesaxeb Teoriuli Sexedulebebis SemuSavebaze didi gavlena moaxdena berZnuli filosofiis doqtrinam, kerZod, aristoteles moZRvrebam, romelic erTmaneTisagan mijnavda bunebiT da kanonier (ius naturale, ius legitimum) samarTals. romaelma iuristebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes aRniSnuli doqtrinis srulyofa-

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ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tumca, maTTvis ius gentium-i yovelTvis wminda romaul da ara ucxo samarTlis sistemad miiCneoda. Teoriulad, romaeli iuristebi samarTals or sfeord _ civilur da xalxis samarTlad _ yofdnen. am dayofas ciceronic iziarebda. samarTlis dayofis TvalsazrisiT, axali safuZvlebi Semoitana gaiusma, romelsac civiluri samarTali kanonmdeblobis nayofad miaCnda da igi mas bunebiTi gonis (ratio naturalis) mier Seqmnil ius gentium-s upirispirebda. i)bunebiTi samarTali (ius naturale) Ius gentium-is zemoaRniSnuli gageba romaelma iuristebma imdenad ganavrces, rom respublikis xanis bolo periodSi, arsobrivad, igi ius naturale-s dauaxloves. ciceroni iyo pirveli, vinc bunebiTi samarTali zneobis moTxovnad gansazRvra; misi mtkicebiT, samarTali bunebis mier dadgenil ucvlel zneobasa da kanons emyareboda. ulpianes azriT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebac bunebiT samarTals efuZneboda. bunebiTi samarTlis Sesaxeb misi Sexeduleba yvelaze srulyofili iyo da farTo gagebiT aRiqmeboda. ulpianes Tanaxmad, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovna, zogadad, sicocxleze vrcel-deboda, xolo xalxis samarTlis moqmedebis areali mxolod adamianebiT ifargleboda. digestebSi vkiTxulobT: xalxis samarTali vrceldeba mTel kacobriobaze. amdenad, ioli gasagebia, rom igi gansxvavdeba bunebiTi samarTlisagan, romelic yvela sulierze vrceldeba, xalxis samarTali ki mxoldo adamianTa urTierTobebs moicavs. (D.1.1.1.4) k) CveulebiTi samarTali samoqalaqo brunvaSi mudmivad gamoyenebul samarTlis normas, romelic xalxis rwmenas efuZneba CveulebiTi samarTali ewodeba. CveulebiTi samarTali samarTlis is saxea, romelsac adamianebis gonivruli qcevis wesad miiCneven. cnebidan gamomdinare, CveulebiTi samarTlis wyaro, saxelmwifo wyobilebisagan damoukidebeli, saxalxo gonia. amitom, CveulebiTi samarTali SeiZleba ganviTardes winareistoriel xanaSi. imisaTvis rom, CveulebiT samarTals samarTlis wyaros funqcia mieniWos da moqmedebdes rogorc samarT-lebrivi sistema, igi sam pirobas unda akmayofilebdes: 1. garkveuli wesis xangrZlivad, uwyvetad moqmedeba da misi dacva; 2. xalxis samarTlebrivi mrwamsi; 3. imperator konstantines konstituciis mixedviT, arsebul (moqmed) kanons unda avsebdes, ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes da mxolod sakanonmdeblo xarvezs aRmofxvravdes. wesisamebr, aseTi moTxovniT igulisxmeboda Semdegi: CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi dasaSvebi iyo praeter legem-is da ara contra legem-is pirobebSi, anu CveulebiTi samarTlis normas unda hqonoda supletoruli (xarvezis aRmofxvris SesaZlebloba) da ara derogaciuli Zala. Zvel romSi Cveulebas, Cvevas mos Romanum ewodeboda. winaparTa anderZs, danabarebs _ mores

maiorum, xolo CveulebiT samarTals _ consuetudo, samarTlis normis anologiiT, erT romelime mxareSi dadgenili CveulebiT (mos regionis) calkeuli pirebis TviTneburi qcevis SesaZleblobas, qcevis zogadsavaldebulo standartiT zRudavda da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa SemTxveviTi garemoebebisagan dacvas uzrunvelyofda. Mores maiorum-iT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi XII dafis kanonebSi ar asaxula. es faqti samarTlebrivi urTierTobis uZvelesi formebis simtkiceze miuTiTebs (ritualebi da institutebi). XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciiT am normaTa umravlesoba, garkveuli cvlilebebiT, ius civile-s Semadgenel nawilad aRiqmeboda. unda aRiniSnos, rom mores-is didi nawili XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciiT mniSvnelovnad Seicvala da amis Semdeg isini ius

civile-s Semadgenel nawilad ganixileboda. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania termini Cveuleba (consuetudo). qr. Sobamde I saukuneSi moRvawe pretorebi mas CveulebiTi samarTlis _ axali normatiuli elementis _ aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen. Ius civile-s gagebiT, mores maiorum-s funqcia ufro konservatiuli xasiaTisaa, consuetudo ki siaxlis wyarod, ius civile-s erTgvar saxeobad warmoCindeba. ciceronis Tanaxmad, CveulebiTi samarTali aris dauwereli kanoni, romelic efuZneba Cveulebas an adamianTa Soris SeTanxmebas da, TiTqmis, sayovelTao mowonebiT sargeblobs, uwinaresad mas vicavT, rogorc winaparTa naanderZevsa da, erTgvarad, bunebiTi samarTliT nakarnaxev kanonebs. amrigad, CveulebiTi samarTlis erTaderTi specifikuri niSani misi dawerili formiT arar-seboba gaxlavT. l) Lex (leges) (kanoni) da plebiscita (plebiscitebi) Zvel romSi samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wyaros dawerili formis kanoni warmoadgenda. gaiusis instituciebis 1.3. Tanaxmad, lex est quod populus iubet atque constituit _ kanoni aris is, rac xalxma brZana da daadgina. Zveli romaelebi kanonis (lex) _ pozitiuri samarTlis uzenaesi da yvelaze srulyofili

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formis _ kriteriumad saxalxo krebis mier mis miRebas miiCnevdnen; politikuri Tval-sazrisiT, am aspeqtiT xalxi (populus) ganixileboda civitas-ad (suverenuli koleqtivi). praqtikulad, kanoni damtkicebuli da dadgenili unda yofiliyo mTeli romaeli xalxis (cives romani) warmomdgeni saxalxo krebis (comitia) mier: `...populi appellatione universi cives significatur _ saxeldebiT xalxi yvela moqalaqe igulisxmeboda (Gai.,1.3).

sakuTari interesebis dasacavad, kanonis mimRebi suverenuli uflebebiT aRWurvili xalxis neba, kanons romis samarTlis oficialurad dadgenil (pozitivaciis) ZiriTad formad gardaqmnida, vinaidan moqalaqeTagan (cives) momdinare samarTalad _ ius civile-d aRiqmeboda. XII dafis kanonebis SeqmniTa da gamoqveynebiT viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala. plebsis daJinebuli moTxovniT, qr. Sobamde 451 wels Seiqmna sakanonmdeblo komisia, romlis Semad-genlobaSi Sevida aTi yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani romaeli (decim viri), apius klavdiusis xelmZRvanelobiT. komisiis mizani iyo samarTlis normebis mowesrigeba da maTSi sicxadis Setana. daaxloebiT orwliani muSaobis Semdeg, komisiam Seqmna Leges duodecim tabularum (XII dafis kanonebi), romelTa votireba moxda centurialur komiciebSi, qr. Sobamde 449 wels. Leges duodecim tabularum iqcnen, Semdgomi periodis, romauli samarTalganviTarebis ZiriTad safuZvlad, «mTeli sajaro da kerZo samarTlis wyarod» (fons omnis publici privatique … iuris » _

Livius, 3,24,6). uamravi Cveuleba (mores) da kuriatuli kanoni (leges regiae) iqna sistematizirebuli da werilobiTi formiT dafiqsirda, sayovelTao mniSvnelobis, erTgvarovan sajaro kanonSi (lex publica). yvela norma, romelic ar Sevida kodeqsSi, CaiTvala Zaladakargulad da gauqmda. Leges duodecim tabularum (XII dafis kanonebi) sistematizirebulia Tematuri principiT: I-II-III dafebi awesrigeben samoqalaqo process, pirTa statusebs, ufleba da qmedunarianobis safuZvlebs; IV-V dafebi ixilaven saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis sakiTxebs, mamis xelisuflebis safuZvlebs; VI-VII dafebi Seicaven sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebs; VIII-IX dafebi awesrigeben sisxlis samarTlebriv urTierTobebs, danaSaulsa da sasjelis dadgenis safuZvlebs; X dafa exeboda sakraluri ritualebis mowesrigebas. Tumca, maleve gairkva, rom kanonmdeblebma ver gaiTvaliswines, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, momxdari cvlilebani da saWiro gaxda kidev ori dafis damateba. ase Seiqmna XI da XII dafebi, romlebSic Sevida pirveli aTi dafisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli cvlileba-damatebebi. komisiis mier Sedgenili kanonebi, komiciebSi votirebis Semdeg, amotvifres spilenZis dafebze (firfitebze) da gamofines forumze, sayovelTao gacnobis mizniT. am aqtiT xazi gaesva normatiuli sistemis erTianobasa da pozitiur samarTalSi daZleul gaurkvevlobas. Cvenamde moRweulia rogorc amonaridebi XII dafis kanonebidan, ise maT safuZvelze Sedgenili sarCelebis formulebi. qr. Sobamde III-II saukuneebis mijnaze kanonTa teqsti da legis actiones gamoaqveyna seqstus eliusma, romlis naSromi safuZvlad daedo Semdgomi periodis filologiur da iuridiul komentarebs. Leges duodecim tabularum (XII dafis kanonebi)-is Sesaxeb Cveni codna ganmtkicebulia Zveli drois mecnierTa da iuristTa naSromebiT, kerZod: markus tulius ciceronis (Cicero), plinius ufrosis (Plinius), titus liviusis (Livius),

dionise halikarnaselis (Dionysius) da sxvebis TxzulebebiT. Tavdapirvelad, plebsis saxalxo krebis (consilium plebis) mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi _ plebiscitebi (plebiscita) savaldebulo mxolod plebsisaTvis iyo (`olim patricii dicebant plebiscitis se

non teneri, quia sine auctoritate eorum facta essent _ odesRac, patriciebis mtkicebiT, maT plebiscitebiT valdebulebebi ar ekisrebodaT, raki isini gamoicema maTi mowonebisa da mxardaWeris gareSe” (Gai.,1.3); Tumca, qr. Sobamde 287 w., hortenziusis kanoniT, leges populi-s msgavsad, isini mTeli romaeli xalxisaTvis savaldebulod Seiqna; hortenziusis kanonis Tanaxmad, plebiscitebi kanonebs gauTanabres. Plebiscita gansxvavdeboda leges populi-gan mxolod misi miRebis formiT, Tumca, Seesabameboda leges yvela arsebiTi maxasiaTebliT. m) iuristebis moRvaweoba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro romauli sasamarTlo procesis SejibrebiToba, mosamarTleTa da advokatTa (romlebic kerZo pirebi iyvnen) mwiri iuridiuli ganaTleba samarTalmcodneTa avtoritets (auctoritas prudentium) uaRresad ganadidebda; es ki imas mowmobda, rom swored iuristebis mosazrebebisa da Sexedulebebis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli samarTali da sasamarTlo procesebze warmoTqmuli maTi sityvebi samarTlis yvela dargis zogad nawilad (pars iuris) iqca da mas samoqalaqo samarTali _ ius civile ewoda. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) profesiuli saqmianoba sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT xorciel-deboda: cavere (axali sarCelebisa da garigebebis Sedgena), agere (sasamarTloSi saqmis

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warmoeba), respondere (pasuxebis gacema). Cavere anu sarCelebis, garigebebisa da anderZis Sedgena. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) cavere funqcia iyo magistratebisa da mosamarTleebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva. gamonaklisi iyo is viTareba, roca axali sarCelis avtori Tavad magistrati iyo. respublikis periodSi samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) xSirad monawileobdnen mosamarTleTa consilium-ebze; TviTon mosamarTleobdnen; pretoris sabWos wevrebi iyvnen da TviTon xdebodnen pretorebi. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) wyalobiT mravali sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, momavali sasamarTlo procesebisaTvis samagaliTo iyo, xolo axali sarCeli ki ediqtTa nawilad iqca. Agere iyo sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba, roca iuristi mxaris dacvis funqciebs sakuTar Tavze iRebda da advokatad gamodioda. dialogSi `brutusi~, cicerons publius rufuss rutiliusi (politikuri moRvawe), kvintus muciusi (pontifikosi) oratorebad hyavs warmodgenili. mogvianebiT, samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) agere saqmianoba advokatebisa da profesionali oratorebisTvis pasuxis gacemiT ifargleboda. iuriskonsultisTvis yvelaze tipuri funqcia kerZo pirebisa da maTi warmomadgenlebis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze azris gamoTqma da pasuxebis gacema, anu `respondere~ _ gaxldaT. sasamarTlo kamaTSi mopovebuli avtoritetiT, zogjer samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) azri mosamarTlis nebaze uSualo zemoqmedebas axdenda da mas zRudavda; yvelaze mTavari mainc isaa, rom sasamarTlo sxdomebze samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) uSualo monawileoba saval-debulo ar iyo. avtoris auTenturobis garanti sagangebo beWedi, mosamarTlisadmi gagzavnili iuristis piradi werili, an konsultaciis dros damswre pirTa mowmeoba iyo. yvelaze xSirad samarTalmcodneebs (prudentes) konsultaciisaTvis orator-advokatebi mimar-Tavdnen; aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTalmcodneTa funqcia iyo maTTvis `hastas ministrant~ _ `Subis miwodeba~, sityvieri paeqrobis gasamarTad. argumentaciis samarTlebriv safuZvlad mores, leges,

exempla (analogiuri SemTxvevebi praqtikidan) gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, sasamarTlosTvis Tavad iuriskonsultis azric savaldebulo Zalis mqoned miiCneobda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZvels ara marto arsebuli pasuxi (responsa), aramed adre gamoTqmuli is mosazrebac warmoadgenda, romelic aramxolod aRiarebuli, aramed iuridiuli viTarebisTvis nimuSad miCneuli iyo. n) Senatusconsultum (senatuskonsulti) Senatusconsultum (SC) xalxis (populus) monawileobis gareSe miiReboda; aqedan gamomdinare, qmediTobis TvalsazrisiT, leges-Tan misi gaTanabreba, udavod gamoiwvevda im konceptualur sirTules, romelic asaxulia gaiusis teqstSi: Senatusconsultum est, quod senatus iubet atque constituit:

idque legis vicem optinet quamvis fuerit quaesitum _ senatis dadgenileba aris is, rac senatma brZana da daadgina; mas aqvs kanonis Zala, Tumca, amis Sesaxeb bevrs daobdnen (Gai., 1,4). qr. Sobis II sau-kunemde SC-s kanonis Zala ar gaaCnda da amitom ius civile-s SeqmnaSi uSualo monawileobas ver iRebda. senats hqonda ori SesaZlebloba: normatiul viTarebaze SualobiTi gavlenis mosaxdenad, sasurveli kanonis miReba daevalebina magistratisTvis, an pretorisagan _ ediqtSi cvlilebebis Setana. zogjer senati magistratisagan sisxlis samarTlis gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlos - quaestiones extra ordinariae _ Seqmnas iTxovda. amgvari dawesebuleba ver iqneboda mudmivmoqmedi, misi Seqmna kanonis (lex) miRebas saWiroebda, xolo senatuskonsults kanonis Zala ar gaaCnda. amdenad, moqalaqes yovelTvis hqonda ufleba apelaciiT miemarTa xalxisaTvis. qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi Zvel romSi seriozuli politikuri da samarTlebrivi krizisi warmoiSva, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom senatma msgavsi sagangebo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis SezRudvis Tavidan acileba moisurva. principatis periodSi, komiciebis rolis dacemis Sedegad, senatis normaSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo imperatoris xelSi senatuskonsulti pretoris ediqtze zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRi Seiqna. marTalia, qr. Sobis I saukuneSi senates-konsults, ius civile-Tan mimarTebiT, kanonis Zala jer kidev ar gaaCnda da mxolod pretorul samarTlis (ius honorarium) Camoyalibebaze axdenda gavlenas, qr. Sobis II saukunidan misi roli imdenad gaizrda, rom civiluri samarTlis tolfasi Sedegi miiRo, rac kanonTan mis gaTanabrebaze metyvelebda. o) Edicta magistratuum (magistratebis ediqtebi) umaRlesi samxedro da sajaro xelisuflebis (imperium) mqone romael magistratebs ius edicendi ganxorcieleba (Tanamdebobrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, zogad-savaldebulo qcevis wesebis dadgena da gamocema), ediqtis (edictum) saxiT, SeeZloT. marTlmsajulebis (iurisdictio) ganxorcielebis ufleba qr. Sobamde 242 w. q. romis mmarTvelobaze pasuxismgebel pretorsa (praetor urbanus) da peregrinebis pretors (praetor

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peregrinus) mieniWaT. `Ius dicere” iyo samoqalaqo sasamarTlo ganxilvis (in iure) pirveli stadia, romlis drosac saqmis arsi dgindeboda da Sesabamisi procesualuri saSualebebi ganisazRvreboda. sakuTari uflebis (ius, iuris dicendi) safuZvelze, pretori mosamarTles uTiTebda im safuZvels, romlis Tanaxmadac am ukanasknels gadawyvetileba unda gamoetana. pretoris gadawyvetileba ganisazRvreboda ius civile-s im normebiT, romlebic ama Tu im urTierTobis dasadgenad gamoiyeneboda. sakuTari imperium-is safuZvelze, pretors dacvis specifikuri saSualebebis gaTvaliswineba da saqmis damoukidebeli ganxilvac SeeZlo. aseTi eqstraordinaluri procesebi xels uwyobda samarTlis sistemis ganviTarebas da ius civile-Ti gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobebis oficialur doneze dacvisa da aRiarebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. garda pretorebisa, romlebic zogadi iurisdictio-Ti sargeblobdnen, specialuri iurisdiqcia mieniWaT kurulis edilebsac _ magistratebs, romlebic q. romSi wesrigis dacvaze iyvnen pasuxismgebelni, gansakuTrebiT bazrebSi (cura urbis). sakuTari officium-is farglebSi ius edicendi hqonda edilsac; igi gamoscemda ediqtebs (edicta), romlebic ara marto marTlmsajulebis, aramed kerZo samarTlis, da gansakuTrebiT _ edicta iurisdictionis exeboda. magistratebis ediqtebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi, lex Aebutia-s gamocemiT SeiZina. damkvidrda axali saxis procesi _ per formulas, romelic legis actiones procesTan Tanadroulad moqmedebda. aRniSnulis Sedegad, ius civile-Ti gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobebis dacva pretorsac SeeZlo. amisTvisac igi ara eqstraordinalur, aramed Cveulebriv samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv saSualebebs iyenebda. qr. Sobamde 17 w. legis actiones procesis gauqmebiT, samoqalaqo procesualuri saSualebebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, magistratebis ediqtma TiTqmis monopoluri mdgomareoba moipova. Camoyalibda axali, gansakuTrebuli normatiuli sistema _ ius honorarium anu praetorium (magistratebis anu pretoruli samarTali), romelsac ius civile-Tvis praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda: pretoruli dacvis gansakuTrebul saSualebebs moqalaqe Tu ar gamoiyenebda, igi civiluri samarTlis normis anabara rCeboda, xolo pretorulma samarTalma ius civile-s institutebis modifikacias xeli materialuradac Seuwyo. Tavdapirvelad, pretorTa mier ediqtebis Sesruleba Rirsebis (fides) sakiTxad iqca da `dignitas~-ze (tradiciul warmodgenaze) iyo damokidebuli. p) Constitutiones principum (imperatorebis konstituciebi) ulpianes azriT, princefsis gadawyvetilebas kanonis Zala aqvs, radgan xalxi imperators mTel xelisuflebas, princefsis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli kanoniT, gadascems. (D.1.4.1). am teqstSi, faqtiurad, principatis, rogorc politikuri reJimis, arsia Camoyalibebuli. princefsi, rogorc kanonmdebeli, xalxis sinonimia da magistratis msgavsad (romelsac xalxma garkveuli vadiT imperium-i gadasca) ki ar axorcielebs Tanamdebobriv funqciebs, aramed saxalxo nebas samisdReSiod gamoxatavs. ulpianes Tanaxmad, princefsis neba da xelisufleba xalxisas uTanabrdeba, imperatoris konstitucia Tavad kanonia (legem esse constat). (D.1.4.1.1) princefsis konstituciasa da kanons Soris gansxvaveba-Tanafardoba marcianusis teqstSia mocemuli: `werilobiTi formiT dadgenili pirobebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba imperatoris ediqts, an kanons, an kanonis Zalis mqone aqtebs... dauwerlad iTvleba _ condiciones contra edicta

imperatorum aut contra leges aut quae legis vicem optinent scriptae… pro non scriptis habentur. . . (D.28.7.14). aseTi damokidebuleba imperatoris konstitucias ganaxsvavebda pozitiuri samarTlis im sxva formebisgan, romelTac SeiZleba kanonis (lex) masStabebi mivusadagoT da vivaraudoT, rom konstitucia sakuTari Tavis kriteriumi iyo. am logikis gamoxatulebaa cnobili maqsima _ princefsi kanonisgan Tavisufalia _ princeps legibus solutus est (D.1.3.31). formis mixedviT, imperatoris konstituciebi iyofa: 1. Edicta _ zogadi moqmedebis norma; 2. Decreta _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, Cveulebriv, qveda instanciis sasamarTlo gadawyve-tilebaze apelaciis pasuxad; 3. Rescripta _ calkeuli kazusis gadawyveta, romelic, Tavis mxriv, subscriptiones-ad da epistulae-d iyofoda imis mixedviT, kerZo Tu Tanamdebobis piris SekiTxvis sapasuxod iyo gacemuli. III saukunis bolomde saimperatoro samarTalSemoqmedebis sxva formebs Soris rescripta

dominirebda. samagierod, konstantines periodidan kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis regulirebis sferoSi mniSvnelovani roli SeiZina edicta-m da is leges generales-i gaxda. am periodSi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZveli swored imperatoris konstituciebi (leges) iyo. klasikuri periodis iuristebis mosazrebas _ iura-s maSin mimarTavdnen, roca sakanonmdeblo moTxovna ar gaaCndaT.

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imperatoris konstituciebis kerZo krebulebis Sesaqmnelad mzardma interesma iseTi mniSvnelovani aqtebis Seqmna ganapiroba, rogoricaa diokletianes dros Sedgenili Codex

Gregorianus da Codex Hermogenianus. 428 w. aRmosavleT romis imperiis mmarTvelma Teodosius II-m samarTlis wyaroebis zogadi sistematizacia ganizraxa. 438 w. ZalaSi Sevida Codex

Theodosianus-i, romelSic konstantines Semdeg gamocemuli konstituciebi gaaerTianes. 528 w. aprilSi aRmosavleT romis imperatorma iustinianem brZana SeeqmnaT axali kodeqsi Novus

Codex, romelic 529 wlis aprilSi ZalaSi Sevida. iustinianem Tavi mouyara Zvel kodeqsebs; 439 wlis Semdgom miRebuli axali konstituciebic daurTo da maT novellae constitutiones uwoda. aRniSnulma kodeqsma Cvenamde ver moaRwia J) iustinianes periodi (527-565 ww.) imperator iustinianes mmarTvelobis dros iuridiuli kulturisa da iuridiuli ganaTlebis aRorZineba, saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis doneze, imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi SeiniSneboda. gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad, iustinianes droindeli, klasicizmi iqca. imperatori da misi kancelaria normatiuli stabilurobis damkvidrebas cdilobdnen da maT am mizniT, iuridiuli samecniero tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRadgines mravali klasikuri instituti, romelTa safuZvelzec Zveli kontraverzebi da winaaRmdegobebi iqna daZleuli. iustinianes samarTlebrivi politikisa da misi iniciativiT ganxorcielebuli samarTlis kodifikaciis meSveobiT, evropulma kulturam klasikuri periodis romaeli iuristebis teqstebi da imperatorebis konstituciebi SeinarCuna. mogvianebiT, kodifikaciis teqstebs _ Corpus Iuris

Civilis (samoqalaqo samarTlis krebuli) _ dasavleT evropaSi swavlobdnen. is oficialur saxelmZRvanelos _ institutiones warmoadgenda; igi 532 wels gaiusis, florentinusis, marcianusis, ulpianesa da sxvaTa `Institutiones~ safuZvelze iqna Sedgenili; klasikosTa Txzulebebis anTologia _ Digesta (krebuli) 530-533 wlebSi sagangebod Seqmnilmaa komisiam moamzada; 534 wels imperatorTa konstituciebis krebuli _ Codex ZalaSi Sevida. Cvenamde iustinianes instituciebma IX da X saukuneebis xelnawerTa saxiT moaRwia. pretoruli ediqtis wesis mixedviT, iustinianes kodeqsSi mocemulia adreanes droidan moyolebuli, iustinianes mmarTvelobamde (534 w. CaTvliT) arsebuli imperatorebis konsti-tuciebi. konstituciebis teqsti xSir SemTxvevaSi Semcirebuli saxiTaa mocemuli, adreuli epoqis konstituciebis teqsti gadamuSavebuli da redaqtirebulia, amoRebulia moZvelebuli an gauqmebuli terminebi da debulebebi. teqsts erTvis SemdgenelTa mier Camatebuli SeniSvnebi _ interpolaciebi. kodeqsTan uSualo kavSirSia iustinianes mier, kodifikaciis Semdeg, Seqmnili axali konstituciebi _ Novellae Constitutiones, romelTTaganac zogierTis mizani kerZo samarTlis institutebis gardaqmnaa: magaliTad, valdebulebis Sesrulebis piradi garantia; anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba. iustinianes kodifikaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia Digesta. swored am gamocemam Semogvinaxa klasikuri iuridiuli teqstebi, ris safuZvelzec italiaSi, XI saukunidan moyolebuli, romis samarTali evropel iuristTa mudmivi mecnieruli Seswavlis obieqtad iqca. 530 wlis bolos, imperatorma iustinianem gamosca konstitucia _ `Deo Auctore~, romlis Tanaxmadac, sagangebo sakodifikacio komisia Seiqmna. mas saTaveSi im drois saukeTeso iuristi _ triboniane Caudga. komisiis wevrebi iyvnen: beriTidan, profesori doroTeusi (Dorotheus) da konstantinopolidan, profesorebi anatoliusi (Anatolius), Teofilusi (Theophilus) da kratinusi (Cratinus). TanaSemweebad maT 11 iuristi daeniSnaT. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi komisiam waikiTxa da Seiswavla 1535 wigni, iuridiul TxzulebaTa teqstebiT, romelTa safuZvelzec Seadgina 50 wignis anTologia, romelic 432 Tematur Tavad daiyo. digestebSi mocemulia amonaridebi 38 iuristis 275 Txzulebidan, romelTaganac, TiToeul amonaridSi, miTiTebulia Txzulebebis avtorTa saxelebi.

2) sakuTrebis ufleba da valdebulebiTi samarTali

a) Zveli aTenis samarTali ganasxvavevebda flobas _ nivTis faqtobriv pyrobas da mis gamoyenebas da sakuTrebas _ nivTis flobas, misi gankargvis uflebiT. sakuTrebis uflebis abstraqtuli cneba jer ar arsebobda. gabatonebuli sagvareulo aristokratiis koleqtiuri sakuTrebis ufleba mniSvnelovnad iyo SezRuduli. aseT sakuTrebaSi Sediodnen: saxelmwifo mamulebi, stadionebi, romelTagan miRebuli Semosavali moqalaqeebs Soris nawildeboda da Semdeg samxedro flotis Sesanaxad gamoiyeneboda, sataZro meurneoba da sxva. saxelmwifo miwis garda, romelic ijariT gaicemoda, arsebobda agreTve filebisa da demebis

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(adgilobrivi administraciuli erTeulebi) sazogadoebrivi miwebi. kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba iyofoda: “xilul” (miwa, saxli, mona) da “uxilav” (dabegvrisgan advilad dasamali da konfiskacias daqvemdebarebuli qoneba _ fuli, Zvirfaseuloba) qonebad. miwaze saxelmwifo da kerZo sakuTrebas Soris arsebobda organuli kavSiri: miwaze kerZo sakuTreba dasabams iRebda saxelmwifo sakuTrebidan, xolo saxelmwifo sakuTreba kerZo sakuTrebis formiT arsebobda. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom solonis droidan, sabolod damkvidrda kerZo sakuTreba, man jer kidev SeinarCuna wina periodis koleqtiuri warmodgenebi saerTo qonebis Sesaxeb da is saxelmwifos mier boZebul qonebad iTvleboda. amitom, arqonti, Tanamdebobis dakavebisas, yovelwliurad acxadebda, rom moqalaqeebi inarCunebdnen kuTvnil qonebas. TviT miwis nakveTis saxelwodeba _ klerosi sityva “wilisyridan” momdinareobda da wilnayar, Temidan miRebul nakveTs niSnavda. kerZo mesakuTreebi did gadasaxads ixdidnen. mdidar mesakuTreebs evalebodaT rigiTi moqalaqeebisaTvis grandiozuli dResaswaulis (liturgiis) mowyoba. liturgiis mosawyobad gaRebuli xarjebis odenobas moqalaqis simdidre gansazRvravda. omis dros mdidar moqalaqeebs trierarqiis _ samxedro-sazRvao xo-maldis gamoyvana evalebodaT. aTenis samarTalSi ganasxvavebdnen saxelSekrulebo da deliqturi (zianis miyenebidan) urTierTobebidan warmoSobil valdebulebebs. Tanac, zianis miyeneba SeiZleba yofiliyo nebiT an uneblie qmedebiT. xelSekrulebis warmoSobis ZiriTad safuZvels mxareTa SeTanxmeba warmoadgenda. SeTanxmeba ar moiTxovda gansakuTrebul formalobebs. Tumca, yvelaze mniSvnelovani xelSekruleba, rogorc wesi, werilobiTi formiT ideboda. xelSekrulebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, sabuTs an orive mxare (yidva-gayidva), an erTi _ movale mxare (sesxis xelSekruleba) awerda xels. xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis garantias girao, mesame piris Tavdeboba da be warmoadgenda (valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi). solonis reformebamde sesxis xelSekrulebis uzrunvelyofas movalis TviTdagiraveba warmoadgenda. Tu xelSekrulebis Sesrulebaze uars ambobda myidveli, is bes kargavda, da piruku: Tu gamyidveli _ is ormagad abrunebda bes Tanxas. Tavdebobis dros (davalebis xelSekrulebaSi), xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis mate-rialur garantiebs mesame piri iZleoda. Zv. aTenis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili miwis nakveTis dagiravebas _ ipoTekas ekava. ipoTekis dros dagiravebuli miwa movalis mflobelobaSi rCeboda, Tumca, is moklebuli iyo miwis gankargvis uflebas. valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, movale kargavda dagiravebul miwas, kreditoris sasargeblod. dagiravebuli moZravi qoneba kreditoris mflobelobaSi gadadioda, romelsac SeeZlo misi gayidva, movalis mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. xelSekrulebebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ekava: 1) yidva-gayidvas, romelmac didi gavrceleba pova vaWrobis ganviTarebis Sedegad, rogorc Zveli eladis polisebs, ise mezobel civilizaciebs Soris; 2) sesxis xelSekrulebas, maT Soris mevaxSeebisgan, Zalzed maRali-20% sasyidliT; 3) moZravi (monebi) da uZravi qonebis (metekebis mier saxlebis qiravnoba) qiravnobas; 4) pirad qiravnobas (muSa xelis daqiraveba); 5) cnobili iyo amxanagobis xelSekrulebac, romlis mixedviT, ramdenime piri aerTianebda sakuTar qonebas, raime miznis misaRwevad (savaWro da religiuri amxanagobebi). Aamxanagobis SigniT mogeba da wageba, mis wevrebs Soris, ise nawildeboda, rogorc es xelSekrulebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, an amxanagobaSi gaerTianebuli qonebis wilis proporciulad. zianis miyenebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba aRmocendeboda qonebis dazianebis (qonebis dazianeba-ganadgureba) Sedegad. zianis miyeneba anazRaurdeboda an martivad, an ormagi odenobiT, Tu zianis miyenebas Segnebuli, braleuli xasiaTi hqonda.Ppasuxismgebloba dgeboda maSinac, roca zianis miyenebas sCadioda mamis an batonis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri: Svili an mona.Aadgili hqonda dazaralebulisaTvis monis gadacemasac, miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis sanacvlod. pirovnebisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi (zogjer qonebrivi zianic), pasuxismgebloba dgeboda Cadenili danaSaulis gamo. b) Zveli romis samarTlis subieqtebi samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi abstarqtuli pirebis (personae) saxiT gamodian. piris (persona) statuss gansazRvravda, samarTlis normebiT regulirebuli, samarTlebriv TvisebaTa is erToblioba, romelic uSualod asaxavda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im sferoSi subieqtis monawileobas. rac ufro maRali iyo piris statusi, miT srulyofili iyo misi uflebaunarianoba _ uflebe-bisa da movaleobebis subieqtad yofnis SesaZlebloba; piris ufleba moicavda klasifikaciis kriteriumebs, agreTve iuridiuli aqtebis realurad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas _ qmedunarianobas. samarTlis sistemis arsebobisa da funqciobis TvalsazrisiT, am sakiTxebs fundamenturi mniSvneloba hqondaT.

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piris ufleba mxolod ius civile-s moqmedebis sferos ganekuTvneboda. aseTi SezRudva pirdapir miuTiTebda kviritebis samoqalaqo Temze, romelic piris statusis gansazRvrisas, sawyisi wertili iyo. bunebiTi samarTliT (ius naturale) formalurad yvela adamiani Tanasworia; `samoqalaqo samarTali ar miiCnevs monas samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtad, magram bunebiTi samarT-lis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiani Tanasworia~ (D.50.17.32). istoriulad gansazRvruli erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis (ius gentium) TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli SezRudvebi mainc moqmedebda: ius civile _ calkeuli samoqalaqo Temis samarTali _ monebisa da ucxoelebis mimarT, mainc privilegirebul samarTals warmoadgenda. am Tval-sazrisiT, sruluflebian pirebad mxolod civitas wevrebi (cives) miiCneodnen. romis samarTali piris sam statuss ganasxvavebda: status libertatis, status civitatis, status familiae, anu es is romis moqalaqeebi iyvnen, romlebic im ojaxs (familia) ekuTvnodnen, romelSic daibadnen da samive statuss flobdnen; sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebidan gasuli da ojaxis miRma myofi pirebi or status, xolo Tavisufali ucxoelebi (peregrini) _ mxolod erT statuss flobdnen. Patria potestas da patriarqaluri ojaxi _ familia _ wminda romauli institutebia. piris sami statusis Tanadroulad, arsebobda uflebaunarianobis damcrobis sami xarisxic: capitis deminutio maxima, media et minima (Gai.,1,158-162). D.4.5.11 digestebSi uflebauna-rianobis damcrobis aRniSnuli xarisxebis Sesaxeb weria: `im sami mdgomareobis _ Tavisufleba, moqalaqeoba, ojaxi _ mixedviT, romelTac Cven vflobT, arsebobs ufleba-unarianobis damcrobis sami xarisxi: sruli, nawilobrivi da minimaluri. yvela maTganis, anu Tavisuflebis, moqalaqeobisa da ojaxis statusis dakargviT, uflebaunarianobis yvelaze didi damcroba xdeba; moqalaqeobis dakargvisas radgan Tavisufleba SenarCunebulia, ufle-baunarianobis saSualo damcroba xdeba; xolo Tavisuflebisa da moqalaqeobis SenarCu-nebisas, Tu mxolod saojaxo statusi ikargeba, maSin uflebaunarianobis damcroba minimalu-rad iTvleba~. `Caput~ _ uflebaunarianobas niSnavda da uSualod adamianis erTiani koleqtivis wevrobaze miuTiTebda. Tavdapirvelad, capitis deminutio-s mxolod or safexurs ganasxvavebdnen: maxima da minima, rac uSualod Tavisuflebisa (libertas) da moqalaqeobis (civitas) institucionaluri urTierTkavSiris pirobebs Seesabameboda. termini `capitis deminutio~ iTargmneba, rogorc `erTi TaviT Semcireba~, da sazogadoebrivi kavSiris wevrobis Sewyvetaze miuTiTebda (cvlilebis arsi swored es iyo). piri, romelic gamovidoda jgufidan, statuss icvlida, radgan masze jgufuri privilegiebi veRar gavrceldeboda. sazogadoebrivi kavSirebidan gamodevna ki, pirs jgufSi dadgenili normebis moqmedebis miRma tovebda da mis daucvelobas ganapirobebda. uflebauunarobis ori xarisxis arseboba or socialur kavSirze _ Temsa (civitas) da ojaxze (familia) miuTiTebda. maT-dami kuTvnileba piris samarTlebrivi statusis sisrules uzrunvelyofda, statusTa ierar-qia ki samoqalaqo Temisadmi ojaxis morCilebaze metyvelebda. imavdroulad, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg, statusis Secvla capitis

deminutio minima-s gareSec SeiZleboda; ojaxis ufrosis daRmavali xazis naTesavebi (Svilebi, cum manu qorwinebaSi myofi meuRle), TviTxelisufalni (persona sui iuris) xdebodnen da aRniS-nul ojaxSi yvela uflebas inarCunebdnen. Tu ojaxis erTi wevri meore ojaxSi qmris xeli-suflebaSi (conventio in manum mariti) gadasvliT, an Svilad ayvanis (adoptio) gziT, piri kvlav xelisuflebaSi myofad (alieni iuris) rCeboda, rac misi statusis ucvlelobaze metyvelebda. Tumca, ojaxis Secvla Zvel ojaxTan uSualod dakavSirebuli uflebebis _ memkvidreobiTi, sameurveo da sxva uflebebis _ dakargvas niSnavda. sxva ojaxSi analogiuri uflebebis mopo-veba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. ojaxisadmi kuTvnileba ara marto dadebiT uflebamosile-bebs uzrunvelyofda, aramed piris statussac adgenda praqikulad, es Semdegs niSnavda: sao-jaxo solidarobas, erTi ojaxis yvela wevrTa urTierTpasuxismgeblobasa da samarTalsu-bieqtobis erTobliobas. romis samarTalSi `piris~ (`persona~) cnebiT, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtis tipuri, universaluri idea aRiniSneboda. yvela SemTxvevaSi, piri (persona) urTierTobebis monawile piris iuridiul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda. adamianuri arseba fizikur pirad (persona) mas Semdeg miiCneoda, rac: 1. Cvili dedis sxeuls gamoeyofoda, 2. daibadeboda cocxali, 3. adamianis ier-saxiT da 4. fizikurad sakmarisad Camoyalibebuli. romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, dadgenili iyo iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone arsebiTi xasiaTis sxvaobebi piris mimarT; kerZod, es iyo: sqesi, asaki, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, naTesauri kavSiri, samoqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli adgili. a) Sexus (sqesi)

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romis samarTali mxolod or sapirispiro sqess _ mamrobiT da mdedrobiT _ aRiarebda. sajaro samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT (saidanac momdinareobda qalis uunaroba sameurveo saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT), adamianTa sqesobriv sxvaobas kerZo samarTali did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda. romis samarTali mxedvelobaSi iRebda qalis, SedarebiT swarf mowifulobas da aqedan gamomdinare, qalis srulwovanebis asakad 12 wlis asaks adgenda. imavdroulad, romis samarTliT qals SedarebiT naklebi damoukidebloba eniWeboda, radgan, sayovelTado miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, mamakacisagan gansxvavebiT, qali naklebad icnobda samarTals, rac mas xels uSlida sakuTari uflebebis dacvaSi. amis gamo, zogjer, qals samudamo meurveobasac ki uwesebdnen. b) Aetas (asaki) romis samarTliT, adamianis qmedunarianoba, ZiriTadad, asakis safuZvelze ganisazRvreboda. anu arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) da srulwlovanebis asaki (puberes). Tavis mxriv, TiToeuli maTgani kidev or periodad dayves: 1. arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) iyofoda: a) Svid wlamde asakis (infantes, qui fari non possunt) bavSvebi, romlebic sruliad qmeduunaroni iyvnen; b) vaJebi 14 wlis asakamde da gogonebi 12 wlis asakamde (qui fari

possunt, e.w. infantia maiores, prokulianes Tanaxmad, rasac iustinianec daeTanxma). aRniSnuli asakis orive piri raimes SesaZenad qmedunarianad, magram valdebulebebis dasadebad, qonebis gasasxviseblad, anderZiT memkvidreobis gansakargavad qmeduunarod miiCneoda. 2. srul-wlovanebis asaki (puberes) miiCneoda vaJebisaTvis 14, xolo gogonebisaTvis 12 wlis asaki. Zveli romauli samarTliT, srulwlovani mamakacebi srulad qmedunarianni, qalebi ki _ nawilobriv qmedunarianni iyvnen da amitom mancipaciis (mantipatio) damoukideblad ganxorcielebisa da anderZis datovebis ufleba ar hqondaT. mogvianebiT, 25 wlamde srulwlovanebs (minores viginti quinque annis) zogi upiratesoba miecaT. magaliTad, restitutio in

integrum. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi armyof arasrulovnebs (minores) ki garkveuli saxis meurveoba (cura) an mzrunveloba (tutela) eniSneboda. g) Sanitas (janmrTeloba) piris qmedunarianobaze uSualo gavlenas axdenda daavadeba (farTo gagebiT, gadaxra adamianis sxeulis normaluri ganviTarebidan). ganasxvavebdnen fizikur da sulier daavadebas: d) Gentilitas (naTesaoba) romis samarTali ganasxvavebda naTesaobis or saxes: bunebriv, sisxlismiersa da wmina iuridiul naTesaobas. 1. bunebrivi naTesaobiT (naturalis cognatio an, ubralod, cognatio) igulisxmeboda sisxliT naTesaoba, romelic warmoiSoboda sqesobrivi kavSiris Sedegad da moyveboda STamomavloba. wminda iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, naTesaobad miiCneoda im pirTa erToba (agnatio), romelnic saerTo mamis _ paterfamilias _ xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen. aseTi naTesaoba erTian civilur ojaxs (familia) efuZneboda. Paterfamialia-s mis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebTan erTad (persona alieni iuris) hqmnida ojaxs, viwro gagebiT, (familia proprio iure), xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg (posthumi) ojaxis wevrebi, mogvianebiT Sobil pirebTan erTad, warmoadgendnen ojaxs, am sityvis farTo gagebiT (familia communi iure, familia agnatorum). agnaturi naTesaoba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli yofiliyo kognatur naTesaobasTan (kanonier qorwinebaSi Sobili da legitimuri Svili). Tumca, zogjer, aseTi kavSiris arseboba ar SeiniSeneboda (magaliTad, agnatio-d miiCneoda Svilad ayvana mSvilebesa (arrogator) da Svilad ayvanils (arrogatus) Soris; aseve cognatio - paterfamilias da mis emancipirebul vaJiSvils Soris). e) saqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli adgili (loco habitare) apeninis naxevarkunZulis teritoria gansazRvruli raodenobis saqalaqo Temebad (civitates

respublicae) iyofoda. qalaqi da mis garSemo mdebare sasoflo arsebuli sasoflo dasaxlebebi politikur kavSirs qmnida. klasikuri periodis iuristebi imave principiT ganixilavdnen romis imperiaSi Semaval provinciebsac. amrigad, erTi saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali xalxi, Cveulebriv, romelime saqalaqo Temis wevric iyo. v) Zveli romis sanivTo samarTlis ZiriTadi institutebi iyo mflobelobis ufleba, sakuTrebis ufleba da sxvis nivTze arasruli ufleba. arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan sakuTrebisa da mflobelobis ufleba. mflobeloba aRiqmeboda, rogorc nivTze faqtobrivi an warmosaxviTi (Sor manZilze) batonoba, romelsac aucileblad axasia-Tebda nebelobiTi principi, survili aRniSnul nivTze batonobisa. sxvisi nivTiT sargeb-lobas da misgan Semosavlis (nayofis) miRebas ki pyroba ewodeboda (pirutyvis, monebis, satransporto saSualebebis, sacxovreblis qiravnoba da a.S.). mflobeli ar iyo nivTis mesakuTre. piri, nivTis mesakuTre rom gamxdariyo, mas nivTis gankargvis, anu sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr

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nivTis samarTlebrivi bedis gadawyvetis ufleba unda hqonoda, kerZod: Cuqebis, gayidvis, giraod micemis, memkvidreobiT gadacemisa da sxva. sakuTrebis ufleba iyo nivTze yvelaze srulyofili, absoluturi batonobis ufleba _ nivTiT sargeblobisa da nivTis gankargvis ufleba, mxolod im SezRudviT, rasac TviT mesakuTre, nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebis Sedegad (xelSekrulebiT), adgens an, romelic CveulebiTi an sxva samarTlebrivi moTxovniT aris gaTvaliswinebuli. sakuTreba niSnavda pirdapir da sagangebo batonobas da gamoricxavda sxvaTa Tanadroul batonobas aRniSnul nivTze. CveulebiTi normebiT dadgenili, sakuTrebis uflebis SemzRudveli moTxovnebi aisaxa XII dafis kanonebSi, kerZod: religiuri, samSeneblo normebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebrivi aucileblobiT dadgenili akrZalva. sanivTo uflebebis SeZena xdeboda mancipatio (mancipaciiT), in iure cessio (magistratis winaSe, kvazi sasamarTlo procesze uflebis daTmobiT), traditio (sakuTrebis uflebis martivi gadacemiT) da servitutem-iT. zogierTi nivTi amoRebuli iyo samoqalaqo (savaWro) brunvidan, anu dauSvebeli iyo maTi SeZena-gasxviseba: haeri, zRva, gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis miwis fondi, anu sakraluri dawesebulebebis kuTvnili miwebi, romlebic miekuTvneboda res divini

iuris-is (RvTiuri samarTlis nivTebs) da ara res humani iuris-is (adamianuri samarTlis) kate-gorias. Zvel romSi arsebuli nivTebis klasifikacia moqmedebs Tanamedro kerZo samarTalSic, gansa-kuTrebiT romanul-germanuli samarTlebrivi ojaxis qveynebSi, kerZod: moZravi da uZravi nivTebi, sxeulebrivi da usxeulo, gvarobiTi da individualurad gansazRvruli, samoqalaqo brunvaSi myofi da brunvidan amoRebuli da a.S. Tumca, Zvel romSi cnobili iyo nivTebis kidev ori karegiria, romlebSic naTlad gamoixata romis ius civile-s (ius Quiritium – kvirituli samarTlis) wminda erovnuli xasiaTi. aseTebia res mancipi da res nec mancipi, anu mancipirebadi nivTebi, romelTa SeZena-gasxviseba, Tavdapirvelad, SeeZloT mxolod cives Romani-s, gansakuTrebuli ritualis – mancipatio-s dacviT (monebi, italiis teritoriaze, sasoflo-saadgilmamulo servitutebi, msxvilfexa da uRelSi Sesabmeli pirutyvi) da aramancipirebadi – yvela danarCeni moZravi da uZravi, samoqalaqo brunvaSi arsebuli nivTebi, romelTa SeZena-gasxviseba dasaSvebi iyo rogorc cives Romani-vis, ise ucxoelTaTvisac, traditio-s (sakuTrebis uflebis martivi gadacemiT) saSualebiT. sanivTo uflebis SeZenis kidev erTi gza iyo usucapio – nivTis SeZena, xandazmulobiTi flobeloba-sargeblobis Sedegad, moZrav nivTze – minimum 1 wlis, xolo uZrav nivTze _ 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi. xandazmulobiT sanivTo ufleba ar SeiZineboda nivTis marTl-sawinaaRmdegod dauflebis gziT. servituti (servitutem) ewodeboda sxvisi nivTiT sruli an nawilobrivi sargeblobis uflebas, romelic uSualod konkretul miwis nakveTs an konkretul pirs ukavSirdeboda, sargeblis miRebis mizniT. sityviT servitus - `nivTis mona~, `nivTiT sargebloba~ anu iseTi urTierToba aRiniSneboda, romlis drosac nivTiT, miwis nakveTiT sargebels (praedium serviens) iRebda ara mxolod batoni, aramed mezobeli nakveTis mesakuTrec. mesakuTris uflebas momsaxure nivTze aseve servituti ewodeboda. SemdgomSi termini servitus mTel rig msgavs urTierTobebze gavrcelda. momsaxure nivTis mesakuTres evaleboda Tavi Seekavebina nivTebze im garkveuli zemoqmedebisagan, romelsac is SeuzRudavad ganaxorcielebda sakuTar nivTze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxva piris sanivTo uflebebisagan Tavisufali iqneboda. kerZod, servitutiT igulisxmeboda Tavis Sekaveba garkveuli qmedebisagan: 1. miwis nakveTis mesakuTres ekrZaleboda dadgenil simaRleze maRali Senobis ageba; 2. mas evaleboda sxva piris iseTi qmedebis Tmena, romelic mesakuTres SeeZlo aRekveTa, Tu nivTi servitutiT ar iqneboda datvirTuli. servitutebis warmoiSoboda: 1. servitutis SeZena xdeboda realuri Sedegis mqone aqtebiT: 1. mancipatio-Ti, Tu servitutiT datvirTuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis mamuli da 2. in iure cessio-Ti, Tu servitutiT saqalaqo da sasoflo miwebi iyo datvirTuli. Traditio aRniSnuli miznebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo, radgan servituti usxeulo nivTebis (res

incorporales) kategorias ganekuTvneboda. 2. servitutis dadgenis gansakuTrebuli saSualeba gamoiyeneboda maSin, roca miwis nakveTis gansazRvruli nawilis mesakuTris Secvla xdeboda: gamsxvisebeli, romelsac sakuTrebis ufleba miwis nakveTis meore nawilze rCeboda (riTac is, faqtiurad, zaraldeboda), Tavis sasargeblod servitutis dadgenas iTxovda (exceptio

(deductio) servitutis). am SemTxvevaSi, servitutis dadgena sagangebo daTqmiT _ mancipaciiT (mancipatio) an uflebis daTmobiT (in iure cessio) _ xdeboda. 3. qr. Sobamde I saukuneSi servituti xandazmulobiT (usucapio) dgindeboda. Tumca, aRniSnuli wesi lex Scribonia-Ti gauqmda. klasikur epoqaSi sargeblobis xandazmulobas mxolod

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servitutis arsebobis mtkicebis mniSvnelba hqonda. iustinianem servitutebze ganavrco xandazmulobis vada (longi temporis praescriptio), romelic servitutis dadgenidan 10 an 20 wlis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi. 4. servitutis miniWeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, TanasakuTrebis gamoyofisas. servitutis saxeebi iyo: saadgilmamulo (servitutes praediorum rusticorum), piradi (servitutes

personales irregulares) – usufructus (uzufruqti), surepficies (supeficiumi) da emphyteusis (emfi-Tevzisi). Zvel romSi, Tanamedrove gagebiT, kerZo samarTlis kidev erT Zalzed mniSvnelovan institutad valdebulebiTi samarTali iTvleboda. valdebuleba aris samarTlebrivi borkili, romlis ZaliT, Cven iZulebulni varT raime SevasruloT Cveni saxelmwifos kanonebis Sesabamisad. Obligatio est iuris vinaelum, quo necessitate adstringimur alicuius solvendae rei secundum

nostrae civitatis iura” (Ins. lust. 3,13 Pap). valdebuleba ewodeba subieqtur iuridiul viTarebas, romelic samoqalaqo brunvis (mxareebi) konkretul monawileTa pirad kavSirebs efuZneba. mis sasargeblod, garkveuli qmedebis (miniWeba) Sesrulebis valdebulebis ZaliT, urTierTobis erT-erTi mxare (kreditori) aRWurvilia formaluri SesaZleblobiT meore mxares (movales), sakuTari sargebelisaTvis, mosTxovos garkveuli qmedebis (an miniWebis) Sesruleba. kredi-toris pretenziebs (moTxovnebs) Seesabameboda movalis movaleoba, romelic ara kreditorisadmi (rogorc calkeuli pirisadmi), aramed mTlianobaSi samarTlisadmi (rogorc qcevis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebis sistemis) morCilebaSi mdgomareobs. romis samarTalSi valdebulebaTa klasifikacia iyo imaze damokidebuli, Tu rogori xasiTi eqneboda valdebulebis aRiarebas samarTlis sistemis mier. amis Sesabamisad, valdebuleba iyofoda Semdeg jgufebad: 1) obligationes civiles (civiluri valdebuleba); 2) obligationes honorariae (pretoruli valdebuleba); 3) obligationes naturales (naturaluri valdebuleba) (D. 20,1,5). valdebuleba gadacemis (dare), Sesrulebis (facere) da miniWebis (praestare) movaleobaSi (oportere) mdgomareobs. 1) gadacema (dare) niSnavs: raime nivTis mesakuTred qcevas an sanivTo uflebis dadgenas, agreTve raime momsaxurebis gawevas; 2) Sesruleba (facere) niSnavs: yvela moqmedebas, romelic garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas gamoxatavs an moqmedebaze uaris Tqmas (facere an non facere), an nivTis misi mesakuTrisaTvis gadacemas (reddare); 3) miniWeba (praestare) niSnavs: raimes garantirebas an uzrunvelyofas da amisaTvis sakuTar Tavze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas (marwmunebels (praedes) Seexeba). Obligatio, rogorc civiluri sarCeliT daculi, subieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba, aisaxa valdebulebaTa klasifikaciaSi, maTi warmoSobis (wyaros) mixedviT (causa obligationem) _ piradi (valdebulebiTi) efeqtis mqone iuridiuli faqtebi. amis Sesabamisad, valdebulebaTa wyaro iyofa: sakontraqto val-debulebad (ex contractu) da deliqtur valdebulebad (ex delicto). gaiusis azriT, aseTi klasifikacia aris summa divisio (valdebulebaTa mTavari dayofa). Tumca, es klasifikacia piradi xasiaTis subieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis tipizaciis garkveul etaps asaxavs da amitom ver iqneba amomwuravi. Contractus et delictum, rogorc valdebulebis modeluri wyaroebis gamoyofa, dakavSirebulia interesTa im formalizaciasTan, romelsac adgili qr.S-mde I saukuneSi hqonda. val-debulebaTa or nairsaxeobad (species) dayofas Seesabameba actiones in personam qonebriv (rei

persecutoriae) da sajarimo (poenales) sarCelebad dayofa. valdebulebaTa orwevriani klasifikaciis konservaciam ganapiroba misi SesaZlo srulyofa. aRmosavluri iuridiuli skolis profesorebma ganavrces valdebulebis wyaroTa CamonaTvali da miuTiTes, rom kontraqtebisa da deliqtebis garda, arsebobdnen kvazi kontraqtebi (quasi ex

contractu) da kvazi deliqtebi (quasi ex delicto). amrigad, gaiusisa da iustinianes SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romis samarTalSi valdebulebaTa oTxwevriani dayofa damkvidrda, maTi warmoSobis safuZvlis mixedviT; kerZod, Semdegi principis gaTvaliswinebiT: aut obligationes ex

contractu suntaux quasi ex contractu aut ex maleficio aut quasi ex maleficio. maSasadame, ganasxvaveben: 1. kontraqtebs; 2. kvazi kontraqtebs; 3. deliqtebs; 4. kvazi deliqtebs. 1.kontraqti aris valdebulebiTi xelSekruleba, romelic ukve uZveles ius civile-Si arsebobda. kontraqtebi oTxi saxis iyo. kontraqtebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani – e. w. causa civilis _ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom an unda warmoTqmuliyo garkveuli sityvebi (verba), an unda gamoye-nebuliyo werilobiTi forma (literae), an kreditoris mier garkveuli qmedeba unda Sesru-lebuliyo (res), an kontrahentebs Soris araformaluri SeTanxmeba (consensus) unda momxdariyo. amitom, ganasxvaveben oTxi saxis xelSekrulebas: a) verbaluri – zepiri formis; b) literaluri – dawerili formis; g) realuri – garkveuli moqmedebis (res) Sesrulebis

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aucileblobiT; 4d konsesualuri – SeTanxmebiTi kontraqtebi. kontraqtebis pirveli ori saxeoba formalur xelSekrulebebs, bolo ori – araformalur anu materialur xelSekrulebebs ganekuTvneba. a) verbaluri kontraqti ideboda im pirobiT, rom kontrahentebs SeeZloT saubari da mosmena anu ar iqnebodnen yru-munjebi da isini erT adgilas – xelSekrulebis dadebis dros – iqnebodnen. klasikur samarTalSi cnobilia verbaluri kontraqtis sami nairsaxeoba: 1) stipulatio, 2) dotis dictio da 3) operarum iurata promissio. 1. Stipulatio zepiri formiT ideboda. stipulatori, reus stipulatori (erTi kontrhagenti), uSualod, zepirad usvamda SekiTxvas meore pirs _ promissor, reus promittendi (kontrhagents), romelic aseve zepirad scemda pasuxs. Tavdapirvelad, sityvaTa warmoTqma samarTliT iyo gan-sazRvruli, Tumca, mogvianebiT mxareebs, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, SeeZloT sityvebis SerCeva. stipulaciis Sinaarsi iseTive mravalferovani iyo, rogorc saerTod valdebulebis Sinaarsi. stipulacias SeeZlo nebismieri saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis asaxva, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom es calmxrivi qonebrivi faseulobis mqone xelSekruleba iqneboda: fulis gadaxda, sxva nivTebis gadacema, samuSaos Sesruleba da sxva amgvari ram. 2. littera (werilobiTi valdebuleba). “valdebuleba werilobiTi aris, Tu, magaliTad, is Semosaval-gasavlis wignebSi Seitaneba. es Canaweri orgvarovania: an nivTidan pirisaken, an piridan pirisaken. sabuRaltro Canawerebis Semcveli wignebi valdebulebis warmomSob iuridiul dokumentebad iTvleboda, ris gamoc maT mimarT cenzoruli inspeqtireba xorcieldeboda. verbalur kontraqtTan SedarebiT, literaluri kontraqtis ZiriTadi upiratesoba swored imaSi mdgomareobda, rom xelSekrulebis dadebisas orive mxaris ad-gilze yofna saWiro ar iyo, rac kidev ufro amartivebda savaWro brunvis ganxorcielebas. literaluri kontraqtis Seusrulebloba iTvaliswinebda actio certi waedgenas. lite-raluri kontraqtebi farTod gamoiyeneboda qr. S-mde I – qr. S-is I saukuneebSi da gaiusis epoqaSi TiTqmis gamovidnen xmarebidan. Inst.Iust. (3.21) maT Sesaxeb saubroben mxolod warsul droSi, radgan istoriul warsulad miiCnevian. Re (realuri kontraqtebi). iustinianes samarTalma ori saxis realuri kontraqtebi icoda: e.w. conttractus nominati et contractus innominati (Sesabamisad, saxeliani, saxelis miTiTebiT da usaxelo xelSekrulebebi). Re kontraqtebis kategoria ganisazRvreboda maTi dadebis formis mixedviT: mxareTa SeTanxmebis garda, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis, movalisaTvis nivTis gadacema iyo savaldebulo. es moTxovna Zvel magiur warmodgenebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelTa mixedviT, sxvis nivTTan TviT Sexebac ki, nivTis aRiarebuli mepatronis mimarT, pirad damorClebas iwvevda. Contractus nominati: zogierTi realuri kontraqti (kerZod, romlebic in genere (imave wesiT) an in

specie (kerZo, konkretul pirobebSi) raimes dabrunebisaken iyo mimarTuli. aseT kontraqtebs ganekuTvneboda: sesxi (mutuum); commodatum (individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis usasyidlod sesxad gadacema sargeblobis mizniT da im pirobiT, rom misi dabruneba naturiT unda moxdes); depositum (pirisaTvis nivTis deponireba; deponentis interesebis Sesabamisad, nivTis Sesanaxad gadacema); (pignus) giravnobis xelSekruleba, romlebic iuridiuli garigebebis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes warmoadgendnen. Consensu (konsensualuri kontraqtebi). araformaluri SeTanxmebiT, uZvelesi iuscivile ZaliT, warmoiSveboda oTxi namdvili valdebuleba: emptio-venditio _ yidva-gayidva; locatio

conductio _ qiravnoba; societas _ amxanagoba; mandatum _ davalebis xelSekruleba. konsensualuri Setanxmebis dros, kanonieri Zalis mqone (nudas contractus) xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis, savsebiT sakmarisia concensis araformaluri gamoxatva. es xelSekrulebebi (postklasikur periodSi ki – yvela savalo xelSekruleba) maTTan Serwymuli yvela valdebulebiTurT SeiZleboda gauqmebuliyo araformaluri urTierTSeTanxmebiT (contrarius

consensus; mutuus dissensus). mxareTa martivi SeTanxmebidan warmoSobili xelSekrulebis cneba, romelic raime saxis formalobebs ar moiTxovda, klasikuri periodis iurisprudenciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani monapovaria. xelSekrulebis formalobebisagan gaTavisuflebam da misi mxolod fides principebze dafuZnebam, xelSekrulebis universaluri modelis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. nebismier formaSi gamoxatuli Tanxmoba (usityvo, mxolod moqmedebiT), romelic xelSekrulebis dadebas ganapirobebda, konsensualur xelSekrulebas (consensu) daedo safuZvlad. Aam xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRar iyo saWiro mxareTa savaldebulo daswreba da xelSekrulebis namdvilobisaTvis sakmarisi iyo Tanxmobis werilobiTi formiT an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT gamoxatva.

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Obligatio ex delicto (deliqturi valdebuleba). deliqti iseTi akrZaluli qmedeba iyo, romelic valdebulebis warmoSobas iwvevda. yovelgvari deliqti gulisxmobda: a) marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ganxorcielebas (da ara martiv windauxedaobas); marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba unda Seicavdes, zogadi wesiT, dolus (faruli, boroti ganzraxva), xolo erT SemTxvevaSi (damnum

iniuria datum) – culpa-s (gaufrTxilebloba, gaufrTxilebeli brali, gaufrTxilebeli gadacdoma); deliqtunariani SeiZleba iyos mxolod Sesacxadi piri; b) Delictum raime adamia-nuri sikeTis xelyofas an dazianebas gulisxmobda (sxeuli, Tavisufleba, qoneba, pativi da Rirseba). Delictum, rogorc kerZo xasiaTis samarTaldarRveva, dazaralebulis mxareze orgvari xasia-Tis interess warmoSobda: zianis mimyeneblis dasjis survilsa da miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis aucileblobas. cnobili iyo obligatio ex delicto oTxi nairsaxeoba: a) furtum, b) rapina,

g) damnum iniuria datum da d) iniuria.

Furtum (qurdoba). qurdobis, rogorc sxvisi moZravi qonebis marTalsawinaaRmdego miTvisebis, cneba, romis iuridiul azrovnebaSi sakmaod adre, jer kidev respublikur xanaSi, Camoyalibda, da masSi Tavmoyrili iyo samarTaldarzRvevaTa fasrTo wre, romlebic dakavSi-rebuli iyo qonebrivi zianis miyenebasa, an, sxva piris xarjze, marTlsawinaaRmdego gamdid-rebasTan. ukve XII dafis kanonebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen aSkara qurdobas, roca qurdi naqurdaliT xelSi iqneboda dakavebuli – furtum manifestum da farul qurdobas _ furtum nec manifestum. pirvel SemTxvevaSi qurdi gairozgeboda da dazaralebulis xeli-suflebaSi gadaecemoda (Tavdapirvelad uSualod, mogvianebiT – sasamarTlo magistratis adictio safuZvelze). qurdi dazaralebulis monad cxaddeboda (veteres). Furtum nec manifestum SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo jarima naqurdalis ormagi Rirebulebis odenobiT.

Rapina (Zarcva) Prudentes, Zalis gamoyenebiT, sxvisi qonebis marTlsawinaaRmdego amoRebas rapina (Zarcvas) uwodebdnen da mas kvalificiur qurdobad miiCnevdnen: papiniane rapina-s furtum manifestum-is Semadgenlobas miakuTvnebda (D.47,2,81,4).

Damnum iniuria datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba). qmedebis aRniSnuli Semadgenloba, ganzogadebis Zalzed maRal dones, moiTxovda, ris gamoc uZveles epoqaSi is ucnobi iyo. XII dafis kanonebi ramdenime specifikur hipoTezas gulisxmobda, romelTa Soris cnobilia xeebis TviTneburi gaCexva, sxvisi monisaTvis miyenebuli dazianeba (os fractum). marTl-sawinaaRmdegod miyenebuli zianis gamo, pasuxismgeblobam damoukidebeli axsna-ganmarteba qr. S.-mde 286 w. miRebul, akviliusis kanonSi (lex Aquilia), SeiZina.

Iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa). XII dafis kanonebma piradi Seuracxyofis sami hipoTeza gamohyves: 1. Membrum, ruphum (asoTmiReba), 2. os fractum (motexili Zvali, sxeulis mZime dazianeba), 3. iniuria _ pirovnebis nebismieri Seuracxyofa. qr. S-mde 81 w. miRebuli lex Cornelia de iniuariis mixedviT, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, gansakuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevis SemTxve-vaSi, qmedeba crimina-d (danaSaulad) miiCneoda da iudicia publica-s ZaliT idevneboda.

Quasi ex delicto (kvazideliqtebi) TiTqos deliqtidan (obligationes quasi ex delicto) warmoSobili valdebulebebi, iustinianes instituciebis sistematikis Sesabamisad (Inst.Iust.4,5) braleuli qmedebis hipoTezas Seicavdnen, aseTi valdebulebebi pretoruli sarCelis meSveobiT idevneboda. aRniSnuli viTarebis SerCevis kriteriumi dRemde ucnobia. mosamarTle, sasamarTlo procesis sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg warmmarTvelad, iTvleboda (iudex qui litem suam fecerit) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi gadawyvetileba (sententia), mxareebis mier moyvanili faqtebis an formulis mimarT, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda, agreTve, mxareTa intere-sebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros, Tu dadgenili wesrigis nebismier ganzrax darRvevas eqneboda adgili (“dolo malo” – D.5,1,15,1). pretoruli sarCeli Seicavda muxls, saxlis fanjridan gadaRvrili an gadayrili nivTebis gamo, pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb (edictum

de effusis et deiectis), romelic in factum condematio-sTan erTad, gulisxmobda sarCels, miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobiT (in duplum), anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.

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3) qorwineba da ojaxi

a) dauqorwinebloba Zvel aTenSi amoralur qmedebad iTvleboda. qorwineba daideboda xelSekrulebis gziT, sasiZosa da sapatarZlos ojaxis ufrosebs Soris. sasiZo valdebuli iyo gadaexada gamosasyidi, xolo sacole yovelTvis rodi iRebda mziTevs.Mmravalcolianoba (poligamia) ar daiSveboda. gaTxovebis Semdeg, coli mamis xelisuflebaSic rCeboda da qmris xelisuflebasac eqvemdebareboda. qals ojaxSi damcirebuli mdgomareoba ekava.Gganqorwineba qmrisaTvis gaad-vilebuli, xolo colisaTvis Zalzed garTulebuli iyo. solonis reformebamde mamis xelisufleba, Svilebis mimarT, faqtiurad SeuzRudavi iyo (vaJiSvilis monad gayidvac daiSveboda). TandaTanobiT, mamis xelisufleba Sesustda, Tumca, kvlav mniSvnelovani iyo. Svilebi valdebuli iyvnen damorCilebodnen mamis nebas, xolo mamas SeeZlo urCi SvilisaTvis memkvidreobis uflebis CamorTmeva, xolo qaliSvilis _ iZulebiT gaTxoveba. b) ojaxis instituts romaelebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen. saojaxo urTierTobebs romaeli iuristebi kanonmdeblobiT awesrigbdnen, riTac romaeli moqalaqeebis waxalisebas cdilobdnen da maT, erTgvarad, ojaxis Sesaqmnelad ganawyobdnen. r. zomi sami saxis saojaxo xelisuflebas ganasxvavebs, romelTac sami saxis qonebrivi urTierToba Seesabameba. esenia: 1. meuRleTa urTierToba (saojaxo-qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali), 2. mamisa da Svilebis urTierToba (mamis qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali) da 3. meurvisa da sameurveo piris urTierToba (sameurveo urTierTobebis samarTali). Sesaba-misad, saojaxo samarTali sam nawilad iyofa: 1. saqorwino samarTali, 2. mamis xelisuflebis samarTali da 3. sameurveo samarTali. ojaxis Sesaqmnelad dadgenili iyo garkveuli winapiroba. kerZod: 1. qorwinebis ufleba. dasaqorwinebel pirebs, romauli samarTliT aRiarebuli, qorwinebis ufleba anu ius conubii unda hqonodaT; am uflebiT mxolod romaeli moqalaqeebi sargeblobdnen, xolo ucxoelebi (peregrini) amgvari uflebiT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi sargeblobdnen, Tu maT mas sagangebod mianiWebdnen; 2. naTesauri (rogorc agnaturi, ise kognaturi) kavSiris arqona. qorwineba ekrZalebodaT: a. erTi ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi Semaval pirebs da b. meurvesa da meurveobaSi myof pirebs; 3. meqorwineTa asaki. romSi qorwinebebi Zalian adreul asakSi xdeboda. Cveulebriv, qaliSvilebisaTvis saqorwino asakad 12 weli, xolo vaJebisaTvis 14 weli iyo dadgenili. romaelebi qorwinebis or saxes _ sruluflebian da arasruluflebian _ qorwinebas ganasxavavebdnen. sruluflebiani qorwineba mxolod romael moqalaqeTaTvis iyo nebadarTuli; aRniSnuli tipis qorwineba ori saxisa iyo: 1. Tu coli qmris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda, mas `ojaxis deda~, qalbatoni (matrona) ewodeboda; 2. Tu igi mamis xelisuflebaSi rCeboda, mas `coli~, `meuRle~ (uxor) ewodeboda. Zveli romauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, qorwineba ramdenime saxis ritualis dacviT tardeboda. uZvelesi periodis romSi arsebobda sazeimo religiuri rituali _ confarreatio, romelsac aTi qurumi aRasrulebda da mxolod patriciebisaTvis iyo nebadarTuli. ritualis dros sapatarZlo da saqmro wminda purs texdnen da qurumebis miTiTebebs asrulebdnen. respublikis periodisaTvis niSandoblivi iyo sapatarZlos simboluri yidva (coemptio), rasac win uswrebda an mosdevda qorwinebaze Tanxmoba. sxva SemTxvevebSi saqorwino ritualebis dacva, garda qalis `saxlSi Seyvanisa~ (deductio domum), savaldebulo ar iyo. tradiciulad, qorwinebamde imarTeboda niSnoba (sponsalia). florentinusis Tanaxmad, `Sponsalia

sunt mentio et repromissio nuptiarum futurarum _ niSnoba aris momavali qorwinebis daTqma (xseneba) da ormxrivi dapireba.~ (D.23.1.1) romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis ori tipi _ 1. qmris xeliT (cum manu mariti) da 2. qmris xelis gareSe (sine manu mariti) _ arsebobda. Tavdapirvelad, iyo cum manu mariti tipis qorwineba, romlis Tanaxmadac, qali, gaTxovebis Semdeg, mSoblebis ojaxTan iuridiul kavSirs kargavda da qmris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. Tuki qmari aravis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri (persona sui iuris) iyo, maSin coli, Svilebis msgavsad, qmris daqvemdebarebaSi eqceoda. am tipis qorwinebisas, qmris xelisufleba colze, faqtiurad, ganusazRvreli iyo. qmars colis monad gayidva, misi mokvlac SeeZlo. qonebrivi urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, monebisa da Svilebis msgavsad, cols araviTari ufleba-unarianoba ar gaaCnda. yvelaferi, rac qorwinebamde cols (Tu igi persona sui iuris iyo) ekuTvnoda, qmris sakuTreba xdeboda. qorwinebis periodSi colis saCuqari (magaliTad, mamisagan miRebuli saCuqari) qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. Tu qmari sxvas daqvemdebarebuli piri (persona alieni iuris) iyo, maSin coli, qmarTan erTad, qmris ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias)

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eqvemdebareboda. iuridiulad, colis aseT uuflebo mdgomareobas is awonasworebda, rom coli qmris memkvidre _ heres sua iyo, Tuki mas kanonieri STamomavlebi ar hyavda; Svilebis yolis SemTxvevaSi, isic, maT msgavsad, memkvidre iyo. Cum manu mariti tipis qorwinebis dros qmris upiratesoba imdenad didi iyo, rom mziTevi qmris qonebas erwymoda da mis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. cols sakuTrebis ufleba ar gaaCnda da mziTevze aranairi samarTlebrivi ufleba ar hqonda. digestebis Tanaxmad: `Constante

matrimonio dotem in bonis mariti esse _ qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi mziTevi qmris qonebaSi aris~. qr. Sobamde III saukunidan mziTevis (dos) gacema moralur valdebulebaSi gadaizarda da savaldebulo xasiaTi SeiZina. erTi mxriv, ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, am periodSi conventio in manu-s gareSe qorwinebebma imata, meore mxriv, mkveTrad gaizarda ganqorwinebaTa ricxvic. aseT viTarebaSi mziTevis gacemis aucileblobas sazogadoeba sul ufro da ufro uWerda mxars, radgan mziTevi ojaxis materialuri safuZvlis garanti iyo. kanonmdebelmac ar daayovna da mziTevi, rogorc sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxeoba, kanoniT gansazRvra. dos (mziTevi) _ qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis gadacemuli rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi qoneba _ Cuqeba ar iyo da amitom masze Cuqebis (donatio) wesebi ar vrceldeboda. istoriulad, romis saxelmwifos evoluciis yvela etapze, qorwineba erTi da imave safuZvliTYwydeboda. digestebis 24-e wignSi sagangebodaa miTiTebiuli qorwinebis Sewyvetis sami kanonieri safuZveli: ganqorwineba, erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvaleba da erT-erTi meuRlis mier Tavisuflebis dakargva. Tumca, zogierTi teqstis Tanaxmad, romelTa auTenturoba saeWvoa, dasaSvebad miiCneva qorwinebis SenarCunebas gaZevevis (interdictio aquae et

ignis) an gadasaxlebis (deportacio in insulam) SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piri moqalaqeobas kargavda. mTavari iyo, rom meuRleebs affectio maritali SeenarCunebiTaT. Tavdapirvelad, romis samarTaliT ganqorwinebis moTxovnis uflebas mxolod qmars, da isic gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, eZleoda. kerZod, Tu coli Caidenda iseT mZime danaSauls, rogoric iyo Svilebis mowamvla, Rvinis sacavis gasaRebis aslis damzadeba an mruSoba. romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis Sewyveta daiSveboda meuRleTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT da mas divortium ewodeboda. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod calmxrivad daiSveboda. naTesaoba warmoiSoba aramxolod sisxlismieri kavSiriT, aramed samarTlebrivi urTierTobis damyarebis gansakuTrebuli wesiT, romelsac Sviladayvana ewodeba. Zvelma romaelebma icodnen Svilad ayvanis ori gza: adoptio da adrogatio. Adoptio niSnavda ojaxis Svilis (filius

familia) Svilad ayvanas, xolo adrogatio Tavisufali piris Svilebas. gaiusis Tanaxmad, adrogatio-Ti, princefsisa da magistratis nebarTviT, mSoblis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebis Svileba xdeboda. Svilad ayvanis dros aucilebeli iyo ramdenime pirobis dacva. magaliTad, ar SeiZleboda erTze meti piris, sxvis mier gaazatebulis Svileba, aseve samoc wlamde asakis pirs an meurves Svilebis ufleba ar hqondaT, akrZaluli iyo, rom asakiT umcross asakiT ufrosi eSvila, sxvagan myofis an im piris Svileba, vinc Svilebaze Tanaxma ar iyo. Svilebis dros agnati naTesavebis Tanxmoba aucilebeli ar iyo; obolis Svilebis dros misi kognati naTesavebis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro, agreTve, daiSveboda Tavisufali qalis da brma piris Svileba. Svilebis Zveli forma iyo adrogatio, romlis drosac ojaxis mama sxva ojaxis mamis xelisuflebaSi gadadioda da misi uflebamosilebac srulad xvdeboda mSvileblis xelSi. Svilad ayvana kuriis komiciebSi tardeboda da mTeli Semadgenlobis mier mtkicdeboda. Adoptio magistratebis nebarTviT daiSveboda da, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piris, erTi ojaxidan meoreSi gadasvlas gulisxmobda. aRniSnuli procedura pontifikosebis mier dad-genili wesebis mixedviT tardeboda da mesame pirisaTvis sammagi mancipaciis principidan momdinareobda. g) Zveli romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali samarTlis subieqtis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi qoneba memkvidreobiTi samarTliT regulir-deboda. samarTlis am dargis ZiriTadi cnebiT igulisxmeboda piris sikvdilis Semdeg (mortis

causa), misi samarTlebrivi viTarebis sxva piriT (de cuius) monacvleoba (successio). ganasxvaveben 1. universalur memkvidreobas (successio per universitatem, in universum ius), roca winamorbedi piris samarTlebrivi viTareba mTlianad sxva pirze gadadioda da 2. singularul memkvidreobas (successio singularis, in singulas res), roca memkvidreobis subieqti iZenda mxolod im uflebebis nawils, romelic manamde mis winamorbeds ekuTvnoda. universalur memkvidreebad (monacvleebad) iTvlebodnen: in manu colis qmari (an misi ojaxis

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ufrosi (paterfamilias), mSvilebeli sui iuris (adrogatio-s Sedegad) Svilad ayvanilis mimarT. piris gardacvalebis Semdeg (mortis causa), universaluri memkvidreoba ius honorarium-is safuZ-velze, ius civile-sa da bonorum possessio-is mixedviT xorcieldeboda, rasac memkvidreoba (hereditas) ewodeboda. universaluri urTierToba (civiluri da pretoruli samarTlis safuZ-velze) xorcieldeboda: 1. anderZiT (ex testamento), 2. anderZis gareSe (ab intestato), 3. aseve (pretoruli samarTliT) anderZis gareSe (bonorum possessio contra tabulas).

anderZi iyo piris nebis samarTlebrivad dadgenili da sazeimo formiT Sedgenili gadawyvetileba, romelsac savaldebulo Zala moanderZis gardacvalebis Semdeg eniWeboda. anderZis arsi mamkvidreblis (de cuius) monacvlis garkveva iyo. mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, misi qoneba ara ubdalod sxvisdeboda, aramed is Tavis magivrad asaxelebda sxva pirs, romelic, misi amqveynad aryofnisas, mas Secvlida. 4) danaSauli da sasjeli Zveli aTenis sisxlis samarTali icnobda: 1) saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSauls; 2) piradi interesebis xelmyof danaSauls. Tumca, maT Soris zRvari, xSirad, pirobiTi iyo. orive SemTxvevaSi braldeba kerZo xasiaTis iyo da an TviTon dazaralebuli, an dainteresebuli moqalaqeebi aRZravdnen saqmes, braleulis pasuxisgebaSi micemis moTxovniT. yvelaze mZime danaSaulad saxelmwifos Ralati, xalxis motyueba, saxalxo krebaze kanon-sawinaaRmdego winadadebis Setana, RmerTebis Seuracxyofa, RvTisgmoba, aTeizmi da sataZro qonebis qurdoba iTvleboda. garda amisa, seriozul danaSaulad miiCneoda: mkvleloba, sxeulis dazianeba, ciliswameba, Seuracxyofa, Svilebis mier moxuci mSoblebisadmi upativ-cemuloba, colis Ralati, qaliSvilis motaceba. es qmedebani ganixileboda pirovnebis da saxelmwifos interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulad. danaSaulis aRniSnul kate-goriasTan axlos idga qonebrivi danaSauli (qurdoba, cecxlis wakideba), kerZod, sazogadoebriv adgilebSi Cadenili qurdoba. sasjelis xasiaTi damokidebuli iyo qmedebis simZimeze. 1) piradi interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulisaTvis, miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba da jarima iyo gaTvaliswinebuli (Cveulebriv, anazRaureba miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobiT); 2) saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulisaTvis _ dgeboda uSualod sasjelis sakiTxi. yvelaze mZime danaSaulisaTvis (Ralati, uRmerToba, ganzraxi mkvleloba) _ piri sikvdiliT isjeboda. farTod gavrcelda jarima da qonebis konfiskacia. sxeulebrivi sasjeli gamoiyeneboda mxolod monis mimarT.Mmonis pasuxismgebloba ufro mZime iyo, vidre Tavisufali adamianisa. farTod gavrcelda atimia _ upatiebloba, Rirsebisa da pativis ayra, romelic braldebulisaTvis (gansasjelisaTvis) politikuri uflebis ayras gulisxmobda (piri kargavda uflebas monawileoba mieRo saxalxo krebis muSaobaSi da daekavebina saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba). politikuri danaSaulis CadenaSi cru mbraldebeli (damsmeni) _sikofanti marTlmsajulebas gadaecemoda.

Tavi III. adreuli Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi dasavleT evropis qveynebsa da ruseTis teritoriaze

$1. adreuli Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebriobisa da samarTalganviTarebis zogadi daxasiaTeba

Zveli romis imperiis uzarmazar teritoriaze mimofantuli iyo barbarosuli tomebis: guTebis, frankebis, burgundelebis, saqsonebis, bavarielebis, alemanebis, anglo-saqsebis sakmaod vrceli tomTa kavSirebi. romaelebi sul ufro xSirad iyenebdnen germanelebs daqiravebul jariskacebad da maT sakuTar sazRvrebSic asaxlebdnen. V saukuneSi romaeli magistratebis umaRlesi wodebebi xSirad barbarosTa beladebs eniWebodaT da isini romis armiis mxedarTmTavrebic xdebodnen. saimperatoro xelisuflebis daqveiTebam, romauli mmarTvelobis mzardma arapopularobam, romis mokavSire _ barbaross mefeebs xeli Seuwyo sakuTari uflebamosilebebis gafarToebasa da maTi politikuri pretenziebis dakma-yofilebisaTvis. imperatoris davalebis momizezebiT, isini iTvisebdnen mTel Zalauflebas, adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan krefdnen gadasaxadebs da aRasrulebdnen marTlmsajulebas. dasavleT evropis sazogadoebis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrules salikurma

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frankebma (zRvispira xalxma), romlebic im germanul tomTa kavSirSi Sediodnen, romelic III saukuneSi galiis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvarze, romis imperiis provinciaSi Seiqmna. salikuri frankebi, beladi xlodvigis meTaurobiT, galiaSi warmatebuli omebis Sedegad, zogjer romaelebTan kavSirSi, zogjer ki maTTan dapirispirebiT, farTo samefos hqmnian, romelic 510 wlidan md. rainis Sua welidan, pirineebis naxevar-kunZulamde teritorias moicavda. xlodvigi ki, romis imperatoris warmomadgenlis Tanamdebobaze ganmtkicebis Semdeg, ara marto tomobrivi, aramed erTiani teritoriuli saxelmwifos mbrZanebeli xdeba. Mman sakuTari kanonebis karnaxisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan dagasaxadebis akrefis uflebamosileba moipova. Ggalia ki, jer kidev didxans rCeboda aRmosavleT romis (bizan-tiis) imperiis CrdilqveS. mxolod VIII saukuneSi frankTa mefes – Sarl dids mieniWa romis imperatoris tituli. romis imperiisa da romis kaTolikuri eklesiis gavleniT, galia, geografiuli daqucmacebulobis miuxedavad, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mainc inarCunebda Tavisebur erTianobas da, xangrZlivi evoluciuri procesis ganmavlobaSi, im frankoniaSi gadaiqca, romelic momavali safrangeTisa da germaniis, agreTve dasavluri qristianuli civilizaciis teritoriul pirvelsawyisad iqca.

$2. Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebisa da frankTa saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba

1) sazogadoebrivi wyoba

frankebis mier warmoebulma dapyrobiTma omebma, daaCqares frankTa saxelmwifos Camoya-libebis procesi. frankTa saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis siRrmiseuli mizezebi iZireboda frankTa Tavisufali Temis rRvevasa da socialur diferencirebaSi, rac jer kidev axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi moxda. frankTa saxelmwifo iyo adreuli Sua saukuneebis periodis saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, adreuli tipis monarqia. is Camoyalibda, gvarovnuli wyobilebidan socialur antagonizmze damyarebuli sazogadoebisaken, gardamaval periodSi da man sakuTar ganviTarebaSi gverdi auara Zveli samyaros periods. am sazogadoebas axasiaTebda: 1) meurneobis mravaldargobrioba (Zveli samyaros _ gvarovnul-Temobrivi, agreTve Sua saukuneebiTsvis damaxasiaTebeli meurneoba); 2) Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sazogadoebis antagonisturi fenebis Seqmnis procesis dausrulebloba. amis gamo, adreuli Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, sakuTar TavSi, jer kidev asaxavda sazogadoebis Zveli, gvarovnuli organizaciis (tomobrivi organizaciis) dawesebulebebis anabeWds. frankTa saxelmwifoebriobam, Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze, ori ZiriTadi periodi ganvlo: 1) qr. Sobis V saukunis bolodan VII saukunemde da 2) VIII saukunis Sua xanebidan IX sau-kunemde. am periodis gamyofi zRvari ara mxolod mmarTveli dinastiebis SecvliT xasiaT-deboda (merovingebis adgils karolingebi ikaveben). is frankTa sazogadoebis Rrma socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmnis dasawyisad iqca, romlis manZilze yalibdeboda TviT franguli Suasaukunoebrivi saxelmwifo, senioraluri monarqiis for-miT.Mmeore periodSi, ZiriTadSi, dasrulda msxvili sabatono miwis sakuTrebis Seqmna, sazoga-doebis ori ZiriTadi antagonisturi fenis Camoyalibeba: 1)karCaketili, ierarqiulad urTierTdaqvemdebarebuli, vasalur-lenuri borkilebiT SekavSirebuli, gabatonebuli socialuri fena da 2) maT mier eqspluatirebuli, damokidebuli glexoba. SedarebiT centra-lizebuli saxelmwifos adgils ikavebs e.w. Sua saukuneebis politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi daqucmacebulobis periodi. V-VI saukuneebSi frankebSi SenarCunebuli iyo tomobrivi kavSirebi; TviT frankebs Soris eqspluataciis urTierTobebi ar iyo saTanadod ganviTarebuli; mcirericxovani iyo frankebis msaxureuli aristokratia, romelic gabatonebul mmarTvel zeda fenad Camoyalibda mxolod xlodvigis samxedro laSqrobebis Sedegad. yvelaze naTlad, socialuri antagonizmi, farn-kebis adrepolitikur sazogadoebaSi, rogorc amas salikuri samarTali (V saukuneSi Seqm-nili, frankTa samarTlis Zegli) asaxavda, monaTa mdgomareobaSi iyo gamoxatuli. Tumca, monis Sromam farTo gavrceleba ver moipova. mona, Tavisufali meTeme _ frankisgan gansxva-vebiT, nivTi iyo. misi moparva pirutyvis qurdobasTan iyo gaTanabrebuli.Mmonisa da Tavisu-fali piris qorwineba, am ukanasknelis mier, Tavisuflebis dakargvas iwvevda. salikuri samarTali miuTiTebda imis Sesaxeb, rom frankebTan ukve sxva socialuri jgufebi arsebobda: 1) msaxureuli aristokratia; 2) Tavisufali franki _ meTeme; 3) naxevrad- Tavisufali _ litebi. maT Soris gansxvaveba ara imdenad ekonomikur, ramdenadac socialur-samarTlebriv statusSi mdgomareobda. Ees ori statusi, umTavresad, dakavSirebuli iyo piris warmomavlobasa da samarTlebriv mdgomareobasTan. frankebis samarTlebriv gansxvavebebze

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did gavlenas axdenda samxedro samsaxurisadmi kuTvnilebis, samxedro druJinaSi msaxuris, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi, saxelmwifo aparatisadmi damokidebulebis faqtori. es gansxvavebebi yvelaze mkveTrad fuladi anazRaurebis sistemaSi gamoixateboda, rac calkeul pirTa sicocxlis, qonebisa da uflebebis dacvas emsaxureboda. monebis garda, frankebSi arsebobda pirTa gansakuTrebuli kategoria _ naxevradTavisufali litebi, romelTa sicocxle Sefasebuli iyo Tavisufali frankis sicocxlis naxevar fasad, anu 100 solidad. liti iyo frankTa Temis arasruluflebiani mcxovrebi, romelic, sakuTari batonisadmi, pirad da materialur damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda. litebs SeeZloT saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis damyareba, sasamarTloSi sakuTari interesebis dacva, saku-Tar batonTan erTad samxedro laSqrobebSi monawileoba. liti, monis msgavsad, Tavisuf-lebasac moipovebda, Tumca qonebis mebatonisaTvis datovebis pirobiT. frankebis samarTali mowmobda frankul sazogadoebaSi qonebrivi diferencirebis Sesaxeb. salikur samarTalSi saubaria mebatonis mosamsaxureebsa an, memamulis domenSi momsaxure, monebze. Tumca, sali-kuri samarTali mowmobs saTemo miwebis simtkiceze, im mindvrebze, saZovrebze, yamir miwebze, romlebic saTemo sakuTrebaSi rCebodnen, meTeme glexebis Tanabar uflebebze, saTemo miwaTmflobelobis mimarT. salikuri samarTali ar Seicavs miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis abstraq-tul cnebas. is mxolod afiqsirebs alodis Camoyalibebas da gulisxmobs mis memkvidreobiT gadacemas, mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidrisaTvis. alodi iyo gasxvisebadi, Tavisufal frankebSi, memkvidreobiT gadacemadi miwaTmflobeloba, romelic miwaze saTemo sakuTrebis daSlis procesSi Camoyalibda. alodi safuZvlad edo: 1) mebatoneTa memamuluri miwaTmflobelobis Camoyalibebas da 2) mebatonisagan damokidebuli, glexebis mier miwis pyrobas. frankebSi, sazogadoebis politizacia, gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda da daCqarda VI-VII saukuneebis dapyro-biTi omebis procesSi, roca franki mefeebis, msaxureuli aristokratiisa da samefo razmis wevrebis xelSi gadavida, CrdiloeT galiaSi ganlagebuli, provinciebis didi nawili. msaxureulma aristokratiam, romelic, sxvadasxva formiT, mefisgan vasalur damokidebu-lebaSi imyofeboda, xelT igdo dapyrobili miwebis gankargvis ufleba da is miwis, pirutyvis, monebisa da kolonebis msxvil mesakuTred gadaiqca. aristokratiis es kategoria nawilobriv, mravldeboda franki mefeebis samsaxurSi Cadgari, galur-romauli aristokratiis xarjze. frankTa Temuri Cveulebebis da galur-romauli kerZomesakuTruli (gvianromauli) wesebis dapirispireba, Zalzed gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis Tanaarseboba xels uwyobda so-cialuri antagonizmis ganviTarebas.Uukve VII saukunis Sua xanebSi, CrdiloeT galiaSi yalibdeba sabatono mamuli, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, miwis or nawilad dayofis wesiT: 1) sabatono (domeni) miwa da 2) saglexo (pyroba) nakveTi. “rigiTi, Tavisufali” frankebis diferencireba daCqarda galiis dapyrobis periodSi, radgan, am dros, saTemo zedafena wvril memamuled iqca, saTemo miwebis miTvisebis gziT. samxreT galiaSi VI-VII saukuneebSi, batonymobis damkvidrebis procesi ar iyo iseTi masStaburi, rogorc CrdiloeT galiaSi. am dros samxreTSi frankTa kolonizacia umniSvnelo iyo da SenarCunda galur-romauli didkacobis vrceli samflobeloebi, sadac kvlav gamoiyeneboda monaTa Sroma; Tumca, Rrma socialuri Zvrebi aqac SeiniSneboda, gansa-kuTrebiT msxvili saeklesio miwaTmflobelobis zrdis xarjze. V-VI saukuneebSi, dasavleT evropaSi imZlavra qristianuli eklesiis ideologiurma Semotevam. aTeulobiT axlad-Seqmnili monastrebis msaxurni gamodiodnen adamianTa Cagvris gmobis, davrdomilTa da umweoTa mimarT, daxmarebis gawevis, sxva zneobrivi faseulobebis qadagebiT. saeklesio miwaTmflobeloba gansakuTrebiT gafarTovda mas Semdeg, rac xlodvigma eklesias miwis didi mamulebi gamouyo. eklesiis mzardi ideologiuri da ekonomikuri roli, arde Tu gvian, mainc aisaxeboda mis saxelisuflo pretenziebzec. Tumca, am periodSi eklesia jer kidev ar iyo politikuri warmonaqmni, mas ar hqonda erTiani organizacia, is ar warmoadgenda adamianTa sulier erTobas, romlis saTaveSi episkoposebi idgnen, xolo eklesiis mamamTavrad romis episkoposi gamodioda, romelsac, mogvianebiT, romis papis tituli eboZa. eklesiis saqmianobaSi, ”qristes nacvlebis” saxiT, sul ufro xSirad erevian mefeebi, romlebic sakuTari, Zalzed arastabiluri Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, episkoposebad maTTan daaxloebul pirebs niSnaven, iwveven saeklesio krebebsa da Tavmjdomareoben maTze, Tanac arc RvTismetyvelebis sakiTxebze msjelobasa da sityviT gamosvlas eridebian. 511 wels xlodvigma moiwvia orleanis saeklesio kreba, romelmac daadgina, rom arc erTi saero piri ar daismeboda saeklesio Cinosnad, mefis Tanxmobis gareSe. momdevno, 519 wlis orleanis saeklesio krebam, mefes ganumtkica ufleba, gaekontrolebina episkoposTa daniSvnis wesi. swored am dros moxda saero da sasuliero xelisuflebaTa mkveTri daaxloeba da zogjer urTiarTgadajaWvac: episkoposebi da sxva saeklesio pirebi monawileobas iRebdnen samTavrobo organoebSi, xolo adgilebze _ samoqalaqo administracias eparqiis mmarTvelni axorcielebdnen. TviT episkoposebi, romlebic daeuflen msxvil saeklesio qonebas, sul

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ufro maRal adgils ikaveben aristokratiis ierarqiul kibeze, rasac didad uwyobda xels, mRvdelmsaxurTa da saero pirTa Soris daSvebuli, qorwineba. batonymuri urTierTobebis swrafi ganviTareba gansakuTrebiT VII-IX saukuneebSi aRiniSneba. am periodSi, frankTa sazogadoebaSi moxda e.w. agraruli gadatrialeba _ sekularizacia, romelmac daamkvidra msxvili sabatono miwis sakuTreba, daakargvina meTeme-glexebs miwa da Tavisufleba, xeli Seuwyo msxvili memamuleebis Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas. amas ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda: 1) VI-VII ss. dawyebuli, msxvili miwaTmflobelobis Seqmnis procesi, romelsac mudmivad Tan sdevda msxvil memamuleTa Soris brZola da dapirispireba, naTlad gamoxatavda merovingebis dinaastiis mefeTa sisustes. samefos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi gaxSirda adgilobriv warCinebulTa daumorCilebloba an mosaxleobis protesti, gazrdili gada-saxadebis gamo. Ggarda amisa, VII saukunis bolos frankebma dakarges, md. luarasa da md. rains Soris mdebare miwebi; 2) qveynis erTianobis SesanarCuneblad, frankTa mefeebma mimarTes saeklesio krebis momwvevis xerxs. kreba 614 wels parizSi Catarda. Mman miiRo cnobili ediqti, romelic krZalavda: yvela saxis amboxsa da SeTqmulebas, mefisadmi daumor-Cileblobas, moxeleTa mxridan xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebas an gadametebas, maT mier adgilebze gadasaxadebis akrefis dros; Tumca, kreba adgenda samoqalaqo mosamarTleTa da gadasaxadebis amkrefTa uflebamosilebis SezRudvas saeklesio miwebSi, riTac safuZvels Hhqmnida eklesiis imunitetisaTvis; episkoposebi, krebis gadawyvetilebiT, momavalSi, “sasuliero pirebisa da xalxis mier” airCeodnen, xolo mefes unarCundeboda mxolod krebis gadawyvetilebis mowonebis ufleba. 3) frankTa mefeebis xelisuflebis Sesusteba gamowveuli iyo maTi miwis resursebis mkveTri SemcirebiT. Mmxolod im SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba da frankTa saxelmwifos centralizacia, Tu: mefe gascemda axal miwebs, wyalobis saxiT; axal uflebebs mianiWebda memamuleebs; daadgenda axal senioralur _ vasalur kavSirebs. swored am politikis ganxorcieleba daiwyes karo-lingebis dinastiis frankTa mefeebma 751 wlidan.

2) Sarl martelis (uro) reforma

merovingebis maiordomma Sarl martelma (715-741ww.) sakuTari saqmianoba daiwyo qveyanaSi Sinaareulobis CaxSobiT, politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis miwebis konfiskaciiTa da saeklesio miwebis nawilobrivi sekularizaciiT (saero xelisuflebisaTvis gadacema). amavdroulad, man isargebla mefis uflebiT da sakuTar momxreebs daakavebina umaRlesi saeklesio Tanamdebobebi. amgvarad Seqmnili miwis fondis xarjze, axal aristokratias daurigda nawyalobevi miwis nakveTebi samudamo (samidRemSio) pirobiT mflobelobaSi, anu e.w. beneficiumi (beneficium – wyaloba, qvelmoqmedeba). beneficiaris mTavar movaleobad mefis sasargeblod samxedro an sxva samsaxuris gaweva iyo. miwas ikavebda is warCinebuli, visac SeeZlo mefis sasargeblod samsaxuri da misTvis jaris gamoyvana sakuTari samflobelodan. samsaxurze uaris Tqma an mefis Ralati iwvevda nawyalobevis CamorTmevas. beneficiars miwa gadaecemoda maszed mcxovrebi damokidebuli glexebiTurT, romlebic mis sasargeblod begaras da Ralas ixdidnen. sxva msxvilma miwaTmflobelebmac, sakuTari, SedarebiT wvrili warCinebulebis mimarTac, daaweses msgavsi xasiaTis wyalobis formebi, ramac xeli Seuwyo msxvil da wvril aristokratias Soris suzerenul-vasaluri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas. sabatono miwaTmflobelobis gafarToebas VIII saukuneSi didad Seuwyo xeli aqtiurma dapy-robiTma omebma da maT Sedegad frankebis kolonizaciis axalma talRam. Tanac, Tu VI-VII sau-kuneebSi frankTa kolonizaciaSi monawileobda mxolod frankTa sazogadoebis zedafena, VII-IX saukuneebSi kolonizaciis procesSi, ZiriTadad, CarTuli iyo mdidari mealodeebi (alodi _ Zv. germanuli, Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi Tavisuflad gansakargavi miwaTmflobeloba, individualuri, saojaxo sakuTreba), romelTa xarjze xdeboda cxenosani raindebis fenis swrafi zrda. VIII saukunis Sua xanebidan iwyeba is periodi, romelic win uswrebda frankTa sazogadoebis diferencirebas mebatone-miwaTmflobelTa da maTze damokidebuli glexebis fenebad; amavdroulad, farTod gavrcelda mfarvelobis urTierTobebis, batonoba-morCilebis im wesebis gamoyeneba, romlebic, gansakuTrebuli saxis, xelSekrulebebis dadebas efuZneboda: 1) komendacia _ Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi glexebsa da eklesia-monastrebs Soris dadebuli mfarvelobis gansakuTrebuli xelSekruleba, riTac glexebi eklesiis mfarvelobaSi gadadiodnen sakuTari miwis nakveTebiT; 2) prekariumi _ Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi xelSekruleba, romelic daideboda mebatonesa da glexs Soris da gulisxmobda mebatonis mier glexisaTvis pirobiT mflobelobaSi miwis nakveTis gadacemas imis safasurad, rom glexi mebatonis mfarvelobaSi

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Sevidoda da mis sasargeblod mTel rig gadasaxadebsa da valdebulebebs ikisrebda; 3) TviTdakabaleba _ glexebis mier pirdapir mebatonis morCilebaSi gadasvla, miwis nakveTebis droebiT mflobelobaSi miRebisa da batonis sasargeblod gadasaxadebis gadaxdis safasurad. am mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen yofili monebi da naxevradTavisufali litebi. mfarvelobis urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze didi gavlena iqonia Zvelromaulma klienturam, patronatis institutma. mfarvelobisa da patronatis urTierTobebis ganviTareba frankebSi imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom daimsxvra Zveli sagvareulo kavSirebi, SeuZlebeli gaxda damoukideblad wvrili miwaTmflobelobis da wvrili saglexo meurneobis rentabeluri ganviTareba, rasac kidev ufro arTulebda, aristokratebs Soris gaxSirebuli, mZarcvelobiTi omebi. mfarveloba iwvevda, miwaTmflobeli magnatis mimarT, glexebis piradi da qonebrivi damokidebulebis damyarebas, radgan glexebi mas gadascemdnen maT miwis nakveTebze sakuTrebis uflebas, xolo am miwis nakveTebs pirobiT mflobelobaSi ukanve ibrunebdnen, Tumca pirobad iTvleboda mZime gadasaxadebisa gamoReba da begaris Sesruleba mebatonis sasargeblod. dasavleT evropaSi sabatono urTierTobebis damyarebas da msxvili miwaTmflobelebis mxridan glexebis damorCilebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli qristianulma eklesiam, romelic ukve miwis umsxviles mesakuTred gadaiqca. eklesiis gabatonebuli mdgomareobis burjad didi monastrebi iqcnen, xolo saero aristokratiis batonobas grandiozuli cixe-darbazebi uzrunvelyofdnen. swored monastrebi da cixe-simagreebi iqcnen samamulo centrebad, sadac ikribeboda renta glexebidan da mebatone sakuTar Zalauflebas axorcielebda daymevebul mosaxleobaze. 1. komendaciis xelSekruleba (mfarveloba), upirveles yovlisa, gaformda eklesiasa da glexis urTierTobebSi. komendacia yovelTvis rodi iyo dakavSirebuli komendirebulis mier Tavisuflebisa da, miwis nakveTebze sakuTrebis uflebis dakargvasTan, rogorc amas TviTdakabalebis xelSekrulebis dros hqonda adgili. Tumca, Tu Tavisufali glexi erTxel mainc aRmoCndeboda aseTi mfarvelobis qveS, is TandaTanobiT kargavda pirad Tavisuflebas da, ramdenime Taobis Semdeg mainc, yma-glexebis kategoriaSi gadadioda. 2. prekariumis xelSekruleba uSualod miwis gadacemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. es xelSekruleba iwvevda miwis pirobiT pyrobas, romelic glexs droebiT sargeblobaSi gadaecemoda. prekarists, msxvili miwaTmflobelis sasargeblod, evaleboda ama Tu im valdebulebis Sesruleba (batonis mindorSi Sroma, misTvis mosavlis nawilis gadacema). prekaristebis saxiT yalibdeboda, yofili Tavisufali meTeme-alodistisagan, damokidebul glexebad gadaqceuli mosaxleobis gardamavali fena. prekariumis sami forma arsebobda: 1) precaria data (,,mocemuli prekariumi~) _ miwis ijaris Taviseburi forma, romlis safuZvelze umiwo an mciremiwiani glexi droebiT sargeblobaSi miwis nakveTs iRebda; 2) precaria remuneratoria (,,anazRaurebuli prekariumi~) xelSekrulebis ZaliT, prekaristi, Tavdapirvelad, miwaTmflobels sakuTar miwis nakveTs gadascemda sakuTrebaSi, xolo Semdeg _ mflobelobis uflebiT, ukan ibrunebda. prekariumis es nairsaxeoba, rogorc wesi, warmoiqmneboda miwis dagiravebis Sedegad, valis uzrunvelyofis mizniT; 3) precaria oblata (,,naCuqari prekariumi~) xelSekrulebiT, prekaristi mebatonis (miwaT-mflobelis) pirdapiri zewoliT, romelic miwaTmflobelisagan ekonomikur damokidebulebaSi iyo Cavardnili, jer gadascemda batons sakuTar miwis nakveTs, Semdeg batonisgan ukan iRebda Tavis nakveTsac da miwis damatebiT nakveTsac, Tumca _ droebiT pyrobaSi. prekariumis mflobels mesame pirebis mimarT, Tumca ara miwaTmflobelisa, hqonda sasamarTlo dacvis ufleba. prekariums mebatone nebismier dros ukanve daibrunebda. imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad swrafad izrdeboda magnatisagan damokidebuli xalxis (prekaristebis, komendirebulTa) raodenoba, farTovdeboda mebatoneTa xelisuflebac daymevebulebis mimarT. saxelmwifo ki yovelnairad afarTovebda da ganamtkicebda am Zalauflebas. 787 wlis kapitulariT aikrZala romelime adamianis mfarvelobaSi miReba, Tu is sakuTari senioris nebarTvis gareSe datovebda mis mamuls. TandaTanobiT, vasaluri kavSirebi Seexo Tavisufali mosaxleobis yvela fenas. 808 wlidan maT moeTxoveboda omSi wasvla sakuTari senioris sardlobiT. gviandeli ,,barbarosuli samarTlis” Zeglebi mowmoben, barbarosul sazogadoebaSi momxdari, sxva socialuri cvlilebebis da maT Soris baton-ymuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb. alemanTa da bavarielTa samarTalSi (VIII s-Si) sul ufro xSirad aris kolonis Sesaxeb saubari. koloni _ miwis mona, cnobili iyo romis samarTlisTvisac, romelic mas arTmevda sameurneo damoukideblobas, damoukideblad xelSekrulebebis dadebisa da sabuTebis xelmoweris uflebas. vesTguTebma V-VI saukuneebSi gadaiRes es akrZalvebi. Tumca, osTguTebi ar cnobdnen am akrZalvebs. warmoiSva kolonatis axali sabatono forma, romelic mas uwindelisagan imiT ganasxvavebda, rom kolonad SeiZleboda qceuliyo ara mxolod mona

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an umiwo moijare, aramed Tavisufali glexic. alemanTa samarTliT (22,3), koloni damoukideblad uZRveboda meurneobas, Tumca eklesias naturiT uxdida gamosaRebs, xolo kviraSi sami dRis ganmavlobaSi _ asrulebda begaras. Seicvala monaTa samarTlebrivi statusic. Sesustda Tavisufali piris monebTan qorwinebis mkacri akrZalva. Tu salikuri samarTali Tavisufal qals, monasTan qorwinebis gamo, dausjelad, sikvdils uqadda, alemanTa samarTliT _ aseTi qali Tavisufldeboda ,,mona qalis mosamsaxure” statusisagan. da bolos, IX saukuneSi msxvilma beneficiarebma SesZles sakuTari beneficiumis, mamidan ufrosi vaJisaTvis memkvidreobiT gadacemis uflebis mopoveba, anu beneficiumis adgils feodi ikavebs. 3) saxelmwifo wyobileba

frankebis saxelmwifo aparatis Camoyalibeba _ evoluciis procesSi SesaZlebelia sami mimarTulebis gamoyofa: 1) saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis adreul etapze (V-VII saukuneebi), moxda tomobrivi saxelisuflo organoebis axali sajaro xelisuflebis _ sakuTriv saxelmwifo organoebSi gardaqmna; 2) ganisazRvreboda votCinuri mmarTvelobis organoTa ganviTarebiT, anu saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeoba xdeboda mefis sasaxlidan, romelic iyo qveynis umTavresi politikuri centri; 3) dakavSirebuli iyo frankTa monarqebis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis TandaTanobiT gardaqmnasTan mefe-seniorebis ,,kerZo” xelisuflebaSi. rac, TavisTavad, senioraluri monarqiis Camoyalibebas niSnavda, da rasac sruli moculobiT Caeyara safuZveli frankTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebis daskvniT etapze (VIII-IX saukuneebi). galiis dapyroba mZlavri impulsi aRmoCnda frankebSi axali saxelmwifo aparatis SeqmnisaTvis, vinaidan is moiTxovda dapyrobili olqebis mmarTvelobis organizebasa da maT dacvas. Xlodvigi frankTa is pirveli mefe iyo, romelmac daamkvidra erTpirovnuli mmarTvelis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba. ubralo samxedro beladidan xlodvigi monarqad iqca da am statuss is yvela xerxebiTa da saSualebebiT ganimtkicebda: eSmakobiT, veragobiT, TanamoZmeTa ganadgurebiT, sxva tomebis beladTa amoJletiT. xlodvigis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi politikuri aqcia qristianobis miReba iyo, romelmac sabolood ganamtkica frankTa saxelmwifos poziciebi, radgan mas mxars romaul-galuri eklesia uWerda. qristianobis miRebis Semdeg eklesia samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mZlavr faqtorad iqca. galuri elitis qristianobaSi moqcevam mniSvnelovani istoriuli faqtoris roli Seasrula galiis gaerTianebisa da gansakuTrebuli regionaluri Suasaukunebriv-qris-tianuli, dasavleTevropuli (romaul-germanuli) civilizaciis SeqmnaSi. galur sazoga-doebaSi momxdari socialur-ekonomikuri, religiur-politikuri, eTnografiuli cvlilebebi uSualo gavlenas axdendnen frankTa imperiaSi saxelmwifo aparatis specifikuri niSnebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis procesebze. miTumetes, rom frankTa imperiam VIII-IX saukuneebSi STanTqa dasavleT evropis barbarosuli saxelmwifos umravlesoba. V saukuneSi, frankebTan, Zveli sagvareulo Temis adgils ikavebs teritoriuli Temi (marka). xolo masTan erTad moxda teritoriebis dayofa olqebad (pagebi) da aseulebi. salikuri samarTali saubrobda samefos maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis Sesaxeb: grafebi, sacebaronebi, Tumca, es Zegli saubrobs saTemo mmarTvelobis organoebis mniSvnelovani rolis Sesaxeb. zogadsaTemo saxalxo krebis arseboba frankebTan ukve aRar arsebobda. is Seicvala jaris daTvalierebiT, jer martSi (,,martis mindori~), Semdeg (karolingebis dros) maisSi (,,maisis mindori”). Tumca, adgilebze ganagrZobda arsebobas ,,aseulis kreba” (malusi), romelsac sasamarTlo funqciiT aRWurvili tungini Tavmjdomareobda. raxinburgebTan (arCeviTi mosamarTleebi) erTad, tungini samarTlismcodne iyo da Temis warmomadgenlebidan airCeoda. sasamarTlo saqmeebSi Temis roli Zalzed didi iyo. Temi pasuxs agebda mkvlelobisTvis (mis teritoriaze); mas evaleboda TanamoficarTa gamoyofa, mowmeoba misi wevris patiosani saxelis Sesaxeb; TviT naTesavebi warmoadgendnen sasamarTloSi sakuTar TanamoZmes, masTan erTad ixdidnen sisxlis fass (kompozicias) _ vergelds. mefe, upirveles yovlisa, gamodioda ,,mSvidobisa da samyaros mcvelad”, rogorc Temis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis aRmasrulebeli. misi grafebi da sacebaronebi, ZiriTadad, asrulebdnen sapolicio da fiskalur funqciebs. salikuri samarTali gulisxmobda mefis Tanamdebobis pirTa dasjas, Tu isini uars ityodnen Tavisufali adamianis moTxovnaTa dak-mayofilebasa da samarTaldamcvelTa mimarT xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebaze. mefis moTxovnebi salikuri samarTlis mixedviT, exeba saxelmwifo saqmeTa umniSvnelo wres _ jaris Sekrebasa da sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebas. Tumca, salikuri samarTali mowmobs mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebaze. Tu, Tavdapirvelad, frankTa mefeebis xelisufleba arCeviTi iyo, mogvianebiT is memkvidreobiTi gaxda. VI-VII saukuneebSi gvianromauli wesebis pirdapiri

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zemoqmedebis Sedegad, mefeTa sakanonmdeblo funqciebi ganmtkicda, xolo kapitularebSi, eklesiis gavleniT, saubari iyo samefo xelisuflebis wminda xasiaTze, misi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebaTa SeuzRudaobis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros Cndeba mefis Ralatis cneba, romelic mZime danaSaulis kategorias miekuTvneboda. Tumca, am dros mefe, upirveles yovlisa, mxolod samxedro beladi, mxedarTmTavaria, romlis mTavar sazrunavs samefoSi ,,wesrigis” damyareba da morCilebidan gamosuli didkacobis dasja warmoadgens. Camoyalibebis procesSi myof, saxelmwifo aparats axasiaTebda amorfuloba, ufleba-mosilebaTa gamijvnis ararseboba, TviTdaqvemdebarebuloba da saqmiswarmoebis araorgani-zebuloba. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba Tavmoyrili iyo mefis msaxurTa da masTan daaxloebuli pirebis xelSi. maT Soris gamoirCeoda sasaxlis grafi, referendari, kamerari. sasaxlis grafi, ZiriTadad, asrulebda sasamarTlo funqciebs, xelmZRvanelobda sasamarTlo orTabrZolebs, zedamxedvelobda ganaCenis aRsrulebas. referendari (momxsenebeli) _ samefo beWdis mcveli iyo; is adgenda samefo dokumentebs, aformebda samefo aqtebsa da moTxovnebs. kamerari _ Tvalyurs adevnebda samefo xazinaSi Semosavlebis Cadinebas, samefo sasaxlis qonebis xelSeuxeblobas. VI-VII saukuneebSi samefo sasaxlis mTavar mmarTvelad, xolo Semdeg samefo administraciis meTaurad palatis meri anu maiordomi iqca, romlis xelisufleba sul ufro ganmtkicda, gansakuTrebiT mefis mier gauTavebeli laSqrobebis mowyobis Sedegad. xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis formireba xdeboda gvianromauli wesebis mniSvnelovani gavleniT. merovingTa grafebi marTaven erTeulebs romaeli nacvlebis msgavsad. maT sasamarTlo, samxedro da sapolicio funqciebi gaaCndaT. kapitularebSi tungini mosamarTled TiTqmis ar moixsenieba. ,,grafisa” da ,,mosamarTlis” cneba identuri iyo. VII saukunis II naxevarSi yalibdeba politikuri batonobisa da mmarTvelobis axali sistema, e.w. ,,warCinebulTa demokratia”, romelic gulisxmobda gabatonebuli fenis uSualo monawileobas saxelmwifos marTvaSi. im periodSi did Zalauflebas daeufla, SedarebiT adre Seqmnili, samefo sabWo, romelic msaxureuli aristokratiisa da umaRlesi samRvdeloebisagan Sedgeboda. sabWos Tanxmobis gareSe mefes faqtiurad arc erTi seriozuli gadawyvetilebis miReba SeeZlo. didkacoba TandaTanobiT daeufla mmarTvelobis yvela sakvanZo poziciebs rogorc centrSi, ise adgilebze. samefo xelifuslebis SesustebasTan erTad, did damoukideblobas aRweven grafebi, hercogebi, episkoposebi, abatebi (msxvili miwaT-mflobelebi), sasamarTlo da administraciuli funqciebis ganxorcielebisas. maT daiwyes gadasaxadebis, baJis, sasamarTlo jarimebis miTviseba. ama Tu im doneze SenarCunebuli, mefisadmi adgilobrivi didkacobis damokidebuleba sul ufro metad ganisazRvreba misi piradi urTierTobebiT samefo xelisuflebasTan da mefisadmi (rogorc senioris) vasaluri damokidebulebiT. VII saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, e.w. ,,zarmaci mefeebis” zeobaSi didkacobam mTlianad daimorCila saxelmwifos mmarTveloba da mefes waarTva es funqcia. es procesi ori mniSvnelovani movleniT dagvirgvinda _ 1) jer iyo da gaZlierda maiordomis Tanamdebobis roli da mniSvneloba, xolo Semdeg 2) moxda TviT samefo dinastiis Secvla frankebSi. VII saukuneSi maiordomoba xelT igdo pipinidebis dawinaurebulma sagvareulom. erT-erTma pipinma _ Sarl martelma, faqtiurad, moaxdina saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, rac dagvirgvinda kidec misi vaJiSvilis mier xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvliT.

4) frankTa imperia VIII-IX saukuneebSi

VIII saukuneSi ganxorcielebulma agrarulma reformam, xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifos Semdgom feodalizacias, im administraciuli sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelSic mTavari roli votCinuri mmarTvelobis organiebs eniWeboda. mmarTvelobis aparatis axal gardaqmnas xels uwyobda, am dros farTod gavrcelebuli, saimuniteto sigelebis moqmedeba, romelTa ZaliT, teritoria, romelic imunitetis mflobels ekuTvnoda, mTlianad an nawilobriv, amoi-Reboda saxelmwifo mflobelobidan, sasamrTlo, sagadasaxado da administraciul saqmeTa aspeqtSi. amrigad, votCiniki iZenda sakuTar glexebze politikur Zalauflebas. saimuniteto sigelebi, rogorc wesi, glexebis, sakuTari mebatone _ senioris mimarT, politikuri damokidebulebis urTierTobebs sanqcionirebdnen. TavisTavad, saimuniteto sis-temas unda gamoewvia daqucmacebulobis, adgilobrivi separatizmis gaZliereba. Tumca, Sarl didis dros (768-814) frankebis saxelmwifo aRwevs maqsimalur siZlieres da vrcel teritorias moicavs. ufro metic, Sarl didma 800 wels, romSi, papis xelidan saimperatoro gvirgvinic daidga, riTac man xazi gausva sakuTari xelisuflebis, romis imperatorebisgan, warmomavlobis faqts da maT, saimperatoro xelisuflebaze memkvidreobiT uflebebs. Sarlsa da mis mxardamWer eklesias koronacia imisTvis sWirdebodaT, rom, am politikur-

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ideologiuri xerxis meSveobiT, kidev ufro ganemtkicebinaT samefo xelisufleba, romis imperiis atributebis saxiT. koronaciamde karga xniT adre, Sarlma miisakuTra “qristianuli imperiis mcvelis” tituli. 794 wels man frankfurtSi moiwvia msoflio saeklesio kreba, romelzedac gamoacxada mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis Setana saRvTismetyvelo doqtrinasa da saeklesio samarTalSi. Rwmenis siwmindisaTvis brZolis momizezebiT, imperatori, saxel-mwifos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi, misionerebs agzavnida, gamoscemda kapitularebsa da ediqtebs, romlebic sikvdiliT dasjiT emuqrebodnen yvelas, vinc Seuracxyofda samRvdeloebasa da qristianul rwmenas. miuxedavad Sarl didisa da eklesiis yvela Zalisxmevisa, imperia mainc ver iqca erTian, Zlier teritoriul warmonaqmnad. matiane momwmobs masSi mimdinare xSiri da uwyveti Sinaomebis, ajanyebebis, SeTqmulebebis Sesaxeb. imperatoris piradi Zalauflebis (droebiT) gaZlierebas xels uwyobda, am dros, gaRrmavebuli glexTa daymevebis procesi. VIII-IX saukuneebSi, miwebis mtacebluri miTvisebis pirobebSi, imperatori gamodioda uzenaesi senioris (suzerenis) saxiT, romelic TviTon gankargavda miwebs, ganamtkicebda saero da sasuliero mebatoneTa miwaTmflobelobas. Tumca, yovelive es xdeboda Temebis xarjze da, msxvili miwaTmflobelebis interesebidan gamomdinare. Tu merovingebis xanaSi samefo xelisuflebis dasayrdeni Tavisufali meTeme-gle-xi iyo, karolingebis realuri Zalaufleba, ukve sul sxva Zalebs eyrdnoboda: pirdapir vasalebs _ beneficiarebs.Ees is pirebi iyvnen, vinc mefis piradi mfarvelobis qveS imyofeboda. karolingebis xelisufleba sul ufro senioraluri xdeboda da mas, arsebiTad, asustebdnen msxvili adgilobrivi mbrZaneblebi _ grafebi da episkoposebi. Sarl didis xelSi SenarCunebuli iqna saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi uflebamosilebebis mxolod garkveuli nawili, kerZod: “samefo mSvidobis” dacva, saxelmwifo sazRvris dacva, centraluri xelisuflebisa da votCinur mbrZanebelTa moqmedebebis koordinireba. formalurad, imperatori uzenaes apelaciasac axorcielebda. Tumca, aqve iyo miTiTebuli, rom yvela qonebrivi dava, saboloo gadawyvetas adgilze poulobs, grafisa da mosamarTlis meSveobiT. am funqciis ganxorcielebas miesadaga mmarTvelobis saimperatoro aparatic: sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen saero da sasuliero didkacobis zeda fena, yvela im sakiTxs wyvetda, romelic “mefisa da samefos keTildReobas uzrunvelyofda”. es aristokratiuli organo uzrunvelyofda mefisadmi qveSevrdomTa morCilebas. Sarl didis susti memkvidreebis zeobaSi am organom TiTqmis SeuzRudavi uflebamosilebani SeiZina. adgilobrivi administraciis saTaveSi msxvili miwaT-mflobelebi _ gubernatorebi da grafebi idgnen, romlebic sakuTar xelisuflebas episko-posebTan iyofdnen. mniSvnelovani iyo markgrafebis roli _ sasazRvro sagrafoebSi gamwesebuli mxedarTmTavrebi, romlebsac saxelmwifo sazRvris dacva evalebodaT. Sarli saxelmwifos marTavda ara imperiuli biurokratiis meSveobiT (mas sataxto qalaqic ki ar hqonda), aramed, mTels imperiaSi mimofantuli, “saxelmwifos mociqulTa” administraciul _ sasamarTlo aparatis meSveobiT, romlebic mowodebuli iyvnen cxovrebaSi gaetarebinaT mefis gadawyvetilebani. “saxelmwifos mociqulebi” Sedgebodnen erTi saero da erTi sasu-liero pirisagan, romlebsac, yovelwliurad, unda SemoevloT olqi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda ramdenime sagrafo. maT kompetencias warmoadgenda: samefo mamulebis movla-patro-nobaze zedamxedveloba, religiuri wesebis swori aRsruleba, TvalTvali samefo mosa-marTleebze _ skabinebze, adgilobrivi sasamarTlos mier mZime dana-Saulze Setanili, saapelacio saCivrebis ganxilva. maT SeeZloT damnaSavis gacemis moTxovna, romelic saero an sasuliero sabatonos teritoriaze imaleboda. episkoposis, abatis, grafis mxridan daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi, maT didi jarima ekisrebodaT. mefis saero da sasuliero mociqulTa tandemi, kidev erTxel, mowmobda centraluri xelisuflebis sisustesa da mis araefeqturobaze, agreTve im garemoebaze, rom mas dasayrdeni ar hyavda teritoriul erTeulebSi. Sarl didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, imperia misma memkvidreebma gainawiles. 987 wels gardaicvala ukanaskneli karolingi mefe _ lui V da, mis nacvlad, taxtze axali dinaastiis warmomadgeneli _ hugo kapeti avida.

$3. anglo-saqsebis saxelmwifo samarTlis istoria

1) socialuri wyoba

britaneTis kunZulebze gadasaxlebul germanul tomebSi antagonisturi sazogadoebis Camoya-libeba SedarebiT neli tempiT xdeboda, rac, garkveulwilad, dakavSirebuli iyo anglo-saq-sebTan tomobrivi Cveulebebis konservaciasa da skandinaviuri tradiciebis mkacri gavlenis SenarCunebasTan. VI-VII saukuneebis ,,samarTlis wignebSi” mosaxleobis sxvadasxva katego-riebia dasaxelebuli. kerZod:

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1) sagvareulo aristokratia _ erlebi; 2) Tavisufali meTeme-glexebi _ kerlebi; 3) naxevradTavisufali _ letebi; 4) ojaxis mosamsaxure _ monebi. ,,samarTali” moixseniebs agreTve samRvdeloebasa da mefes, Tanac episkoposis sisxlis fasi (vergeldi) mefisaze metia. VIII saukuneSi gavrcelda individualuri patronaJis praqtika, roca yvelas unda moeZebna sakuTari mfarveli _ glafordi da ar SeeZlo misgan wasvla, am ukanasknelis nebarTvis gareSe. VII-IX saukuneebis ZeglebSi gansakuTrebulad aRiniSneba mefis razmelebis _ tanebis mdgomareoba. tanebSi Sediodnen rogorc erlebi, ise kerlebi, romlebic valdebuli iyvnen samxedro samsaxuri gaewiaT, mefis sasargeblod. am kategoriaSi mosaxvedrad erTaderT savaldebulo kriteriumad garkveuli moculobis (5 haidi) miwis nakveTi iTvleboda. amgvarad, TavisufalTa sxvadasxva socialur jgufebs Soris sazRvrebi jer-jerobiT ar iyo mkveTrad gavlebuli da arc socialur karCaketilobas hqonda adgili. ingliseli glexis da gabatobulis STamomavalsac ki SeeZlo tanad qceva, Tu is mefisgan da batonisgan miwis nakveTs miiRebda. amavdroulad, swrafi tempiT viTardeba baton-ymuri urTierTobebi. XI saukuneSi yvela is piri, visac ar Seswevda unari pasuxi ego sasamarTloSi, sakuTari namoqmedaris gamo, valdebuli iyo moeZebna glafordi (iZulebiTi komendacia). nebismier adamians, vidre is mefes mimarTavda marTlmsajulebisaTvis, valdebuli iyo sakuTari glafordisaTvis miemarTa. batonis sicocxle xelSeuxebeli iyo rogorc erlebisa, ise kerlebisaTvis. XI saukuneSi ganisazRvra saadgilmamulo samuSaoebi rogorc tanebis, ise damokidebuli glexobisaTvis. tanebi flobdnen, mefis aqtiT gansazRvrul, miwaTmflobelobas da valdebuli iyvnen SeesrulebinaT sami ZiriTadi movaleoba: 1) monawileoba mieRoT laSqrobebSi; 2) cixe-simagreebis mSeneblobaSi; 3) xidebis gamagrebaSi. garda amisa, mefis brZanebiT miwaT-mflobelTa didi umravlesoba monawileobda sxva samuSaoebis SesrulebaSic: mefisaTvis nakrZalebis gamarTva, gemebis Sekazmva, sanapiros dacva, saeklesio meaTedis gadaxda. TandaTanobiT, tanebma samxedro fena (wodeba) Seqmnes. gaRatakebul kerlebidan Seiqmna damokidebuli glexobis mravalricxovani kategoria _ rogorc fiqsirebuli, ise arafiqsirebuli valdebulebebiT. valdebulebebi ganisazRvreboda mamulSi moqmedi CveulebebiT. glexis gardacvalebis Semdeg, glafordi iRebda mTel mis qonebas. mniSvnelovnad gamoiyeneboda monaTa Sroma. eklesia mkacrad sjida, monebis mimarT, usafuZvlo simkacresa da TviTnebobas: mona, romelsac mebatone kvira dResac amuSavebda, Tavisufali adamiani xdeboda. inglisuri samRvdeloeba, kenterberieli episkoposiT saTaveSi, kontinentis samRvdeloebasTan SedarebiT, romis papis xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli iyo. mRvdelmsaxureba adgilobriv enaze xdeboda. samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebi saero saqmeebis gadawyvetaSic mona-wileobdnen, rogorc adgilobriv, ise samefo krebebSi. inglisuri eklesia umsxvilesi miwaTmflobeli iyo _ mas inglisis miwebis 1/3 ekuTvnoda. Tanac, samRvdeloeba ar ixdida saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs.

2) saxelmwifo wyobileba

miuxedavad imisa, rom samefo xelisufleba ganmtkicda, anglo-saqsur periodSi mefisadmi damokidebuleba ar gascdenia Zveli principebis dacvas: mefe _ samxedro beladi iyo da misi taxtis dakaveba, arCevnebis gziT, unda moxdes. Tumca, TandaTanobiT, monarqma daamkvidra miwaze uzenaesi sakuTrebis ufleba, fuladi monetis moWris monopolia, baJis dadgenis ufleba, mTeli Tavisufali mosaxleobidan gadasaxadebis akrefis uzenaesi ufleba, Tavisufali mosaxleobis samxedro samsaxuriT da-begvra. anglo-saqsebTan arsebobda, mefis sasargeblod, dadgenili pirdapiri gadasaxadi, e.w. ,,daniuri fuli”, da masve hqonda ufleba moeTxova jarimis gadaxda, laSqrobaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi. samefo sasaxle, TandaTanobiT, qveynis marTvis centrad iqca da Camoyalibda sasaxlur-votCinuri mmarTvelobis sistema, xolo mefesTan daaxloebuli pirebi _ saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirebad iqcnen, Tumca IX-XI saukuneebis Zeglebi imasac mowmoben, rom, TandaTanobiT, mefe msxvil miwaTmflobelebs gadascemda uflebas da samefo funqciebis aRsrulebas avalebda, sakuTar mamulebSi: glexebisa da sxva daqvemdebarebulTa gasa-marTleba, jarimebis da mosakrebelTa gadaxdevineba, jaris Sekreba, sakuTar teritoriaze. Zlevamosili tanebi xSirad mefis warmomadgenlebad moixseniebian, anu administraciuli olqebis mmarTvelebad. anglo-saqsur epoqaSi uzenaess saxelmwifo organod _ witanagemot _

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uitanTa sabWo _ ,,brZenTa sabWo” _ iTvleboda. es iyo Rirseul, ,,didad mqone” kacTa kreba, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: mefe, umaRlesi samRvdeloeba, saero didkacoba, maT Soris mefis mier daniSnuli tanebi, romlebic mefisgan miwvevas iRebdnen. eduard aRmsa-reblis dros, uitanagemotSi Sedioda normanTa mniSvnelovani nawili, romlebmac miiRes mi-webi da Tanamdebobebi anglo-saqsebis samefoSi. agreTve, Sediodnen Sotlandiisa da uelsis mefeebi da q. londonis warmomadgenlebi. yvela mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo gadawyvetileba am krebis TanxmobiTa da rCeviT miiReboda. misi ZiriTadi funqciebi iyo: mefis arCeva da uzenaesi marTlmsajuleba. IX-X sauukuneebSi samefo xelisuflebam SesZlo witanagemot-is mcireodeni SezRudva, samefo saqmeebis mimarT, kerZod socialuri politikis _ miwebis ganawilebis sferoSi. inglisSi adgilobrivi mmarTveloba TviTmmarTvelobis principebze viTardeboda. anglo-saqsebis mefis etelstanis (X s.) kanonebi asaxeleben adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis erTeulebs, aseulebsa da aTeulebs. aseuli, romelsac centurioni edga saTaveSi, saerTo krebiT imarTeboda. krebas TveSi erTxel iwvevdnen. aseuli 10 aTeulad iyofoda _ ojaxebad, romlebsac mamasaxlisi marTavda. aTeulis mTavari amocana iyo wesrigis dacva da gadasaxadebis akrefa. aseulTa saxalxo krebebSi ganixileboda yvela adgilobrivi, maT Soris, sasamarTlo saqmeebi da weliwadSi orjer mowmdeboda aTeulebi, raTa TiToeuli maTganSi koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba gavrcelebuliyo da yvela samarTaldarRveva cnobili da saTanadod dasjili yofiliyo. amavdroulad, qveyana samxedro miznebisaTvis, 32 did olqad (sagrafod) daiyo. sagrafos centri iyo gamagrebuli qalaqi. sagrafos krebebi, X saukunidan, weliwadSi orjer imarTeboda da masSi sagrafos yvela Tavisufali mcxovrebi monawileobda. kreba ixilavda yvela mniSvnelovan adgilobriv saqmeebs, maT Soris marTlmsajulebas. qalaqebsa da navsadgurebs sakuTari krebebi hqondaT. arsebobda soflis krebac. aTeuli, aseuli da sag-rafo sulac ar iyo adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis mkveTrad ierarqiuli sistema da, ZiriTadSi, erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad imarTebodnen. sagrafos saTaveSi eldormeni idga. mas mefe niSnavda, uitanagemotisa da adgilobrivi didkacobis TanxmobiT. mis funqciebSi Sedioda sagrafos krebisa da sagrafos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xelmZRvaneloba. TandaTanobiT, aseulisa da sagrafos marTvaSi gaizarda mefis piradi warmomadgenlis _ gerefas roli. gerefa _ samefo ministeriali, mefis mier iniSneboda, msaxureuli didkacobis saSualo fenidan da, frankebSi arsebuli, grafis msgavsad, marTavda olqs an qalaqs. X saukuneSi gerefam SeiZina mniSvnelovani sapolicio da sasamarTlo funqciebi; is akontrolebda xazinaSi gadasaxadebisa da sasamarTlo jarimebis Cadinebas.

$4. bizantiis saxelmwifoebriobis istoria Sua saukuneebis periodSi


bizantiis saxelmwifo Camoyalibda IV saukunis bolos, romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi, am ukanasknelis or did sakeisrod gayofis Sedegad. bizantiis imperiam, 476 wlis 4 seqtembers dasavleT romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, daaxloebiT kidev 1000 weli iarseba da ganadgurda Turqi-osmaloebis Semosevis Sedegad, 1453 wlis 28 maiss. bizantiis ukanaskneli imperatori _ konstantine XI dragasi, konstantinopolis dacemisas, brZolaSi daiRupa. gamarjvebulma Turqebma gaauqmes uZvelesi da maRal-ganviTarebuli civilizacia da misi dedaqalaqi sakuTar sataxto qalaqad aqcies. konstantinopols istambuli ewoda. bizantiurma saxelmwifoebriobam, romelic TviTmyobadobiT gamoirCeoda, ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi ganvlo. pirveli etapi (IV saukune-VII saukunis Sua xanebi) iyo antikuri samyaros gadmonaSTebis aRmofxvris periodi, rodesac bizantiuri sazogadoebis wiaRSi, xde-boda adreuli Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebis Camoyalibeba. aRniSnuli periodis saxelmwifos axasiaTebda Zlieri centralizebuli monarqiisa da Zalzed ganStoebuli samxedro-biurokratiuli aparatis arseboba. Tumca, imperatoris xelisufleba ramdenadme SezRuduli iyo. meore etapze (VII saukunis bolodan-XII s.) xdeboda, Sua saukuneebis periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sabatono urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba. am etapze saxelmwifo iZens Taviseburi SeuzRudavi monarqiis dasrulebul formebs. Tumca, bizantiis imperia arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda, amave periodis aRmosavluri civilizaciebisa da Sua saukuneebis epoqis dasavluri monarqiebisagan. imperatoris Zala-ufleba SeuzRudavi xdeba da ganviTarebis mwvervals aRwevs. da bolos, saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis mesame etapze

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(XIII -XV ss.) gamwvavda bizantiuri sazogadoebis politikuri krizisi, rac ganpirobebuli iyo sabatono urTierTobebis gaRrmavebiTa da ganmtkicebiT, im dros, rodesac qveyanas aSkarad daemuqra Turquli agresiis safrTxe. swored mesame etapze xdeba bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriobis mkveTri dasusteba da misi faqtiuri daSla-daqucmaceba (XIII-XIV ss.), ramac gamoiwvia misi saboloo damxoba, XV saukunis Sua xanebSi. bizantiis saxelmwifoebriobisa da samarTalganviTarebis istoriis Seswavla mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac man udidesi gavlena moaxdina samxreT da aRmosavleT evropisa da amierkavkasiis qveynebis politikur da samarTlebriv evoluciaze. xangrZlivi drois ganmav-lobaSi, swored bizantiis imperia iyo antikuri samyaros saxelmwifo da samarTlebrivi memkvidreobis mcveli da Taviseburi xidi, Zveli droisa da Sua saukuneebis periodis civilizaciebs Soris. misi wyalobiT da uSualo gavneliT, aRniSnuli regionis xalxi, eziara antikuri epoqis kulturul saganZurs, vinaidan konstantinopolsa da sxva did qalaqebSi arsebuli samecniero da saganmanaTleblo kerebi, mudam ipyrobdnen codnas mowyurebuli adamianis yuradRebas. bizantiis imperiis gavleniT, amave regionis qveynebSi gavrcelda da, SemdgomSi, saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda qristianuli sarwmunoeba, riTac kidev ufro ganmtkicda bizantiasa da misi mezobeli saxelmwifoebis politikuri, samarT-lebrivi, kulturul _ ekonomikuri kavSirebi, rac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda am saxel-mwifoebis progresul ganviTarebas.

2) bizantiis imperiis sazogadoebrivi wyoba

Sua saukuneebis periodis sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri niSnebi, sakmaod mkveTrad, gamovlinda jer kidev imperiis arsebobis pirvel etapze. antikurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sazogadoebrivi wyoba (monoba), SedarebiT neli tempiT, ganicdida daSlas, rasac, Tavis mxriv, didad ganapirobebda sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis, SedarebiTi daCqareba da mravalricxovan bizantiur qalaqebSi (konsatantinopoli, aleqsan-dria, damasko, antioqia), didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, maRalganviTarebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis pirobebis SenarCuneba. amis gamo, bizantiam SeinarCuna politikuri stabiluroba da SeaCera monobis aRmofxvris procesi. IV-VII ss. bizantiuri sazogadoebis gabatonebuli fena ar iyo erTgvarovani. saxelmwifos ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi wamyvan rols inarCunebda Zveli senatoruli aristokratia da provinciebis warCinebulTa wre, romlis batonobas xels uwyobda, miwaze arsebuli, msxvili kerZo sakuTreba, romelic monaTa Sromis eqsploataciaze iyo damyarebuli. gabatonebuli fenis meore kategorias Seadgenda imperiis msxvili qalaqebis da, upirveles yovlisa, konstantinopolis saqalaqo municipaluri zedafena. bizantiuri sazogadoebrivi wyobis qveda fenas didi mravalferovneba axasiaTebda. socialuri kibis yvelaze qveda safexurze monebi idgnen, romelTa samarT-lebrivi reJimi ganisazRvreboda gvianromeuli samarTlis normebiT. monaTa mdgomareoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda Tavisufali mdabios sxvadasxva kategoriis warmomadgenlis statu-sisagan. Tavisufali qvedafenis yvelaze mravalricxovan kategorias miwaTmflobeli gle-xoba warmoadgenda. IV-VII saukuneebSi Tavisufali glexobis SenarCuneba _ bizantiuri sazogadoebrivi wyobis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa. Tavisufali glexoba sasoflo TemSi cxovrobda. mas miniWebuli hqonda miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba. glexobis eqpluatatori, uSualod, bizantiis saxelmwifo iyo: glexoba saxelmwifos uxdida Ralas da sxvadasxva saxis qonebriv gamosaRebsa da, piradi xasiaTis, SromiT begaras asrulebda. amave periodSi, bizantiaSi farTod gamoiyeneboda, gvianromauli periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, glexobis eqpluataciis kidev erTi forma _ kolonati. bizantiuri kanonmdebloba kolonebs hyofda or jgufad: Tavisufali da “miwerili”. Tavisufali koloni iZulebuli iyo ijariT aeRo msxvili latifundistebis miwebi, ris gamoc, am ukanasknelTa damokidebulebaSi vardebodnen. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo “miwerili” kolonebis xvedri: isini miwis monebi iyvnen. Tavisufalic da “miwerili” kolonic mravalricxovan gadasaxadebs ixdidnen rogorc bato-nis, ise saxlemwifos sasargeblod. kolonis mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT gauaresda VI saukuneSi. bizantiis sazogadoerivi wyoba mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis VI s. bolosa da VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi – mkveTri politikuri da socialuri krizisis pirobebSi. arabTa Semosevam, barbarosi xalxis Tavdasxmam, rasac Tan sdevda, am xalxis mier, imperiis teritoriaze dasaxleba da binadari cxovrobis wesze gadasvla, agreTve ayvavebuli qalaqebisa da dasaxlebebis ganadgureba-gadaSeneba, kidev ufro aCqarebda, antikuri samya-rosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sazogadoebrivi da politikuri urTierTobebis rRvevasa da Suasaukunovani sabatono urTierTobebis damkvidrebis process. omianobisa da socialuri brZolis Sedegad, fizikurad ganadgurda Zveli drois socialuri wyobis warmomadgenelTa,

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maT Soris Zveli aristokratiis, didi nawili.Aamavdroulad, bizantiaSi SenarCunda saxel-mwifo sakuTrebis formebi, saTemo miwadmflobeloba da miwaze SeuzRudavi kerZo sakuTreba, rac momdevno saukuneebSic, arsebiTad, aferxebda sakuTrebis axali baton-ymuri formis Camoyalibebasa da bizantiuri glexobis eqploataciis ganviTarebas. mxolod X saukuneSi damkvidrda sabatono (senioraluri) sistema, romelic daefuZna msxvili magnatebisagan damokidebuli, glexobis sxvadasxva kategoriis SenarCunebas, Tumca saxelmwifos mkacri kontrolis pirobebSi. rac Seexeba sabatono miwadmflobelobis ZiriTad formebs _ pirobiT wyalobas, proniebisa da ariTmosis saxiT, _ isini sakmaod gvian, XI-XII saukuneebSi Camoyalibdnen. kerZod, sabatono institutis yvelaze gavrcelebuli nairsaxeoba _ pronia, XI-XII saukuneebSi iqmneba da is proniarisaTvis, saxelmwifos mxridan, miwis nakveTis sxvadsxva saxis wyalobas niSnavda, raime samsaxuris gawevis pirobiT, Cveulebisamebr _ proniaris an imperatoris sicocxlis manZilze. sabatono urTierTobebis Senelebuli xasia-Ti ganapirobebda bizantiuri sazogadoebis gabatonebuli fenis socialuri Semadgenlobis Taviseburebebs, imperiis ganviTarebis meore etapze. aRniSnul periodSi, gabatonebuli fena ramdenime wodebiT iyo warmodgenili: saero aristokrati da sasuliero maRalCinosnebi, adgilobrivi samxedro msaxureuli zedafena da is saTemo aristokratia, romelic gamdidrebuli glexobis rigebidan gamovida. xangrZlivi drois manZilze ver moxerxda aRniS-nuli Zalebis konsolidacia da erTiani Caketili aristokratiuli zedafenis Camoyalibeba. ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, memkvidreobiTi vasalur-senioraluri sistema, bizantiaSi mxolod XI-XII saukuneebSi iqmneba. Suasaukunovani senioraluri wyobis SedarebiTi ganuviTarebloba ganapirobebda bizantiuri memamule _ zedafenis arsebiT sisustes, amitom gabatonebuli fenis struqturul sistemaSi dawinaurebuli poziciebi dedaqalaqis aristokratiasa da imperiis umaRles moxeleebs ekavaT, romlebic gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen provinciul samxedro maRalCinosnobasa da memamuleTa wodebas. bizantiis imperiis ganviTarebis meore etapze SenarCunebuli iqna mSromeli mosaxleobis uflebrivi mraval-ferovneba, ris gamoc, memamulisagan damokidebuli, glexTa wodebis formireba droSi gaiwela da ramdenime saukune moicva. imperiaSi kvlav arsebobda Tavisufali meTeme-glexebis fena, romlebic xazinisa da imperatoris kuTvnil miwebze cxovrobdnen. glxobis orive kategoriis eqploatacia centralizebuli wesiT xdeboda, saxelmwifo sagadasaxado sistemis meSveobiT. saxelmwifos kuTvnil miwebze msxdomi da dabegrili glexoba, faqtiurad, daymevebis proceduras ganicdida: moxda misi xazinisadmi miwera da mas aekrZala gadaad-gilebis Tavisufleba. glexobas evaleboda saadgilmamulo gadasaxadis _ kanonis gamoReba, suladobrivi gadasaxadis (saxelmwifos sasargeblod), puris rentis da, pirutyvis yolaze, dawesebuli gamosaRebis gadaxda. glexobisaTvis yvelaze mZime tvirTad iqca, mezoblebis amovardinili meurneobis da mitovebuli miwebis gamo, dadgenili gadasaxadis gamoReba. XI-XII saukuneebSi mkveTrad gaizarda, kerZo mflobelobaSi arsebuli, glexobis raodenoba, rasac xels uwyobda Tavisufali da saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi myofi glexebis raodenobis Semci-reba. aRniSnuli movlena imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom bizantiaSi aqtiurad mimdinareobda baton-ymuri tipis miwadmflobelobis Camoyalibebis procesi. kerZo mflobelobaSi myof glexebs parikebi ewodebodaT. maT ar hqondaT miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba da isini mxolod miwis nak-veTis, memkvidreobiT mpyrobelad, ganixilebodnen. amitom parikebs, batonis sasar-geblod, SromiTi begaris Sesruleba, naturaluri da fuladi rentis gadaxda evalebodaT. saxelmwifo glexobisagan gansxvavebiT, parikebis daymeveba mxolod XIII-XIV saukuneebSi moxda. bizantiuri sazogadoebrivi kibis yvelaze qveda safexurze, odidganve, monebi imyo-febodnen. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, monobis SenarCuneba, bizantiuri socialuri wyobis erT _ erT Taviseburebas warmoadgenda. monaTa Sromas farTod iyenebdnen bizantiuri aristokratiis SinameurneobaSi. konstantinopolel warCinebulebs asobiT monebi hyavdaT. X-XI saukuneebSi monaTa mdgomareoba ramdenadme gaumjobesda, kerZod: maT moipoves, saeklesio wesiT, qorwinebis ufleba. amavdroulad, aikrZala Tavisufali mosaxleobis damoneba. ufro metic, monebi xSirad parikebis statuss iZendnen. XI-XII saukuneebSi ganviTarebuli tenden-ciiT, faqtiurad moiSala samarTlebrivi zRvari monebsa da eqsploatirebuli sazogadoebis sxva kategoriebs Soris.

3) bizantiis saxelmwifo wyobileba Sua saukuneebSi

IV-VII saukuneebis bizantiis saxelmwifoebriobam, ama Tu im formiT, SeinarCuna gvianromauli imperiis periodis saxelmwifo wyobilebis ZiriTadi niSnebi. saxelmwifos saTaveSi imperatori idga, romelic romaeli keisrebis xelisuflebis memkvidred, uflebamonacvled iTvleboda. imperatori erTpirovnulad ganagebda sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas da qristianuli eklesiis uzenaes mmarTvelad

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da damcvelad miiCneoda. swored bizantiis marTlmadideblurma eklesiam itvirTa, impera-toris usazRvro avtoritetis, ganmtkicebis roli. qristianulma eklesiam SeimuSava da akurTxa, imperatoris xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis, doqtrina. religia qadagebda saxelmwifosa da eklesiis, saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis erTianobas _ maTi simfoniis ideas. kaTolikuri (dasavleT _ evropuli) eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, bizantiuri eklesia, ekonomikurad da politikurad, ufro metad iyo damokidebuli imperatoris xelisuflebaze, vinaidan mas arseboba uwevda Zlieri, centralizebuli saxelmwifos pirobebSi. adrebi-zantiuri eklesia pirdapir emorCileboda imperators. gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo eklesiis saqmianobaze imperatoris gavlena iustiniane I-is (Primus Magnus) dros, romelic saeklesio maRalCinosnenbs (episkoposebsa da TviT patriarqebsac), sakuTari xelqveiTebis msgavsad eqceoda. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom IV-VII saukuneebSi imperatoris xelisufleba sulac ar iyo TviTmpyrobeluri. imperatoris uflebamosilebani mainc izRudeboda imperiis “saerTo kanonebiT” da, gansakuTrebiT, taxtis memkvidreobiTobis prin-cipis ararsebobiT. yovel axal imperators irCevdnen senati, “konstantinopolis xalxi” da jari (romlis monawileobac bizantiis imperatoris arCevnebSi ganuxrelad izRudeboda). bizantiis saxelmwifoSi politikuri cxovrebis angariSgasawev faqtorad, aRniSnul periodSi, impera-toris yoveli axali kandidaturisaTvis, “konstantinopolis xalxis” mier Tanxmobis micema, iTvleboda. jer kidev IV s-Si, imperatoris brZanebiT,”konstantinopolis xalxs” _ deda-qalaqSi mcxovrebi, mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebisa da dajgufebebis warmomadgenlebs _ mieniWaT ufleba TxovniT miemarTad an pretenzia gamoeTqvaT, imperatoris mimarT. “konstantinopoleli xalxi” ipodromze ikribeboda, maTTvis miniWebuli uflebis gansaxor-cieleblad. aRniSnuli uflebis aRsasruleblad, bizantiaSi Seiqmna e.w. saqalaqo partiebi _ dimebi (gansakuTrebuli politikuri organizaciebi). ori yvelaze msxvili dimis socialur dasayrdens (maT, pirobiTad, “cisferebi” da “mwvaneebi” ewodebodaT), gabatonebuli fenis sxvadasxva dajgufebebi warmoadgendnen. “cisferebs” mxars uWerda senatoruli da municipaluri aristokratia, “mwvaneebs” _ bizantiuri qalaqebis savaWro da samrewvelo zedafena. dimebs garkveuli or-ganizebuloba axasiaTebda da sajariso formirebebis Seqmnis uflebac hqondaT. V saukuneSi, analogiuri organizaciebi (dedaqalaqis dimebis msgavsad) bizantiis imperiis sxva qalaqebSic Seiqmna. droTa ganmavlobaSi, dimebma saerTo-imperiuli organizaciebis saxe SeiZines da, rac mTavaria, mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen erTmaneTTan, gansakuTrebiT imperiis politikur cxovrebaSi. bizantiis imperatorebi angariSs uwevdnen erT-erTYdims da mas sakuTar politikur dasayrdenad miiCnevdnen. saxelmwifo organoTa sistemaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda bizantiuri aristokratiis organos _ senats, romelic agreTve, arsebiTad zRudavda imperatoris TviTmpyrobelobas. senatSi ganixileboda imperiis yve-laze mniSvnelovani Sida da sagareo-politikuri saqmeebi. senatis aseT gavlenas didad ganapirobebda misi Semadgenloba _ masSi warmodgenili iyo bizantiuri aristokratiis yvela wodeba. V saukuneSi senatorTa ricxvi 2000 kacs Seadgenda. senatSi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvne-lobis sakiTxTa ganxilva-gadawyveta da senatorTa monawileoba, yoveli axali imperatoris arCevaSi, uzrunvelyofda bizantiuri aristokratiis did rols, imperiis marTvis saqmeSi. swored aRniSnuli garemoeba aiZulebda adrebizantieli imperatorebis, maT Soris yvelaze Zlevamosili _ iustiniane I-is didis damokidebulebas, sakanonmdeblo donezec ki, “didi senatisa da xalxis“ nebisagan. VIII saukunidan iwyeba bizantiis centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis procesi, ramac, xangrZlivi droiT, gansazRvra bizantiuri saxelmwifoebriobis Semdgomi evolucia. IX-X saukuneebSi, bizantiis centralizaciisa da, mis mier ganxor-cielebuli warmatebuli dapyrobiTi omebis safuZvlad, qveynis is ekonomikuri stbiluroba miiCneva, romelic axali sabatono sakuTrebis uflebaze iyo damyarebuli. bizantiis saxel-mwifo, romelic ganviTarebis mwvervals makedonelTa dinastiis (867-1057) mmarTvelobaSi aRwevs, uzarmazari biurokratiuli manqanis meSveobiT, cdilobda gaekontrolebina qveynis ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis yvela sferoebi. imperiis mkveTrad centralizebuli xasiaTi, arsebiTad ganasxvavebda bizantias, misi Tanamedrove, dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebisagan. VIII saukuneSi, imperiaSi arsebuli, yvela is politikuri organizacia da dawesebuleba, romelic met-naklebad, zRudavda bizantiis imperatoris TviTmpyrobelobas an arsebiTad dasustda, an saerTod gauqmda. IX saukunidan aRmoifxvra, “konstantinopolis xalxis” mier bizantiis imperatoris nominaluri gamocxadebis rituali. konstantinopolis senatis politikuri roli, romelic jer kidev VII saukuneSi daqveiTda, IX saukuneSi gamocemuli imperatoris brZanebiT, saerTod daqveiTda da sakanonmdeblo procesSi es organo veRar iRebda monawinleobas. bizantiis imperiaSi, erTaderT gavlenian politikur Zalad qristienuli (marTlmadidebluri) eklesia rCeba, romlis avtoriteti kidev ufro gaZlierda.K kerZod, ganmtkicda konstantinopolis patriarqis _ bizantiis eklesiis mamamTavris _ roli imperiis sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi. patriarqebi xSirad,

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mcirewlovali imperatorebis mmarTvelobisas, regentobasac iTavsebdnen da uSualod ereodnen, taxtisaTvis gaCaRebul, politikur brZolaSi. patriarqebi im upiratesobiT sargeblobdnen, rom VII saukuneSi dakanonda `samefo taxtze dasmis~ erTaderTi procedura, romlis mixedviT, mxolod eklesiis mamamTavars hqonda axali imperatoris kurTxevis uflebamosileba, wminda sofios taZarSi. Tumca, am periodSic bizantiis eklesiam ver moipova, imperatoris xelisuflebisgan, damoukidebloba. imperatori inarCunebda, saeklesio ierarqebis mier warmodgenili sami savaraudo kandidatidan, misTvis sasurveli piris patriarqad arCevisa da arasasurveli mRvdelmTavris gadayenebis uflebas. VIII-IX saukuneebSi imperatoris xelisuflebis safuZvlebis ganmtkicebas Tan axlda saxelisuflo atributebis Secvla. bizantiis imperatorebs, aRniSnuli periodidan moyolebuli, bazilevsebsa da avtokratorebs (TviTmpyrobelebs) uwodebdnen. imperatori _ bazilevsis kultis gandideba moxda da amieridan RvTaebrivi monarqi samyaros _ oikumenas brZaneblad moixsenieboda. imperatoris xelisufleba SeuzRudavi gaxda: bazilevsi gamoscemda kanonebs, erTpirovnulad wyvetda umaRlesi moxeleebis Tanamdebobaze daniSvna-gadayenebis sakiTxs, iyo saxelmwifos uzenaesi msajuli da armiisa da flotis mTavarsardali. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom xelisuflebis SeuzRudaoba sulac ar niSnavda misi piradi mdgomareobis absolutur simtkices (bizantiis imperatorTa TiTqmis naxevarma taxti da xelisufleba Zalmomreobis Sedegad dakarga). didi xnis ganmavlobaSi bizantiaSi ar arsebobda taxtis memkvidreobis mwyobri sistema: bazilevsis vaJiSvili sulac ar ganixileboda savaldebulo kanonier memkvidred. imperatoroba dabadebiT ki ara, “RvTaebrivi rCeulobiT” modioda (cnobilia, rom mSobiare dedofals wiTeli xaverdiTa da atlasiT morTul oTaxSi awvendnen, samSobiarod. amitom, axalSobils “wiTel oTaxSi dabadebuls”, anu porfirogenets uwodebdnen. am tituliT, zogadad, moixseniebdnen bizantiis imperatorebs). swored amitom iyo, rom bazi-levsebi farTod iyenebdnen TanammarTvelTa instituts, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom imperatori, Tavisive sicocxleSi, asaxelebda sakuTar memkvidres (anu momaval imperators; amave wess hqonda adgili Zvel romSi, principatis xanaSi). kanonieri taxtis memkvidreobis principi bizantiis imperiaSi mxolod XI saukunidan damkvidrda. tradicionalizmi, saukuneebis manZilze damkvidrebuli da CveulebebiT ganmtkicebuli Zveli ceremonialuri sistema, mniSvnelovnad zRudavda imperatoris pirad SesaZleblobebsa da, mis mier, saxel-mwifos marTvis unar-Cvevebis gamovlinebas. amis gamo, imperatoris realuri xelisufleba arsebiTad Sesustda, rasac didad ganapirobebda axali baton-ymuri urTierTobebis damkvidreba da, TviT sazogadoebis gabatonebuli fenis SigniT, momxdari struqturuli cvlilebebi. baton-ymuri urTierTobebis damyareba ayalibebda bizantiis imperatorsa da msxvil miwaTmflobelebs _ dinatebs Soris axal, bizantiuri saxelmwifoebrivi praqti-kisaTvis ucxo, senioralur-vasalur urTierTobebs. X saukunidan moyolebuli, imperatori iZulebulia dinatebTan dados vasaluri xelSekrulebebi da ikisros senioraluri mova-leobebi. saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis ZiriTad etapebze, bizantiis saxelmwifo wyobilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenad iTvleba, Zalzed ganStoebuli centraluri da adgilobrivi, biurokratiuli aparatis arseboba, romlis safuZvelSi Caido mkacri ierarqiuli sawyisebi. bizantiuri samoxeleo sistema ramdenime rangad (titulad ) iyofoda. rangebis sistema zedmiwevniT iyo gansazRvruli da daaxloebiT samoc tituls moicavda. imperiis centraluri mmarTveloba saxelmwifo sabWos (konsistoriumi, mogvianebiT _ sink-liTi) xelSi iyo. sinkliTi, imperatoris gverdiT arsebuli, uzenaesi saxelmwifo organo iyo, romlis kompetenciaSi Sedioda yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo saqmeebis gadawyveta. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom misi funqciebi ar iyo mkveTrad gamijnuli. saxelmwifo sabWos SemadgenlobaSi saxelmwifo da sasaxlis yvelaze didi moxeleebi Sediodnen, rom-lebic imperatoris uaxloes garemocvas warmoadgendnen. maT ricxvs miekuTvnebodnen: pretorianelTa ori prefeqti, konstantinopolis prefeqti, sasaxlis magistrosi da qvestori, finansebis ori komiti. imperiis maRalCinosnebs sakmaod vrceli saxelisuflo, maT Soris sasamarTlo uflebamosilebani hqondaT. kerZod, pretorianelTa orive prefeqti axor-cielebda adgilobrivi saxelmwifo aparatis umaRles xelmZRvanelobas; konstantinopolis prefeqti iyo dedaqalaqis samoqalaqo mmarTveli da senatis Tavmjdomare. mniSvnelovani funqciebiT aRiWurven sasaxlis sxva maRalCinosnebic: magistrosi iyo sasaxlis ufrosi, xolo qvestori _ mTavari iuristi da konsistoriumis Tavmjdomare. swored maT evalebodaT imperiis saqmeebis marTva, ganStoebuli biurokratiuli aparatis daxmarebiT. aRniSnul peri-odSi bizantiis saimperio moxeleTa raodenoba grandiozuli iyo (ramdenime aTeul aTas kacs iTvlida).

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$5. kievis ruseTis saxelmwifo samarTali


Zvelrusuli saxelmwifos warmoSobis momentis zusti gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. savaraudod, saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebas win uswrebda Zalzed martivi politikuri gaerTianebis _ ufro zustad, didi tomTa kavSirebis arseboba, romlebic, mogvianebiT, gadaizarda adreuli Sua saukuneebis saxlemwifoSi _ kievis ruseTSi. literaturaSi, sxvadasxva istorikosis mier, gansxvavebuli TariRi saxeldeba, Tu rodis Seiqmna kievis ruseTi. Tumca, mecnierTa umravlesoba imaze Tanxmdeba, rom kievis ruseTis saxelmwifos Seqmna IX saukuneSi moxda. kievis ruseTis Seqmnis Taobaze, erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoria cnobilia “normanistulis” saxelwodebiT. Nnormanistul Teorias safuZveli Caeyara XVIII saukuneSi, rodesac, ruseTSi mcxovrebma da moRvawe germanelma mecnierebma: baierma, Sliocerma da miolerma Zvel rusul pirvelwyaroze _ Повесть временных лет (gardasul welTa ambavi),”romlis avtori iyo kiev-peCoris savanis beri nestori _ dayrdnobiT, damajereblad daasabuTes Zvel rusuli saxelmwifos warmoSobis normanuli (vikinguri _ variaguli) safuZveli. maTi azriT, kievis ruseTis saxelmwifos Seqmna pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli variagebis mier rusuli miwebis (kievisa da novgorodis samTavroebis) dapyrobasa da erT did gaerTianebaSi TavmoyriT. mematiane nestori pirdapir miuTiTebda, rom IX s-Si slavebi saxel-mwifoebriobis gareSe cxovrobdnen. aqve saubari imis Sesaxebac iyo, rom samxreT slavuri tomebi xarks xazarebs uxdidnen, xolo Crdilouri slavebi _ variagebs, rom Crdiloelebma erTxel gandevnes vikingebi, Tumca maleve mouxmes maT isev da variagi mTavrebis-konungebis (iarlebis) daxmarebiT, SesZles sakuTar miwebSi wesrigis damyareba. swored maSin iqna warmoTqmuli cnobili fraza: “Cveni miwa didi da mdidaria. Tumca, aq uwesrigoba sufevs. modiT da ibatoneT Cvenzed”. 862 w. variagi mTavrebi: ruriki _ novgorodSi, truvori _ izborskSi, xolo sineusi _ beloozerSi gabatondnen. aRniSnuli momenti, mecnierTa mier CaiTvala saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis periodad. slavebi anu bizantiuri wyaroebiT _ venedebi, antebi aRmosavleT evropis did sivrceze iyvnen mimofantuli md. elbasa (laba) da volgas Soris, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken, xolo ilmenis tbis napirebidan, dnepris Woromebamde, CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken. slavebi sam did jgufad iyofodnen: dasavleT _ Cexebi, slovakebi, polonelebi; samxreTis _ serbebi xorvatebi, slovenebi, aRmosavleTis slavebi ki uamrav tomTa did kavSirebad iyofodnen: drevlianebi, polianebi, radimiCebi, uliCebi, tivercebi, viatiCebi, ilmenis slavebi, rosebi (rusebi), severianebi da sxva. Повесть временных лет-Si aRwerili, variagebTan dakavSirebul movle-nebamde, avtori saubrobda imis Sesaxeb, rom vidre 882 wels riurikis uflebamonacvle, variagTa iarli olegi kievs daipyrobda da novgorodisa “da kievis samTavroebs gaaerTienebda, kievSi “князь”-bad (mTav-rebad) isxdnen Zmebi askoldi da diri,” romlebic variagebma motyuebiT igdes xelT da daxoces, rac safuZvlianad gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom aRmosavleT slavebSi socialuri diferencireba da protosaxelmwifoebriobis Canasaxebi ukve sakmaod Rrmad iyo fesvgadgmuli da variagebis gamoCenam da, maT mier, slavuri miwebis damorCilebam _ aqtiuri katalizatoris roli iTamaSa da mniSvnelovnad gaaRrmava da daaCqara isedac dawyebuli procesebi. Повесть временных лет saubrobs naxevradlegendarul ambebzec, kerZod: sam Zmas _ kiis, Seks, xarivsa da maT das _ libeds im adgilas, sadac dRes aris kievis centri _ podolze (xreSatikze) dauarsebiaT gorodiSe (dasaxleba) da mas ufrosi Zmis sapativcemod Киiвград ewoda.

2) kievis ruseTis sazogadoebrivi wyoba

kievis ruseTis socialuri struqtura rTuli iyo, Tumca ukve sakmaod mkveTrad ganisazRvra socialuri diferencireba da baton-ymuri urTierTobebis ZiriTadi niSnebi. Camoyalibda miwaze sabatono sakuTreba _ Sua saukuneebis periodis ekonomikuri safuZveli. TavisTavad, mimdinareobda baton-ymobis ZiriTadi fenebis _ batonisa da yma-glexebis Camoyalibebis procesic.Kkievis ruseTis zedafenas Seadgendnen: mTavrebi, boiarebi, qristianobis gavr-celebis Semdeg _ eklesia, monastrebi, mTavris razmeulis wevrebi _ druJinikebi da mTavrisa da boiarebis msaxurebi. yvelaze msxvili mebatone TviT kievis ruseTis mTavari iyo. wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom kievis ruseTSi arsebobda mTavris soflebi, sadac cxovrobdnen damoki-debuli glexebi, romlebic, mTavris sasargeblod, Sromobdnen zedamxedvelTa, mouravebis, mamasaxlisebis meTvalyureobis qveS. boiarebi sagvareulo aristokratiis is warmoma-dgenlebi iyvnen, romlebic gamdidrdnen da dawinaurdnen glexebis eqsploataciisa da

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mZarcvelobiTi omebis Sedegad. qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg, koleqtiur mebatoned eklesia-monastrebi iqcnen. TandaTanobiT eklesia eufleboda miwebs: maT miaTedis saxiT _ yovelgvari Semosavlidan, erTi meaTedis odenobiT, gadasaxads _ wyalobas mTavaris uboZebda, rac kidev ufro zrdida eklesiis Semosavals. mebatoneTa qvedafenas mTavris druJinikebi da mTavrisa da boiarTa msaxurebi Seadgendnen. am fenis Camoyalibeba Tavisufali adamianebis, zogjer ki _ yofili monebis _ xolopebis xarjze xdeboda. mebatonis winaSe saimedo samsaxuris safasurad, maT miwas uwyalobebdnen, glexebianad, ris Semdeg isinic eqsploatatorebad gadaiqceodnen. mebatoneTa mTavar uflebad da privilegiad miwaze da glexebis eqploataciaze eqskluziuri ufleba miiCneoda. saxelmwifo icavda maT sxva uflebebsac. Mmtkiced iyo daculi mebatonis sicocxle da janmrTeloba. sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis xelyofa mZimed isjeboda da sasjelis diferencireba, dazaralebulis statusis Sesabamisad, xdeboda. mSromeli mosaxleobis ZiriTad masas smerdi _ glexebi Seadgendnen. mecnierTa erTi nawili smerdebad yvela glexs miiCnevda. meore nawilis azriT, smerdebi daymevebuli glexebi iyvnen. smerdebi TemebSi _ vervi iyvnen gaerTianebuli. vervi gvarovnuli wyobilebis gadmonaSTi iyo, Tumca kievis ruseTSi vervs ukve ara sisxliTnaTesavuri principi, aramed sasoflo _ teritoriuli xasiaTi hqonda. vervSi meTemeebi koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobiT da urTierTdaxmarebis principiT iyvnen dakavSirebuli. damokidebuli mosaxleobis meore kategorias zakupebi Seadgendnen.zakupoba warmoiSva купа-sesxis xelSekrulebidan (an fuladi TanxiT, an naturiT), ris gamoc zakups kreditoris (mebatonis) sasargeblod unda eSroma, valis gadaxdis safa-surad, Tanac procentebis gaTvaliswinebiT. faqtiurad, zakubs ar SeeZlo “купа”-s anazRaureba da is praqtikulad samudamod rCeboda mebatonis ymobaSi. Tu zakuri gaeqceoda mebatones, is avtomaturad xolopad _ monad iqceoda. xolopobas iwvevda zakupis mier Cadenili qurdoba. mebatones, zakupis mimarT, votCinuri (mamulSi) iusticiis ufleba gaaCnia. Русская Правда aRniSnavda, rom batons uniaTo zakupis garozgvis uflebac hqonda (62 m). Tumca, zakups, xolopisgan gansxvavebiT, garkveuli uflebebi gaaCnda. dauSvebeli iyo misi usafuZvlod dasja, mas SeeZlo mosamarTlesTan eCivla mebatonisaTvis, mas xolopad ver gayididnen da dausjelad qonebas ver CamoarTmevdnen. damokidebuli mosaxleobis kidev erT kategorias riadoviCebi _ рядовичи Seadgendnen. Ряд-i (xelSekruleba) ideboda umiwo an mciremiwiani glexsa da mebatones Soris, rom es ukanaskneli, glexs sakuTar mamulSi, ijariT miscemda miwis nakveTs, mosavlis garkveuli nawilis safasurad (erTi mesamedi an naxevari). riadoviCebi dasavleTevropeli prekaristebis analogia iyo. mravaldargovanma kievis ruseTis meurneobam da sazogadoebrivma wyobam mosaxleobas kidev erTi damokidebuli kategoria – “uuflebo Celiadi” (челядь) icoda. Челядь araTavisufal mamakacs _ xolops an Celiadins, xolo araTavisufal qals – робой (roboia) ewodeboda, Tumca qalic da mamakacic челядь-is cnebiT aRiniSneboda. Челядь-i absoliuturad uuflebo fena iyo. Русская Правда maT pirutyvs utolebda, rac pirdapir miuTiTebda maTi, Zvel romaul da saerTod antikur, monebTan msgavsebaze. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom kievis ruseTSi холоп-ebi ar Seadgendnen mwarmoebelTa ZiriTad masas, da monoba, upiratesad, patriarqaluri (saSinao) xasiaTis iyo. droTa ganmav-lobaSi, xolopebi yma-glexebad iqcnen. saerTod aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom glexebis daymevebis procesi kievis ruseTSi sakmaod xangrZlivi gamodga da is erTbaSad arc dawyebula da arc dasrulebula. kievis ruseTSi arsebobda bevri da sakmaod mraval-ricxovani mosaxleobiT ganTqmuli qalaqebi. ukve IX-Xss. maTi ricxvi TiTqmis 25-s udrida. momdevno saukuneebSi es ricxvi 60-mde, xolo monRolTa Semosevis droisaTvis _ 300-mde gaizarda. qalaqis mosaxleobis zedafenas vaWrebi Seadgendnen, kerZod saerTaSoriso savaWro operaciabSi Cabmuli pirebi. kievSi, novgorodsa da sxva diod qalaqebSi daxelovnebuli xelosnebi cxovrobdnen. qalaqebi kulturis centrebad iqcnen. Zveli rusuli sofeli, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gaunaTlebeli iyo. qalaqebSi ki ganaTleba swrafad viTardeboda ara mxolod vaWrebis, aramed xelosnebis wreebSic. amrigad, kievis ruseTSi ukve mimdinareobda wodebebis anu adamianTa didi jgufebis Seqmna, romlebic saerTo samarTlebrivi statusiT iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli. Zvel rusuli saxelmwifo _ kievis ruseTi polieTnikuri sazogadoeba iyo, Tanac SeqmnisTanave. Повесть временных лет im tomebis CamoTvlisas, romlebmac moiwvies variagi mTavrebi, asaxelebs araslavur tomebsac _ Cudi da finebi. Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT migraciis Sedegad, slavebi aucileblad Seexebodnen finur tomebsac. Tumca, es procesi mSvidobianad mimdinareobda da adgili ar hqonda adgilobrivi (avtoqtonuri) mosaxleobis dapyrobas. volgis auzSi mcxovrebi, Turquli warmoSobis xalxi, sabolood daukavSirda aq gansaxlebul slavur tomebs _ viatiCebs da maTTan erTad moxda volgispira tomebis gaqristianeba da maTi Zvelrusul sazogadoebaSi integrireba.

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3) kievis ruseTis politikuri wyobileba

kievis ruseTis saxelmwifo iyo adreuli Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, romelsac garkveuli Taviseburi niSnebi axasiaTebda: I. saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis mowyoba. aRniSnuli problematika diskusias iwvevda mecnierTa Soris, rogorc XIX saukuneSi, ise Tanamedrove pirobebSi. mecnierTa nawili miiCnevda, rom IX saukuneSi erTiani Zvelrusuli saxelmwifoebrioba saerTod ar arsebibda da adgili hqonda mxolod msxvili tomTa kavSirebis Seqmnas. mecnierTa meore, ufro frTxili, jgufi Tvlida, rom IX saukunidan X saukunis Sua xanebamde, SesaZlebelia visaubroT adgilobriv samTavroTa anu proto-saxelmwifoTa kavSirze. zogierTebi miiCneven, rom kievis ruseTi iyo aRmosavleT slavuri tomTa kavSirebis Taviseburi federacia, romelic ganagrZobda arsebobas ara mxolod kievis ruseTis arsebobis sawyiss, aramed misi arsebobis mTels periodSi. II. Tumca, arsebobs kidev erTi mosazreba, rom kievis ruseTis saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo adreuli Sua saukuneebisaTvis Cveuli suzereniteti-vasalitetis sistema, romelic gulisxmobda imas, rom saxelmwifos mTeli struqtura efuZvneboda sabatono ierarqiul kibes. vasali damokidebuli iyo sakuTar seniorze, es ukanaskneli _ ufro msxvil seniorsa an uzenaess suzerenze. vasali movale iyo daxmareboda seniors, emsaxura mis jarSi da gadaexada misTvis xarki. Tavis mxriv, seniori movale iyo uzrunvelyo vasali miwiT da daecva is sxva mezoblis an momxvduris xelyofisagan. sakuTari samflobelos farglebSi vasali garkveuli imunitetiT _ SeualobiT sargeblobda, rac imas niSnavda, rom mis saSinao saqmeebSi Careva TviT suzerensac ki ar SeeZlo. didi mTavrebis vasalebi adgilobrivi mTavrebi iyvnen. mTavris saimuniteto uflebebi iyo: xarkis akrefis ufleba, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba, Sesabamisi Semosavlebis miTvisebiT.

4) saxelmwifo meqanizmi

Zvel rusuli saxelmwifo _ kievis ruseTi marTva-gamgeobis formiT monarqia iyo. mis saTaveSi didi mTavari idga. mTavris xelT Tavmoyrili iyo uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo da samxedro xelisufleba. Cvenamde moRweulia ramdenime msxvili sakanonmdeblo Zegli, romlebic gamocemuli didi mTavrebis mier da maT saxels atareben: vladimiris wesdeba, iaroslavis samarTali. didi mTavari aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasac axorcielebda, vinaidan administraciis meTaurad iTvleboda. didi mTavrebis umravlesoba SesaniSnavi sardlebi iyvnen da piradad xelmZRvanelobdnen sakuTar druJinebs, sxva tomebis an sxva saxelmwi-foebis winaaRmdeg mowyobil laSqrobebSi. magaliTad, didi mTavrebi olegi (bizantiis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda da sakuTari fari konstantinopolis karibWeze miaWeda, gamarjvebis niSnad), svaitoslavi igoris Ze (daiRupa paWanikebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, bizantiis waqezebiT, radgan erTdroulad bizantiasac ebrZoda da paWanikebsac), iaroslav brZeni (sakuTari Zmebis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda), vdadimir monomaxi (83 brZola hqonda gamarTuli). sagareo funqciebis ganxorcieleba ara mxolod iaraRis ZaliT, aramed diploatiuri gziTac xdeboda. kievis ruseTis diplomatiam mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia. man dado sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba _ savaWro, samxedro da sisxlis samarTlis sferoebSi. saerTa-Soriso xelSekrulebebi zepiri an werilobiTi formiT ideboda. ukve X saukuneSi kievis ruseTma saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi daamyara bizantiasTan, xazareTTan, bulgareTTan, germaniasTan, ungreTTan, variagebTan, paWanikebTan. diplomatiuri molaparakebebi TviT monarqis meTaurobiT warimarTeboda, kerZod didi mTavrina _ olRa piradad ewvia bizantias, Zvelrusul elCobasTan erTad. didi mTavrebi sasamarTlo funqciebsac axorcielebdnen. didi mTavris figura tomobrivi beladis Tanamdebobidan ganviTarda. Tumca, beladi maSin arCeviTi piri iyo. mas Semdeg, rac didi mTavari saxelmwifos meTauri gaxda, misi xelisufleba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda, daRmavali xazis mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenels (mamidan vaJi-Svils). Cveulebisamebr, didi mTvarebi mamakacebi iyvnen, Tumca gamonaklisic iyo _ didi mTavrina olRas saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi mTavrebi monarqebi iyvnen, maT, qveynis marTvisas, ar SeeZloT daaxloebuli pirebis gareSe, yvela funqciis ganxorcieleba. amitom Seiqmna didi mTavris sabWo, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom ar iyo iuridiulad gaformebuli, mainc seriozul gavlenas axdenda didi mTavris gadawyvetilebebze. am sabWoSi Sediodnen: mTavarTan daaxloebuli pirebi _ misi druJinis zedafena (mTavris kacebi). zogjer kievis ruseTSi ikribeboda boiarTa yrilobebi _ msxvili mebatoneebis sakrebulo, romelic wyvetda, mTavrebs Soris, warmoqmnil davebs da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. swored aseT yrilobaze

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miuRiaT iaroslaviCebis pravda _ Русская Правда-s vrceli variantis erTi nawili.

kievis ruseTSi arsebobda veCe _ Zveli saxalxo krebis modificirebuli varianti. mecnierebi daoben imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad gavleniani da qmediTi iyo veCe Zvel rusul saxelmwifoSi

(вече momdinareobs rusuli sityva _ вещать-говорить (saubari)). erTi ram udavoa: veCes aqtiu-

rad iyenebdnen novgorodis mmarTvelobaSi. Tavdapirvelad, kievis ruseTSi arsebobda mmarT-

velobis ricxobrivi sistema, aTeulebis mixedviT. es sistema ganviTarda samxedro organi-zaciidan, roca samxedro qvedanayofebis meTaurebi _ десяцкие, сотские, тысяцкие saxelmwifos met-naklebad msxvili rgolebis xelmZRvanelebi gaxdnen. kerZod, tisiackim SeinarCuna mxedarTmTavris funqcia, xolo socki gaxda qalaqis sasamarTlo _ administra-ciuli Tanam-debobis piri. mmarTvelobis aTeulobiTma sistemam jer ver moaxdina centraluri mmarTvelobidan adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis gamoyofa. Tumca, mogvianebiT aseTi diferen-cireba mainc moxda. centralur mmarTvelobaSi Camoyalibda e.w. votCinuri-sasaxluri mmarT-velobis sistema, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom didi mTavris sasaxlis mmarTveloba SeerTebuli iyo da gaigivda (faqtiurad) saxelmwifos marTvasTan. didi mTavris meurneobaSi mravlad iyo sxvadasxva saxis mosamsaxureebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos xelmZRvanelobdnen: saxlTuxucesebi, mejinibeebi, fareSebi da sxva. mogvainebiT, didi mTavari maT mmarTvelobis romelime sferos gadascemda da amis Semdeg didi mTavris piradi mosamsaxure _ saxelmwifo moRvawe, administratori xdeboda. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sistema Zalzed martivi iyo. calkeul samTavroTa mmarTveli _ adgilobrivi mTavrebis garda, centraluri aparatidan teritoriul erTeulebSi igzav-nebodnen e.w. namestnikebi da volostelebi, rogorc adgilobrivi moxeleebi. maT samsaxuris safasurad mosaxleoba e.w. “korms”- sakvebs aZlevda. aman Seuwyo xeli e.w. кормление-s sistemis Camoyalibebas. kievis ruseTis samxedro organizaciis safuZvels didi mTavris druJina warmoadgenda. is profesionali meomrebisgan Sedgeboda da Tumca, mcirericxovani iyo, mainc did Zalas warmoadgenda. monarqsa da druJinas Soris urTierTkavSiri da urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobda. druJina, Cveulebriv, mTavris mamulSi an mis irgvliv mdebare soflebSi cxovrobda da nebismier dros mzad iyo salaSqrod, romelSic is nadavlis xelSi Cagdebas lamobda. druJinikebi aramxolod meomrebi, aramed didi mTavris mrCevlebic iyvnen. ufrosi druJina warmoadgenda didgvarovanTa zedafenas, romelic didad ganapi-robebda mTavris politikas. didi mTavris vasalebsac hyavdaT sakuTari druJinebi, agreTve, laSqrobis dros, gamohyavdaT sakuTari mosamsaxureebi da yma-glexebi. TiToeul mamakacs SeeZlo iaraRis tareba, Tumca es iaraRi Zalzed martivi iyo. boiarTa da mTavarTa Svilebs ki ukve sami wlidan aswavlidnen cxenze jdomas, xolo 12 wlis asakidan isini, mamebTan erTad, laSqrobebSi monawileobdnen. qalaqebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi maTi centraluri nawili, cixe-simagreebad iyo gadaqceuli, romlebsac aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, aramxolod mTavris druJina, aramed qalaqis mTeli srulwlovani mosaxleoba erTad icavda. mTavrebi xSirad mimarTavdnen daqiravebuli jaris daxmarebas _ jer variagebis, mogvianebiT _ tramalebis momTabareebis saxiT. Zvelrusul saxelmwifoSi _ kievis ruseTSi jer kidev ar arsebobda specialuri sasamarTlo organoebi. sasamarTlo funqciebs axorcielebdnen administraciis esa Tu is warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris _ didi mTavari. Tumca, specialuri Tanamdebobis pirebic iyvnen, romlebic mTavars marTl-msajulebis aRsrulebaSi daxmarebas uwevdnen. maT Soris iyvnen virnikebi, romlebsac mkvlelobisTvis dagenili jarimis Segroveba evalebodaT. sasamarTlo funqciebis aRsruleba eklesiebsac evaleboda. moqmedebda mamulis (votCinas) sasamarTlo _ mebatones SeeZlo sakuTari yma-glexebis gasamarTleba, radgan mebatonis sasamarTlo uflebamosilebani misi saimuniteto uflebebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. saxelmwifos marTva, omebis warmoeba, mTavrisa da misi garemocvis piradi xarjebi, didi Tanxebis mobilizebas iTxovdnen. garda sakuTari mamulebidan (glexebis sabatono eqspluataciis Sedegad) miRebuli Semosavlebisa, mTavrebma SemoiRes xarkisa da gadasaxadebis dadgenis gansakuTrebuli sistema. xarks win uswrebda, tomis wevrebis mier, mTavrisa da misi druJinisaTvis nebayoflobiT mirTmeuli saCuqrebi. mogvianebiT, am saCuqrebma savaldebulo xasiaTi miiRes da gadasaxadad iqcnen. xolo TviT xarkis gadaxda damokidebulebis niSnad iqca. swored sityva дань (xarki) warmoiSva rusuli termini поданный _ qveSevrdomi, xarkis qveS myofi. Tavdapirvelad, xarkis akrefa полюдье-s gziT xdeboda, roca mTavrebi weliwadSi erTxel Semovlas awyobdnen sakuTari samflobeloebis farglebSi da uSualod agrovebdnen Semosavals, sakuTari qveSevrdomebisgan. didi mTavari igori sviatoslavis Ze swored aseTi poludies Segrovebas Seewira, drevlianTa miwaSi, radgan man yovelgvar dasaSveb zRvars gadaaWarba. am aqtma aiZula misi qvrivi _ mTavrina olRa moewesrigebina saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis akrefis

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sistema. man daadgina e.w. погост-ebi, xarkis akrefis specialuri punqtebi. Camoyalibda pirdapiri gadasaxadebis mravalferovani sistema, agreTve savaWro, sasamarTlo da sxva saxis baJi. gadasaxadebs ixdidnen, ZiriTadad, bewveuliT. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom gada-saxads mxolod naturaluri forma hqonda. ciyvisa da kvernis bewvi garkveuli fuladi erTeuli iyo. Zveli rusuli sazogadoebis politikuri sistemis mniSvnelovan elementad eklesia iqca, ro-melic mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saxelmwifosTan. Tavdapirvelad, vladimir sviatoslavis Zem moawesriga warmarTuli kulti, daadgina 6 RvTaebisagan Semdgari panTeoni, romlis saTa-veSi idga omisa da Weqa-quxilis RvTaeba _ peruni. xolo mogvianebiT, 990 wels man gaaqristiana kievis ruseTi, SemoiRo monoTeisturi sarwmunoeba, romelic qadagebda monarqis xelisuflebis RvTaebriv warmoSobasa da misdami upirobo morCilebas. qristianobis gavr-celebas didi winaaRmdegoba mohyva kievis ruseTis sxvadasxva regionSi, rasac aramxolod socialuri, aramed wminda religiuri motivic hqonda: xalxi saukuneebis manZilze mieCvia mama-papaTa rwmenas da ar surda, seriozuli mizezis gareSe, maszed uaris Tqma. qristianuli eklesiis saTaveSi mitropoliti idga, romelsac, Tavdapirvelad, bizantiis patriarqi, xolo mogvianebiT _ kievis didi mTavari niSnavda. calkeul miwebSi eklesiis meTaurebad episkoposebi iniSnebodnen.

$6. adreuli Sua saukuneebis samarTalganviTareba

1) barbarosuli samarTlis wyaroebi

adreuli Sua saukuneebis samarTlis Sesaxeb, yvelaze srulyofil warmodgenas e.w. `barba-rosuli samarTlis“ Zeglebi gvaZleven. am ZeglebSi Cawerili iyo mravalricxovani Cveulebebi, germanelTa Soris gavrcelebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis nimuSebi. samarT-lis Zeglebs Soris yvelaze Zveli `salikuri samarTali“ iyo, romelic xlodvigis mier iqna Sedgenili, V-VI saukuneebis mijnaze, agreTve “ripuarTa samarTali” _ sxva frankTa tomebis samarTali, romelic, ZiriTadSi, VI saukuneSi Camoyalibda; Tumca, cnobilia misi mxolod VII saukunis redaqcia. kidev erTi samarTlis wyaro vesTguTebis samarTali iyo, romlis pirveli sruli redaqcia VI-VII saukuneebSi Seiqmna. mis safuZvelSi devs vesTguTebis mefis _ erixis (466-489 ww.) ka-nonTa krebuli. es, is erixia, romelmac sakuTari samflobeloebi gaafarTova galiaSi da romis imperatorisagan damoukidebloba moipova. vesTguTebis Semdeg, sakuTari samarTali burgundebmac Seqmnes. am samarTlis Seqmnisas, burgundebi mimarTavdnen ara mxolod praq-tikul miznebs, aramed politikur-simboluri Sedegis miRwevas cdilobdnen; kerZod, romis imperatoris xelisuflebidan gaTavisuflebul teritoriaze, sakuTari batonobis ganmtki-cebis demonstrireba surdaT. mogvianebiT, VIII saukuneSi, alemanTa da bavarielTa samarTali, xolo VIII saukunis bolosa da IX saukunis dasawyisSi _ saqsonelTa da Tiurin-gelTa sa-marTali Seiqmna. “barbarosuli samarTli” iqmneboda mefeebis mier, yvelaze “cnobili” (episkoposebi, hercogebi, grafebi) admianebisa da “Sekrebili xalxis” Tana-monawileobiT, rogorc amis Sesaxeb weria alemanTa samarTalSi. Yyvela samarTlis wigni, romelic salikuri samarTlis Semdeg, ori-sami saukunis dagvianebiT Seiqmna, mTeli maTi arqaulobis miuxedavad, imaze momwmobs, rom maTSi asaxuli iyo sabatono urTierTobebis axali etapi. Tu salikuri samarTali frankTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebis im periods miekuTvneba, roca gvarovnuli kavSirebis procesi jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli, ar iyo damkvidrebuli miwaze sabatono sakuTreba, ufro gviandeli periodis samarTlis wignebSi dafiqsirda alodis _ rogorc miwis gasxvisebadi sakuTrebis, Camoyalibeba; ufro mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli socialuri diferencireba, TavisufalTa Soris damokidebulebis urTi-erTobebi da sxva. Tanac, yvela es samarTlis Zegli ganicdida romisa da saeklesio samarTlis mniSvnelovan gavlenas. “barbarosuli samarTlis“ ZeglebTan Sinaarsobrivi msgavseba gaaCniaT anglo-saqsuri Cveu-lebiTi samarTlis normebis werilobiT krebulebs, kerZod: etelbertis samarTali (VI s.), ines samarTali (daax. 690w.), etelstanis samarTali (Xs.), alfred didis samarTali (IX s.). gansakuTrebuli adgili ekuTvnis osTguTebis mefis _ Teodorixis kanonTa (ediqtebis) krebuls, romelic V saukuneSia dawerili. Mmisi Sinaarsi asaxavs im mniSvnelovan cvli-lebebs, romlebic ganxorcielda apeninebis naxevarkunZulze, osTguTebis samefos Seqmnis gansakuTrebuli pirobebis arsebobisas. am samarTlis Zeglis arsebiTi niSani is aris, rom, “barbarosuli samarTlis“ ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli (saerTo), moqmedebis personaluri principisgan gansxvavebiT, ediqti Tavis moqmedebas yvela im adamianze avrcelebda, romelic

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samefos teritoriaze cxovrobda, anu, osTguTebsa da romaelebs Soris, Tanabrad awesrigebda urTierTobebs. romis mimarT loialurobis damtkicebis mizniT, mefe moiTxovda, rom ediqtis mixedviT, ”mdidari da gamoCenili” adamianebis mimarT sasamarTloebs unda exelmZRvanelaT ediqtis normebiT. savaraudod, ediqtis SeqmnaSi monawileobdnen osTguTebisa da romaelTa warCinebulni. ediqti, rogorc odesRac XII tabulis kanonebi, brinjaos dafebze iyo dawerili da moedanze gamoifina, sayovelTao gacnobis mizniT. aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesiac aqtiurad ereoda samarTalSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi da gav-lenas axdenda saero “barbarosuli samarTlis” Zeglebis Sinaarsze. Aam mxriv, metad sainte-resoa anglo-saqsTa mefis _ alfred didis samarTali, romelSic miTiTebulia daTqma moses sjulze, kerZod _ qristianuli mcnebis iseT debulebaze, rogoricaa “Raribisa da mdidrisaTvis, megobrisa da mtrisTvis Tanabari samarTalis micema da sasa-marTlos ga-marTva”. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom saeklesio da saero kanonSemoqmedeba, sakuTar debulebebs bib-liidan (Zveli da axali aRTqma) iRebda. daskvnisaTvis: 1) “barbarosuli samarTlis” Zeglebi, sakuTar TavSi, asaxaven Zveli gvarovnuli urTierTobebis gadmonaSTebs da gamoxataven jer kidev germanelTa tomobriv TviTSegnebas; 2) am ZeglebSi pirovneba ar aris Camocilebuli koleqtivs, piris ufleba-unarianoba ganisazRvreboda gvaris, Temisadmi kuTvnilebiT. am koleqtivis farglebs gareT adamians araviTari uflebebi ar gaaCnda. Temidan, gvaridan, ojaxidan mokveTa yvelaze mZime sasjelad iTvleboda, salikuri samarTlis mixedviT; 3) pasuxismgeblobac pirs ekisre-boda, ama Tu im samarTaldarRvevisaTvis, ara individualurad, aramed im socialluri jgufis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac is miekuTvneboda; 4) barbarosTa tomobriv SegnebasTan dakavSirebuli iyo normebis moqmedebis personaluri xasiaTi, rac pirdapir iyo dafiq-sirebuli `barbarosuli samarTlis~ ZeglebSi: salikuri frankebi xelmZRvanelobdnen mxo-lod sakuTari `salikuri samarTlis~ normebiT, xolo ripuariebi _ sakuTari ripuaruli, bavarielebi _ bavarielTa, alemanebi _ alemanebis samarTliT. bizantiur sasamarTloebSi iustinianes kodifikaciis gamoyeneba xSirad did winaaRmdegobebs xvdeboda. kodifikaciis rigi debulebani moZvelda, Tumca mTavari is aris, rom maTi udidesi nawili Zalzed rTuli da miuwvdomeli iyo imperiis mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis. amis gamo, VI-VII saukuneebSi bizantielma iuristebma praqtikuli miznebisaTvis Seadgines iustinianes kanonmdeblobis gamartivebuli komentarebi berZnul enaze parafrazebis (moTxro-bebis), indeqsebis (miTiTebebis), sqoliebis (saswavlo SeniSvnebis) saxiT. farTo gavrceleba moipoves iustinianes instituciebis parafrazebma, romlebic Seadgina Teofanem berZnul enaze studenti iuristebisaTvis, agreTve stefanes sqoliebma, romlebSic Sevida iustinianes digestebis cnobis indeqsebi. iustinianes kodifikaciidan amoRebuli amonaridebis safuZvelze bizantielma iuristebma Seadgines praqtikuli krebulebi, romlebic Seicavdnen xelSek-rulebebis CamonaTvalsa da nimuSebs, sarCelebis formulirebas.

2) VIII-XIV saukuneebis bizantiuri samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaroebi

VII-VIII saukuneebis mijnaze bizantiis samarTlis sistema ganicdis seriozul kriziss, romelic gamowveuli iyo ekonomikuri sistemis moSliT, qalaqebis daqveiTebiT, saxelmwifo miwebze barbarosebis gansaxlebiT, arabebis SemoWriT. swored am dros nel-nela mTavrdeba bizantiuri samarTlis gvianantikuridan Suasaukunobriv samarTalSi gardaqmnis procesi. VIII saukuneSi saerTo ekonomikuri da kulturuli aRmavlobis Sedegad kvlav gamococxlda bizantieli imperatorebis sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba da skolebis moRvaweoba. Tumca, am etapze seriozul problemas warmoadgenda romis samarTlis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis ena da maTi gamoyeneba sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, vinaidan bizantiis berZnul-slavur saxel-mwifod gadaqcevam moiTxova iustinianes krebulSi arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebis Setana da misi ZiriTadi debulebebis ufro martivi da Semoklebuli formiT gadmocema. 726 wels (zogierTi cnobiT 741 wels) xatTmebrZoli imperatoris leon isavrielis zeobaSi gamoica ekloga (rCeuli kanonebi), romelmac xeli Seuwyo bizantiuri samarTlis ganvi-Tarebis axal etaps. eklogas Semdgenlebma SeinarCunes iustinianes kodifikaciidan samarT-lebrivi masalis mxolod mciredi nawili, amitom is Sedgeba mxolod 18 momcro titulisagan, romelTagan zogierTi tituli Sedgeboda mxolod TiTo muxlisagan. eklogas qvesaTaurSivea miTiTebuli, rom is warmoadgens ,,didi iustinianes” kanonmdeblobis Sesworebasa da Semok-lebas, ,,didi adamianuri suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli”. xatTmebrZolma frazeologiam asaxva pova eklogas Sesaval nawilSi, sadac saubaria ,,WeSmariti samarTlianobiT” xelmZRva-nelobis Sesaxeb, rac imas gulisxmobda, rom ara mxolod sityviT unda gamoxatuliyo

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eklogis mimarT aRtaceba”, aramed saqmiT unda damtkicebuliyo uqonelTa da RaribTa daxma-rebis survili. ekloga specialur (VIII) tituls uZRvnis monobas. masSi gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisufali adamianebis monadqcevis SemTxvevebi (dezertirebi), Tumca, ZiriTadad, aqcenti gadatanilia monaTa gaTavisuflebis axal xerxebze (maTi gaazateba eklesiaSi gaSvebiT), rac pirdapir asaxavda Sua saukuneebis periodSi sabatono urTierTobis Camoyalibebas. eklogaSi, sruli moculobiT gamovlinda qristianuli religiisa da zneobis debulebebis gamoyeneba da amitom saxarebis calkeuli dogmebi asabuTebda samarTlebrivi debulebebis moTxovnebs. gansakuTrebiT siRrmiseuli iyo qristianuli ideebis gavlena saojaxo samarTlis normebze (I-VII titulebi). Tumca, eklogas ukiduresma simcirem, masSi mniSvnelovani institutebis ararsebobam (sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena da gasxviseba, xandazmuloba) sagrZnoblad Seaferxa misi gamo-yenebis SesaZlebloba sasamarTloebSi, ris gamoc xSirad mimarTavdnen uSualod iustinianes kodifikacias. amitom eklogas zogierT nusxaSi Sesulia damatebebis saxiT saadgilmamulo, sazRvao da samxedro kanonebi. maT Soris yvelaze didi mniSvnelobisaa saadgilmamulo kanoni, romelic Tavisi arsiT emsgavseboda dasavleT-evropul ,,barbarosuli samarTlis” Zeglebs. is avsebda eklogis arsebiT xarvezs: awesrigebda sasoflo TemebSi Camoyalibebul urTierTobebs, romlebic did rols TamaSobdnen VIII saukunis bizantiuri sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. ganasxvavebdnen saadgilmamulo kanonis or ZiriTad versias (redaqcias): adreulsa (yvelaze faseuli rogorc CveulebiTi samarTlis wyaro) da gviandels, romelic asaxavda socialuri diferencirebis ufro Rrma xarisxs. adreuli versiis Sedgenis dro da adgili sadaoa. zogierTi mkvlevari maT miakuTvnebs VII saukunis bolos, sxvebi ki amtkiceben, rom is Sedgenilia samxreT italiaSi. Tumca, gabatonebulia is azri, rom saadgilmamulo kanoni Sed-genilia konstantinopolSi isavrieli imperatorebis periodSi VIII saukunis 20-an wlebSi, TiTqmis eklogis SeqmnisTanave, rogorc misi danarTi, rac iwvevda mis xSir gadaweras. saadgilmamulo kanoni iyo kerZo kompilacia, Tumca mogvianebiT man moipova oficialuri aRiareba. kanonis adreuli redaqcia Sedgeboda 85 muxlisgan da mas ar axasiaTebda Sinastruqtura (CveulebiTi samarTlis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba). saadgilmamulo kanoni bizantiaSi moqmedebda mTeli misi istoriis manZilze. eklogis sxva danarTebidan didi mniSvneloba hqonda sazRvao kanons, romelsac dasavleT evropaSi icnobdnen rodosis sazRvao kanonis saxelwodebiT. am krebulis Sedgena moxda VII-VIII saukuneebSi. masSi Tavmoyrilia CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi, romlebic Camoyalibda antikuri da Sua saukuneebis periodis sazRvao vaWrobis praqtikaSi da nawilobriv gadamuSavebuli iyo romae-li iuristebis mier. sazRvao kanoni Seicavda wesebs, romlebic exeboda gemebis marTvas, tvir-Tis gadazidvasa da mgzavrebis gadayvanas, zRvaSi tvirTis gadayras saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi, gemTmflobelsa da tvirTis mepatrones Soris gadaziduli tvirTidan miRebuli mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebas. am krebulis calkeuli normebi gamoiyeneboda saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi TviT XV saukunemde. bizantiuri samarTlis Semdgomi ganviTareba dakavSirebulia makedonelTa dinastiis imperatorTa sakanonmdeblo saqmianobasTan, kerZod basili I da leon VIII-Tan. maT gaauqmes ekloga, romelic Sedgenili iyo maTi politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis (xatTmebrZoli impera-torebis) mier. basili pirvelma brZana kvlav gadaemuSavebinaT iustinianes krebuli, kerZod misgan amoiRes moZvelebuli debulebebi, axsnes rTulad gasagebi iuridiuli terminebi da Targmnes isini berZnulad. am sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis Sedegi iyo 879 wels gamocemuli proxironi, romelic momdevno saukuneebSic iyo bizantiuri samarTlis yvelaze avtori-tetuli wyaro. proxironi, eklogasTan SedarebiT, iyo ufro vrceli kanonTa krebulia (damatebiT masSi Seitanes 17 tituli), Tumca misi iuridiuli teqnika (samarTlebrivi masalis ganlagebis sistematiuroba da redaqcia) CamorCeboda eklogas. proxironis SesavalSi weria, rom ekloga aris ara ,,rCeuli”, aramed ,,Seryvnili” kanonebi, Tumca, basili I-ma misgan gadmoiRo sisxlis samarTlis mTeli rigi debulebani. proxironSi Setanili cvlilebebi ar iyo arsebiTi, xolo kerZo samarTlis sakiTxebSi is sul ufro metad iustinianes kanon-mdeblobisaken ixreboda _ Cuqeba qmarsa da cols Soris, mziTvis reJimi, gaazatebulTa anderZi. Tumca, proxironma asaxa IX saukunis bizantiuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis axali pirobebi. masSi ufro dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli saxelSekrulebo samarTali (amxanagobis xelSekrulebis SemuSaveba, pirdapir akrZala sesxis sasyidliani xelSekruleba), saojaxo samarTalSi (SemoiRes winasaqorwino saCuqari) Sesuli cvlilebebi. proxironis Sedgenidan cota xanSi (884-886w.w.) imperator basili I-isa da misi TanammarTveli vaJebis saxeliT gamoica axali saxelmZRvanelo samarTlisaTvis, romelsac agreTve hqonda mizani ,,ganewmindaT Zveli kanonebi” da SeemsubuqebinaT im samarTliT sargebloba, romelic Camoyalibebuli iyo iustinianes kodifikaciaSi. am saxelmZRvanelom moipova epanagogas (anu

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gadamuSavebuli gameorebis) saxelwodeba. struqturis mixedviT, epanagoga misdevda iusti-nianes digestebs, imeorebda proxironisa da eklogas mraval debulebas. epanagogas kompi-laciurobis miuxedavad, is ufro zustad asaxavda, xolo zogierT detalSi axleburad aya-libebda kerZo samarTlis sakiTxebs. Tumca, yvelaze arsebiTi iyo is cvlilebebi, romlebic epanagogam Seitana sajaro samarTlis sferoSi. Camoyalibda axali debulebebi patriarqis xelisuflebis, samRvdeloebis uflebebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic aisaxa saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis (marTlmadidebluri eklesiisa da saxelmwifos) urTierT-damokidebulebis sakiTxi.

3) kievis ruseTis samarTlis wyaroebi

kievis ruseTis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas Tan sdevda Zvelrusuli samarTlis sistemis formirebis procesi. samarTlis uZvelesi wyaro CveulebiTi samarTali iyo, romelic jer kidev gvarovnuli wyobilebis dros moqmedebda da, politikurad mowyobil sazogadoebaSi, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Tavdapirvel regulatorad iqca. Tumca, X saukunidan kievis ruseTSi daiwyo mTavrebis kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa vladimir sviatoslavis Zisa da iaroslav brZenis wesdebebs, romlebic awesrigebdnen safi-nanso, saojaxo da sisxlissamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi momxdar mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. kievis ruseTis yvelaze did da mniSvnelovan wyarod e.w. Русская Правда iTvleboda, romlis moqmedeba da iuridiuli Zala momdevno periodebSic iqna SenarCunebuli. Русская Правда-s Seqmnis istoria sakmaod rTulia. misi uZvelesi nawilis warmoSobis TariRi dRemde mecnierTa diskusias iwvevs. zogierTi avtori Tvlis, rom samarTlis es Zegli VII saukuneSi Seiqmna. Tumca, mecnierTa umravlesoba “pravdis” Seqmnas iaroslav brZenis kanonSemoqmedebas miawers. sadaoa am nawilis gamocemis adgilic. mematiane aseT adgilad novgorods miiCnevs; Tumca, mecnierTa umravlesoba misi gamocemisa da gavrcelebis adgilad rusuli miwebis centrs _ kievs Tvlis. Русская Правда-s uZveless teqsts Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. Tumca, cnobi-lia, rom XI saukunis meore naxevarSi iaroslav brZenis vaJiSvilebma es teqsti arsebiTad ganavrces da masSi cvlilebebic Seitanes, riTac Seiqmna e.w. Правда Ярославичей. mogvianebiT, gadamwerTa mier teqstSi gaerTianebulma Правда Ярослава и Правда Ярославичей-bis teqstebma dasabami misces Краткая редакция Русской Правды _ mcire redaqcias. vladimir monomaxma moaxdina am kanonis kidev ufro arsebiTi gadamuSaveba, ris Sedegad Seiqmna e.w. Пространная редакция Русской Правды _ vrceli redaqcia. modevno saukuneebSi iqmneboda Русская Правда-s axali redaqciebi, romelTa ricxvi eqvsamde gaizarda. yvela es redaqcia Cvenamde moRweulia matianeTa da sxvadasxva iuridiuli krebulebis teqstebis meSveobiT, romlebic, rasakvir-velia, xelnaweri teqsti iyo. “pravdas” aseTi xelnaweri teqstebis raodenoba erT aseuls aRwevs. maT, Cveulebriv, is saxelwodeba eniWeba, Tu sad an vis mier aris aRmoCenili esa Tu is xelnaweri, kerZod: akademiuri nusxa, troicis nusxa, karamzinisseuli nusxa da sxva. qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg, kievis ruseTSi Camoyalibda kanoni-kuri samarTali, romelic, ZiriTadad, bizantiur kanonmdeblobas efuZneboda. kanonebisa da CveulebiTi samarTlis erToblioba hqmnida Zveli rusuli samarTlis sakmaod ganviTarebul sistemas, romelic aSkarad ufleba-privilegiebis princips akanonebda, anu kanoni pirdapir iTvaliswinebda, samarTlis winaSe, adamianTa uTanasworobas, rac, rasakvirvelia, socialuri mdgomareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod, xolopebi saerTod moklebuli iyvnen raime uf-lebas. sakmaod SezRuduli iyo smerdebisa da zakupebis (riadoviCebis) uflebaunarianoba. samagierod, sazogadoebis zedafenis samarTlebrivi privy-legiebis dacva, saxelmwifos mxri-dan uzrunvelyofili iyo.

$7. qonebrivi urTierTobebi da valdebulebiTi samarTali adreuli Sua saukuneebis periodSi

1) `barbarosuli samarTlis” sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTali ,,barbarosuli samarTali” misi warmoSobis droidan gamomdinare asaxavs SuasaukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakuTrebis uflebis institutis Camoyalibebis da ganviTarebis process miwaze _ rogorc warmoebis ZiriTad saSualebas, amave dros yalibdeba saxelSekrulebo da

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memkvidreobiTi samarTali. salikur samarTalSi, romelic asaxavda antagonisturi sazoga-doebis yvelaze adreuli socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri procesebis ganviTarebas jer kidev ver vxvdebiT sakuTrebis uflebis abstraqtul cnebas. moZrav nivTebs, romlebic miekuTvneboda calkeuli pirebisa da ojaxebis sakuTrebas, aRniS-navdnen terminiT sakuTari ,,suus~, gansxvavebiT terminisa ,,sxvisi” (,,alienus~). frankebi moZrav qonebas SeuzRudavad gankargavdnen, gadascemdnen memkvidreobiT gardacvlilis ojaxis erT-erT wevrs an dedisa da mamis mxridan axlo naTesavs. salikuri samarTlis mravali norma exeba kerZo sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas moZravi nivTebis sxvadasxva saxeze. es wyaro mraval normas uTmobs msxvilfexa saqonlis qurdobis, aseve wvrilfexa saqonlis, ZaRlebis, mtredebis, futkrebis mitacebis sxvadasxva faqtis dawvrilebiT ganxilvas. mesaqonleobas ekava umTavresi adgili germanelTa meurneobaSi. saqoneli iTvleboda ojaxis keTildReobis simbolod, es iyo ojaxis is simdidre, romelic mas SeeZlo Tan waeRo uecari gadasaxlebis, an gaqcevis dros. saqonels (pirutyvs) iyenebdnen gacvlis saSualebad, fuladi angariSsworebis eqvivalentad. ori-sami solidi Rirda frankebSi ,,janmrTeli, rqosani Zroxa”. sxvagvarad ganamtkicebs salikuri samarTali im miwaze uflebebs, romelic ganekuTvneboda ojaxs. ganasxvavebdnen miwis nakveTebis Semdeg nairsaxeobebs: sakarmidamo nakveTi, saxnavi, saZovari da tye. ZeglebSi xSirad meordeba Semoraguli nakveTi da is mniSvnelovani jarima, romelic ekisreboda Robis momSlels an misTvis cecxlis wamkidebels. sacxovrebels, ezos teritorias, sakarmidamo nakveTs, rogorc saojaxo sakuTrebas didi mniSvnelobas aniWebda ss-ic. aq modioda kreditori, raTa moeTxova vali movalisaTvis, gamoeZaxa mopasuxe sasamarTloSi. maRali jarima iyo dadgenili ara marto qurdobisaTvis saxlis an ezos farglebSi, aramed am teritoriaze ubralod daukiTxavad gadasvlisaTvis mzis Casvlis Semdeg. qurdoba, romelsac Tan sdevda karmidamoze Tavdasxma, mcveli ZaRlebis daxocva, urmiT an marxiliT saojaxo qonebis didi nawilis gataceba isjeboda vergeldiT 200 solidis ode-nobiT, rac udrida Tavisufali frankis mkvlelobisaTvis dadgenil gadasaxads. saxnavi miwis nakveTis (alodis) kerZo mflobelobaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb metyvelebs salikuri samarTali. gansxvavebulia damokidebuleba im saxnavi miwis, mindvrebis, saZovrebis, tyeebis mimarT, romlebic jer kidev saTemo sakuTrebaSi rCeboda. salikuri samarTali sjida TviT saxnavi nakveTis, saxl-karis mepatronis Tanxmobis gareSe gadakveTis faqts. xolo, Tu ucxo piri Sevidoda gamoyofil saTemo mindorSi an gaTibavda iq balaxs, es ar iTvleboda danaSaulad da is mxolod kargavda moTibul balaxs. salikur samarTalSi araferia naTqvami miwis yidva-gayidvaze. miwis memkvidreobiT gadacemis instituti mxolod Canasaxis mdgomareobaSia. miwa gardacvlilis mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidres gadaecema. titulSi ,,alodis” Sesaxeb saerTod araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis gadaecemoda saxnavi, Tu gardacvlils ar darCeboda vaJiSvilebi. savaraudod, es saxnavi gamocxaddeboda beiTalman qonebad da gadadioda gvaris saerTo sakuTrebaSi. sxvagvarad wydeboda aRniSnuli sakiTxi VI saukuneSi. mefe hilperikis ediqtiT, miwis memkvidreobiT gadacema daiSveboda gardacvlilis vaJiSvilebsa da qaliSvilebze, aseve mis debsa da Zmebze. amave dros iwyeba saZovrebisa da tyis masivebis gadasvla calkeul pirTa alodialur sakuT-rebaSi. imis Sesaxeb, rom frankebSi jer kidev SenarCunebulia saTemo sakuTreba miwaze, mowmoben ss-is sxva titulebic, kerZod, gadasaxlebulTa Sesaxeb. gadasaxlebisaTvis saWiro iyo yvela meTemis Tanxmoba. Tu erTi maTganic uars ityoda, gadmosaxlebuli tovebda nakveTs da Tems. aRsaniSnavia, rom grafi, romelic aRasrulebda saTemo samarTlis gadawyvetilebas gadmosax-lebulis Temidan gaZevebis Sesaxeb, midioda ara mis saxlSi, aramed mis mier dakavebul sakarmidamo nakveTSi. Tumca ss-ma icoda am wesidan gamonaklisic: Tu erTi weli da erTi dRe piri icxovrebda Temis teritoriaze da mas ar eyoleboda Temidan mowinaaRmdege, maSin is samudamod rCeboda Temis teritoriaze Sedavebis uflebis gareSe. mogvianebiT, kerZo miwaTmflobelobam moipova farTo xasiaTi. alemanTa da bavarielTa samarTali adasturebs farTod gavrcelebul saeklesio miwaTmflobelobas. saCuqrad miRe-buli miwa samudamod rCeboda eklesiis sakuTrebaSi. bavarielTa samarTali dabejiTebiT da xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom samomavlod veravin daarRvevs eklesiisaTvis naCuqar miwis nakveTze sakuTrebis uflebas da orive Zegli kategoriulad ukrZalavs mCuqeblis memkvidreebs gaasa-Civron Cuqebis aqti. kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadadis ara marto mindori, saTibi, aramed tyec, romelic gamoeyofa konkretul ojaxs. germanuli samarTali saerTod ar cnobs anderZiT memkvidreobas. sava-raudod, gardacvlilis sakuTreba ekuTvnoda ojaxs, gvars. salikur samarTalSi am xarvezis aRmosafxvrelad gamoiyeneboda e.w. aTatomiis instituti _ Cuqebis Taviseburi xelSekruleba, romelic mesame piris sasargeblod ideboda. aTatomiis arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mesa-

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kuTre Tavis qonebas an mis nawils gadascemda ndobiT aRWurvil pirs, romelic ar iyo misi naTesavi, im pirobiT, rom is 1 wlis Semdeg am qonebas gadascemda daniSnul memkvidres. aTa-tomia xorcieldeboda sajarod _ aseulis krebis msvlelobisas, tunginis TavmjdomareobiT, simboluri proceduris mkacri dacvis pirobebSi (memkvidreebisaTvis qonebis gadacemiT) da mefis winaSe, an sasamarTlos sxdomaze _ ficis dadebiT, sul mcire sami mowmis mier. TandaTanobiT anderZiT memkvidreobam mainc moikida fexi, gansakuTrebiT mefe Teodorihis ediqtis ZaliT. qristianobis damkvidrebis Semdeg gardacvlilis qoneba gadaecemoda eklesias, ,,saRvTo saqmeebisa da gardacvlilis sulis mosaxseneblad”. es Cuqeba sikvdilis Semdeg (post obitum) farTod gavrcelda frankebsa da anglo-saqsebTan, Tumca ar iyo anderZi sityvis sruli gagebiT. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi: _ ver moipoves farTo gavrceleba frankebTan, rac, zogadad, damaxasiaTebelia germanuli sazogadoebis samarTlisaTvis, romelSic cnobilia mciremiwiani naturaluri saglexo meurneobis arseboba, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis susti ganvi-TarebiT. ss-Si ar gvxvdeba miTiTeba xelSekrulebis namdvilobis zogad pirobebze, Tumca Tavisufali nebis gamovlineba mxareebis mier savaldebuloa iseTi xelSekrulebebis dadebis dros, rogorebicaa: nasyidoba, gacvla, Senaxvis xelSekruleba, giravnoba, sesxi, Cuqeba. nebis gamovlena xdeboda meore pirisaTvis karebis gadacemiT saxlis yidvis dros. faqtobrivi mflobeli valdebulia daamtkicos, rom man moZravi nivTi iyida an gadacvala, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isjeba, rogorc qurdi. xelSekrulebis darRveva iwvevda movalis ara marto qonebriv, aramed pirad pasuxismgeblobas. movale xdeboda kreditoris mona. bavarielTa samarTliT, kreditoris mona xdeboda movalis coli, an Svilebi. 2) sakuTrebis ufleba da valdebulebiTi samarTali, kievis ruseTis samarTlis mixedviT Zvelrusuli kanonmdebloba icnobda, qonebrivi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli, samarTlis normebis sakmaod vrcel sistemas. kanonebSi asaxuli iyo sakuTrebis ufleba, Tumca, samar-Tali jer ar icnobda sakuTrebis uflebis abstraqtul cnebas. samarTlebrivad daculi iyo rogorc uZravi, ise moZravi qoneba. Sua saukuneebSi mebatone aRWurvili iyo sruli sakuTrebis uflebiT _ warmoebis saSualebebze da SezRuduli sakuTrebis uflebiT, muSa xelis (yma-glexebis) mimarT. amavdroulad, mebatonisagan damokidebuli glexic aRWurvili iyo garkveuli uflebiT warmoebis im saSualebebze, romelic mas sakuTari mebatonisagan hqonda miRebuli. Tumca, sanacvlod, glexi mebatones sakmaod vrcel gadasaxadebs uxdida. valdebulebiTi samarTali icnobda saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebsa da zianis miyenebidan warmoSobil valdebulebebs. mag., adamianisaTvis sxeulebrivi zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi, samarTaldamrRvevi, garda sisxlissamarTlebrivi jarimisa, valdebuli iyo aenazRaurebina dazaralebulis mkurnalobis xarjebi (saaqimo gadasaxadi). rusi mecnieri s.v. iuSkovi Tvlida, rom Zvelrusul samarTalSi, zianis miyenebidan warmoSobil valdebulebebze, sau-bari SeuZlebelia, radgan isini TiTqos danaSaulTan yofiliyos Serwymuli. Tumca, es mosazreba mcdaria, vinaidan danaSauli da kerZo deliqtebi cal-calke arsebobdnen, damou-kidebeli samarTlebrivi institutebis saxiT. zogjer ki (rogorc magaliTSi iyo naxsenebi), erTmaneTs marTlac ganavrcobdnen. Zveli rusuli valdebulebiTi samarTlisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli iyo, miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis gavrceleba aramxolod xelmyofis qonebis, aramed misi pirovnebis mimarTac. zogjer ki adgili hqonda koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principis moqmedebas, kerZod: movalis colisa da Svilebis mimarT, anu valauvali movale ojaxianad xolopad iyideboda. Русская Правда icnobda xelSekrulebaTa garkveul sistemas. yvelaze srulyofilad mowesrigebuli iyo sesxis xelSekruleba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo 1113 wlis kievis ajanyebiT, mevaxSeebis winaaRmdeg. boiarebis mier kievis taxtze mowveulma didma mTavarma vladimir monomaxma mTeli rigi RonisZiebani gaatara, raTa moewesrigebina savalo procentebi da SeezRuda mevaxSeTa zRvargadasuli moTxovnebi. kanoni sesxis obieqtad miiC-nevda aramxolod fuls, aramed purs da Taflsac. kievis ruseTSi cnobili iyo sesxis sami nairsaxeoba: 1. Cveulebrivi (sayofacxovrebo) sesxi; 2. gamartivebuli formalobebiT, vaWrebs Soris dadebuli sasesxo garigeba; 3. TviTdakabalebiT _ zakupobiT dadebuli sasesxo garigeba. kanoni gulisxmobda procentebis sxvadasxva saxes, sesxis vadis gaTvaliswinebiT. Русская Правда-Si naxsenebia nasyidoba _ yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba. kanons, gansakuTrebiT, ainteresebda xolopebisa da naqurdali nivTebis yidva-gayidva. istoriulad, yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba gacvlis xelSekrulebidan ganviTarda, vinaidan, arsebiTad yidva-gayidva sxva araferia, Tu ara nivTebis fulze gacvla. Русская Правда-Si gacvlis xelSekruleba naxsenebi ar aris. Znelad dasajerebelia, rom kievis ruseTSi gacvla ar xdeboda, magram, vinaidan gac-

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vla Zalzed martivi da yvelasaTvis advilad gasagebi qmedebaa, kanonma saWirod ar CaTvala misi samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba. memkvidreobiTi samarTals axasiaTebda aSkara socialuri uTanasworobis principi, rac Tavidanve kanonmdeblis mier iyo dadgenili. kerZod, boiarebisa da druJinikebis qonebis memkvidreobaze ufleba maT qaliSvilebsac eniWebodaT, xolo smerdis qonebis memkvidreobis ufleba mxolod maT vaJiSvilebs hqondaT. uZeod gadavardnili smerdis qoneba amovardnilad (beiTalman) qonebad cxaddeboda da mTavris xazinaSi Cairicxeboda. mecnierTa Soris sadaoa sakiTxi kievis ruseTSi anderZiT memkvidreobis arsebobis Sesaxeb. mecnierTa erTi nawili samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom anderZiT memkvidreobas namdvilad hqonda adgili kievis ruseTSi, amasve miuTiTebs kanonmdeblobac da sasamarTlo praqtikac. anderZi, rasakvirvelia, zepiri formiT ideboda. kanonismieri memkvidreobis dros (anderZis ar arsebobisas), upiratesoba gardacvlilis vaJiSvilebs eniWebodaT. Tu vaJiSvilebi saxeze iyvnen, qalebs araferi ergebodaT. memkvidreebi movaleni iyvnen uzrunvelyoT gasaTxovari debis gaTxoveba da maTTvis mziTevis micema. samkvidro masa Tanabrad iyofoda; Tumca, umcross Zmas upiratesoba eniWeboda _ is mamis kar-midamos memkvidre xdeboda. qorwinebis gareSe Sobili bavSvebi moklebuli iyvnen samemkvidreo uflebebs. xolo, Tu maTi deda mona-qali (mxevali) _ роба-наложница iyo, bavSvebi dedasTan erTad gaazatebas eqvemdebarebodnen. kanonmdeblobaSi araferia naTqvami aRmavali xaziT naTesavebis samemkvidreo uflebebze (mSoblebi Svilebis mier datovil samkvidroze), agreTve _ gverdiTi xazis memkvidreebis Sesaxeb (debi, Zmebi). sxva wyaroebi iZlevian safuZvels, rom aRmavali xazis naTesavTa memkvidreoba saerTod gamoiricxos, xolo gverdiTi xazisa _ daiSvas. kanoni arafers ambobs, qmris mier, colis qonebis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb; Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom arc coli iyo qmris memkvidre, miuxedavad imisa, rom qals SeeZlo saerTo qonebis gankargva manam, vidre ar moxdeboda Svilebs Soris samkvidro masis ganawileba. Tu qoneba gaiyofoda memkvidreebs Soris, qvrivad darCenili coli iRebda garkveul Tanxas, sarCos saxiT. Tumca, meored gaTxovebis SemTxvevaSi, mas aRaraferi erge-boda pirveli qmris qonebidan.

$8. qorwineba da ojaxi

`barbarosuli samarTlis~ mixedviT, ojaxi _ patriarqaluria. mis saTaveSi dgas mama, ojaxSi wevrebad Sedian daRmavali, gverdiTi xazis naTesavebi, RviZli da naxevar da-Zma, maTi co-lebi. ojaxSi erT WerqveS cxovrobdnen am ojaxis mosamsaxureebi da maTi SeiaraRebuli dac-vac ki. Tumca, mamis xelisufleba sulac ar iyo iseTi farTo, rogorc romSi: is gvagonebda mkacr da mudmiv meurveobas colze, qaliSvilsa da vaJiSvilze. vaJiSvilze meurveoba mTavr-deboda, mis mier 12 wlis asakis miRweviT. qorwinebas win uswrebda, sapatarZlos da sasiZos mSoblebs Soris, SeTanxmeba. qaliSvilis an gaTxovili qalis motaceba isjeboda jarimiT. gauTxovari qali germanelebSi sargeblobda garkveuli damoukideblobiT. Tumca qvriv qals ar SeeZlo meored gaTxoveba sasamarTlos Tanxmobis gareSe da garkveuli Tanxis (reipus) ga-dauxdelad gardacvlili qmris naTesavebis sasargeblod, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is ixdida jarimas _ 63 solids. VII-IX saukuneebSi qristianobam, 744 wels Sarl didis kapitulariT akrZala ganqorwineba, romelic salikuri samarTlisTvisac ucnobia, Tumca Tavisufali iyo germanuli Cveulebebis mixedviT. ganqorwinebisaTvis ar iyo saWiro naTesavebis Tanxmoba da arc sxva formaluri safuZveli. qorwineba qristianobam wminda saidumlod gamoacxada. qorwineba xdeboda mxolod eklesiaSi da ar daiSveboda ganmeorebiTi qorwineba. kievis ruseTSi saojaxo samarTali ganviTarda, kanonikuri samarTlis mixedviT. saojaxo samarTlis evolucia or etapad unda ganvixiloT: a) warmarTul periodSi da b) qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg. warmarTobis dros xdeboda colis motaceba; dasaSvebi iyo mravalcolianoba. Повесть временных лет-i saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom qmars erTdroulad 2-3 colis hyolac SeeZlo. didi mTvari vladimir sviatoslavis Ze ganTqmuli iyo imiT, rom erTdroulad xuT colisa da ramdenime aseuli mxevalis batoni iyo. gaqristianebis Semdeg dadginda saojaxo samarTlis axali principebi: monogamia, gan-qorwinebis garTuleba, qorwinebis gareSe Sobili bavSvebis uufleboba, da bizantiidan Semosuli mkacri sasjeli mruSobisa da siZvis gamo. bizantiuri samarTlis gavleniT, dadginda qorwinebis asaki: 12 -13 weli sapatarZlosaTvis, 14-15 weli _ sasiZosaTvis. rusul praqtikaSi qorwineba ufro adreul asakSic xdeboda. amitom, saWiro iyo mSoblebis Tanxmoba,

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qorwinebaSi SemsvlelTaTvis. qorwinebas win uswrebda niSnoba, romelsac savaldebulo mniSvneloba da iuridiuli Sedegebi hqonda. qorwineba saeklesio wesiT xdeboda da eklesiSi registrirdeboda. saeklesio registracias eqvemdebareboda samoqalaqo mdgomareobis sxva aqtebic: adamianis dabadeba da gardacvaleba, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdida eklesiis Semosavlebs da adamianebze gavlenis mopovebis arsebiTi saSualebac iyo. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantiurma samarTalma kievis ruseTis saojaxo urTierTobebze didi gavlenis mopoveba ver SesZlo. meuRleebs Soris qonebrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxis gadawyveta mTlad naTlad ar momxdara. savaraudod, cols garkveuli qonebrivi damoukidebloba mainc hqonda SenarCunebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, kanoni uSvebda meuRleebs Soris qonebrivi davebis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas. coli sakuTrebis uflebas inarCunebda mziTevze da SeeZlo mziTevi SvilebisaTvis memkvid-reobiT gadaeca. Svilebi mSoblebis, gansakuTrebiT mamis, xelisuflebaSi Sediodnen. mamas maTze SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba hqonda.

$9. danaSauli da sasjeli, “barbarosuli samarTlis” mixedviT

“barbarosuli samarTlis” muxlebis didi nawili eZRvneba danaSaulsa da sasjels. deliq-tis _ danaSaulis qveS, barbarosuli samarTliT, igulisxmeba, upirveles yovlisa, wyena, zia-nis miyeneba, romelic pirovnebasa da mis qonebas adgeboda samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi da is “samefo mSvidobis” darRvevad miiCneoda. Sesabamisad, sasjelis qveS igulisxmeboda anazRaureba, kompensacia wyenisa, Tu zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad, barbarosulma samarTalma ar gadmoiRo Zvelromauli sisxlis samarTlis normebi, romlebSic farTod iyo gamoyenebuli sikvdiliT dasja, rac dakavSirebuli iyo ufro sxva (vidre romaelebTan) sasjelis miznebTan da amocanebTan. germanelebTan kompoziciis, jarimis mTavari mizani iyo pirdapiri sabrZolo moqmedebebis, SurisZiebis, samomavlo SinabrZolebis, klanebs, sasaxleebs, gvarebs Soris dapirispirebis Tavidan acileba, rac warmoiSveba xolme e.w. “Rirsebis darRvevis gamo”. Rirseba rogorc di-debis, qebis mopovebis saSualeba, uzrunvelyofda barbarosis qcevis mTavar motivacias im samyaroSi, romelsac marTavda omis qalRmerTi da aramdgradi, mtrulad ganwyobili for-tuna, adamianis garemomcveli bneli Zalebi. Rirsebis mopoveba maSin xdeboda, roca vinme sxvis dacul qonebas miitacebda (moiparavda, an gaZarcvavda). kompozicias, erTi mxriv, Rirsebis aRdgenis, gamosyidvis forma hqonda da, maSasadame, borot bedze gamarjvebas gulisxmobda; meore mxriv _ mSvidobis damyarebis, Serigebis mniSvnelobac hqonda. Tanac, Rirsebis aRdgena da dacva exeboda ara mxolod konkretul adamians, aramed im saxlsac da gvarsac, romelsac es adamiani miekuTvneboda. swored aqedan warmoiSva pirdapiri kavSiri anazRaurebasa da saxlis dacvis cnebas Soris, anu e.w. “saxlis simSvide _ mSvidoba”, rac e.w. “samefo saxlis mSvidobis” cnebasac Seicavda, romelic, saxelmwifosa da mefis xelisuf-lebis ganmtkicebasTan erTad, icvleba da ufro farTo cnebaSi _ “samefo simSvide _ mSvidobaSi” gadaizarda, romlis darRveva ufro maRali jarimiT unda anazRaurebuliyo, an gamoewvia ufro mZime sasjelis Sefardeba. kerZod, anglo-saqsebis mefis _ etelbertis kanonebi (VI s.) “samefo simSvidis darRvevis gamo” adgenda, jarimis saxiT, 50 Silingis gadaxdas, maSin, roca ubralo kerlis saxlis mSvidoba sul 6 Silingi Rirda. Tu “wyenis” mimyenebeli kompozicias dazaralebul mxares uxdida, is, rogorc wesi, salikuri samarT-liT, araviTar jarimas aRar ixdida mefis sasargeblod. mxolod ramdenime SemTxvevaSi Tu moxdeboda, kompoziciis saxiT, jarimis nawilis gadaxda samefo xazinaSi. keZod, vergeldi moklulis safasurad or nawilad iyofoda: erTi nawili gadaecemoda moklulis vaJiSvilebs, meore _ mis uaxloes naTesavebs, dedis an mamis mxidan.Dda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mokluls saerTod ar hyavda naTesavebi, vergeldis es nawili xazinaSi Cairicxeboda. amasTan erTad, salikur samarTalSi gamoiyofoda ramdenime samarTaldarRveva, romlebic, sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, Seesabameboda danaSaulis cnebas: grafis mier Tanamdebobrivi danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi dadgelini iyo sasjeli saxelmwifoebrivi sazRauris saxiT. Tu grafi “kanonis gareSe” raimes miiTvisebda, valis anazRaurebis momizezebiT an uars ityoda “samarT-lianobis da marTlmsajulebis aRdgenaze”, is sikvdiliT isjeboda (Tu grafi ver SesZlebda sakuTari Tavis im fasad gamosyidvas, ra raodenobis qonebac man miiTvisa). salikur samarTalSi mocemulia iribi miTiTeba samxedro danaSaulis _ dezertirobis Cadenis Sesaxeb. alemanTa samarTali ki dezertirobas pirdapir danaSaulis saxed miiCnevda. danaSaulisa da sasjelis cnebebis da maTi aRqmis Secvlaze didi gavlena moaxdina qris-tianulma eklesiam, romelmac, farTod gavrcelebuli am samarTlebrivi kategoriebis axsna- ganmartebisas, Camoayaliba sasjelis miznebi, kerZod: Tu adgili eqneboda eklesiis Seu-

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racxyofasa da upativcemulobas, eklesia moiTxovda “RvTis SiSis damkvidrebas”. alemanTa da bavarielTa samarTalSi gamoyofilia danaSaulis mTeli jgufi, maT Soris mkvleloba, romlis mTavari makvalificirebeli niSani iyo, eklesiis SigniT an mis ezoSi danaSaulis Cadena. es danaSauli “eklesiis Seuracxyofis” kategoriad miiCneoda da didi jarimis gadax-das iwvevda, ara dazaralebulis an misi naTesavis mimarT (romlebmac ukana planze gadainacvles), aramed TviT eklesiis sasargeblod. salikur samarTalSi, sasjelze msjelobisas, unda aRvniSnoT, rom jarima TiTqmis mTlianad cvlis, gvarovnuli wyobilebis dros, damkvidrebuli sasjelis Zvel sistemas. jarimas unda aRmoefxvra TviTgasworeba, gaWianurebuli urTierTdapirispireba. salikuri samarTlis zogierTi muxli pirdapir krZa-lavda TviTvgasworebas. amave ZegliT, cnobilia sasjelis iseTi saxe, rogoric iyo Temidan mokveTa-gaZeveba, anu adamianis kanongareSe gamocxadeba. aseT adamians veravin miscemda sakvebs, TavSesafars, TviT meuRle an mSoblebic ki jarimdebodnen, misTvis daxmarebis gawevis gamo. TviTgasworebis aRmofxvra yvela “barbarosul samarTalSi” Tanmimdevrulad da mkveTrad rodi moxerxda, kerZod “bavarielTa samarTalSi”, savaraudod, XII tabulis kano-nebis normebis sityva-sityviT gadmoweris Semdeg, dasaSvebi iyo qurdis adgilze mokvla, Tu mas “danaSaulis adgilze waaswrebdnen Ramis saaTebSi.” sikvdiliT dasja CamoxrCobiT, bor-balze dakvriT xdeboda da, salikuri samarTlis mixedviT, ZiriTadad, monebis mimarT gamoi-yeneboda. gvaris koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba SenarCunebuli iyo Temis koleqtiuri pasuxis-mgeblobis gverdiT. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, sasjelis ZiriTad saxed jarima gamoi-yeneboda (wyenis an zianis miyenebisaTvis), romelic, mogvianebiT, transformacias ganicdis (an mas damatebuli aqvs). jarima damatebuli hqonda iseT sasjels, rogoricaa sikvdiliT dasja, joxiT cema, qonebis konfiskacia, gadasaxleba, romlebsac Tavisufali adamianebis mimarT iyenebdnen. “barbarosuli samarTlis” kazuisturi xasiaTi gamoricxavda im mkveTri, zogadi debulebebis formirebis SesaZleblobas, romlebic miesadageba yvela danaSaulebriv qmedebas. Tumca, mTeli rigi danaSaulis konkretuli Semadgenlobis analizis wyalobiT, SesaZlebeli gaxda Semdegi daskvnis gakeTeba: “barbarosul samarTalSi” ukve icnobdnen bralis formebs _ ganzraxvasa da gaufrTxileblobas, danaSaulis mcdelobas, Tanamonawileobas, danaSaulis Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebis arsebobas. sasjelis simZime, yvela “samarTlis” mixedviT, damnaSavisa da dazaralebulis socialur statusze iyo damokidebuli: Tavisufali an mona, warCinebuli an mdabio, mdidari an Raribi.

$10. danaSauli da sasjeli, Zveli rusuli samarTlis mixedviT

Zveli rusuli kanonmdebloba didi yuradRebas uTmobda sisxlis samarTlis institutebis ganviTarebas. am ukanasknelT eZRvneba Русская Правда-s normebis didi nawili da mTavarTa wes-debebis umravlesoba. Русская Правда-Si Taviseburad aris axsnili danaSaulis zogadi cneba: danaSaulebrivia mxolod is, rac uSualo zians ayenebs konkretul adamins, mis pirovnebasa da qonebas, anu Русская Правда-saTvis ucxoa danaSaulis Tanamedrove abstraqtuli definicia. swored aman ganapiroba (aseTma damokidebulebam danaSaulebrivi qmedebisadmi) danaSaulis aRmniSvneli terminis обида-wyena SemoReba. mTavris wesdebebSi gvxvdeba danaSaulis ufro vrceli cneba, romelic moicavs zogierT formalur Semadgenlobas, rac, savaraudod, gadmo-Rebuli iyo bizantiuri kanonikuri samarTlidan. Русская Правда-Si danaSaulis, rogorc обида-s aRqmis Sesabamisad, Camoyalibebulia danaSaulis sistemac. Русская Правда-m icis ori saxis danaSauli: a) pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli da b) qonebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli. masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli arc saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg Cade-nili da arc Tanamdebobrivi danaSauli. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom mTavris xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba dausjeli rCeboda. ubralod, aseT SemTxvevaSi, damnaSavis mimarT gamoiyeneboda uSualo gasworeba, gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlos gareSe (mag., mTavrina olRas mier, qmris mkvlelobis gamo, ganxorcielebuli SurisZieba). sisxlis samarTalSi yvelaze naTlad Cans sazogadoebrivi diferencireba da samarTlis, gabatonebuli fenis interesebis sadarajoze dgoma, rac kidev ufro mkveTrad mJRavndeba, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis calkeuli elementebis ganxilvisas. kerZod, danaSaulis subieqti SeiZleba iyos nebismieri adamini, xolopis garda. xolopis danaSaulisaTvis misi mebatone agebda pasuxs. Tumca, zogierTi qmedebis Cadenisas, dazaralebuls piradad SeeZlo gasworeboda xolops _ zianis mimyenebels da ar miemarTa saxelmwifo organoebisaTvis. Русская Правда-m jer kidev ar icis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis asaki da Seracxaobis cneba. simTvraleSi Cadenili danaSauli ar gamoricxavs pasuxismgeblobas, Tumca aRniSnuli debu-

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lebis mimarT sapirispiro mosazrebac arsebobs. Русская Правда-m Tanamonawileobis cnebac icis. es problema martivad wydeboda: yvela Tanamonawile Tanabrad isjeboda da maT Soris funqciebis gadanawileba jer kidev ar SeiniSneboda. Русская Правда, pasuxismgeblobis dife-rencirebas, danaSaulis subieqturi mxaris Sesabamisad axdenda. masSi ar ganasxvavebdnen ganzraxvasa da gaufrTxileblobas, Tumca icodnen ganzraxvis orive saxis arseboba _ pir-dapiri da iribi ganzraxva, romelsac mkvlelobis danaSaulis dros hqonda adgili: yaCaRobis dros Cadenili mkvleloba isjeboda umaRlesi sasjeliT _ поток и разграбление-Ti, xolo свoда-Si (CxubSi) Cadenili mkvleloba _ mxolod miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebiT _ вира-Ti. rac Seexeba danaSaulis Semadgenlobis obieqtur mxares, danaSaulis absoluturi umrav-lesoba swored moqmedebiT xdeboda. mxolod ramdenime SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqonoda danaSaulebriv umoqmedobas (napovnis dafarva, valis xangrZlivi droiT ar dabruneba _ boroti ganzraxviT, valauvaloba). Zvelrusuli samarTlis socialuri bunebis naTeli gamovlinebaa, danaSaulebrivi xelyofis obieqti. pasuxismgebloba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia, dazaralebulis socialuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT. kerZod, Tavisufali adamianis mkvle-lobisaTvis dadgenilia vira (вира) 40 grivnis (fuladi erTeuli) odenobiT. aristokratiis warmomadgenelTa sicocxle ormagi вира-Ti fasdeba da 80 grivnasa Seadgens. damoki-debulebaSi myofi adamianebis sicocxle mxolod 12-15 grivna Rirda, romelsac saerTod ar uwodebdnen вира-s. Русская Правда-m icis mxolod danaSaulis orgvarovani obieqti: adamianis pirovneba da qoneba. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebda danaSaulis mxolod ori nair-saxeobis arsebobas; Tumca, TiToeuli nairsaxeoba sakuTar TavSi Seicavda danaSaulis sxvadasxva saxes. pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulidan cnobili iyo: mkvleloba, sxeulis dazianeba, cema, gvema, moqmedebiT Seuracxyofa. mTavris wesdebebi icnobda sityvier Seuracxyofas, gansakuTrebiT qalis mimarT. vladimir sviatoslavisa da iaroslav brZenis wesdebebSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sasjeli sqesobrivi danaSaulisa da saojaxo urTi-erTobebis siwmindis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebisaTvis, romlebic saeklesio marTl-msajulebis gansjadobas eqvemdebarebodnen: TviTneburi ganqorwineba, mruSoba, qalis motaceba, gaupatiureba. qonebrivi danaSaulis ramdenime saxe iyo cnobili. yvelaze mZime danaSaulad qurdoba-татьба iTvleboda. Татьба-s yvelaze mZime nairsaxeoba cxenis parva iyo, radgan cxeni warmoebis mniSvnelovan saSualebad da sabrZolo qonebad iTvleboda. cnobilia sxvisi qonebis danaSaulebrivi ganadgureba, cecxlis wakidebiT, rac поток и разграбление-Ti isjeboda. cecxlis wakidebisaTvis mkacri sasjelis daweseba sami garemoebiT iyo ganpirobebuli: cecxlis wakideba yvelaze xelmisawvdomi da, Sesabamisad, qonebis yvelaze advilad gasanadgurebeli xerxi iyo; xSirad cecxlis wakidebas, glexebis mxridan, sakuTari mebatonis mimarT, SurisZiebis saSualebad (brZolis xerxad) iyenebdnen; da bolos, cecxlis wakidebas mometebuli socialuri safrTxis efeqtic hqonda, radgan kievis ruseTSi nagebobaTa umravlesoba xisgan iyo nagebi da erTi saxlis dawva, mTeli soflis an qalaqis gadawvas iwvevda. zamTarSi ki am danaSauls adamianTa masobrivi ganadgureba mohyveboda, vinaidan xalxi usaxlkarod da aucilebeli sagnebis gareSe rCeboda. mTavrebis wesdebebSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo eklesiisa da ojaxuri urTierTobebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dana-Saulic. eklesia, qorwinebis axali formis damkvidrebiT, gaafTrebiT ebrZoda warmarTobis gadmonaSTebs. kievis ruseTSi sasjelis sistema Zalzed martivi iyo, xolo sajeli _ sakmaod msubuqi. sasjelis umaRlesi zoma iyo поток и разграбление, romlis arsi arc Tu mTlad naTelia _ sxvadasxva dros is niSnavda: msjavrdebulis mkvlelobasa da misi qonebis pirdapir datacebas, zogjer _ msjavrdebulis gaZevebasa da misi qonebis konfiskacias, zogjer _ xo-lopad gayidvas. simZimis mixedviT, sasjelis meore saxe вира iyo., romelsac mxolod mkvlelobis gamo ufardebdnen damnaSaves. Tu damnaSavis magivrad am sasjels misi вервь _ Temi ixdida, вира velur virad (дикая вира) gadaiqceoda. XI saukunis meore naxevridan mkvle-lobisaTvis SurisZiebas (sisxlis aRebas) iyenebdnen, romelic iaroslaviCebis mier iqna Secvlili, Русская Правда-s mixedviT. danaSaulis umravlesoba isjeboda продажа-Ti (jarimiT, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis sasjeliT). misi moculoba danaSaulis simZimis Sesabamisi iyo. Вира da продажа-s gadaxda xdeboda dazaralebulis an misi ojaxis sasargeblod. saeklesio marTlmsajulebis gansjadobas daqvemdebarebuli danaSaulisaTvis, dadgenili iyo speci-fikuri saeklesio sasjeli _ epitimia (uziarebloba).

$11. sasamarTlo procesi

sasamarTlo procesi atarebda sabraldebo _ SejibrebiTobiT xasiaTs. naqurdali nivTis

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Zebna, mopasuxis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxeba, mowmeTa moyvana TviT dazaralebulis movaleobaSi Sedioda. germanul sazogadoebaSi, sasamarTlos mniSvnelovani roli, ganapirobebda, TviT sasamarTlo procesSi, ara mxolod mxareebis, aramed mowmeebis, saqmis irgvliv, gansa-kuTrebul adgils. salikuri samarTali jarimas uwesebda mopasuxesa da mowmes, Tu isini arasapatio mizeziT uars ityodnen sasamarTloSi gamocxadebaze. sapatio mizezad iTvleboda: mefis samsaxurSi yofna, avadmyofoba, naTesavis sikvdili, xanZari saxlSi. crumowmeoba mkac-rad isjeboda, iseve rogorc mowmis uari sasamarTlos misces Cveneba, saqmis irgvliv. aseTi mowme kanongareSe cxaddeboda da jarimdeboda. salikurma samarTalma Tanamoficrobac icoda. Tanamoficrebi _ erT-erTi mxaris naTesavebi, megobrebi, mezoblebi iyvnen, romlebic mas icavdnen, daxmarebas uwevdnen sasamarTloSi da mowmeobdnen mis sasargeblod, Tanac amtkicebdnen, rom maTi gamosvlis safuZveli ara saqmis garemoebaTa codna, _ aramed bral-debulis an sxva pirebis keTilsindisiereba, patiosneba da sazogadoebrivi avtoriteti iyo. mtkicebulebeTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo ordaliebis _ RvTis msjavris gamo-yenebas mimarTavda (mduRriT gamocda). kievis ruseTSi samarTalwarmoeba jer kidev ar iyo mkveTrad diferencirebuli sisxlis sa-marTlis da kerZo samarTlis saqmeebs Soris, Tumca zogierTi procesualuri moqmedebani mxolod sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze gamoiyeneboda (гонение следа, свод). procesi nebismier saqmeze SejibrebiTobiTi iyo da mxareTa Tanasworobas gulisxmobda. procesis orive mxares mosarCele ewodeboda. Русская Правда-m icis preiudiciuri procesualuri formebic: гонение следа, свод. Гонение следа kvalSi CadgomiT, damnaSavis povna iyo. kanoni gulisxmobda am proce-sualuri moqmedebis specialur formebsa da misi Catarebis wesebs. Tu kvali migviyvanda konkretuli adamianis saxlTan, damnaSavec is iqneboda. Tu kvali mxolod sofelSi mig-viyvanda, pasuxismgebloba Tems (вервь) ekisreboda. Tu kvali ikargeboda Saragzaze, damnaSavis Zebna Sewydeboda. Tu arc dakarguli nivTi, arc gamtacebeli napovni ar iqneboda, daza-ralebuls izRa darCenoda, rom закличь-Tvis miemerTa da ganecxadebina savaWro moedanze dakarguli nivTis Sesaxeb, im imediT, rom vinme SesZlebda misi dakarguli nivTis amocnobas. adamians, romelsac aRmoaCndeboda dakarguli nivTi, SeeZlo ganecxadebina, rom man es nivTi marTlzomieri gziT SeiZina, kerZod iyida. maSin iwyeboda свод-i. nivTis mflobels unda daedasturebina nivTis SeZenis keTilsindisiereba, anu mieTiTebina is piri, visganac SeiZina aRniSnuli nivTi. Tanac, saWiro iyo ori mowmis Cveneba an мытник-is (savaWro baJis amkrefis) mxridan, dadastureba. kanoni gulisxmobda mtkicebulebaTa garkveuli sistemis arsebobasac. mtkicebulebaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo mowmis Cveneba. Zveli rusuli samarTali ganasxvavebda mowmeTa or kategorias: видок da послух. Видок-i _ mowme, faqtis TviTmxilveli iyo. Послух-i _ ufro rTuli kategoriaa, romelmac faqtis Sesaxeb vinmesgan gaigona da monacemebi arapirdapiri gziT moipova. Zvel rusul samarTlaSi Cndeba formalur mtki-cebulebaTa _ ordalebis mTeli sistema. maT Soris unda aRiniSnos sasamarTlo orTabrZola _ поле. RvTis msjavris meore saxeoba rkiniTa da wyliT gamocda iyo. rkiniT gamocdas maSin hqonda adgili, roca sxva mtkicebuleba ar arsebobda, Tumca, ufro, mZime saqmeze, vidre adgi-li hqonda wyliT gamocdis faqts. mtkicebulebis gansakuTrebuli saxe fici _ рота iyo. is maSin gamoiyeneboda, roca ar arsebobda sxva mtkicebuleba, Tumca _ mcire Rirebulebis saqme-ebze. saeklesio samarTalSi gamoiyeneboda samZebro (inkviziciuri) procesi, yvela misi

atributiT, maT Soris _ wamebiT.

Tavi IV. evropuli civilizaciebisa da ruseTis saxelmwifo da samarTali Sua saukuneebis periodSi

$1. evropuli civilizaciebisa da ruseTis saxelmwifo samarTali senioraluri monarqiis periodSi

1) safrangeTis saxelmwifo samarTali senioraluri monarqiis periodSi

a) safrangeTis sazogadoebrivi wyoba senioraluri monarqiis periodSi

IX-XI ss. saukuneebis periodis safrangeTSi Semdgomi ganviTareba pova Tavadaznaurulma

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urTierTobebma, romlebmac ukve sayovelTao xasiaTi SeiZina. miwaze TavadaznaurTa mono-poluri uflebis damkvidrebiT, gaqra Tavisufali saglexo miwaTmflobeloba. amavdroulad, naturaluri meurneobis gabatonebis pirobebSi, grZeldeboda msxvili senioruli samflo-beloebis daqucmaceba da axali sabatonoebis warmoqmna, rac sabolood uTxrida Zirs qveynis politikur erTianobas da iwvevda misi teritoriis calkeul samflobeloebad daSla-daqucmacebas. TavadaznaurTa gabatonebuli fenis Camoyalibeba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli miwaze mebatoneTa sakuTrebis uflebasa da vasaluri urTierTobebis rTuli sistemis Camoya-libebasTan. msxvili Tavadoba uars ambobs vrceli mamulebis SenarCunebaze, uSualo sakuTrebaSi, vinaidan maTi politikuri Zala da wona sulac aRar aris damokidebuli msxvil miwaTmflobelobaze, aramed maTTvis, gacilebiT mniSvnelovania vasalTa didi odenobis yola, raTa, maTi meSveobiT, moxdes politikuri gavlenisa da Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba. amitom, Tavadoba uars ambobs uSualo sakuTrebaSi miwis did farTobze da mas urigebs sakuTar vasalebs. maT sakuTrebaSi rCeba mxolod sagvareulo mamuli da maszed arsebuli cixe-simagre. danarCeni miwebi ki urigdeba Tavadis vasalebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom urTierToba vasalsa da seniors Soris damyarebuli iyo xelSekrulebaze, mxareebi am xelSekrulebaSi ar iyvnen Tanasworuflebiani, samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis aspeqtSi. vasaluri xelSekruleba Seicavda ierarqiulobasa da erTis mier meo-ris daqvemdebarebis elementebs, vinaidan fiofa _ wyalobis (feodi) mimRebi valdebulebuli iyo eRiarebina senioris (siuzerenis) uzenaesoba. vasaluri xelSekrulebis didi ekonomikuri da politikuri mniSvneloba gaxda imis sawindari, rom am xelSekrulebas debdnen sajarod da zedmiwevniT SemuSavebuli sazeimo ritualis gziT. am ritualSi mTavari iyo vasalis, miwis samflobeloSi, oficialuri Seyvana (investitura) da misgan seniorisaTvis, sazeimod, erTgulebis ficis micema (omanJi). senioraluri xelSekrulebebi naTlad afiqsirebdnen mxareTa valdebulebebs. seniori, feodis uSualod gadacemis garda, valdebulebas iRebda daecva sakuTari vasalis interesebi da misTvis gadacemuli miwis nakveTi. vasalis mova-leobas, upirveles yovlisa, Seadgenda samxedro samsaxuri senioris sasargeblod. XI sau-kuneSi dadginda aseTi samsaxuris vada _ weliwadSi 40 dRe. vasals unda mieRo monawileoba, senioris meTaurobiT ganxorcielebul, TavadaznaurTa sasamarTlo sxdomebsa da sxva saxis sakrebuloebSi. vasals daudgines mkacrad gansazRvruli fuladi gadasaxadebi: senioris tyveobidan gamosyidva, misi ufrosi vaJiSvilis raindad kurTxevisa da ufrosi qaliSvilis gaTxovebisas gamosaRebi saCuqrebis mirTmeva. Tavdapirvelad, vasaluri xelSekruleba ide-boda mxolod mxareTa sicocxlis manZilze anu atarebda personificirebul xasiaTs. Tumca, maleve, am xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebulma valdebulebebma, miiRo samemkvidreo xasiaTi. Sesabamisad, memkvidris mier seniorisTvis dadgenili anazRaurebis _ reliefis gadaxdis Semdeg, igi memkvidreobiT iRebda miwis mflobelobasac. amrigad, XI s-Si damkvidrda feodi _ samemkvidreo sagvareulo wyaloba, romelic Sua saukuneebSi gaxda miwis sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma. Tu vasali arRvevda erTgulebis fics da ar asrulebda sakuTar movaleobas, mas seniorisaTvis unda daebrunebina feodi. Tumca, seniorsa da vasals Soris davebis gadawyvetis iuridiuli meqanizmi (senioris sasamarTloSi), rogorc wesi, naklebefeqturi iyo, vinaidan msxvili vasalebi, romlebsac TviTonve hyavdaT damoukidebeli Zlieri samxedro Zalebi, ar emorCilebodnen sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs, rasac qveyana mravalricxovan Sinaomebamde mihyavda. XI s-Si sazogadoebis zeda fenaSi momxdarma ekonomikurma cvlilebebma da miwis Tanmimdevrulma gadacemam vasalebisaTvis, gamoiwvia TavadaznaurTa wodebis rTuli struqturis Camoyalibeba, romelic Sedgeboda ara marto seniorsa da vasalisagan, aramed sxvadasxva safexurze mdgari qvevasalebisgan (arier-vasalebi). TavadaznaurTa ierarqiuli kibis yvelaze qveda safexurze idgnen raindebi _ Sevalie, romlebsac ar hyavdaT sakuTari vasalebi da iyvnen mxolod sakuTari glexebis seniorebi. kibis saTaveSi idga mefe da masTan erTad msxvili Tavadoba _ hercogebi da grafebi, romlebic Tavs mefis Tanasworad miiCnevdnen da, faqtiurad, uars ambobdnen mis winaSe valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze. mefis sisuste _ IX-XI ss-Si imaSic mdgomareobda, rom mis mowodebaze, SeesrulebinaT nakisri samsaxuri, cxaddebodnen mxolod misi uSualo vasalebi, romlebsac miwebi miecaT mefis uSualo samflobeloSi _ mefis domenSi da romlis farTobic mniSvnelovnad naklebi iyo, vidre msxvili vasalebis mamulebisa. arier-vasalebis didi nawili arc mefes, arc msxvil Tavadebs emorCileboda, rac Seesabameboda princips _ Cemi vasalis vasali, Cemi vasali ar aris. XII s-is Sua xanebidan, qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikurma winsvlam da qalaqebis raodenobis zrdam, romlebic gamodiodnen mefis bunebriv mokavSireebad, mniSvnelovnad Secvala Tavad-aznaurTa wodebis Sida struqtura. mefeebma miaRwies imas, rom maT uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida arier-vasalTa didi nawili da am process imediatizacia ewoda. amave droidan Sei-

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zRuda miwis samflobeloebis daqucmacebis procesic. TavadaznaurTa samflobeloebma SeiZines sagvareulo xasiaTi. warCinebulTa wreSi axali wevrebis Sesvla SeizRuda. mxolod mefis xelisufleba ganagrZobs miwebis darigebas im vasalebisaTvis, romlebmac aRiares mefis uzenaesoba, xolo mefem miwebi miitaca SinaomebSi TandaTanobiTi warmatebis Sedegad. amrigad, XIII s-dan Camoyalibda mkacrad Sekruli da Caketili TavadaznaurTa wodeba. Tavadaznaurobis Camoyalibebis meore gzaa _ IX-XII ss.-Si ganviTarebuli saeklesio miwaTmflobloba, romelic Zalzed swrafi tempiT viTardeboda, mefis da sxva msxvili Tavadebis mier miwebis wyalobiT gadacemis xarjze. vinaidan eklesia mRvdelmsaxurTagan moiTxovda qorwinebaSi Sesvlis akrZalvas, maTi samarTlebrivi statusi ar gadaicemoda memkvidreobiT. xSirad saeklesio warCinebulTa rigebSi Sediodnen saero aristokratiis warmomadgenelni. safrangeTSi kaTolikuri eklesiis farglebSi Camoyalibda rTuli ierar-qiuli sistema, Tanac saeklesio qonebiT sargeblobis ufleba dakavSirebuli iyo saeklesio Tanamdebobis (Cinis-Cifis) dakavebasTan. saero da sasuliero aristokratebs Soris (agreTve saero TavadaznaurTa rangebs Soris) arsebobda Seurigebeli winaaRmdegoba, rasac Seiara-Rebul brZolamdec ki mihyavda sazogadoeba. IX-XI s-Si sazogadoebis dabali fenis _ yma glexobis Camoyalibeba moxda. glexoba yalibdeboda soflis mosaxleobis mravalricxovani kategoriebidan, romlebic cnobili iyo jer kidev frankTa imperiaSi _ Tavisufali meTeme-glexebi, litebi, monebi. glexobis udidesi umravlesoba gadaiqca servebad (garda saeklesio glexebis, normandiisa da pikardiis mosaxleobisa), romelTa samarTlebrivi statusi maT monebisgan gadmoecaT memkvidreobiT. servebs ganixilavdnen rogorc miwis ubralo sakuTvnebels. servebi ixdidnen suladobriv gadasaxads (SevaJs), yovelwliur xarks, asrulebdnen sabatono samuSaos _ begaras (kviraSi sam dRes). servs ar SeeZlo eqorwina batonis Tanxmobis gareSe, gamxdariyo mRvdelmsaxuri, mowmed gamosuliyo sasamarTlo procesze an mieRo monawileoba sasamarTlo orTabrZolaSi, vinaidan iTvleboda, rom man ar unda gariskos sakuTari sicocxliT, romelic mas ki ara, mebatones ekuTvnis. Tumca, servebis piradma damokidebulebam ver gamoiwvia maTi daymeveba. maTi valdebulebis moculoba, rogorc wesi, ganisazRvreboda CveulebiTi samarTlis normebiT. servs SeeZlo gaeyida misi miwis nakveTi an ubralod mietovebina seniori, radgan safrangeTSi ar arsebobda gaqceuli glexebis saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi Zebnis sistema. damokidebuli glexebis meore jgufs Seadgendnen vilanebi. isini iyvnen piradad damou-kidebuli, mebatonis kuTvnili miwis mpyrobelni. vilanebi mebatones uxdidnen senioris gadasaxads (talias), romlis zomac ganisazRvreboda CveulebiTi normebiT, Tumca servebTan SedarebiT, naklebi odenobis. rogorc soflis yvela mosaxleoba, vilani mebatonisagan iRebda nebarTvas (faqtiurad ixdida gamosasyids) qorwinebisaTvis _ formariaJs. XII s-dan vi-lanTa didi nawili gaTavisuflda am movaleobisagan, Tumca ixdida erTjerad gamomsasyid fass. glexoba valdebuli iyo daecva miwis mesakuTreobis Tavadaznauruli monopolia _ banaliteti: senioris sacxobSi gamoecxo puri, daewura yurZeni mis maranSi. am mova-leobisagan gaTavisufleba glexs SeeZlo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadaixdida mis mier nawarmoebi produqciis nawils senioris sasargeblod. mebatone inarCunebda glexebis mimarT `pirveli Ramis uflebas” (ius primae nostic). XI-XII s-Si qalaqebis swrafi zrda iwvevda, Sua saukuneebis epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sazogadoebis kidev erTi fenis _ qalaqis mosaxleobis _ biurgerTa samarTlebrivi statusis Camoyalibebas. moqalaqeTa samarTlebrivi statusi ar iyo universaluri, aramed dakav-Sirebuli iyo konkretul saqalaqo asociaciasTan. amitom am statusis mopoveba, principSi, ar SeeZlo Tavadaznaurobas, samRvdeloebasa da servebs. Tumca, servi, Tu is mudmivad cxovrobda qalaqSi, iZenda pirad Tavisuflebas. maSinac ki, roca qalaqi inarCunebda mefis an sxva msxvili senioris uSualo iurisdiqcias, moqalaqeTa movaleobani, senioris mimarT, iyo mkacrad gansazvruli da zustad fiqsirebuli. iZulebiTi samuSaoebi da banaliteti ikrZa-leboda. dadginda sasamarTlo baJisa da jarimebis myari odenoba. saqalaqo cxovrebam Tavidanve SeiZina wodebriv-korporaciuli xasiaTi da xeli Seuwyo xelosanTa amqrebis da vaWarTa gildiebis Camoyalibebas.

b) seniolaruli monarqiis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba

IX-XII saukuneebSi, roca safrangeTSi gaZlierda politikuri decentralizacia da qveyanaSi gaRrmavda teritoriuli daqucmacebuloba, samefo xelisuflebam dakarga uwindeli mniSvne-loba. msxvili mebatoneebi mefes ganixilavdnen, rogorc "pirvels TanasworTa Soris (primus

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inter pares) da ara rogorc saxelwmifos realur mbrZanebels. faqtiurad, mefis xelisufleba vrceldeboda mxolod mis sakuTar domenze (mamulze), Tumca, arc iq iyo misi xelisufleba SeuzRudavi da mas gamudmebiT uxdeboda brZola urC vasalebTan. samefo domenis farglebs gareT, realur Zalauflebas ganagebdnen, mefis mowinaaRmdege msxvili mi-waTmflobelebi (burgundiisa da normandiis hercogebi, flandriis, tuluzis, Sampanis grafebi da sxva). amrigad, sabatono saxelmwifos monarqiuli marTva-gamgeobis im formas, romelSic, monarqsa da sazogadoebis pirvel da meore wodebas Soris, urTierTobebi emyareba suzereniteti _ vasalitetis princips, ewodeba senioraluri monarqia. aseT saxelmwifoSi politikuri Zalaufleba, faqtiurad, gadanawilebulia mefesa da sxvadasxva rangis meba-toneebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian im senioralur _ vasaluri urTierTobebiT, romlebic atareben kerZosamarTlebriv xasiaTs. IX-XII ss. senioraluri monarqiis Camoyalibeba niSnavda centraluri saxelmwifo xeli-suflebis mkveTr daqveiTebas, qveynis Sinagani erTianobis moSlas; misi sagareo-politikuri mdgomareobis mkveTr gauaresebas. Tumca, franguli Suasaukunovani sazogadoebis ganviTarebis aRniSnul etapze, saxelmwifos senioraluri monarqia zustad asaxavda realur socialur-politikur viTarebas. ekonomikuri da politikuri decentralizaciis pirobebSi, calkeuli mebatoneebi, ufro efeqturad, axorcielebdnen saxelmwifoebriv funqciebs, vidre amas SesZlebda samefo xelisufleba. miuxedavad amisa, senioralur monarqias sulac ar ganixilaven, rogorc politikuri regresis gamovlinebas. mmarTvelobis xsenebuli forma, uSualod gamomdinareobda im urTi-erTobebidan, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo naturalur meunreobasa da miwaze sabatono sakuTrebis uflebasTan, romelTa farglebSic, Senelebuli tempiT, mimdinareobda qveynis eko-nomikuri ganviTareba. Tumca, politikurma decentralizaciam mainc ver Seaferxa franguli sazogadoebis Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba. roca, XII-XIII saukuneebSi, TandaTanobiT ganviTarda saqalaqo cxovreba, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebi da, maTTan dakavSirebuli, axali ekonomikuri moTxovnebi, politikuri separatizmi nel-nela Sesustda da man gza dauTmo sapirispiro tendencias _ mefis xelisuflebis ganuxrel ganmtkicebas. XIII saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT lui IX-is reformebis Sedegad, politikuri Zalauflebis centri, senioralur monarqiaSi TandaTanobiT, mefis sasargeblod ixreba, romelic ukve gvevlineba safrangeTis yvela mebatonis suzerenad. IX_XI saukuneebSi, roca samefo xelisufleba iyo gansakuTrebiT susti, mefes irCevda saero da sasuliero mebatoneTa zedafena, Tumca, dinastiuri principis dacviT. 987 wels, mefed airCies hugo kapeti, riTac arseboba Sewyvita karolingebis orsaukunovanma dinastiam. pirveli kapetingebis zeobaSi, SenarCunebuli iyo mefis arCeviToba; Tumca, momaval mbrZa-nebels asaxelebdnen, mefisave sicocxleSi, misi TanammarTvelis saxiT. Tavdapirvelad, samefo xelisuflebis funqciebi Zalzed SezRuduli iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom, formalurad, mefe inarCunebda tradiciul privilegiebs. is axorcielebda franguli jaris meTaurobas, kanon-mdeblobda, msajulobda. amave periodSi, faqtiurad, gauqmda samefo kanonmdebloba (kapitularebis gamocema); danarCeni samefo uflebamosilebanic, mxolod Teoriulad da ara praqtikulad, ganagrZobdnen arsebobas. mefes ekisreboda "samefosa da eklesiis dacvis", agreTve, qveyanaSi "mSvidobis damyarebis" movaleobebi; Tumca, mas ar gaaCnda realuri Zala-ufleba aRniSnuli movaleobebis gansaxorcieleblad. mefis sasamarTlo xelisufleba vrceldeboda mxolod misi domenis farglebSi. XII saukunidan mefis mdgomareoba TandaTanobiT icvleba, zogierT funqcias is aRasrulebda ufro aqtiurad. kerZod, aRdga, mefis mier sakanonmdeblo aqtebis gamocemis praqtika. Tumca, amisaTvis saWiro iyo msxvili mebatoneebis Tanxmoba (didi sabWo). XIII saukuneSi aRiarebuli iqna, rom, vasalebis mier ficiT ganmtkicebuli, samefo aqtis moqmedeba savaldebulo iyo, ficis dadebis dros, adgilze armyofi mebatoneebisaTvis; gafarTovda mefis sasamarTlo iurisdiqcia.

g) centraluri samefo administracia

politikuri decentralizaciisa da samefo xesiluflebis, xangrZlivi droiT, Sesustebis pirobebSi, mmarTvelobis centraluri organoebi ar iyo struqturulad Camoyalibebuli da funqcionalurad gamijnuli. mmarTvelobis sasaxlur-votCinuri sistema Tanaarsebobda, vasa-lur urTierTobebze damkvidrebul, administraciasTan. karolingebis epoqidan, SenarCunebul iqna, warCinebuli sagvareulo aristokratiisa da samefo mosamsaxureebisgan (ministerialebisgan), Semdgari samefo kari. samefo administraciaSi mTavar rols asrulebda (XII saukunis bolomde) seneSali, romelic iTvleboda, erTdroulad, samefo karis ufrosad,

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jarebis mTavarsardlad da saxelmwifos notariusad. seneSalis Tanamdeboba gadaecemoda safrangeTis erT-erT yvelaze warCinebul da didgvarovan ojaxs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, man iseTi Zalaufleba da gavlena moipova, rom mefe filipe II-e avgustusis dros, gadawyda vakanturi adgilis daukmayofilebloba da is maleve saerTod gaauqmes. samxedro saqmeebSi, seneSalis Semdeg, meore piri iyo konetabli _ samefo mxedrobis ufrosi, romelsac TanaSemweobas uwevda marSali, xolo XIII saukuneSi _ samefo admirali. samefo xazinasa da saxelmwifo arqivs ganagebdnen samefo xazinadari da misi TanaSemwe _ kamergeri. Tumca, XIII saukuneSi samefo xazinadaris funqciebi arsebiTad SeizRuda, radgan xazina samarTavad gadaeca tamplierebis sasuliero-raindur ordens. samefo kancelarias xelmZRvanelobda kancleri, romelic redaqtirebas ukeTebda samefo aqtebs, warudgenda maT xelmosawerad mefes, Semdeg _ amowmebda samefo beWdiT. kancleris gavlena imdenad gaZlierda, rom, samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg, XIII saukunidan, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, es Tanamdebobac iyo vakanturi (1315 wlamde). Tavdapirvelad, ministerialebad (mefis mosam-saxureebi) xdebodnen, mefis domenidan gamosuli, saero didkacoba da samRvdeloeba. XIII saukunidan, mmarTvelobis centralur organoebSi, Tanamdebobebs ikaveben qalaqis war-momadgenlebi, wvrili da saSualo aristokratebi (mefis raindebi _ Sevalie), agreTve iuristebi _ legistebi. sabatono urTierTobebis ganviTareba aisaxa mefis vasalTa sakrebulos _ mefis kuriis sxdomebze. es organo warmoiSva karolingebis xanaSi. kapetingebis zeobaSi samefo kuriam TiTqmis dakarga sakuTari mniSvneloba, radgan safrangeTis perebi da sxva sagvareulo aris-tokratebi uars ambobdnen mis muSaobaSi monawileobis miRebaze. samefo kuria iyo mefis saTaTbiro organo, romelic mefes aZlevda rCevebs politikur, safinanso da sasamarTlo sakiTxebze. kuriis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro samefos sakanonmdeblo aqtebis misaRebad. XIII sau-kuneSi, kuriis sxdomebze, rTuli samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, mTavari roli eni-WebodaT legistebs.

d) adgilobrivi mmarTveloba

samefo mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebi iqmneboda mxolod samefo domenSi, sadac aRiarebuli iyo mefis xelisufleba. msxvil senioriebSi moqmedebda sakuTari, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sistema. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebSi gamwesebuli, samefo moxeleebi asrulebdnen sxvadasxva funqciebs: administraciuls, samxedros, sasamarTlos, safinansos. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebis moqmedebis sfero TandaTanobiT far-Tovdeboda, samefo domenis gafarTovebisa da msxvili mebatoneebis samflobeloTa Semoer-Tebis proporciulad. XI saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, mefem sakuTar domenSi SemoiRo prevos Tanamdeboba, romelsac qveynis meTauri niSnavda specialuri olqis _ saprevos mmarTvelad. soflebSi, prevos TanaSemweebad iTvlebodnen serJantebi, qalaqebSi _ maiorebi. prevos evaleboda saxsrebis mozidva samefo xazinaSi; is agrovebda samefos sabatono laSqars, wyvetda mmarT-velobis sakiTxebs, ganixilavda sasamarTlo saqmeebs (XII saukunis bolodan, mniSvnelovani saqmeebi gamoiyo prevos iurisdiqciidan). XII saukunis bolodan iqmneba ufro msxvili administraciuli erTeulebi _ sabaliaJo, ro-melTa sazRvrebi ar iyo zustad dadgenili da aerTianebda ramdenime saprevos. samefo domenis gafarTovebasTan erTad, izrdeboda sabaliaJos raodenoba. sabaliaJos saTaveSi idga bali _ specialuri moxele (wvrili mebatoneebis rigebidan), romelsac niSnavda mefe. bali axorcielebda kontrols, misi xelisuflebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli, prevos mimarT, zeda-mxedvelobda samefo brZanebebisa da kanonebis Sesrulebas; sabaliaJos farglebSi hqmnida samxedro formirebebs. maSin, roca mefeebi aerTianebdnen msxvil senioriebs, isini ucvlelad inarCunebdnen, aq moq-med, administraciul-teritoriul struqturas da adgilobriv organoebSi niSnavdnen spe-cialur moxeleebs _ seneSalebs (adgilobrivi mebatoneebis rigebidan), romlebsac gaaCndaT balis funqciebi. rogorc wesi, saseneSaloebi iqmneboda sazRvrispira teritoriaze da isini, SedarebiT Tavisufali, iyo samefo xelisuflebisgan. XIII saukuneSi bali da seneSalebi axorcielebdnen, mefis saxeliT, marTlmsajulebas da ganixilavdnen yvelaze mZime sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs (e.w. samefo SemTxvevebs), agreTve, im davebs, romlebic Seexeboda sabatono zedafenis interesebs. isini gamodiodnen saapelacio instanciad, prevos mier gamotanil ganaCenebze da, TandaTanobiT, maT ganaxorcieles im senioraluri sasamarTlos gadawyve-tilebis gadasinjva, romelic manamde miiCneoda saboloo instanciad. prevo, bali, seneSalebi TamaSobdnen mniSvnelovan rols samefo xelisuflebis safinanso

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bazis ganmtkicebaSi, vinaidan akontrolebdnen gadasaxadebis, sabaJo mosakreblis, sasamarTlo jarimebis Cadinebas samefo xazinaSi. samefo xazinaSi Semosavlebis mobilizebis mniSvnelovan wyarod iTvleboda samefo fuladi erTeulis moWra, samefo gadasaxadis _ samefo taliis Segroveba, savaWro gadasaxadebisa da sasamarTlo jarimebis akrefa, samefo domenis farg-lebSi.

e) lui IX-is reformebi

samefo xelisuflebis avtoritetis amaRlebasa da centraluri administraciis ganmtkicebaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda mefe lui IX-is (1226-1270 ww.) reformebs. a) maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo samxedro reforma: saqalaqo miliciisa da daqiravebuli razmebis Seqmna, romlis Sedegad, mefe sul ufro naklebad iyo damokidebuli sabatono razmebis samsaxurze da ufro efeqturad ebrZoda urCi vasalebis SeiaraRebul Zalebs; b) mebatoneebs Soris, warmoebuli Sinaomebis asalagmad, mefe lui IX-m akrZala kerZo omebi, samefo domenis farglebSi. qveynis danarCen teritoriaze ki SemoiRes e.w. mefis ormoci dRe. am vadis ganmavlobaSi mebatoneebs ar SeeZlod saomari moqmedebis dawyeba im mizniT, rom nebismier modave mxares, SesaZlebloba miscemoda, saCivriT miemarTa samefo sasamarT-losTvis; g) lui IX-is mefobaSi, samefo kurias, romelic adre iTvleboda msxvili mebatoneebis yrilobad, gamoeyo specializirebuli centraluri uwyebani. mcire samefo sabWo iqca, mefesTan arsebul, mudmivmoqmed saTaTbiro organod, xolo saangariSo palatas daevala samefo finansebis gankargva. 1260 wels, samefo kuriis bazaze, Seiqmna specialuri sasamarTlo organo _ parlamenti, romelic weliwadSi oTxjer, sasamarTlo sesiebis Casatareblad, ikribeboda parizSi da maleve iqca safrangeTis uzenaes sasamarTlod. parizis parlamentis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, mefis mier daniSnuli sasuliero pirebi, raindebi da legistebi _ universitetebis iuridiuli fakultetebis kursdamTavrebulebi, anu is pirebi, vinc aqtiurad ibrZoda samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. Tavdapirvelad, mefeebi eswrebodnen pari-zis parlamentis sxdomebs, Tumca, mogvianebiT, maT uari Tqves mis muSaobaSi monawileobis miRebaze; d) lui IX-em, samefo domenis teritoriaze, SemoiRo erTiani samefo fuladi sistema, riTac aikrZala, sxva mebatoneebis mier moWrili, fulis gamoyeneba. qveynis danarCen teritoriaze, samefo moneta brunavda, sxva seniorebis mier moWril, fulTan erTad da cdilobda am uka-nasknelis brunvidan gamodevnas. am RonisZiebiT, samefo xazinam moipova Semosavlis kidev erTi wyaro. e) Seiqmna specialuri inspeqtorebis sistema, romlebic zedamxedvelobdnen seneSalebisa da balis saqmianobas, maT mefisadmi erTgulebas, ixilavdnen im saCivrebs, romlebic, aRniSnuli moxeleebis ukanono saqmianobis gamo, Sedioda gansaxilvelad parizis parlamentSi. lui IX-is reformebma xeli Seuwyves qveynis terotoriis gaerTianebas da, mefis irgvliv, mebatoneTa da qalaqis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi masis konsolidacias.

2) inglisis saxemlwifo samarTali senioraluri monarqiis periodSi

a) sazogadoebrivi wyobis Taviseburebani

normandielTa mier inglisis dapyrobam gamoiwvia inglisur sazogadoebaSi socialuri antagonizmis gaRrmaveba. normandielTa inglisSi sabatono meurneobis ZiriTadi safuZveli iyo manori _ calkeuli mebatonis miwis samflobeloebis erToblioba. manoris glexobis mdgomareoba, romlebzedac vrceldeboda sakuTari lordis iurisdiqcia, ganisazRvreboda manorialuri CveulebebiT. aseulTa sasamarTloebis naxevarze metma ganicada manorialur sasamarTloebad trans-formireba da gadaiqca lordebis kerZo kuriebad. amasTanave, uiliam dampyrobelma, isargebla ra sakuTari mdgomareobiT (dampyrobelia) da inglisuri politikuri tradiciebiT, gaatara saxelmwifos centralizaciisa da mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis politika. anglo-saqsuri aristokratiisaTvis CamorTmeuli miwebis didi nawili Sevida mefis domenSi, xolo darCenili nawili gaanawiles normandiul da anglo-saqsur aristokratias Soris,

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Tanac ara didi da erT adgilas ganlagebuli masivebis, aramed sxvaTa samflobeloebs Soris moqceuli, mcire nakveTebis saxiT. dampyroblebma inglisSi daamkvidres mkacri `satyeo samarTali~, romlis ZaliT SesaZlebeli iqneboda tyeebis didi nawilis samefo nakrZalebad gamocxadeba da misi sazRvrebis darRvevisaTvis mkacri sasjelis daweseba. garda amisa, mefem Tavi gamoacxada mTeli miwis fondis uzenaess mesakuTred da moiTxova, rom yvela Tavisufal miwaTmflobels daedo misTvis erTgulebis fici. aseTma taqtikam yvela ingliseli lordi, faqtiurad da iuridiulad, mefis vasalad aqcia, romlis movaleobas, upirveles yovlisa, Seadgenda mefis sasargeblod samxedro samsaxuri. amrigad, kontinentur evropaSi damkvid-rebuli principi: `Cemi vasalis vasali, Cemi vasali ar aris~ inglisSi ver ikidebs fexs. yvela ingliseli lordi or did kategoriad daiyo: gvirgvinis uSualo vasali, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen msxvili miwaTmflobelebi (grafebi, baronebi) da meore safexuris vasalebi (qvevasalebi), romlebic Seadgendnen saSualo da wvril aristokratias. samRvdeloebis didi nawili, mefis sasargeblod, axorcielebda igive samsaxurs, rac eva-leboda saero vasalebs. amrigad, inglisSi sazogadoebis warCinebulma fenam, ver moipova is privilegiebi da imuniteti, romlebiTac sargeblobdnen aristokratebi kontinentze. mefis uzenaesi sakuTrebis ufleba miwaze aZlevda mas saSualebas, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, gadaenawilebina miwis nakveTebi vasalebs Soris da Careuliyo miwaTmflobelTa urTierTobebSi, riTac man daamkvidra mefis marTlmsajulebis uzenaesoba, yvela rangis lordis sasamarTlosTan mimarTebaSi. sagadasaxado politikis mowesrigebisa da qveynis mosaxleobis socialuri Semadgenlobis gansazRvris mizniT, 1086 wels ganxorcielda qveynis miwis fondisa da mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRwera, romlis Sedegebi Sevida e.w. `saSineli samsjavros wignSi~ (Domesday book). aRweris SedegebiT moxda glexobis nawilis daymeveba. axla isini iTvlebodnen piradad-damokidebul, lordis miwebis samemkvidreo mpyrobelebad _ vilanebad, Tumca daniuri samarTlis qveyanaSi (aR. inglisi) da sxva adgilebSic SenarCunebul iqna Tavisufali gle-xobis da, masTan mdgomareobiT miaxloebuli, sokmenebis fena, romlebzec vrceldeboda mxolod manoris lordis sasamarTlo xelisufleba. Tavisufali saglexo mosaxleoba XI-XII saukuneebSi imyofeboda urTierTsawinaaRmdego faqtorebis zegavlenis qveS. erTi mxriv, samefo xelisufleba xels uwyobda glexobis uRaribesi nawilis aqtiur daymevebas da vila-nebad gadaqcevas, xolo, meore mxriv, XII s-is bolodan qveyanaSi bazris warmoqmnam da savaWro urTierTobebis swrafma ganviTarebam, gamoiwvia mdidari glexobis fenis warmoSoba, romelsac samefo xelisufleba miiCnevda sakuTar politikur mokavSired, baronuli sepa-ratizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. mefis sasamarTlo xSirad gadawyvetilebebs iRebda aseTi glexebis sasargeblod, lordebis TviTnebobis aRkveTis mizniT. qveynis SedarebiTi erTianoba, normandiasa da safrangeTTan arsebuli kavSirebi xels uw-yobda inglisSi vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTarebas. samefo xelisuflebis centra-lizaciis pirobebSi inglisurma qalaqebma ver moipoves iseTi avtonomia, rogoric hqondaT qalaqebs kontinentis samxreT nawilsa an germaniaSi da amitom isini iZulebuli iyvnen SeeZinaT (eyidaT) samefo qartiebi, riTac maT eniWebodaT zogierTi savaWro privilegiebi.

b) henri II-is reformebi

XII s-is II naxevramde inglisSi ar arsebobda, profesiul doneze mowyobili, admnistraciul-sasamarTlo organoebi. mmarTvelobis centri iyo samefo sasaxle _ kuria, romelic mudmivad gadaadgildeboda inglisis teritoriaze da didi xniT tovebda kidec qveyanas, vinaidan mefe xSirad normandiaSi cxovrobda. samefo kuria gafarToebuli SemadgenlobiT warmoadgenda, mefis uSualo vasalebisa da mefesTan daaxloebuli pirebis, sakrebulos. mefis inglisSi aryofnis dros qveyanas, faqtiurad, marTavda mTavari iusticiari _ sasuliero piri, romelic iyo kanonikuri da romis samarTlis mcodne. misi TanaSemwe iyo kancleri, romelic meTau-robda samdivnos. adgilebze centralur xelisuflebas warmoadgendnen `gamsvleli~ despanebi da Serifebi, romlebic iniSnebodnen adgilobrivi magnatebis warmomadgenlebisgan da xSirad upirispirdebodnen kidec centralur xelisuflebas. sasamarTlo saqmianobas axorcielebdnen adgilobrivi sakrebuloebi (aseulis, sagrafos) da manorialuri sasamarTloebi, romlebic iyenebdnen arqaul procedurebs, kerZod, ordalebsa da sasamarTlo orTabrZolas. samefo marTlmsajulebas gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi hqonda da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda naw-yalobevi, Tu pirs uars etyodnen marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaze adgilobriv sasa-marTloSi, an adgili eqneboda `samefo wyalobisaTvis~ ajas. gvirgvinis prerogativis ganmtkiceba, saxelmwifo aparatis profesionalizacia da biuro-

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kratizacia, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves inglisis centralizaciasa da uryevobas, dakavSi-rebulia, ZiriTadad, mefe henri II_is mier (1154_1189 ww.) gatarebul reformebTan. es reformebi pirobiTad sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda: I. samefo iusticiis sistemaSi moyvana da misi sistemis ufro meti srulyofa: a) procesis formebis daxvewa, b) tradiciuli da Sua saukuneebis periodis sasamarTloebTan konkuren-tunariani, mefis gamsvleli marTlmsajulebisa da mudmivmoqmedi centraluri sasamarT-loebis sistemis Camoyalibeba; II. armiis reformireba, romlis arsic mdgomareobda, daqiravebuli jarisa da adgilobrivi rekrutebis Tanaarsebobis xarjze Seqmnili, armiis formirebaSi; III. mosaxleobis axali gadasaxadebiT dabegvris sistemis Camoyalibeba. samefo xelisuflebis sasamarTlo, samxedro da safinanso funqciebis ganmtkiceba iuri-diulad gaformda mTeli rigi samefo brZanebulebebis gamocemiT: didi, klarendonis (1166 w.), norThemptonis (1176 w.) asizebiTa da `SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb~ (1181 w.) asiziT. sasamarTlo-administraciuli sistemis gardaqmnisas, henri II-m gamoiyena iSviaT SemTxvevebSi ganxorcielebuli anglo-saqsuri, normandiuli da saeklesio dadgenilebani. adreuli SuasaukuneebisaTvis tipiurma _ gamsvleli mmarTvelobis praqtikam, inglisSi, ufro Tanmimdevruli da daxvewili xasiaTi miiRo. am periodidan moyolebuli, inglisSi myarad damkvidrda gamsvleli sasamarTloebis saqmianobac _ samefo sasamarTloebis gamsvleli sesiebi. Tu 1166 w. dainiSna mxolod 6 mosamarTle gamsvleli sasamarTlo sxdomis Casatareblad sagrafoSi, 10 wlis Semdeg ukve arsebobda 6 gamsvleli olqi da gamsvlel mo-samarTleTa ricxvi 20-30 mosamarTlemde gaizarda. am sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa daniSvna xdeboda mefis brZanebiT, saerTo sasamarTlos gamsvleli sesiis mowyobis Sesaxeb. amave brZanebiT, mosamarTles eniWeboda gansakuTrebuli uflebebi (ara marto sasamarTlo, aramed administraciuli da safinanso uflebamosilebanic). amavdroulad, mowesrigda samefo brZanebebis sistema da dakanonda specialuri procedura saadgilmamulo davebisa da danaSaulis saqmeebis gamoZiebisaTvis. aseTi procedura miiCneoda `wyalobad~ da `privilegiad~ yvela Tavisufali adamianisaTvis, romelsac iyenebdnen mxolod samefo sasamarTloebSi. aseTi proceduris dasawyebad savaldebulo iyo samefo kancelariis specialuri gankargulebis Sesyidva. aseT gankargulebas ewodeboda brZaneba uflebis Sesaxeb, romlis gareSec SeuZlebeli iyo samoqalaqo sarCelis wardgena an sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze saCivris Setana samefo sasamarTloSi. mxolod amis Semdeg moxdeboda saqmis gamoZieba gamsvleli mosamarTleebis an Serifebis mier, nafici msajulebis _ aseulis 12 sruluflebiani moqalaqis monawileobiT, romlebic fics debdnen an mowmeebis, an mbralmdeblis saxiT. saqmis gamoZiebis aRniSnuli wesi aadvilebda saqmis obieqtur gamoZiebasa da gadawyvetilabis miRebas, vidre es xdeboda senioris (lordis) sasamarTloSi, ordalebisa da sasamarTlo orTabrZolis gamoyenebis pirobebSi. samarTaldarRvevaTa saq-meebze samefo sasamarTloSi saCivris Setana vilansac ki SeeZlo. Serifi uflebamosili iyo, senioris uflebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, Sesuliyo mis samflobeloSi, raTa daekavebina damnaSave da Seemowmebina urTierTpasuxismgeblobis aRsruleba manoris mosaxleobaSi. amrigad, XII s-is II naxevarSi henri II-em Seqmna samefo marTlmsajulebis specialuri meqanizmi, romelic ixilavda samoqalaqo davebsa da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs da romelmac aamaRla samefo sasamarTloebis avtoriteti da gaafarTova misi iurisdiqciis farglebi. XII s-is Sua xanebidan iwyeba centraluri mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organos _ samefo kuriis struqturisa da misi kompetenciis mowesrigeba. funqciaTa specializaciis procesSi da, kuris Semadgenlobidan, mTeli rigi gansakuTrebuli uwyebebis gamoyofis Semdeg, sabolood Camoya-libda samefo kancelaria, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda kancleri. agreTve, Seiqmna mefis centraluri (`piradi~) sasamarTlo da xazina. 1175 wlidan, roca mefis `piradi~ sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen mudmivmoqmedi sasuliero da saero mosamarTleebi, samefo sasamarTlos rezidenciad iqca vestminsteri da mas TandaTanobiT gamoeyo saerTo ajebis, saCivrebis sasamarTlo. am sasamarTlo sxdomebze savaldebulo ar iyo mefis daswreba rogorc adgilze, ise gamsvleli sxdomebis Catarebis dros. saerTo davebis (saCivrebis) sasamarTlos saqmianobam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa inglisSi `saerTo samarTlis~ sistemis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. ufro rTulad mimdinareobda urTierTobebis garkveva samefo xelisuflebasa da inglisur eklesias, saero da saeklesio marTlmsajulebas Soris. normandielTa batonobis damyarebis Semdeg, saero da saeklesio sasamarTloebi gaiyo, Tanac saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sevida yvela sasuliero da saero saqmeebis (qorwineba, anderZi) garkveuli nawili. Tumca, samefo xelisufleba akontrolebda eklesias. normandieli mefeebi TviTon niSnavdnen episkoposebs, gamoscemdnen inglisisa da normandiis mosaxleobisaTvis savaldebulo saeklesio dadgenilebebs, iRebdnen Semosavlebs vakanturi eparqiebidan. mogvianebiT, romis papis

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xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da romSi kaTolikuri centris gadatanis Semdeg, inglisis gvirgvini sul ufro xSirad da mkveTrad upirispirdeboda eklesiis winaaRmdegobas da inglisSi `eklesiis Tavisuflebis~ sakiTxma, samomavlod, safuZveli Cauyara Zalzed Rrma da dramatul brZolas romis papebsa da inglisis saero xelisuflebas Soris. normandielTa gabatonebam, faqtiurad, ar Secvala inglisSi adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis struqtura. SenarCunebul iqna qveynis dayofa sagrafoebad da aseulebad. sagrafoebSi mefis administraciis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen Serifebi, aseulebSi ki Serifebis TanaSemweebi _ beilifebi. Serifi axorcielebda umaRles samxedro, safinanso da sapolicio xelisuflebas, sagrafos mTel teritoriaze. masve evaleboda mefis kancelariis yvela brZanebis ZiriTadi aRsruleba. Serifi sakuTar administraciul-sasamarTlo funqciebs ganaxorcielebda sag-rafosa da aseulis krebebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis pirobebSi, Tanac Serifi ufleba-mosili iyo moewvia es krebebi da yofiliyo maT sesiebze Tavmjdomare. es dawesebulebebi SenarCunebul iqna inglisSi momdevno periodSic, Tumca, TandaTanobiT, gadaiqca centraluri xelisuflebis iaraRad _ adgilebze. inglisis adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sistemis erT-erT Taviseburebad iTvleba mosaxleobis monawileoba samefo samarTalwarmoebaSi. henri II-is samxedro reforma SemdegSi mdgomareobda: mefem samxedro valdebuleba (begara) gaavrcela qveynis mTel Tavisufal mosaxleobaze. nebismieri Tavisufali: mebatone, glexi, qalaqis mosaxleoba valdebuli iyo SeeZina iaraRi, romelic Seesabameboda mis qonebriv mdgomareobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom jars hqonda sakuTari aRWurviloba, armiis Senaxva kvlav xdeboda saxelmwifo xazinis xarjze, romlis Semosavlebi ganuxrelad izrdeboda. pirvelyovlisa, dakanonda piradi samxedro begaris Secvla e.w. `faris fulis~ gadaxdiT. am gadasaxads krefdnen ara marto mebatoneebis, aramed damokidebuli mosaxleobidan. am Ronis-

Ziebam saSualeba misca mefes Seeqmna raindTa daqiravebuli jari.

3) senioraluri monarqiis Taviseburebani germaniaSi

a) germaniis saxelmwifo wyobileba senioraluri monarqiis periodSi

Sua saukuneebis periodSi Camoyalibebul mmarTvelobis formas, romelic dafuZnebulia siuzerenitet-vasalitetis principze, ewodeba senioraluri monarqia. aseT monarqiaSi politikuri xelisufleba gadanawilebulia mefesa da sxvadasxva donis seniorebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian senioralur-vasaluri urTierTobebiT, ris gamoc maT SeiZines kerZo-samarTlebrivi xasiaTi. senioraluri monarqiis Camoyalibebas Tan sdevda centraluri xelisuflebis dacema, qveynis erTianobis rRveva, misi sagareo-poli-tikuri mdgomareobis Sesusteba. germania, rogorc Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifo Camoyalibda aRmosavleT frankebis miwebSi, frankTa imperiis daSlis Sedegad. misi teritoria Seicavda 5 ZiriTadi tomobrivi sahercogos _ saqsoniis, frankoniis, Svabiis (alemaniis), bavariisa da frangebisaTvis warTmeuli loTaringiis, agreTve mogvianebiT SemoerTebul frangul (burgundia), italiur (Cr. italiis qalaqebi) da slavur (bohemia) miwebsa da avstriis teritorias. sakmaod xanmokle, SedarebiTi saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis Semdeg, X-XII s-Si, germaniaSi iwyeba daqucmacebulobis kanonzomieri procesi. magram, safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT, am movlenam miiRo ukuqceviTi xasiaTi. es ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi mizezebiT, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda sagareo-politikur faqtors. germanuli samarTlis eqspansias, Sua saukuneebSi, ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba hqonda: italia da slavuri aRmosavleTi _ drang nah osteni, ramac gamoiwvia germanuli sahercogoebis xelovnuri gaerTianeba, slavuri miwebisa da Cr. italiis SemoerTeba, rasac Sedegad mohyva imperiis Seqmna, romelsac XVI s-Si germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperia ewoda. vinaidan germaniis ganviTarebis ZiriTad tendencias warmoadgenda swrafva decentralizaciisken, Sua saukuneebSi germanuli saxelmwifoebriobis periodizacia sakmad rTulia. aq saxelmwifos formebis cvla da Ses-wavla SesaZlebelia ara mTeli qveynis, kerZod, imperiisa da uSualod germaniis masStabiT, aramed calkeuli germanuli samTavroebis, miwebis TvalsazrisiT. amitom, sasurvelia ori didi etapis gamoyofa: 1. SedarebiT centralizebuli adreuli Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifo germaniis imperiis farglebSi (X-XII ss.); 2. germaniis teritoriuli daqucmacebuloba (XIII-XIX s-nis dasawyisi) da avtonomiuri germanuli saxelmwifoebis _ samTavroebis Camoyalibeba. sxvadasxva germanul samTavroSi Sua saukuneebis socialur-politikuri urTierTobebi viTar-

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deboda sakmaod araTanabrad. gvarovnul-tomobrivi gadmonaSTebis roli jer kidev didi iyo, kerZod, saqsoniaSi, romelic mtkiced icavda sakuTar avtonomias, mosaxleoba inarCunebda to-mobriv Cveulebebs.

b) germaniis sazogadoebrivi wyoba

X-XII s-Si germaniaSi Camoyalibda Sua saukuneebis ZiriTadi socialuri wodebani. mravalricxovanma omebma xeli Seuwyo samxedro-saraindo wodebis konsolidacias. misi zeda-fena Camoyalibda sagvareulo da msaxureuli aristokratiis sxvadasxva elementebisgan. pirvel kategorias Seadgendnen hercogebi _ tomobrivi Tavadebi, romlebic iqcnen msxvil miwaTmflobelebad. msaxureuli aristokratia Sedgeboda, ZiriTadad, sagrafo rangis pirebisagan, romlebmac administraciul olqebSi (sagrafoebSi) xelSi Caigdes umniSvnelovanesi saero da sasuliero Tanamdebobani. msxvili miwaTmflobelebi iyvnen fogTebic _ samefo Cinovnikebi, romlebic axorcielebdnen sasamarTlo funqciebs saeklesio mamulebSi. XI-XII s-Si es wreebi, TandaTanobiT, gaerTiandnen da gadaiqcnen uZlieress separatistul Zalebad. isini ar iyvnen dainteresebuli Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebis arsebobaSi. moxda maTi urTierTSerwyma teritoriul TavadTa wodebasTan, romelic aerTianebda msxvil saeklesio aristokratiasac. sabolood, XIII s-nis SuaxanebisaTvis, yalibdeba gansakuTrebuli saero da sasuliero TavadTa wodeba. saSualo da wvrili raindoba yalibdeba ara marto wvrili miwaTmflobeli aznaurobidan, aramed Tavisufali glexobis zedafenisagan. hainrih I-is samxedro reformis ZaliT (919-936 ww.), nebismieri Tavisufali mxedari iricxeboda samxedro wodebis rigebSi. raindTa wodebaSi iricxebodnen `ministerialebic,~ romlebic gamovidnen mefisa da TavadTa araTavisufali mosamsaxureebis rigebidan da axorcielebdnen administraciul funqciebs. es kategoria qmnida imperatoris mosamsaxureTa fenas, romelic, sakuTar mebatoneebTan erTad, axorcielebda samxedro samsaxurs. XII s-Si maTma umravlesobam moipoves Tavisufleba da miwebi. XII s-mde jer kidev arsebobda dayofa `keTilSobil~ da `arakeTilSobil~ raindebad, Tumca 1186 wels gamoica brZanebuleba glexebisa da samRvdeloebis vaJebisaTvis raindTa rigebSi Caricxvis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. Ggermanuli Tavadaznauroba da samRvdeloeba Sua saukuneebSi, ierarqiuli principis Sesabamisad, iyofoda Tavisebur rangebad _ e.w. farebad. `saqsoniis sarkem~ daasaxela 7 samxedro fari (rangi): mefe, sasuliero Tavadoba (episkoposi, abati), saero Tavadoba, maTi vasalebi. rangebSi Cairicxnen agreTve arakeTilSobili Tavisufali wodebis warmomoadgenlebi, e.w. `Sefenis wodeba~. maTi wridan airCeodnen saTemo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi _ Sefenebi. mogvianebiT, es wodeba gadaiqca warCinebulTa umdables kategoriad. germaniaSi glexoba XIII s-Tvis gaiyo or kategoriad: Tavisufali da damokidebuli. iuridiulad Tavisufali glexobis kategorias, `saqsoniis sarkis~ Tanaxmad, warmadgendnen miwis moijare da CinSebi _ anu mebatonis miwis mpyrobelni, fuladi gadasaxadis gadaxdis movaleobiT (CinSi). isini kidev iyofodnen or jgufad: erTi maTgani uflebamosili iyo miwa gadaeca memkvidreobiT da gaeyida kidec, meoreni _ moklebulni iyvnen am uflebas. Amoijareebs ar hqondaT sakuTari miwa da amitom miwas iRebdnen droebiTi damuSavebis pirobiT. faqtiurad, CinSebi da moijareebi, miwis mflobelis mimarT, imyofebodnen garkveul damokidebulebaSi. glexebis udidesi umravlesoba imyofeboda rogorc faqtobriv, ise iuridiul damokidebulebaSi. glexobis am kategorias Seadgendnen naxevradTavisufali litebi da pirad damokidebuli glexebi. am periodSi arsebuli saglexo damokidebulebis mravalferovneba, maT Soris gardamavali xasiaTisa, imaze mowmobs, rom glexobis daymevebisa da sabatono urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis procesi jer kidev ar iyo damTavrebuli. Tumca, am urTierTobebis Semdgomi ganviTareba imazec mowmobs, rom glexebs Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi gansxvaveba nel-nela iSleboda da hqreboda. germaniis sasazRvro olqebSi, sahercogoebs Soris sazRvrebze, X s-dan daiwyo mravalrcxovani cixe-simagreebis _ burhebis mSenebloba, romelTa nawili mogvianebiT qalaqebad gadaiqca. XI-XII s-Si, qalaqebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, Camoyalibda Tavisufali adamianebis gansakuTrebuli wodeba _ boiurgeroba (moqalaqeebi). saimperatoro da seniorTa xelisuflebaSi myofi, qalaqebis mdgomareoba germaniaSi metad mravalferovani iyo da maT sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi reJimi gaaCnda. qalaqebsa da saimperatoro xelisuflebas Soris kavSiri germaniaSi namdvilad ar Camoyalibda. X s-nis pirvel mesamedsa da XII s-Si germania warmoadgenda, SedarebiT erTian, saxelmwifos. sabatono urTierTobebis susti ganviTareba, sagareo safrTxe da pirveli germaneli mefeebis mier ganxorcielebuli sagareo politika xels uwyobda adreuli Sua saukuneebis monarqiis Camoyalibebasa da samefo xelisuflebis droebiT gaZlierebas. mefeebma SesZles, uwindeli

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tomobrivi sahercogoebidan, SeeqmnaT erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba. Tumca, eTnikuri erTobis ararseboba, calkeul sahercogoebs Soris susti ekonomikuri kavSirebis arseboba mniSvnelovnad asustebda am saxelmwifos realur erTobas. am dros moxda germanuli saxelmwifos teritoriis mniSvnelovani gafarToeba. italiis nawilis, burgundiis, CexeTisa SemoerTebisa da brandenburgis, aRmosavleTisa da sxva markebis SeqmniT warmoiqmna vrceli imperia. germanelma mefeebma X s-dan miiRes `saRvTo romis imperiis~ imperatorTa tituli. samefo xelisuflebis droebiT ganmtkicebas xeli Seuwyo oto I-is mefobam, romelic hercogebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi eyrdnoboda saeklesio miwaTmflobelobasa da saeklesio dawesebulebebs. misma RonisZiebebma adgilobrivi eklesiis mimarT, miiRo `otos privilegiebis~ saxelwodeba. oto I-ma SezRuda hercogTa uflebebi eklesiis mimarT; hercogebis funqciebi, nawilobriv, gadasca episkoposebs; olqebSi Seqmna imunitetiT aRWurvili, damoukidebeli saepiskoposo teritoriebi, maTTvis samarTavad sahercogo miwebis an maTi nawilis gadacemis xarjze. sasuliero aristokratia daemorCila mxolod samefo xelisuflebas. mefis uzenaesoba saeklesio saqmeebSi imiT iyo uzrunvelyofili, rom Cinosnebs ekrZalebodaT qonebis memkvidreobiT gadacema. am dros imperiaSi moqmedebda samefo investitura (saeklesio Cinis miniWeba xdeboda saero xelisuflebis mier). oto I-is `saepiskoposo sistema~ saSualebas aZlevda mas TviTneburad daeniSna episkoposebi, Seeqmna eparqiebi, ganekarga saeklesio miwebidan mirebuli Semosavlebi. es Semosavlebi Seadgendnen, SedarebiT Zlieri, samefo xelisuflebis materialur safuZvels, iseve, rogorc sxva, uSualod da mxolod mefis xelisuflebidan gamomdinare, uflebebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi _ regaliebi, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi iyo uzenaesi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcilebea. germaneli mefe uzrunvelyofda samarTlianobas, gamoscemda saimperatoro kanonebsa da zogjer saeklesio kanonebsac. oto I-is droidan, germaneli imperatorebi gankargavdnen italiis saepiskoposo kaTedrebsac, papebis taxtze dasmis an gadayenebis sakiTxebs, akontrolebdnen maT arCevas. Tumca, XI s-is bolodan gaZlierebulma papis xelisuflebam TandaTanobiT gaiTavisufla Tavi germaneli impera-torebis meurveobisgan da, maTTan brZolaSi, moipova pirveloba.

g) centraluri aparatis Camoyalibeba da senioraluri monarqiis formireba

X-XII ss-Si germaniis centraluri aparati inarCunebda mmarTvelobis votCinur (samamulo)-sasaxluri sistemis niSnebs, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo karolingTa epoqisTvis. Tavadaznaurobis mier arCeuli imperatori, sasaxlesTan erTad, mogzaurobda mTeli imperiis teritoriaze da amiT ganamtkicebda sakuTar xelisuflebas mis calkeul nawilebSi. sasaxlis umaRlesi Cinosnebi (kancleri, marSali) axorcielebdnen umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifoebriv funqciebs. maTi Tanamdebobebi, TandaTanobiT, iZenen memkvidreobiT xasiaTs. es Tanamdebobebi gadaecemaT uzenaes saero da sasuliero Tavadobas: saqsoniis hercogs, maincis, triris mTavarepiskoposebsa da sxva, romlebic TviTneburad gankargavdnen da marTavdnen germanul miwebs, imperatorebis xangrZlivi droiT ararsebobis periodSi. XI s-is dasawyisidan imperatorTan iqmneba samefo sabWo _ hoftagi, romelic ixilavda umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifo saqmeebs. XII s-dan iwyeba, adgilebze, samefo administraciuli sistemis daSlis procesi. Zveli drois samefo moxeleebi _ grafebi iqcnen samemkvidreo memamuleebad. isini qmnian sakuTar mmarTvelobis aparats, romelic daculi iyo, centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan, Carevisgan imunitetebiT da privilegiebiT. amrigad, XII s-dan germaniis centraluri da adgilobrivi aparatis saqmianoba sul ufro naklebad iyo damokidebuli imperatoris nebasa da interesebisgan da sul ufro metad ganisazRvreboda mTavrebis interesebiT da privilegiebiT. gansakuTrebuli aparati Seiqmna italiis mmarTvelobisaTvis. mas meTaurobda kancleri, romelic iyo germaniis erT-erTi umaRlesi sasuliero mTavari. mis garda, arsebobda imperatoris elCebis (wargzavnilebis) Tanamdebobebi administraciuli da samxedro funqciebiT, pfalcgrafebi _ imperatoris qonebis mmarTvelni, qalaqebis prefeqtebi. imperiis samxedro Zalebi iyofoda saimperatoro da samTavroebis jarebad. samefo jari Sedgeboda mefis vasalebis mier gamoyvanili kontigentisgan. imperatori adgenda sajariso nawilebis im raodenobas, romelic valdebuli iyo gamoeyvanaT saero da sasuliero mTavrebs, Tumca maTi brZolebSi monawileoba ganisazRvreboda aristokratiuli Cveulebebisa da aristokratTa krebebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT. jarebis uzenaesi mTavarsardali iyo imperatori. germaniis sasamarTlo sistemam SeinarCuna karolingebis xanis ZiriTadi niSnebi. samTavroebis mmarTvelobis sistemis CamoyalibebasTan erTad, TandaTanobiT, izRudeboda imperatoris sasamarTlo xelisufleba da is gadadioda saero da sasuliero mTavrebis xelSi, xolo

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sasamarTlo sistemam SeiZina sakmaod rTuli da mravalsafexuriani xasiaTi. mebatoneebi, romlebic, Tavdapirvelad, asamarTlebdnen mxolod sakuTar yma-glexebs, mogvianebiT, iurisdiqcias avrceleben sakuTari samflobeloebis mTel mosaxleobaze. Tavisufali mosaxleobisaTvis arsebobda wodebrivi sasamarTloebi, romlebic moqmedebdnen Semdegi principis safuZvelze: `TanasworTa sasamarTloebi~ _ samTavro, sagrafo, saSefeno. damokidebul qalaqebSi sasamarTlo imyofeboda sakuTari senioris warmomadgenlis xelSi, xolo gaTavisuflebul qalaqebSi iqmneboda qalaqis sasamarTloebi, romlebic marTlmsajulebas axorcielebdnen saqalaqo samarTlis normebis safuZvelze. sakuTari sasamarTloebi hqonda saeklesio korporaciebsac.

4) ruseTi (XII-XIV ss.) senioraluri monarqiis periodSi

kievis ruseTis, erT dros didi da sakmaod Zlieri, Zvelrusuli saxelmwifo XII saukunis bolodan ganicdis imave procesebs, rac dasavleT evropis qveynebis umetesobisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli _ iwyeba e.w. senioraluri monarqiis epoqa. imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor mimdinareobda kievis ruseTis saxelmwifoebriobis daSla da mis nangrevebze mcire zomis, Tanac, mmarTvelobis formis mixedviT, gansxvavebuli warmonaqmnebis Seqmna, dRemde gansxva-vebuli, zogjer urTierTsapirispiro da urTierTgamomricxavi, mosazrebebi arsebobs. mec-nierTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom Zveli rusuli saxelmwifos daSla-daqucmacebis mTavari mizezi mTavarTa taxtis memkvidreobis wesis SecvlaSi mdgomareobda. meoreTa azriT, daSlis procesSi igive garemoebani aisaxa, rac, zogadad, damaxasiaTebeli iyo dasavleT evropis kontinenturi nawilis qveynebis umetesobisaTvis. kerZod, XII saukuneSi adgilobrii mTavrebi da maTi boiarebi imdenad gaZlierdnen, rom didi mTavris daxmarebis gareSec SeeZloT mezoblebTan warmatebuli brZola d mdabioTa gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobis daZleva. Tanac, XI s. bolodan kievis ruseTis saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebi imdenad gafarTovda, rom didi survilis SemTxvevaSic ki, didi mTavrebi veRar SesZlebdnen, ukidegano qveynis, ganapira provinciebSi mcxovrebi, qveSevrdomebis saTanado dacvas da urCi vasalebis morCilebaSi moyvanas, Tu maT aRar surdaT kievis taxtisadmi morCileba. garda amisa, zogad niSnad miiCneva meurneobis naturaluri, karCaketili xasiaTi, riTac, obieqturad, ganpirobebuli iyo calkeuli samTavroebis TviTizolacia da maTi mbrZaneblebis ltolva damoukideblobisaken, miTumetes, rom maT Tavisuflad SeeZloT sakuTar samflobeloebSi gadasaxadebis gawera da akrefa, mdabioTa gasamarTleba da dasja, sakuTari razmebis Sekreba da maTi iaraRiTa da sarCo-sanovagiT uzrunvelyofa, meurneobis martivi dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. vladimir monomaxis vaJiSvilebis mefobaSi dawyebuli, daqucmacebulobis procesi imdenad gaRrmavda, rom XII s. bolosaTvis Zveli ruseTis teritoriaze ukve 15-mde msxvili damoukidebeli samTavro warmoiqmna. maTi teritoriuli farglebi, TiTqmis zustad, asaxavda uZvelesi tomTa kavSirebis gansaxlebis areals aRmosavleT slavebSi.

a) vladimir-suzdalis samTavro

vladimir-suzdalis samTavro ganixileba, rogorc daqucmacebulobis periodis (senioraluri monarqiis) Zvelrusuli samTavros klasikuri nimuSi. amas ramdenime safuZveli gaaCnia: a) is uzarmazar teritoriaze iyo gadaWimuli Crdilo-aRmosavleTis miwebSi _ md. Cr. dvinidan moyolebuli md. okas napirebamde (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken) da md. volgas saTaveebidan md. okas volgaSi SesarTavamde (CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken). vladimir-suzdalis ruseTi, mogvianebiT, im politikur centrad iqca, romlis irgvliv moxda rusuli miwebis gaerTianeba da ruseTis centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna. vladimir-suzdalis samTavroSi warmoiqmna moskovi, romelmac mogvianebiT gaaerTiana qveyana da rusuli (moskovis) saxelmwifoebriobis politikuri centris statusi SeiZina; b) swored vladimir-suzdalis samTavroSi moxda kievis didi mTavris titulisa da taxtis gadmosvla. vladimir-suzdalis yvela mTavari, monomaxebis STamomavlebi _ iuri dolgorukidan (1125-1157 ww.) moyolebuli daniil moskoveliT (1276-1303 ww.) damTavrebuli, didi mTavris tituls ata-rebdnen, rac vladimir-suzdalis samTavros gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebda, senioraluri monarqiis periodis sxva rusul samTavroebTan SedarebiT; g) vladimirSi gadmotanili iqna mitropolitis kaTedra. 1240 w. baTo-yaenis mier kievis darbevis Semdeg, berZeni warmomavlobis ioseb mitropolitis nacvlad, 1246 wels konstantinopolis patriarqma rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis meTaurad rusuli warmomavlobis kirile mitropoliti

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daniSna. eparqiebSi mogzaurobisas, kirile mitropoliti upiratesobas mxolod Crdilo-aRmosavleT ruseTs aniWebda. xolo momdevno mitropoliti _ maqsime, 1299 w., veRar `uZlebda ra monRolTa batonobas kievSi~, gadavida vladimirSi da, pirveli mitropolitTa Soris, eufleba `sruliad ruseTis~ mitropolitis tituls; d) unda aRiniSnos, rom vladimir-suzdalis samTavro mcire drois ganmavlobaSi inarCunebda erTianobasa da saxelmwifoebriv simtkices. misi ayvavebis periodi modis vsevolod iuris Zis (didi bude) didimTavrobis xanaze, xolo misi memkvidreebis mmarTvelobaSi iwyeba (XIII s.) misi daqucmaceba.

1. vladimir-suzdalis sazogadoebrivi wyoba

samTavros ekonomikuri ganviTareba moxda XII s. II naxevarsa da XIII s. dasawyisSi, roca didi mTavris taxtze andrei bogoliubski da vsevolod iuris Ze (didi bude) isxdnen. amis Sesaxeb naTel warmodgenas iZleva ori didebuli taZris mSenebloba vladimirSi XII s-is II naxevarSi _ miZinebisa da dimitris taZrebi. rusuli mosaxleoba, romelic samxreTuli miwebidan saxldeboda vladimir-suzdalis samTavroSi, im adgilebs ikavebs, romlebic ZvelTaganve finuri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. Tumca, rusul mosaxleobas ar ganudevnia am miwebidan uZvelesi mosaxleoba da maT Soris, ZiriTadad, mSvidobiani urTierTobebi damyarda. saqmes ufro aadvilebda is garemoeba, rom finelebs ar hqoniaT sakuTari qalaqebi, xolo slavebi am miwebSi cixe-qalaqebis aSenebiT ganamtkicebdnen sakuTar usafrTxoebas. vladimir-suzdalis samTavroSi gabatonebuli socialuri fenis struqtura, TiTqmis arafriT, gansxvavdeboda kievisagan. Tumca, ukve gaCnda didgvarovanTa ufro wvrili kategoria _ e.w. boiarTa Svilebi da XII s. Cndeba axali termini _ дворяне _ aznauroba. gabatonebuli fenis SemadgenlobaSi samRvdeloebac Sedioda. rusul miwebSi samRvdeloeba mowyobili iyo wminda vladimirisa da iaroslav brZenis mier dadgenili wesebis mixedviT. monRol-TaTrebma, rusuli qalaqebis dangrevisa da ruseTis dapyrobis Semdeg, TiTqmis xeluxleblad datoves marTlmadidebluri eklesiis organizaciuli sistema, ramac kidev ufro gaaadvila dapyrobili xalxis marTva. eklesiis privilegirebul mdgomareobas ganamtkicebda yaenis mier gacemuli iarliyebi (sigelebi), romelTa Soris uZvelesi iyo didi yaenis menRu-Temiris (1266-1267) iarliyi. iarliyebis Tanaxmad, rusul eklesias garantirebuli hqonda rwmenis xelSeuxebloba, rusul eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebisa da saeklesio pirTa saeklesio iurisdiqciis xelSeuxebloba, garda iseTi danaSaulisa, rogoric iyo yaCaRoba da mkvleloba, gadasaxadebis, gamosaRebisa da begarisagan gaTavisuflebis saqmeebi.

2. politikuri sistema

vladimir-suzdalis samTavro adreuli Sua saukuneebis periodis monarqiuli saxelmwifo iyo, romelSic SenarCunebuli iqna mTavris sakmaod Zlieri xelisufleba. ukve pirveli rostov-suzdalis mTavari iuri dolgoruki xasiaTdeboda rogorc Zlieri monarqi, romelmac 1154 w. SesZlo kievis dapyroba da iq sakuTari Zmis _ andrei bogolubskis gamTavreba. vsevolod iuris Zis (didi bude) mTavrobis Semdeg vladimir-suzdalis samTavro mcire samTavroebad iSleba. Tumca, tradiciulad, vladimiris taxti mTeli XIII-XIV ss. ganmavlobaSi mainc upirveles didmTavrul taxtad iTvleboda, TviT monRolTa batonobis periodSic. monRo-lebma xeluxleblad datoves am samTavros Sida saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba da rusuli samarTlis sistema, maT Soris didi mTavris taxtis memkvidreobis sagvareulo wesi. vladimiris didi mTavari, sakuTar saqmianobaSi, didad iyo damokidebuli mTavris дружина-ze, romlis meSveobiT uzrunvelyofili iyo samTavros samxedro Zliereba. druJinidan, kievis periodis msgavsad, iqmneboda mTavris sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen samRvde-loebis warmomadgenlebi, xolo mitropolitis kaTedris vladimirSi gadmotanis Semdeg _ TviT mitropolitic. sabWo warmoadgenda samTavros mmarTvelobis umaRles organos da masSi agreTve Sediodnen mTavris nacvali druJinikebi, romlebsac samTavros qalaqebis marTva evalebodaT. didi mTavris sasaxlis gamgebeli дворецкий (saxlTuxucesi) iyo, romelic saxelmwifo aparatis meore piri iyo. 1175 w. ipatievis matiane agreTve asaxelebs sxva maRal Tanamdebobis pirebs: tiunebi, meCnikebi da detskebi, romlebic mTavris moxeleTa rigebSi Sediodnen. savaraudod, vladimir-suzdalis samTavroSic, kievis ruseTis msgavsad, damkvidrda mmarTvelobis sasaxlur-votCinuri sistema. adgilobrivi mmarTveloba Tavmoyrili iyo `наместник~-ebis xelSi, romlebic qalaqebs

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ganagebdnen da `волостель~-ebis _ soflebSi. mmarTvelobis organoebis funqciebSi Sedioda samoqmedo teritoriebSi marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebac, anu administraciuli da sasamarTlo funqciebi jer ar iyo erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli. vidre vladimir-suzdalSi mitropolitis kaTedras gadmoitandnen, am samTavroSi ramdenime eparqia arsebobda, romelTa saTaveSi episkoposebi an mTavarepiskoposebi idgnen. eparqiebi iyofoda olqebad, romelTa saTaveSi saeklesio aTmeTaurebi idgnen. saeklesio ierarqiis qveda erTeuls samrevlo Seadgenda, romelsac mRvdeli meTaurobda. ruseTSi ukve arsebobda e.w. `Savi samRvdeloeba~ (monazoni da berebi), romlebsac monastris winamZRvari meTaurobda.

b) novgorodisa da fskovis sabatono respublikebi

ruseTis Crdilo-dasavluri miwebi dRemde did interess iwveven mkvlevarTa mxridan, radgan maTi Seswavla mniSvnelovnad aris gamartivebuli sakvlevi masalis simravlis gamo. es regioni, SedarebiT naklebad, iyo dazaralebuli monRol-TaTarTa Semosevebisa da rusi mTavrebis Sida omebis Sedegad. amitom aq marTlac mravlad aris SemorCenili pirdapiri werilobiTi wyaroebi, rac novgorodis miwebis SeswavlisarTvis saucxoo mecnieruli literaturaa. Sua saukuneebis periodis didi rusuli respublika unikaluri movlenaa imdroindel samyaroSi, radgan mas imdenad vrceli teritoriuli farglebi ekava, rom maszed Tavisuflad ganTavseboda safrangeTis saxelmwifo. aseT vrcel teritoriaze ki, maSindel pirobebSi, respublikuri mmarTvelobis formis damkvidreba, obieqturad, did sirTules warmoadgenda. TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba am miwis samarTalic. miuxedavad imisa, rom am saxelmwifom mWidro savawro urTierTobebi daamyara dasavlur kompaniebTan, savaraudod, evropuli samarTlis sistemis gavlena arasakmarisi iyo am regionze. arc ufro gviandeli periodis moskovis saxelmwifom SeiTvisa novgorodis miwebis samarTali. Tumca, arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom novgorodsa da danarCen rusul samTavroebs Soris, kavSiri saerTod moSlili iyo. piriqiT, novgorodi, miuxedavad misi Taviseburebebisa, rusuli saxel-mwifoebriobis Semadgeneli nawilia da misi Seswavla mxolod am konteqstSi aris mizanSewonili.

1. novgorodisa da fskovis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi

Cr.-das. ruseTSi gansakuTrebuli saxis saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis mizezebi Cadebul iqna jer kidev, ilmenis tbis irgvliv mcxovrebi, slavuri tomebis saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis procesSi. dnepris napirebze Seqmnili saxelmwifoebriobisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac xelisuflebas daepatrona samxedro didkacoba, tomTa beladebisa da maTi druJinikebis STamomavlebi, ilmenis tbis irgvliv mcxovreb slavebSi dawinaurda ara samxedro, aramed Zveli tomobrivi sagvareulo aristokratia, romelic maleve eufleba saxelmwifo xelisuflebas. novgorodi iyo ruseTis uZvelesi centri. misi miwebi sakmaod farToa, Tumca naklebad nayofieri, rac xels uSlida miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebas. amitom am regionSi ganviTarda meTevzeoba, nadiroba, mefutkreoba, marilis sabadoebi. mas Semdeg, rac Seiqmna Zvelrusuli saxelmwifo kieviT centrSi, novgorodis miwebs marTavdnen, kievis didi mTavris mier wargzavnili, adgilobrivi mTavrebi. Tumca, daaxloebiT XII s. dasawyisidan novgorodis miwebSi mmarTvelobis sistema arsebiTad icvleba. adgilobrivi sabatono didkacoba ganimtkicebs mdgomareobas, rasac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli mTavris domenis (kuTvnili miwebis) ararsebobam, eklesiis xelSi msxvili miwaTmflobelobis Tavmoyram da novgorodis das. evropasTan saerTaSoriso vaWrobis centrad qcevam. yovelive zemoxsenebuli ki ganapirobebda novgorodis kievisagan gamoyofas da damoukidebel, ekonomikurad Zlier regionad da sabolood calkeul politikur erTeulad Camoyalibebas. XII s. novgorodi respublikad iqva, romelmac daaxloebiT 300 weli iarseba. Sida-dapirispirebam da socialurma krizisma gamoiwvia novgorodis dasusteba. 1478 wels nov-gorodi daipyro moskovis saxelmwifom da is moskovis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda. fskovis respublikam damoukidebloba mxolod XIV s. SeiZina. manamde fskovis miwebi novgorodis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, xolo fskovi novgorodis ganapira qalaqad, anu misgan damokidebulad iTvleboda. imis miuxedavad, rom XIII s. fskovs savsebiT damoukidebeli samTavro taxti gaaCnda, romelzec fskovis warCinebulebi iwvevdnen Tavis

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rCeul mTavars, novgorodi mainc uaryofda mis damoukideblobas da mxolod maSin daTanxmda fskovis gamoyofas, roca novgorods SvedeTis mxridan dapyroba daemuqra. fskovi daexmara novgorods da am ukanasknelma aRiara mezoblis damoukidebloba, riTac Seiqmna fskovis respublika. adgilmdebareobisa da geografiuli pirobebis Taviseburebani did gavlenas axdendnen fskovis respublikaSi arsebul socialur da politikur wyobaze. agresiul mezoblebTan siaxlove ganapirobebda fskovSi mTavris Zlieri xelisuflebis arsebobas, xolo miwebis simwire gamoricxavda boiarTa msxvil miwaTmflobelobas, riTac Sesustda boiarTa roli fskovis politikur cxovrebaSi. fskovis damoukideblobis dacema dakav-Sirebuli iyo, moskovis irgvliv, rusuli miwebis SemokrebasTan. 1510 wels fskovis miwebi moskovis saxelmwifos SeuerTda.

2. sazogadoebrivi wyoba

novgorodsa da fskovSi, sxva rusuli miwebis msgavsad, socialuri wyoba warmodgenili iyo saero da sasuliero aristokratiiT da mdabio mosaxleobiT. gabatonebul fenas Seadgendnen saero da sasuliero didkacoba. sasuliero aristokratias warmoadgendnen monastrebi da umaRlesi sasuliero ierarqiis wevrebi: mTavarepiskoposi, episkoposebi da monastrebis winamZRvrebi. samonastro miwaTmflobeloba Zalzed swrafad viTardeboda. saero aristo-kratia xSirad sakuTar miwebs monastrebs uanderZebda, sulis mosaxseneblad, zogjer monastrebi miwebs yidulobdnen, zogjer _ itacebdnen kidec (saTemosa da upatronos). amavdroulad, TiTqmis gamoricxuli iyo samonastro miwebis gasxviseba; gamonaklisi iyo monastrebis mier miwebis Taobaze garigebebis dadeba. gamoiricxeboda saeklesio miwebis daqucmaceba, rac, zogadad axasiaTebda saero miwaTmflobelobas. novgorodis eparqia did Semosavals iRebda, rac xels uwyobda samRvdeloebis Cabmas savaWro urTierTobebSi. Eeklesia, novgorodsa da fskovSi, vaWrobis mfarvelad iqca. saero didkacobas miekuTvnebodnen boiarebi, Jitie xalxi (anu gamdidrebuli xalxi). maTve unda mivakuTvnoT agreTve svoezemcebi (zemcebi fskovSi). novgorodis eparqiis mniSvnelovani Semosavlebis didi nawili samRvdeloebis mier savaWro brunvaSi iyo Cabmuli. eklesiam novgorodsa da fskovSi sakuTari Tavi vaWrobis mfarvelad gamoacxada. eklesiam ikisra zomisa da wonis etalonebis mfraveloba, isve amowmebda saerTaoSoriso savaWro xel-Sekrulebebs. aqedan gamomdinare, eklesia da samRvdeloeba didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda orive respublikaSi. saero didkacobas warmoadgendnen boiarebi, Jitii xalxi (anu gamdidrebuli), romelTa ricxvs miekuTvnebodnen svoezemcebi (zemcebi _ fskovSi). novgorodisa da fskovis Tavisebureba iyo: 1) samTavro domenis ararseboba da 2) saqalaqo Temis miwaTmflobelobis arseboba. novgorodisa da fskovis Taviseburebas warmoadgenda samTavro domenis ararseboba. mis nacvlad aq fexi moikida saqalaqo Temis miwaTmflobelobam. didkacobis yvelaze gavlenian jgufs boiarebi _ sagvareulo warCinebulTa STamomavlebi warmoadgendnen. maTi politikuri siZliere simdidriT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tavdapirvelad, boiarebi sargeblobdnen novgorodis saTemo miwaTmflobelobidan miRebuli SemosavlebiT da koleqtiur mebatoned gamodiodnen. Tumca, XIV s. Camoyalibda individualuri sabatono miwaTmflobeloba. garda amisa, nov-gorodeli boiarebi vaWrobasa da mevaxSeobasac misdevdnen. boiarebi TavgamodebiT icavdnen sakuTar privilegias respublikis organoebSi, maRali Tanamdebobis dakavebis aspeqtSi (posadniki, konCanis starosta). Jitii xalxisTvis, miuxedavad maTi mdgomareobisa, am Tanamdebobis dakaveba akrZaluli iyo. fskovSi msxvili miwaTmflobeloba ar iyo ganviTarebuli, ris gamoc boiarTa ekonomikuri batonoba ar iyo iseTi Zlieri, rogorc novgorodSi. Tumca, amave mizeziT, fskovSi ufro didi roli mTavarsa da veCes eniWeboda. novgorodis sasamarTlo sigelSi (судная грамота) naxsenebi iyo, boiarTa gverdiT, житьи люди (Jitii xalxi). maTac hqondaT glexebiT dasaxlebuli miwebi, Tumca isini, boiarebis msgavsad, qalaqelebad rCebodnen. Jitii xalxi vaWrobaSic iRebdnen monawileobas. swored miwaT-mflobeloba gansazRvravda maT statuss. Jitii xalxi, mebatonoobis miuxedavad, boiarebTan SedarebiT, SezRuduli uflebebiT sargeblobdnen. dauSvebeli iyo maTi maRal saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze arCeva; XIV saukunemde Jitii xalxidan airCeoda tisiacki. Tumca, mogvianebiT es Tanamdebobac boiarTa mier iqna uzurpirebuli. cnobili iyo miwaTmflobelTa iseTi kategoriac, rogoric iyo svoezemcebi (своеземцы) (zemcebi). gamokvlevebma daadastures, rom svoezemcebis umravlesoba mcire da saSualo miwaTmflobelebi iyvnen da glexebisagan, am TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebodnen.

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svoezemcebis umravlesoba qalaqebSi cxovrobda. mecnierTa nawili svoezemcebs mesakuTre-glexebad miiCnevs. Tanamedrove gamokvlevebiT, svoezemcebi _ wvrili feodalebi iyvnen. sasoflo TemSi isini ar Sediodnen, aramed sargeblobdnen saqalaqo Temis wevris upira-tesobiT. arsebobs mosazreba, rom svoezemcoba _ gaRatakebuli boiarebis STamomavlobaa. sabatono respublikebSi miwaTmflobelobis mTavar Taviseburebas is warmoadgenda, rom miwaTmflobelTa mTavar jgufs swored qalaqis mosaxleoba, qalaqelebi warmoadgendnen. saqalaqo Temis wevrebi gansakuTrebul uflebas flobdnen im mamulebis SesaZenad, romlebic qalaqis zols emijneboda. veCe gansazRvravda am miwebis reJims. qalaqis winaSe gansakuT-rebuli damsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, veCes miwis wyalobac SeeZlo, kerZod qalaqis sabatono votCinebis mimarT: es iyo suzereniteti _ vasalitetis urTierTobebisgan Tavisufali miwaTmflobeloba; memamule inarCunebda kavSirs mxolod sakuTar saqalaqo TemTan. amrigad, novgorodsa da fskovSi rTulia erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gavmijnoT mebatone da qalaqis mosaxleoba, memamule da vaWari. Tumca, ase Tu ise, vaWrebi am respublikaSi did rols TamaSobdnen. vaWrebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba iyo saSinao da sagareo vaWroba. magram, maT miwaTmflobeloba ekrZalebodaT. vaWrebi sazogadoebebSi, korporaciebSi erTiandebodnen. korporaciebis centrebad, ZiriTadad, eklesiebi gamodiodnen. novgorodSi gvxvdeba e.w. Savi, mcire xalxi (молодище люди), romelTa rigebSi erTiandebodnen ostatebi, Segirdebi, xelosnebi da daqiravebuli muSebi. rogorc saqalaqo Temis wevrebi, isini garkveuli upiratesobiT sargeblobdnen; kerZod, maT SeeZloT qalaqis mezoblad mde-bare miwebis yidva, isini adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis wevrebi iyvnen, maT sagadasaxado imunitetic icavda. damokidebuli mosaxleoba respublikebSi warmodgenili iyo glexebis, menaxevre moijareebisa da monebis (холоп) saxiT. glexobis udidesi nawili TviT saxelmwifos damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda. dokumentebSi glexobas smerdebi ewodebaT. smerdi begaras da gadasaxadebs saxelmwifos sasargeblod ixdida. `sigelebSi~ smerdebs boiarTa ymebad ar moixsenieben. zogierT dokumentSi samonastro glexebi oblebad (сирота) moixsenieba. Tumca, Tanmimdevrulad izrdeba mebatoneTa ymebis raodenoba. sabatono miwaTmflobeloba sxvadasxva gzebiT viTardeboda. yvelaze gavrcelebuli gza 1) glexebis miwebis TviTneburi mitaceba iyo; 2) zogjer mebatone yidulobda im meTemis miwis nakveTs, romelic saglexo Temidan iyo gamosuli. fskovis sasamarTlo sigelSi (Псковская судная грамoта _ ПСГ) didi adgili eTmoba menaxevre moijares, anu im adamians, romelic miwis mepatrones emsaxureboda mosavals naxevris safasurad. fskovSi menaxevre-polovinkebi iyofodnen: izornikebad, romlebic Tavis mxriv iyvnen _ mxvnelebi, mebaReebi da meTevzeebi (кочетник). maT is aerTianebdaT, rom arasakuTar, aramed mebatonis miwaze cxovrobdnen. kanoni adgenda yvela izornikis mebatonisagan wasvlis wess: weliwadSi erTxel, gvian Semodgomaze da yvela valis gadaxdis Semdeg. Tumca, arc mebatones SeZlo izornikis gaZeveba weliwadis sxva dros. aRsaniSnavia, rom izorniki ar iyo qmeduunaro, imis miuxedavad, rom is mebatonis miwaze iyo mijaWvuli. cnobilia, rom novgorodsa da fskovSi xolopebic (холоп) (monebi) iyvnen. istoriul dokumentebSi miTiTebulia gaqceuli monis mebatonisaTvis dabrunebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ПСГ saubrobs mebatonis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, Tu misi холоп-i Caidenda iseT danaSauls, romelic kerZo braldebis wesiT idevneboda. am SemTxvevaSi холоп-is mepatrone jarimas maSinac ixdida, Tu danaSauli xolopobis warmoSobamde iqna Cadenili. novgorodis respublikaSi xolopebis Sroma sabatono mamulebis miwebis dasamuSaveblad gamoiyeneboda.

3. saxelmwifo wyobileba

mas Semdeg, rac novgorodma kievis didi mTavris xelisuflebisgan damoukidebloba moipova (am mdgomareobis aRsaniSnavad), is baton did novgorodad iwodeboda. fskovis mier damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, isic baton fskovad moixsenieba. orive respublikaSi xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo veCe iyo, Tumca mTavar qalaqebSi am funqcias asrulebda saqalaqo Temis mosaxleobis sakrebulo. veCeSi monawileobis miReba ar SeeZlo glexobas. gadamwyveti xmis ufleba arc sxva qalaqebis mosaxleobas SeeZlo, Tumca maTi novgorodisa da fskovis veCes krebebSi monawileoba mainc iyo dafiqsirebuli. veCes rolis, misi Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb istoriul dokumentebSi erTiani azri ar aris. Tradiciulia mosazreba, rom veCes muSaobaSi monawileobis miReba SeeZlo qalaqis yvela Tavisufal mamakacs. krebaze xalxs veCes zarebis rekviT iwvevdnen: novgorodSi _ qalaqis savaWro nawilis iaroslavis ezoSi an soflis moedanze; fskovSi _ samebis taZris win

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mdebare moedanze. Zeglebi mowmoben mravalricxovani Setakebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic veCes dros xdeboda, novgorodelebs Soris. zogjer azrTa sxvaoba imdenad didi iyo, rom ori veCe erTdroulad imarTeboda: sofios mxaresa da savaWro mxareze da Semdeg orive modave mxare erTmaneTisken modioda da did xidze, romelic mdinare volxovze iyo gadebuli, xelCarTul brZolas awyobda (muStebiT). mxolod samRvdeloebis CareviT Tu moxdeboda sisxlisRvris Tavidan acileba. savaraudod, veCes moedani mxolod 50 kacs itevda da, Sesabamisad, veCeze daswreba SeeZloT mxolod orive nawilis (qalaqis orive kides) 100 warmomadgenels. XIV s. boiarebma moaxdines, veCes muSaobaSi, “Savi xalxis” monawileobis uflebis uzurpireba. savaraudod, novgorodis respublikis arsebobis adreul etapze, veCe, romelic saqalaqo Temis yvela fenis interesebs warmoadgenda da icavda, iseT politikas awarmoebda, romelic xels uwyobda mTavris xelisuflebis SezRudvas. TandaTanobiT, boiarTa xelisufleba ganmtkicda, veCe sul ufro naklebad warmomadgenlobiTi xdeba da XV s. im organod iqca, romlis meSveobiT boiarTa oligarqia sakuTar gadawyvetilebebs asxamda xorcs. garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebda fskovis veCes. respublikaSi msxvili boiaruli miwaT-mflobelobis ararseboba, boiarebs nakleb uflebebs aniWebda da maT ver SesZles mTeli politikuri xelisuflebis mitaceba. Tanac, fskovi mudmivad ganicdida samxedro safrTxes, rac fskovisaTvis savaldebulod xdida mTavris xelisuflebis arsebobas, riTac kidev ufro sustdeboda boiarTa gavlena. amitom fskovis veCe ufro meti saqalaqo Temis warmomad-genlobiTi organo iyo, vidre es man novgorodSi SesZlo. veCes funqciebi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeboda: veCe wyvetda omisa da zavis sakiTxebs, irCevda umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebs, maT Soris mTavarepiskopossac. arCevnebi wilisyriT xdeboda. SemorCenilia cnobebi mTavarepiskoposis Sesaxeb. sami kandidatis saxels cal-calke wilze werdnen da novgorodis sofios taZris sakurTxevelze debdnen. ori wili brma an patara biWunas unda aeRo. darCenil wilze miTiTebuli kandidati arCeulad iTvleboda. veCeze wydeboda mTavris mowvevis sakiTxi da misTvis `gzis miTiTebac~. veCe zogjer sasamarTlos funqciebsac asrulebda. igi kanonebs iRebda. veCes ar iwvevdnen regularulad. Cveulebriv misi mowveva xdeboda umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis iniciativiT. maTve evalebodaT dRis wesrigis da gadawyvetilebis proeqtis SemuSaveba, maTze iyo damokidebuli veCes yvela gadawyvetileba. im kolegias, romelic veCes amzadebda da mimdinare saqmeebs xelmZRvaneleboda, ewodeboda ospoda anu batonTa sabWo _ novgorodSi da gospoda anu boiarTa sabWo _ fskovSi. ospodaSi Sediodnen umaRlesi arCeviTi Tanamdebobis pirebi: posadniki, tosiacki, Sediodnen mTavari, posadniki, sockebi. respublikis mmaTvelobaSi did rols TamaSobdnen is pirebi, romlebsac irCevda veCe. orive respublikis umaRles Tanamdebobis pirebs warmoadgendnen posadnikebi. novgorodSi meore piri iyo tisiacki. fskovSi tisiackis nacvlad kidev erT posadniks irCevdnen. tisiackis Tanamdeboba, romelic mmarTvelobis Zveli ricxviTi sistemis gadmonaSTi iyo, qalaqSi 10 aseulis arsebobas gulisxmobda. fskovSi ki 10 aseuli ar ikribeboda. posadnikisa da tisiackis TanamdebobaTa movaleobebis mkveTri gamijvna ver xerxdeba: posadnikis funqciebSi iseTi movaleobac Sedioda, rasac tisiackic asrulebda. posadniki airCeoda warCinebuli aristokratiuli gvarebidan. vidre posadniki Tanamdebobaze imyofeboda, is `xarisxianad~ (`xarisxze~ mjdomad, veCes tribunaze mjdomad) iTvleboda. roca axal posadniks irCevdnen, uwindels Zveli ewodeboda. posadniki manam ikavebda Tanamdebobas, vidre ar Seewireboda, boiarTa gvarebs Soris arsebul, dapirispirebas. posadniki _ faqtiurad respublikis meTauri _ Tavmjdomareobda veCes, awarmoebda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs, monawileobda sasamarTloSi, akontrolebda mTavars, saomar mdgomareobaSi sardlobda legionebs. tisiacki, upirveles yovlisa, samxedro mobilizacias (laSqars) meTaurobda. tisiackis saqmianoba, agreTve, vaWrobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. is meTaurobda savaWro sasamarTlos, romelic posadnikisagan damoukidebeli iyo. TandaTanobiT, tisiackis Tanamdeboba xelT igdes boiarebma. posadnikisa da tisiackis sasargeblod dadgenil saad-gilmamulo gadasaxads _ поралье ewodeboda. Taviseburi iyo novgorodis mTavarepiskoposis Tanamdebobac. novgoredelebma imas miaRwies, rom am Tanamdebobis pirs mitropoliti ki ar niSnavda, aramed veCe irCevda. mitropoliti mxolod amtkicebda mTavarepiskoposs, veCeze arCevis Semdeg. mRvdelmTavari aramxolod novgorodis eparqiis mmarTveli iyo, aramed mas saero funqciebic evaleboda: icavda xazinasa da arqivs, xelmZRvanelobda diplomatiur molaparakebebs. sbatono respublikebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili mTavars ekuTvnoda. mas xelSekrulebis ZaliT moiwvevdnen. xelSekruleba adgenda misi samsaxuris pirobebs. mTavari meTaurobda mmarTvelobasa da sasamarTlos, Tumca posadnikis kontrolis qveS da masTan SeTanxmebulad. mas evaleboda miwebis dacvis organizeba. novgorodSi mTavari ver daiTxovda arCeviT Tanamdebobis pirebs. mTavars, posadnikis nebis gareSe, ar SeeZlo piris araarCeviT

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Tanamdebobaze daniSvnac. xelSekrulebaSi dawvrilebiT iyo aRwerili mTavris gasamrjelos zoma da wyaro, kerZod, saCuqrebi volostebidan, sasamarTlo da sasazRvro baJi. calke moTxovnad iwereboda akrZalva, rom mTavars da mis cols ar SeeZloT novgorodSi miwebis yidva da xalxis daymeveba. mas ekrZaleboda, novgorodeli vaWrebis gverdis avliT, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis warmoeba. novgorodis sabatono respublika Suasaukuneebis evropis erT-erTi udidesi saxelmwifo iyo. novgorodi 5 kided iyofoda. es administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebi iyo, romlebic im dasaxlebebis safuZvelze iqmneboda, romelTa mosaxleobss boiarebi da maTze damokidebuli xalxi Seadgenda. kideebsac hqondaT sakuTari veCes sakrebulo. mmarTvelobis Zveli, aTeulobiTi, sistema Caewera axal administraciul-teritoriul mowyobaSi: kideSi ori aseuli Sedioda. aseulebs sakuTari sakrebuloebi hqondaT da irCevdnen asisTavebs. samxedro mdgomareobis dros ikribeboda novgorodis laSqari. kideebi quCebad iyofoda, quCebis saTaveSi quCis veCe da maszed arCeuli mamasaxlisi idga. novgorodisa da fskovis sasamarTlo organoebis sistema metad Taviseburi iyo. mas axasiaTebda marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi veCes, posadnikis, tisiackis, samRvdeloebis monawileoba. Usasuliero pirebi ixilavdnen im saqmeebs, romlebic eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. ПСГ icoda saZmos sasamarTloc, romelic Zveli Temuri wyobilebis gadmonaSTi iyo. mis gansjadobas eqvemdebareboda wvrilmani qurdoba, nadimze qurdoba.

g) galicia-volinis samTavros saxelmwifo da samarTali

1. mokle istoriuli eqskursi

ruseTis samxreT-dasavleTi miwebi _ vladimir-volini da galiCi, romelTa teriroriaze cxovrobdnen dulebebi, tivercebi, xorvatebi, buJanebi _ kievis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen X saukunis bolos, vladimir sviatoslavis Zis mmarTvelobis xanaSi. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom kievis didi mTavrebis politikam volinis da galiCis mimarT, didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi, kerZod XI saukunis bolodan adgilobrivi aristokratia iwyebs brZolas am miwebis gamoyofisa da damoukidebeli samTavroebis Seqmni-saTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom volinis miwas, tradiciulad, mWidro kavSiri hqonda kievis taxtTan. XII saukunis Sua xanebamde volinSi ar iyo mTavarTa adgilobrivi dinistia. rogorc wesi, igi uSualod kievidan imarTeboda an, periodulad, volinis taxts ikavebdnen kievis mier dasmuli mTavrebi. galiCis samTavro iqmneba XI saukunis meore naxevarSi. es procesi dakavSirebulia mTavarTa galiciuri dinastiis fuZemdeblis _ iaroslav brZenis SviliSvilis _ rostislav vladimiris Zis moRvaweobasTan. galiCis samTavros ayvaveba modis iaroslav osmomislis zeobis xanaze (1153-1187), romelmac moigeria ungrelTa da polonelTa agresia da Seupovari brZola gaumarTa adgilobriv boiarebs. Tumca, misi vaJiSvilis _ vladimir iaroslavis Zis Semdeg, Sewyda rostislaviCebis dinastia, xolo 1199 wels galiCis samTavros daepatrona vladimir-volinis mTavari _ roman mstislavis Ze, riTac dasrulda galiciisa da volinis miwebis gaerTianeba da Seiqmna erTiani galiC-volinis samTavro. axali politikuri centrebi iyo jer galiCi, Semdeg xolmi, xolo 1272 wlidan _ lvovi. roman mstislavis Zem warmatebiT ilaSqra litvis, poloneTis da ungreTis winaaRmdeg, daamarcxa yivCaRTa urdoebi, riTac didad aamaRla sakuTari da samTavros avtoriteti. mTavari romanis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1205), ruseTis dasavleT miwebSi kvlav ifeTqa mTavrul-boiarulma dapirispirebam da Sinaomebma. gankerZoebisaken swrafvis procesi gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda roman mstislavis Zis mcirewlovani vaJiSvilebis _ daniilisa da vasilkos mTavrobis xanaSi. galiC-volinis samTavro daiSala sam damoukidebel erTeulad: galicia, zvenigorodi da vladimiri. amiT kargad isargebles ungrelebma, romelTa samefo karze ( mefe andrea III-Tan) izrdeboda yrma daniili. isini aqtiurad ereodnen galiC-volinis saqmeebSi, xolo mogvianebiT daipyres kidec dasavleT-rusuli miwebi. galiciis boiaruli opozicia ar iyo iseTi organizebuli da srulyofili, rom, aRniSnul regionSi, xeli Seewyo boiarTa respublikis CamoyalibebisaTvis, Tumca, imdeni Zala ki hqonda, rom moewyo gauTavebeli SeTqmulebebi da ajanyebebi mTavarTa winaaRmdeg. baTo yaenis Semosevamde mcire xniT adre, daniil romanis Zem

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SesZlo Zlevamosili galicieli da volineli boiarebis damarcxeba da 1238 wels triumfatorad Sevida galiCSi. sabatono opoziciasTan brZolaSi, mTavris xelisufleba daeyrdno sakuTar druJinas, qalaqis zedafenasa da msaxureul aristokratias. daniilis gamaerTianebelma politikam moipova xalxis masebis mxardaWera. 1239 wels galiC _ volinis jarma kievi daikava, Tumca es warmateba xanmokle aRmoCnda. daniil romanis Ze cdilobda moepovebina evropel liderTa mxardaWera, oqros urdos winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, ris gamoc galiC-volinis mTavari daTanxda romis papis _ inokenti III-is winadadebas, korolis titulis miRebis Taobaze. koronacia Sedga 1253 wels, litvelebis winaaRmdeg mowyobili laSqrobis dros, patara qalaq dorogoCinSi, samTavros dasavleTi sazRvris axlos. romis kuriam yuradReba miaqcia galiciasa da volins, raTa imedi hqonda, rom am regionSi gaavrcelebda kaTolicizms. 1264 wels q. xolmSi gardaicvala daniil romanis Ze. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg daiwyo galiC _ volinis samTavros daqveiTeba da, sabolood, moxda misi oTx nawilad _ удел-ad dayofa. XIV saukuneSi galicia daipyro poloneTma, xolo volini _ litvam. 1569 wlis lublinis uniiT, galiciisa da volinis miwebi Sevidnen polonur-litvuri saxelmwifos _ reC-pos-politas SemadgenlobaSi.

2. sazogadoebrivi wyoba

galiC-volinis samTavros sazogadoebrivi wyobis Taviseburebad iTvleba is garemoeba, rom aq Seiqmna boiarTa mravalricxovani dajgufeba, romlis xelSic aRmoCnda miwis TiTqmis mTeli fondi. Tumca, msxvili sabatono miwaTmflobelobis Camoyalibebis procesi yvelgan erTnairad rodi mimdinareobda. galiciaSi sabatono miwaTmflobelobis ganviTareba win uswrebda mTavris domenis Seqmnis process. volinSi ki _ piruku, sabatono miwaT-mflobelobasTan erTad, aqtiurad yalibdeboda domenialuri miwaTmflobeloba. es faqti imiT aixsneba, rom galiciaSi, volinTan SedarebiT, ufro adre momwifda msxvili sabatono miwaTmflobelobis Camoyalibebis ekonomikuri da politikuri winapirobebi. samTavro domenis Camoyalibeba dagvianda, radgan saTemo miwebis didi nawili ukve iyo mitacebuli boiarebis mier da, Sesabamisad, mTavris domenis Sesaqmnelad saWiro, Tavisufali miwebis raodenoba mkveTrad SeizRuda. garda amisa, sabatono miwaTmflobelobis Camoyalibebas galiciaSi imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom mTavrebi TviTon urigebdnen domenialuri miwebis nawils sakuTar boiarebs, am ukanasknelTa mier samsaxuris gawevis sanacvlod, riTac mkveTrad amcirebdnen mTavris miwaTmflobelobas. galiC _ volinis samTavroSi gansakuTrebuli avtoritetiT sargeblobda galiciuri boiaroba _ “galiciis xalxi” ( галицкие мужи). isini flobdnen msxvil mamulebsa da daymevebul glexobas. XII saukunidan Cans, rom galiciel boiarTa winaprebs “mTavris xalxi” ewodebodaT. boiarTa aRniSnuli wre mudmivad afarTovebda sakuTar samflobeloebs da Cabmuli iyo msxvil savaWro garigebebSi, rac ganapirobebda maT simdidresa da Zlevamosilebas. boiarTa wreSi ar wydeboda brZola axali miwebisa dapyroba-mitacebisa da xelisuflebisaTvis. XII saukuneSi boiaroba Seurigeblad ebrZvis sakuTari interesebis Sez-Rudvis nebismier mcdelobas(mTavris xelisuflebisa da axladSeqmnili qalaqebis sasar-geblod). mebatoneTa kidev erT wres Seadgenda msaxureuli didkacoba, romelic miwebs iRebda uSualod mTavrisagan, wyalobis saxiT. nawyalobevi miwebis darigeba xdeboda boiarTa miwebis konfiskaciisa da xelaxali gadanawilebis xarjze. garda amisa, adgili hqonda saTemo miwebis TviTnebur mitacebas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom didkacobis es nawili miwebs flobda pirobiT, anu samsaxuris gawevis sanacvlod da pirobiT. msaxureuli aristokratia mTavars awvdida jars, romlis birTvs Seadgenda sabatono ymobaSi myofi glexoba. swored sazogadoebis am fenas eyrdnoboda mTavari, boiarebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. galiC-volinis aristokratiis Semadgeneli nawili iyo msxvili sasuliero didkacobac, mTavarepiskoposis, episkoposebis, monastrebis iRumenTa saxiT, romlebic ganagebdnen msxvil miwaTmflobelobasa da daymevbul glexobas. gaizarda saeklesio da samonastro miwaT-mflobeloba, rasac xels uwyobda mTavris mier miwebis gacema, wyalobisa da Sewirvis gziT. Tumca, sasuliero aristokratia ar Takilobda saTemo miwebis mitacebas, xolo glexebis _ samonastro ymebad qcevas. amiT sasuliero aristokratia ebaZeboda saero didkacobas. O galiC-volinis samTavroSi soflis mosaxleobis did nawils Seadgendnen glexebi. Tavisufali da daymevebul glexobas, erTnairad, uwodebdnen smerdebs. saglexo miwaT-mflobelobas jer ewodeboda saTemo, xolo mogvianebiT sakarmidamo _ “дворище”. TandaTanobiT, Temi daiSala da warmoiqmna individualuri ezoebi.

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msxvili sabatono miwaTmflobelobis zrda da mebatoneTa socialuri fenis Camoyalibeba ganapirobebda glexobis eqspluataciis gamkacrebasa da sabatono rentis warmoSobas. XI-XII saukuneebSi moqmedi SromiTi begara, Seicvala naturaluri rentiT, romlis mocu-lobasa da nairsaxeobas TviTneburad adgendnen mebatoneebi. glexebis gamkacrebuli eqspluatacia aRrmavebda socialur antagonizms da xels uwyobda saglexo ajanyebebis mowyobas, mebatoneTa winaaRmdeg. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1159 wlis saglexo ajanyeba, romelmac miiRo masobrivi areulobis xasiaTi. galiC-volinis samTavroSi SenarCunda xolopoba, Tumca, xolopebis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda, radgan maTi umravlesoba yma-glexebad aqcies da miwaze miamagres. galiC-volinSi mkeTrad gaizarda qalaqebis raodenoba. maTi ricxvi 80-s aRwevda. yvelaze msxvil qalaqebad iTvlebodnen berestie (mogvianebiT, bresti), vladimiri, galiCi, lvovi, lucki, peremiSli, xolmi. qalaqis mosaxleobis yvelaze mravalricxovan jgufs Seadgendnen xelosnebi, romlebic dakavebuli iyvnen saiuveliro, samWedlo saqmiT, meTuneobiTa da ministaris warmoebiT. xelosnebi sakuTar nawarms amzadebdnen rogorc dakveTiT, ise saSinao da sagareo bazris moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. didi Semosavali mohqonda marilis rewvas. galiCi swrafad iqca msxvil savaWro-samrewvelo qalaqad da maRalganviTarebuli kulturis centrad, sadac Seiqmna cnobili galiC _ volinis matiane da XII-XIII s.s. sxva werilobiTi wyaroebi.

3. saxelmwifo wyobileba

galiC-volinis politikuri wyobilebis erT-erT Taviseburebad miiCneva is garemoeba, rom aRniSnuli politikuri warmonaqmni, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, inarCunebda erTianobas da ar iyofoda calkeul mamulebad _ удел-ad. daniil romanis Zis gardacvalebis Semdeg galiC-volinis samTavro daiyo galiciisa da volinis damoukidebel miwebad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofodnen calkeul patar-patara erTeulebad. kidev erT Taviseburebad iTvleboda is faqti, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, arsebiTad, ganagebdnen msxvili boiarebi. imis gamo, rom galiC-volinis mTavrebi moklebuli iyvnen farTo ekonomikur da politikur dasayrdens, maTi xelisufleba susti da meryevi iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom gadaecemoda memkvidreobiT. gardacvlili mamis adgils ikavebda pirmSo vaJi; danarCen vaJiSvilebs ki evalebodaT ufrosisadmi morCileba da “mamis taxtisadmi mowiweba”. oblad darCenil vaJiSvilebze did politikur gavlenas axdenda deda _ didi mTavrina. miuxdavad imisa, rom galiC _ volinis samTavroSi urTierTobebi emyareboda vasaluri damokidebulebis princips, samTavro saxlis wevrebs SigniT, TiToeuli samTavro удел-i TiTqmis damoukidebel politikur erTeuls warmoadgenda. mTavrebi, mTlianobaSi, gamoxatavdnen mebatoneTa interesebs, Tumca maT ar SeswevdaT Zala, rom mTlianad ganekargaT saxelmwifo xelisufleba. galiciuri boiaroba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda qveynis poli-tikur cxovrebaSi. galiC-volinis samTavros istorias mravlad gaaCnia Ffaqtebi, roca, boiarTa mxardaWeras moklebuli, mTavrebi iZulebuli xdebodnen mietovebinaT samTavro taxti. didi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda, mTavris winaaRmdeg, boiarTa brZolis formebi. arcTu iSviaTi iyo, boiarbis mier, arasasurveli mTavris damxobisa da gandevnis mizniT, ungreli da poloneli dampyroblebis mowveva; mTavrebis sikvdiliT dasja, CamoxrCobiT (1208 wels _ igoreviCebis dinastiis mTavrebi). cnobilia faqti, roca mTavris taxti miitaca boiarma _ volodislav kormilCiCma, romelic saerTod ar ganekuTvneboda mTavarTa dinastias (1231 weli). arcTu iSviaTad, mTavris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, boiarTa janyis saTaveSi idgnen sasuliero aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, mTavris ZiriTad dasayrden Zalas warmoadgenda wvrili da saSualo msaxureuli didkacoba da qalaqis zedafena. galiC-volinis mTavrebi aRiWurven, garkveuli, administraciuli, samxedro, sasamarTlo da sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebiT, kerZod: mTavrebi niSnavdnen qalaqebisa da volostebis Tanamdebobis pirebs; gadascemdnen maT miwaTmflobelobas, samxedro samsaxuris pirobiT; formalurad, iTvlebodnen SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad. Tumca, TiToeul boiars hyavda sakuTari samxedro razmeuli, romlis ricxovnoba, xSirad, bevrad aRemateboda mTavris jars, ris gamoc, mTavarTan dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi, saqme wydeboda Zalis gamoyenebis gziT. Tu mTavari da boiarebi erTmaneTs daupirispirdebodnen, sasamarTlo xelisufleba gadadioda boiarTa zedafenis xelSi. da bolos, mTavrebi gamoscemdnen sigelebs, romelTa iuridiul Zalas iSviaTad Tu aRiarebdnen boiarebi. boiarebis Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas didad uwyobda xels boiarTa saTaTbiro, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen umsxvilesi miwaTmflobelebi, episkoposebi da umaRlesi

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saxelmwifo moxeleebi. boiarTa saTaTbiros struqtura, uflebamosilebani da kompetencia ar iyo zuatad gansazRvruli. boiarTa saTaTbiros mowveva, Cveulebisamebr, boiarebze iyo damokidebuli. mTavars ekrZaleboda sabWos mowveva, sakuTari iniciativiT; mas arc romelime saxelmwifo aqtis miReba SeeZlo, sabWos Tanxmobis gareSe. sabWo mtkiced icavda boiarTa interesebs, uxeSad ereoda mTavris saojaxo saqmeebSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli organo, formalurad, ar iTvleboda xelisuflebis umaRles organod, faqtiurad, swored is axorcielebda samTavros marTvas, anu vinaidan sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnenis boiarebi, romlebsac ekavaT umaRlesi administraciuli Tanamdebobebi, maT, faqtiurad, emorCileboda mmarTvelobis, TiTqmis mTeli, saxelmwifo aparati. drodadro, sagangebo viTarebis pirobebSi, galiC-volinis mTavrebi, sakuTari xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, iwvevdnen veCes, romelmac SeinarCuna formaluri mniSvneloba. veCes sxdomebs eswrebodnen wvrili vaWrebi da xelosnebi. Tumca, veCes gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi upiratesoba eniWeboda mebatoneTa zedafenas. galiC-volinis mTavrebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen saerTo-rusuli sabatono yrilobebis muSaobaSi. iSviaTad, magram mainc moiwveoda galiC _ volinis samTavros mebatoneTa yrilobebi. galiC-volinis samTavroSi, sxva rusul miwebTan SedarebiT, ufro adre Camoyalibda mmarTvelobis sasaxlur-votCinuri sistema, romelSic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda saxlT-uxucesi _ дворецкий, дворский. saxlTuxucesi wyvetda yvela sakiTxs, romelic exeboda mTav-ris sasaxles; mas evaleboda calkeuli legionebis sardloba; laSqrobis dros is icavda mTavris sicocxles. sasaxlis Cinosnebs Soris, aRsaniSnavia beWdis mcvelis, mesufris, monadireTuxucesis, mefutkreTuxucesis, fareSTuxucesis Tanamdebobani. beWdis mcveli ganagebda mTavris kancelarias, romelic, amavdroulad, iTvleboda mTavris arqivadac. mesuf-res evaleboda mTavris sufris meTauroba, batonis momsaxureba sufrasTan da is pasuxs agebda sakvebisa da sufris xarisxze. mefutkreTuxucesi ganagebda veluri Taflis fuRu-roebidan amoRebasa da yovelgvari sasmeliT mTavris sufris momaragebas. monadireTuxucesi brZaneblobda mxecebze mowyobil nadirobas. fareSTuxucesis mTavari amocana iyo mTavris safareSos momsaxureba. aRniSnuli Tanamdebobis pirebis meTaurobiT, sasaxlis karze saqmia-nobdnen mTavris mravalricxovani mneebi. TandaTanobiT, saxlTuxucesis, beWdis mcvelis, mesufris, fareSTuxucesisa da sxvaTa Tanamdebobani gadaiqcnen sasaxlur Cinosnebad. galiC-volinis samTavros teritoria, Tavdapirvelad, iyofoda aTaseulebad da aseulebad. mas Semdeg, rac aTasisTavi da asisTavi, sakuTari mmarTvelobis aparatiT, TandaTanobiT, SeuerTdnen mTavris sasaxlur-votCinur aparats, warmoiSva voevodasa da volostelis Tnamdebobani. Sesabamisad, samTavros teritoria daiyo savoevodoebaTa da volostebad. TemebSi irCevdnen mamasaxlisebs, romlebic ganagebdnen wvril administraciul da sasamarTlo saqmeebs. mTavris uflebamosilebis sferos ganekuTvneboda qalaqis mmarTvelis _ posadnikis daniSvna. posadnikebi ganagebdnen qalaqis mmarTvelobas, samxedro saqmes, aRasrulebdnen marTl-msajulebasa da uzrunvelyofdnen mosaxleobidan xarkisa da baJis akrefas.

$2. evropuli civilizaciebi da ruseTi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiebis etapze

1) safrangeTis saxlemwifo samarTali wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi

a) safrangeTis sazogadoebrivi wyoba wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi

qalaqebis Semdgomi zrda da sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTareba iwvevda ara marto qalaqis mosaxleobis ricxobriv zrdasa da mis politikur aqtivobas, aramed tradi-ciuli sabatono meurneobis mkveTr gardaqmnasa da glexobis eqspluataciis formebis Secvlas. sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis gavleniT, mniSvnelovnad icvleboda glexebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba. XIV saukunisaTvis, safrangeTis udides nawilSi uqmdeba servaJi. glexobis ZiriTadi masa warmoadgens piradad Tavisufal cenzitariusebs, romlebic valdebuli arian gadauxadon seniors fuladi renta (cenzi), Tumca misi moculobac mudmivad izrdeboda. baton-ymuri eqspluataciis gaRrmaveba da is ekonomikuri siZneleebi, romlebic gamowveuli iyo inglisTan aswliani omiT, kidev ufro Zabavda Sidapolitikur brZolas, ramac Tavisi

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asaxva pova ramdenime ajanyebaSi (kerZod, 1356-58 wlebis parizis ajanyeba da, gansakuTrebiT, 1358 wlis Jakeria). mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda TviT mebatoneTa (saero da sasuliero aristokratias) SigniT, rac pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebasa da mis dapirispirebasTan, qveynis gaerTianebis procesis mowinaaRmdege, feodalur oligarqiasTan. aswliani omis periodSi moxda qveynisa da mefis moRalate msxvil memamuleTa miwebis konfiskacia, romelTa udidesi nawili daurigda, mefis xelisuflebis aqtiurad damc-vel, saSualo da wvril Tavadaznaurobas. XIV-XV saukuneebSi safrangeTSi dasrulda wodebrivi wyobilebis gardaqmna, ramac xeli Seuwyo, wodebaTa SigniT, konsolidaciis saqmes. miuxedavad imisa, rom, faqtiurad, Camoyalibda sami wodeba, jer kidev arsebiTi iyo is gadmonaSTebi, romlebic axasiaTebda senioraluri monarqiis periods, aristokratiis ierarqiuli mowyobis saxiT. Tumca, radgan aristokratias ufro metad awyobda sakuTari poziciebis ganmtkiceba, is iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva zogierT tradiciul senioralur privilegiasa da adrindel damoukideblobaze. wodebrivi wyobis konsolidacia ki niSnavda, TandaTanobiT, uaris Tqmas gamanadgurebel Sinaomebze, rac xels uwyobda, aristokratiis SigniT, arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis axa-li meqanizmebis SemuSavebas. safrangeTSi pirvel wodebas warmoadgenda sasuliero aristokratia. yvela mRvdelmsaxuris erT wodebad gaerTianebas xeli Seuwyo iman, rom jer kidev XIV saukuneSi, samefo xeli-suflebam miaRwia principul gamarjvebas romis papis xelisuflebaze. aRiarebuli iqna, rom franguli samRvdeloeba iyo frangi eris Semadgeneli nawili da mas unda ecxovra franguli samefos kanonebis Sesabamisad. amave dros, moxda im zogierTi saeklesio prerogativis SezRudva, romelic pirdapir uSlida xels qveynis politikur gaerTianebasa da mefis xelisuflebis uzenaesobis aRiarebas. kerZod, mkveTrad Semcirda im pirTa wre, romlebic eqvemdebarebodnen saeklesio iurisdiqcias. samRvdeloebis erTiani samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvra, xels uwyobda misi umniSvnelovanesi wodebrivi privilegiebis ganmtkicebas; samRvdeloeba kvlav iRebda e.w. meaTed wils, inarCunebda sagadasaxado da sasamarTlo imunitets; mas aTavisuflebdnen nebismieri saxelmwifo samsaxurisa da begarisagan. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavda imas, rom mefes ar SeeZlo maTi gamoyeneba, mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros, rogorc uaxloesi mrCevlebisa, romlebsac ekavaT Zalzed maRali Tanamdebobebi samefos administraciaSi. safrangeTis saxelmwifos meore wodeba iyo saero aristokratia, romelic XIV-XV sau-kuneebSi wamyvan rols TamaSobda qveynis socialur-politikur cxovrebaSi. am wodebam gaaerTiana saero Tavadaznauroba, romelsac axla ganixilavdnen ara mxolod, rogorc mefis vasalebs, aramed mis mosamsaxureebs. saero Tavadaznauroba (samRvdeloebisgan gansxvavebiT) iyo Caketili da memkvidreobiTi wodeba. Tavdapirvelad, am wodebis mopoveba SeeZloT qalaqis aristokratiisa da mdidari glexobis warmomadgenlebs. Tumca, sagvareulo aristokratiam miaRwia imas, rom, Tavadaznaurobis kasturobis SenarCunebis mizniT, arakeTilSobili warmoSobis pirebs, ekrZalebodaT TavadaznaurTa wodebis mopoveba, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT qoneba SeiZines gaRatakebuli da gakotrebuli aristokratebisagan. aristokratiis gansakuTrebul privilegias warmoadgenda sakuTrebis eqskluziuri ufleba miwaze da memkvidreobis ufleba yovelgvar uZrav qonebasa da rentis meRebaze. Tavadaznauroba gaTavisuflebuli iyo saxelmwifo gadasaxadisagan; maTTvis dawesebuli iyo erTaderTi movaleoba _ samxedro samsaxuris gawevis saxiT, mxolod mefisa da ara kerZo senioris sasargeblod. Tumca, Tavadaznauroba ar iyo erTgvarovani wodeba. titulebian warCinebulTa rigebs Seadgendnen: hercogebi, grafebi, markizebi, vikontebi da baronebi, romelTa mxridan mudmivad xdeboda zewola samefo xelisuflebaze; mxolod maTi rigebidan iqmneboda saxelmwifo aparati da armiis maRalCinosnoba. TavadaznaurTa ZiriTad masas Seadgenda saSualo da wvrili aristokratia, romelic kmayofildeboda, SedarebiT mokrZa-lebuli mdgomareobiT. aristokratiis am nawilis keTildReoba uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli glexobis eqspluataciis gaRrmavebasTan da amitom isini energiulad uwyobdnen xels samefo xelisuflebis gaZlierebas, raTa mxolod Zlieri samefo xelisufleba iyo glexebis morCi-lebaSi yofnis sawindari. XIV-XV saukuneebSi, ZiriTadSi, dasrulda e.w. ,,mesame wodebis” Camoyalibeba, romlis rigebSi intensiurad gadadiodnen qalaqis mosaxleobisa da glexi-cenzitariusebis warmomadgenlebi. es wodeba, Semadgenlobis mxriv, Zalzed Wreli iyo da, praqtikulad, sakuTar TavSi aerTianebda mSromel masebsa da, Camoyalibebis procesSi myof, burJuazias. am wodebis warmomadgenlebs ganixilavdnen, rogorc ,,arakeTilSobilebs” _ mdabioebs. maT ar hqondaT piradi da qonebrivi uflebebi. es pirebi mudmivad ganicdidnen TviTnebobas, samefo administraciisa da calkeuli mebatoneebis mxridan. mesame wodeba iyo, safrangeTSi gadasaxadebisa da gamosaRebis, erTaderTi gadamxdeli da mxolod mis mxrebze gadadioda ma-

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terialuri dovlaTis Seqmnis simZime. mesame wodebis organizacia atarebda sabatono-korporaciuli gaerTianebis xasiaTs da, upirveles yovlisa, gamodioda rogorc saqalaqo asociaciaTa erToblioba. am periodSi, jer kidev, ar iyo Camoyalibebuli mesame wodebis wevrTa Tanasworobisa da interesTa sayovelTaobis idea da isini ar ganixilavdnen sakuTar Tavs erTian erovnul Zalad.

b) saxelmwifo xelisuflebis evolucia wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi

XIV saukunis dasawyisSi, safrangeTSi senioraluri monarqia icvleba, Sua saukuneebis perio-disaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis axali formiT _ wodebriv-warmo-madgenlobiTi monarqiiT. am qveyanaSi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis Camoyalibeba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli iseT progresul movlenebTan, rogoric iyo: 1. mimdinare poli-tikuri centralizaciis procesi (XIV saukunis dasawyisisaTvis qveynis teritoria gaerTianda); 2. mefis xelisuflebis gaZliereba da calkeuli saTavadaznauros separatizmis daZleva. aristokratiis senioralurma Zalauflebam, arsebiTad, dakarga damoukidebeli politikuri xasiaTi. mefeebma maT waarTves gadasaxadebis akrefisa da sakuTari politikuri miznebis dak-mayofilebis ufleba. XIV saukuneSi dadginda, rom senioraluri gadasaxadis (taliis) akrefi-saTvis, savaldebulo iyo mefis xelisuflebis Tanxmoba. XV saukuneSi, mefe Sarl VII-em saer-Tod aukrZala calkeul mebatoneebis taliis akrefis ufleba da waarTva maT axali, ara-pirdapiri gadasaxadebis SemoRebis ufleba, riTac xeli Seuwyo aseTi gadasaxadebis sabo-lood gaqrobas. mefe lui XI-em aukrZala mebatoneebs sakuTari fulis moWra, xolo XV sau-kunidan, safrangeTSi, brunvaSi Semovida mxolod erTiani samefo fulad-sakredito sistema. mefeebma waarTves seniorebs maTi tradiciuli privilegia _ kerZo omebis warmoebis ufleba. XVI saukuneSi mxolod ramdenime msxvili aristokrati inarCunebda sakuTar damoukidebel armias, rac jer kidev metyvelebda maT nawilobriv politikur damoukideblobaze (burgundia, bretani, armaniaki). TandaTanobiT, gaqra senioraluri kanonmdebloba. gafarTovda im saqmeTa wre, romlebic eqvemdebarebodnen samefo iurisdiqcias, riTac, faqtiurad, arsebiTad Seiz-Ruda senioraluri sasamarTlo xelisufleba. XIV saukunidan dawesda, calkeuli mebatonis mier gamotanil nebismier sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze, apelaciis Setanis ufleba parizis parlamentSi, riTac sabolood daimsxvra principi, romlis mixedviT senioraluri iurisdiqcia sargeblobda suverenitetiT. Tumca, qveynis gaerTianebisa da sakuTari xeli-suflebis ganmtkicebis gzaze, safrangeTis mefeebisaTvis seriozul politikur mowi-naaRmdeged iTvleboda romis kaTolikuri eklesia; franguli samefo gvirgvini arasdros eTanxmeboda papebis pretenzias msoflio batonobaze. Tumca, vinaidan ver grZnobda auci-lebel politikur mxardaWeras, qveynis SigniT moqmedi politikuri Zalebis mxridan, mefe erideboda, romis papis winaaRmdeg, Ria konfrontaciis wamowyebas. aseTi mdgomareoba usazRvrod ver gagrZeldeboda da, XIII saukunis bolosa da XIV sau-kuneebSi gaZlierebuli samefo xelisufleba, veRar iqneboda, romis papis xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli politikis morCili. mefe filipe IV-e lamazma Ria brZola gamoucxada romis paps _ bonifacius VIII-es da moiTxova, franguli samRvdeloebisgan, flandriis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omis subsidireba da sakuTari iurisdiqciis gavrceleba klirosis yvela privi-legiaze. 1301 wels, mefis moTxovnaTa sapasuxod, papma gamosca bula, romelSic igi emuqreboda mefes anaTemiT. es konfliqti damTavrda saero (samefo) xelisuflebis ga-marjvebiT samRvdeloebaze. papebis rezidencia, TiTqmis 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi, gadatanil iqna safrangeTis qalaq avinionSi. es movlena istoriaSi cnobilia ,,papebis avinionSi tyveobis” saxelwodebiT. zemoxsenebuli procesebis Tanmdevi movlena iyo samefo xelisuflebis avto-ritetisa da politikuri wonis amaRleba. am procesis iuridiul dasabuTebaSi didi roli iTamaSes legistebma, romlebic icavdnen, sasuliero xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi, samefo xelisuflebis primats da uaryofdnen safrangeTSi samefo xelisuflebis RvTaebriv war-moSobas. romis samarTlis principebze dayrdnobiT, legistebi amtkicebdnen, rom mefe TviTon aris uzenaesi kanoni, Sesabamisad, masve _ sakuTari nebiT _ SeuZlia Seqmnas kanonebi. amitom, kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisas, mefes SeuZlia aRar moiwvios vasalebis kreba an miiRos samefo kuriis Tanxmoba. swored XIV saukunis dasawyisSi, sabolood Camoyalibda, politikur kompromisebze damyarebuli da amitom naklebadmyari, mefisa da sxvadasxva wodebebis (maT Soris mesame wodebis) kavSiri. am kavSiris politikuri gamoxatuleba iyo, gansakuTrebuli wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebis _ generaluri Statebisa da provinciuli Statebis Seqmna, romelSic monawileobas iRebdnen sxvadasxva mxareebi, da romelTac gaaCndaT

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sakuTari specifikuri interesebi.

g) generaluri Statebi

generaluri Statebis warmoqmnam, safrangeTSi, saTave daudo saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis formis Secvlas _ is gadaiqca wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT monarqiad. 1302 wels mefe filipe IV-e lamazma moiwvia wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebuleba, romelic 1484 wlidan iwodeboda generalur Statebad. mis Seqmnas hqonda konkretuli isto-riuli mizezi: romis papsa da mefes Soris urTierTobebis gamwvaveba. Tumca, saerToerovnuli wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebis Seqmna iyo safrangeTis monarqiuli saxel-mwifos ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomierebis gamovlineba. generaluri Statebis mowvevis perioduloba ar iyo dadgenili. am sakiTxs wyvetda TviTon mefe, konkretuli viTarebis da politikuri mosazrebebis Sesabamisad. TiToeuli Statis mowveva iyo individualuri da ganisazRvreboda mxolod mefis SexedulebiT. umaRles samRvdeloebas (mTavarepiskoposebi, episkoposebi, abatebi) da msxvil saero aristokratias, piradad, mefe iwvevda. pirveli mowvevis generalur Statebs ar axasiaTebda TavadaznaurTa warmomadgenlebis arCeviToba. arCevnebi tardeboda eklesiebSi, monastrebis konventebsa da qalaqebSi (2-3 deputati). qalaqis deputacia warmodgenili iyo misi patricianul-biurgeruli zedafeniT. amrigad, generaluri Statebi yovelTvis iyo franguli sazogadoebis mdidari fenebis organo. generaluri Statebis sxdomebze gansaxilveli sakiTxebi da sxdomebis xangrZlivoba ganisazRvreboda mefis mier. mefe generalur Statebs iwvevda sxvadasxva mizeziT: tamplie-rebis ordenis winaaRmdeg (1308 w.) brZola, inglisTan dadebuli zavi (1359 w.), religiuri omebi (1560, 1576, 1588 w.w.). Tumca, yvelaze xSirad, maTi mowvevis mizezi iyo kanon-proeqtebze Tanxmoba da axali gadasaxadebis daweseba (roca mefes sWirdeboda fuli, is TxovniT mimarTavda wodebebs, gaewiaT misTvis finansuri daxmareba). generaluri Statebi mimarTavdnen mefes TxovniT, arzebiT, protestebiT. maT ufleba hqondaT miemarTaT misTvis winadadebiT, gaekritikebinaT samefo administraciis saqmianoba. vinaidan, arsebobda garkveuli kavSiri wodebebis moTxovnebsa da maT mier, mefis iniciativiT, wamo-yenebul sakiTxebze, xmis micemis dros, mefe xSirad uTmobda wodebebs da maTi moTxovnis sa-fuZvelze, generaluri Statebis sxdomebze gamoscemda Sesabamis ordonansebs. generalur StatebSi TiToeuli wodeba cal-calke ikribeboda da ixilavda aucilebel sakiTxebs. mxo-lod 1468 da 1484 wlebSi yvela wodeba erTad atarebda sxdomebs. xmis micema xdeboda balia-Jebisa da saseneSaloebis mixedviT, sadac ikribebodnen deputatebi. Tu adgili eqneboda wodebebs Soris azrTa sxavobas, maSin wodebebi xmas cal-calke miscemdnen, vinaidan TiToeul wodebas mxolod erTi xma hqonda. saboloo jamSi, sakiTxi wydeboda mxolod aris-tokratiis sasargeblod, vinaidan isini flobdnen xmaTa umravlesobas. generalur StatebSi arCeuli deputatebi, sargeblobdnen imperatiuli mandatiT, anu maTi pozicia, gansaxilvelad gamotanil sakiTxebze, maT Soris xmis micemis dros, dakavSirebuli iyo amomrCevelTa inst-ruqciebTan. sxdomaTa darbazidan dabrunebuli deputati, angariSs abarebda mis amomrCevlebs. safrangeTis zogierT regionSi (provansi, flandria), XIII saukunis bolodan, Seiqmna adgi-lobrivi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebi, romlebsac jer ,,konsiliumebi”, ,,parlamentebi” an ubralod ,,sami wodebis adamianebi”, xolo XVI saukunidan _ ,,provinciuli Statebi” ewodebodaT. provinciul Statebsa da generalur StatebSi glexoba ar daiSveboda. xSirad mefeebi gamodiodnen calkeuli provinciuli Statebis winaaRmdeg, radgan isini eqce-odnen adgilobrivi aristokratiis gavlenis qveS da amitom atarebdnen separatistul po-

litikas.

d) centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba

wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis Seqmnam da, politikuri xelisuflebis mefis xelSi koncentraciam, maSinve rodi gamoiwvia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis axali aparatis formireba. mmarTvelobis centralurma organoebma swrafadve ver ganicades arsebiTi reorganizacia. Tumca, amave dros damkvidrda mniSvnelovani principi: mefe ar aris damokidebuli sakuTari mrCevlebis mosazrebebze da piruku, saxelmwifo moxeleTa yvela administraciuli da sxva saxelisuflo uflebamosilebani, momdinareobs mefisagan. Zveli Tanamdebobidan, romlebic axla sasaxlur titulebad gadaiqcnen, uwindeli statusi SeinarCuna mxolod kanclerma _

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mefis uaxloesma mrCevelma. kancleri kvlav xelmZRvanelobda samefo kancelarias. is adgenda mravalricxovan samefo aqtebs, niSnavda pirebs mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze, Tavmjdomareobda samefo kuriisa da sabWos sxdomebs, mefis aryofnis dros. qveynis Semdgomi centralizacia imaSi gamoixata, rom centraluri mmarTvelobis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava, samefo kuriis bazaze Seqmnilma, ,,didma sabWom”, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen legistebi da umaRlesi saero da sasuliero warCinebulTa 24 warmomadgeneli (princebi, safrangeTis perebi, mTavarepiskoposebi). sabWo ikribeboda TveSi erTxel. Tumca, misi uflebamosilebani mxolod saTaTbiro xasiaTis iyo. samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg, mefe xSirad iwvevda e.w. saidumlo sabWos, romelic Sedgeboda mefis Sexedu-lebisamebr mowveuli pirebisagan. amave periodSi gaCnda axali Tanamdebobebic, romlebic SeirCeoda legistebisa da, mefis erTguli, wvrili da arakeTilSobili aznaurebisagan _ klerkebi, mdivnebi, notariusebi. am Tanamdebobis pirebs yovelTvis ar hqondaT mkveTrad gan-sazRvruli funqciebi da arc organizaciulad warmoadgendnen mmarTvelobis erTian aparats. prevo da bali, romlebic Zvelad iTvlebodnen adgilobrivi administraciis ZiriTad orga-noebad, XIV saukuneSi kargaven sakuTar funqciebs, kerZod, jaris Sekrebis uflebas, rac gamowveuli iyo aristokratiuli jaris gauqmebiT.

2) inglisis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqia

a) wodebrivi struqturebis Taviseburebani

XIII saukunis inglisSi socialuri da politikuri Zalebis Tanafardoba ganagrZobda Secvlas, centralizaciis sawyisebisa da monarqis xelSi mTeli Zalauflebis koncentraciis da ganmtkicebis sasargeblod. inglisis mefis uSualo vasalebi _ baronebi ganagrZobdnen, mefis winaSe, mravalricxovani finansuri da piradi valdebulebebis Sesrulebas da mefe maTTvis kvlav siuzerenad rCeboda. vinc ewinaaRmdeboda mefis politikur kurss, mas emuqreboda miwebis konfiskacia. XIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi, arsebiTad SeizRuda msxvili Tavadebis saimuniteto uflebebi. 1278 wels gamocemuli glosteris statutiT, gamocxadda ingliseli baronebis saimuniteto privilegiebis Semowmeba sasamarTlos gziT. mTlianobaSi ki, inglisSi Tavadis tituli ar iyo ganmtkicebuli raime saxis gadasaxadiT da sasamarTlo privilegiebiT. formalurad, Tavadebic ixdidnen gadasaxadebs, sxva Tavisufali mosaxleobis msgavsad da maTze vrceldeboda erTi da igive sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia. Tumca, umaRlesi inglisuri Tavadaznaurobis politikuri wona, marTlac, mniSvnelovani iyo: is mudmivad da uciloblad monawileobda inglisis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi da sxva organoebis muSaobaSi, samefo sasaxleSi. XIII saukunis ingliseli Tavadaznauroba Cabmuli iyo, erTmaneTTan da mefis wina-aRmdeg, gauTavebel SinaomebSi, miwisa da Semosavlebis wyaroebis xelSi Casagdebad da qveya-naSi politikuri gavlenis mosapoveblad. subinfeodaciis (vasaluri pyrobis nawilis gadacema, axali vasalisaTvis, ris xarjzec xdeboda Tavadaznauruli ierarqiuli kibis Taviseburi gadideba) da msxvili sabaronoebis daqucmacebis Sedegad, gaizarda saSualo da wvrili mebatoneebis raodenoba, romelTa ricx-vi, XIII saukunis bolosaTvis, inglisis Tavadaznaurobis ¾3/4-s ¾ Seadgenda. mebatoneTa es fe-na gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli saxelmwifos centralizaciis ganmtkicebasa da, mefis irgvliv, maT gaerTianebaSi. sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebam, SesamCnevi kvali datova glexobis mdgoma-reobaze. gaRrmavda glexebis diferencireba. gaizarda piradad Tavisufali saglexo zeda-fenis raodenoba. gamdidrebuli glexebi _ friholderebi xSirad iZendnen raindul wodebas da, arsebiTad, daaxloebuli iyvnen mebatoneTa qvedafenebTan. ymobaSi arsebuli glexoba _ vilanebi _ XIII saukunSi kvlav uuflebo fenad rCeboda. vilanebis gamoricxva ,,saerTo samarTlis” yvela privilegiidan, rac garantirebuli iyo yvela Tavisufali adamianisaTvis, ,,vilanobis gamoricxvis” principis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili. vilanis mTeli qonebis mesakuTred misi lordi miiCneoda. Tumca, XIII saukuneSi iuridiuli Teoria da praqtika aRiarebda vilanis uflebas, aReZra sisxlis samarTlis saCivari mefis sasamarTloSi, sakuTari mebatonis winaaRmdeg. es faqti asaxavda baton-ymuri urTierTobis ganviTarebis obieqtur processa da samefo xelisuflebis garkveul interesebs, rac gamoixateboda vilanebis dabegvraSi, saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebiT, danarCeni Tavisufali mosaxleobis darad. XIV saukunis bolodan, vilanebma (TandaTanobiT) SesZles piradi Tavisuflebis gamosyidva, gaqra sabatono begara da sabatono rentis ZiriTad formad

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fuladi gadasaxadi iqca. XIII-XIV saukuneebSi, moqalaqeTa, iseve rogorc mosaxleobis sxva fenebs Soris, gaZlierda socialuri diferencireba. Tumca, diferencirebis paralelurad, mimdinareobda saqalaqo wodebis konsolidacia, mTeli qveynis masStabiT. inglisis qalaqebi, londonis garda, arc Tu didi dasaxlebebi iyo. saqalaqo korporaciebma, iseve rogorc qalaqma mTlianobaSi, inglisSi ver moipoves damoukidebloba, rac qalaqebs, zogadad, garantirebuli hqondaT kontinentze.

b) TavisuflebaTa didi qartia (Magna Carta Libertatum)

XIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis inglisSi Seiqmna obieqturi winapiroba imisaTvis, rom momxdariyo baton-ymuri saxelmwifos axali formis _ wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT monarqiis _ ganviTareba. Tumca, samefo xelisufleba, romelmac ganamtkica sakuTari poziciebi, ar gamoxatavda mzadyofnas, saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi, aqtiurad daeSva gabatonebuli fenebis warmomadgenlebi. piruku, henri II-is memkvidreebis mefobaSi, rom-lebic warumatebel sagareo politikas awarmoebdnen, gaCnda da gaRrmavda monarqiuli Zala-uflebis ukiduresi gamovlineba, gaZlierda mefisa da misi moxeleebis administraciuli da safinanso TviTneboba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, inglisis politikuri da safinanso cxovrebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi, wodebebis warmomadgenlebma monawileobis uflebis mopoveba SesZles mxolod mZafri politikuri da socialuri konfliqtebis pirobebSi. am konfliqtebis arsi, cent-raluri xelisuflebis mxridan, Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis SezRudva iyo. am moZ-raobas baronebi meTaurobdnen, romelTa rigebs periodulad uerTdeboda raindoba da fri-holderebis is masa, romelic ukmayofilo iyo samefo moxeleebis mier uzarmazari gada-saxadebis dawesebiT da akrefiT. mefis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebis socialuri xasiaTi XIII saukunis politikuri konfliqtebis mTavari Tavisebureba iyo, X-XII saukuneebis baronTa gamosvlebisgan gansxvavebiT. amitom SemTxveviTi rodia, rom XIII saukuneSi ganviTarebuli mZlavri gamosvlebi dagvirgvinda iseTi dokumentis miRebiT, romelsac udidesi politikuri da istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda. amrigad, XIII saukunis politikuri brZolis mTavari movlena iyo 1215 wels momxdari konfliqti, romelic dasrulda TavisuflebaTa didi qartiis _ ,,Magna Carta Libertatum”-s miRebiT, da agreTve 1258-1267 wlebis samoqalaqo omi, romelic dagvirgvinda parlamentis SeqmniT. 1215 wels, mefe jon umiwawylos winaaRmdeg baronebis gamosvlis dros, miRebuli iqna Tavi-suflebaTa didi qartia. baronebs daexmarnen raindebi da qalaqis mosaxleoba. oficialurad es dokumenti, inglisSi, pirvel konstituciur aqtad iTvleba. Tumca, qartiis istoriuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba Sefasdes im realuri pirobebis gaTva-liswinebiT, romlebsac adgili hqonda inglisSi XII saukunis bolosa da XIII saukunis dasa-wyisSi. qartia Sedgeba 63 muxlisagan. qartiis muxlebis umravlesoba mefesa da baronebs Soris vasalur-lenuri urTierTobebis mogvarebas exeba da cdilobs SezRudos mefis TviTneboba mis mier im senioraluri uflebebis ganxorcielebis dros, romlebic miwaTmflobelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. es muxlebi awesrigebdnen meurveobis, reliefis miRebisa da valis anazRaurebis wesebs (mm. 2-11). kerZod, qartiis 2-e muxli adgenda im reliefis Tanxis gan-sazRvras, romelsac mefe vasalebisagan krefda da, romelic memkvidreobiT gadacemuli miwaTmflobelobis moculobaze iyo damokidebuli. lenis (mamulis) meurves (muxli 4) (Tavis sasargeblod) zomieri Semosavlebi unda mieRo da ziani ar unda mieyenebina arc xalxisa da arc sameurveod gadacenmuli qonebisaTvis. msxvili mebatoneebisaTvis kidev erT daTmobad iTvleboda is muxlebi, sadac saubari iyo nakrZalad qceul samefo tyeebisa da mdinareebis Sesaxeb (muxlebi 44, 47, 48). amasTanave, wminda ,,baronul” muxlebad qartiaSi gamoiyofa iseTebi, romlebsac mxolod politikuri xasiaTi hqonda. gansakuTrebiT naTlad, baronTa politikuri pretenziebi gamoxatuli iyo 61-e muxlSi. masSi mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli baronTa oligarqiis Seqmnis survili, rac dasturdeba, 25 baronisagan Semdgari, komitetis daarsebiT. komitets SeeZleboda, mefis mimarT, kontrolis funqciis ganxorcieleba. mTeli rigi daTqmebis miuxedavad (kontrolis procedura, miTiTeba mTeli miwis “saerToobis Sesaxeb”), es muxli pirdapir sanqcionirebda baronTa omebis SesaZleblobas mefis centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. qartiis 12-e da 14-e muxlebi samefo sabWos Seqmnas gulisxmobda, romelic mefis xelisuflebas SezRudavda yvelaze mniSvnelovan safinanso sakiTxSi, kerZod ,,faris fulis”

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akrefis sferoSi. Sesabamisad, unda gansazRvruliyo am ,,saerTo” sabWos (muxli 14-e) Semadgenloba, romelic warmodgenili iyo mxolod mefis uSualo vasalebiT. damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo is, rom am sabWos SeeZlo sabatono urTierTdaxmarebis gadasaxadi q. londonisTvisac daewesebina. gadasaxadebisa da gamosaRebis danarCeni saxeobani, maT Soris yvelaze mZime saqalaqo gadasaxadi _ talia, mefes damoukideblad SeeZlo daedgina da erTpirovnulad gadaewyvita misi akrefa. 21-e da 34-e muxlebi mimarTuli iyo gvirgvinis sasamarTlos prerogativis Sesustebisaken. 21-e muxli gulisxmobda vasalebisa da baronebis gansjadobas ,,TanasworTa sasamarTlosaTvis” da maT saqmeebs aRar uqvemdebarebda samefo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqcias, nafici msajulebis monawileobiT. muxli 34-e krZalavda sasamarTlo brZanebis erT-erTi saxeobis gamoyenebas (kerZod, mosarCeles uflebebSi dauyovneblivi aRdgenisa da mopasuxis sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis Sesaxeb), riTac samefo gvirgvini veRar Caereoda msxvili mebatoneebisa da maTi vasalebis davebSi, Tavisufali samadlobeloebis Taobaze. es imiT iyo motivirebuli, rom qartia zrunavda ,,Tavisufal adamianebze” da unarCunebda maT sakuTar sasamarTlo kuriebs. Tumca, termini ,,Tavisufali adamiani” am SemTxvevaSi mxolod baronTa moTxovnebs gulisxmobda. ufro mokrZalebuli adgili eTmoba qartiaSi im muxlebs, romlebic asaxavdnen konfliqtis sxva mxareebis interesebs. raindobis interesebi, uzogadesi saxiT, asaxulia me-16 da me-60 muxlebSi, sadac saubaria, rainduli wyalobis pyrobisaTvis dadgenili samsaxuris gawevis aucileblobasa da imis Sesaxeb, rom qartiis debulebani mefesa da misi vasalebis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, vrceldeba baronebisa da maTi vasalebis urTierTobebze. Zalzed mwiria qartiaSi is debulebebi, romlebic qalaqis mosaxleobisa da vaWrebis uflebebs awesrigeben. 13-e muxli unarCunebda qalaqis mcxovrebT Zvel Tavisuflebasa da Cveulebebs, xolo 41-e muxli nebas rTavda vaWrebs Tavisuflad da usafrTxod gadaadgi-lebuliyvnen da evaWraT. agreTve, aRuTqvamda maT pirobas ukanono sabaJo gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. bolos, 35-e muxli adgenda, vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovan, zoma-wonis erTian sistemas. didi mniSvneloba hqonda im mravalricxovan muxlebs, romlebic mimarTuli iyo samefos sasamarTlo-administraciuli aparatis saqmianobis mowesrigebisaken. muxlebis (18-e, 20-e, 38-e, 39-e, 40-e, 45-e da sxva) aRniSnuli jgufi adgenda da ganamtkicebda, XII saukuneSi Camoya-libebuli, sasamarTlo-administraciuli da samarTlebrivi institutebis moqmedebis prin-cipebs, zRudavda samefo Cinovnikebis TviTnebobas centrsa da adgilebze. kerZod, 38-e muxli moxeles ukrZalavda pasuxisgebaSi romelime piris micemas, mxolod zepiri gancxadebis safuZvelze, mowmis CvenebiT dadasturebis gareSe; 45-e muxliT, mefe pirobas debda mosamarTlis, konsteblis, Serifis, beilifis (sasamarTlo moxele, aseulis meTauri da Serifis TanaSemwe) Tanamdebobaze ar daeniSna is pirebi, vinc ar iyo ganswavluli qveynis kanonmdeblobasa da nebayoflobiT ar surda misi dacva; 40-e muxliT, qartia krZalavda, TviTneburad SemoRebuli da aragonivrulad gansazRvruli, sasamarTlo baJis akrefas; gansa-kuTrebulad gaiTqva saxeli 39-e muxlma, romlis ZaliT, ikrZaleboda Tavisufali adamianebis dapatimreba, sapyrobileSi moTavseba, maTTvis samflobelos CamorTmeva, kanongareSe gamocxadeba, gaZeveba an ,,sxvagvarad gaubedureba”, Tu ara TanasworTa kanonieri ganaCenisa da qveynis kanonis safuZvelze. XIV saukuneSi qartiis 39-e muxli, parlamentis mier, mravalgzis iqna Sesworebuli da redaqtirebuli, radgan is garantias iZleoda yvela Tavisufali ada-mianis uflebebis dasacavad. amrigad, TavisuflebaTa didi qartia asaxavda XIII saukunis dasawyisSi inglisSi arsebul socialur-politikur ZalTa Tanafardobas da, pirvelyovlisa, inglisis mefisa da baronebs Soris miRweul kompromiss. qartiis politikuri muxlebi imaze mowmobdnen, rom baronebi cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT maTi saimuniteto uflebebisa da privilegiebis nawili. Tanac, maT surdaT centraluri xelisuflebis calkeuli prerogativebi sakuTari kontrolis qveS daeyenebinaT an SeezRudaT mainc. qartiis bedma TvalnaTliv daanaxa sazogadoebas, rom baronTa pretenziebi uperspeqtivo iyo, xolo inglisis mefis xelisuflebis centralizaciis procesi _ Seuqcevadi. konfliqtis amowurvidan ramdenime TveSi, mefe jon umiwawylom, papis daxmarebiT, uari Tqva qartiis muxlebis Sesrulebaze, xolo 1216, 1217, 1225, 1297 wlebSi inglisis mefeebi araerTxel adasturebdnen qartiis muxlebis moqmedebas, Tumca maT, baro-nebze zewolis Sedegad, amoiRes 12-e, 14-e da 61-e muxlebi.

g) parlamentis Seqmna

ufro rTuli da sakuTari politikuri SedegebiT mniSvnelovani iyo 1257-1267 wlebis

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konfliqti. 1258 wels oqsfordSi Sekrebili SeiaraRebuli baronebi, sabWos sxdomaze, kvlav iyeneben Tavisufali mosaxleobis farTo fenebis ukmayofilebas, mefis politikis mimarT da aiZuleben mefes miiRos e.w. oqsfordis proviziebi, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom qveynis mTeli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gadaecemoda, 15 baronisagan Semdgar, sabWos. aRmasrulebeli sabWos garda, mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, weliwadSi 3-jer an ufro xSirad unda Sekrebiliyo 27 wevrisagan Semdgari magnatebis didi sabWo, rac niSnavda baronTa oligarqiis Seqmnis kidev erT mcdelobas. oqsfordis proviziebs mohyva, 1259 wels miRebuli, vestminsteris proviziebis miReba, romelic iTvaliswinebda wvrili miwaT-mflobelebis dacvis garantiebs, msxvili seniorebis TviTnebobisagan. Tumca, raindTa mo-Txovna, qveynis centralur mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb, dakmayofilebuli ar iyo, ris gamoc baronTa erTi nawili simon de monforis meTaurobiT, (romelic raindebTan daaxloebas cdilobda) gamoeyo oligarqiul jgufs da gaerTianda raindobasa da qalaqis mosaxleobasTan (damoukidebeli banaki), mefisa da misi momxreebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. opoziciis banakSi momxdari ganxeTqilebiT isargebla mefem da uari Tqva oqsfordis proviziebis Sesrulebaze. 1263 wels inglisSi daiwyo samoqalaqo omi da misi msvlelobisas de monforma SesZlo mefis momxreTa ramdenjerme damarcxeba. 1264 wels de monfori gaxda qveynis uzenaesi mmarTveli da cxovrebaSi gaatara raindTa moTxovna saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb. samoqalaqo omis mniSvnelovani Sedegi iyo, pirvelad

inglisis istoriaSi, wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organos _ parlamentis (1265) Seqmna. misi wevrebi, baronebisa da sasuliero aristokratiis garda, raindebi da udidesi qalaqebis warmomadgenlebic iyvnen. XIII saukunis bolos samefo xelisufleba sabolood darwmunda kompromisis aucileblobaSi da wavida yvela rangis aristokratiasa da qalaqis zedafenasTan politikuri SeTanxmebis miRwevaze, raTa saxelmwifoSi stabiluroba da politikur-socia-luri ganviTareba ar Seferxebuliyo. am SeTanxmebis Sedegad dasrulda wodebriv-warmomad-genlobiTi organos Seqmna. parlamentis SemadgenlobaSi, mefis mier mowveuli umsxvilesi saero da sasuliero baronebis garda, Sediodnen or-ori warmomadgeneli 37 sagrafodan (raindebi) da aseve or-ori warmomadgeneli didi qalaqebidan. parlamentis Seqmnam gamoiwvia saxelmwifos formis Secvlac da Seiqmna wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqia. rogorc parlamentis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT socialur-politikuri Zalebis Tanafardoba da maTi struqturuli Taviseburebani ganapirobebdnen Suasaukunovani inglisuri parlamentis rogorc struqturas, ise mis kompetencias. XIV saukunis Sua xanebamde yvela wodeba erTad ikribeboda. Tumca, Semdeg parlamenti or palatad gaiyo. amis Sedegad, raindoba (sagrafoebis warmomadgenlebi) qalaqebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad, gamoeyvnen umsxviles magnatebs da erT palatad, TemTa palataSi ikribebodnen, xolo umsxvilesi baronebi meore _ lordTa palataSi gaerTiandnen. inglisuri sasuliero aristokratia ar iTvleboda wodebrivi warmomadgenlobis calkeul elementad. umaRlesi samRvdeloeba _ lordTa palataSi, xolo umdablesi _ TemTa palataSi ikribeboda. Tavdapirvelad, parlamentSi arCevisaTvis ar iyo dawesebuli saarCevno cenzi. 1430 wlis statutiT dadginda, rom parlamentSi mosaxvedrad, sagrafos krebebSi arCeuli kandidatebisaTvisac, minimaluri qonebrivi cenzi iyo 40 Silingi (wliuri Semosavali). SeqmnisTanave, parlamenti ar iyo iseTi dawesebuleba, romelic, arse-biTad, moaxdenda gavlenas mefis xelisuflebaze. Tumca, TandaTanobiT man moipova sami umTavresi uflebamosileba: a) kanonebis SemuSavebaSi monawileobis ufleba _ kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba; b) samefo xazinis sasargeblod, mosaxleobis gadasaxadebiT dabegvris sakiTxebSi monawileobis ufleba; g) umaRless Tanamdebobis pirebze kontrolis dawesebisa da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlo organos saxiT, gamosvlis uflebamosileba. XIV saukunis parlamentma, TandaTanobiT, moipova safinanso sakiTxebis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba da impiCmentis proceduris SemoRebis kompetencia. XIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda axali aRmasrulebeli organo _ samefo sabWo. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, mefesTan daaxloebuli, mrCevelTa Zalzed viwro wre. samefo sabWos xelSi gaerTianda uzenaesi aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. am jgufSi Sediodnen: mefe, kancleri, xazinadari, umaRlesi mosamarTleebi, mefesTan daaxloebuli ministerialebi (raindobidan). umaRlesi vasalebisagan Semdgari, didi sabWo kargavs Tavis funqciebs da isini parlaments gadaeca.

d) adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da marTlmsajulebis sistemis ganviTareba

wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi sagrafoebis Zveli sasamarTloebisa da krebebis roli, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sferoSi, minimumamde davida, xolo maTi

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funqciebi axal Tanamdebobis pirebsa da axali saxis gamsvlel sasamarTlo organoebs gadaeca. XIII-XV saukuneebSi sagrafoebis krebebi, ZiriTadad, im mizniT moiwveoda, rom aerCiaT, parlamentisa da adgilobriv organoebSi, Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad misaRebi kandidatura. am organoebis sasamarTlo funqciebi Semoifargla mcire Rirebulebis _ 40 Silingamde davebis ganxilviT. XIII saukuneSi, adgilebze, samefo administraciis meTaurobas ganagrZobda Serifi da misi TanaSemwe _ beilifi. maT garda, adgilobriv administracias axorcielebdnen koroneri da konstebli, romlebsac adgilobriv krebebze irCevdnen. koroneri iZiebda mkvlelobis saqmeebs, xolo konstebli aRiWurva sapolicio funqciebiT. Serifis SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba, adgilze, mis mimarT, mefis xelisuflebis undoblobas iwvevda da XIII saukunis Sinaomebis Semdeg am funqcias mniSvnelovnad zRudaven jer Tanamdebobis dakavebis vadiT, Semdeg _ kompetenciis sferoSi. kerZod, Serifs CamoarTves marTlmsajulebis funqcia. XIII saukunis bolodan, sagrafoebSi, adgilobrivi miwaT-mflobelebis rigebidan niSnavdnen e.w. momrigebel mosamarTleebs anu “mSvidobis mcvelebs”. Tavdapirvelad, maT mxolod sapolicio da sasamarTlo uflebamosilebani eniWebodaT, xolo droTa ganmavlobaSi, daekisraT, adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi, umniSvnelovanesi ufleba-mosilebani. XIII-XIV saukuneebSi izrdeba mefis sasamarTloebis raodenoba da iwyeba maTi specializacia. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom jer kidev ar iyo gamijnuli, yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebis mier, administraciuli da sasamarTlo funqciebis Sesruleba. inglisSi ,,saerTo samarTlis” uzenaes sasamarTloebad iTvlebodnen: samefo taxtis sasamarTlo, saerTo davebis sasa-marTlo, xazinis sasamarTlo. umaRlesi samefo sasamarTloebis saerTo sistemidan, samoqalaqo brunvis ganviTarebasTan erTad, gamoiyo e.w. lord-kancleris sasamarTlo, romelic saqmeebs iZiebda da gadawyvetda e.w. ,,samarTlianobis” safuZvelze. am sasamarTlos moRvaweobasTan aris dakavSirebuli procesis axali formebisa da samarTlis axali normebis (samarTlianobis samarTlis) Seqmna.

3) germaniis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqia

a) socialuri struqturis Taviseburebani wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi

XIII-XIV saukuneebSiGgermania sabolood daiSala mravalricxovan samTavroebad, sagrafoebad, sabatonoebad da raindul samflobeloebad, romlebic absoluturad gankerZoebuli iyvnen erTmaneTisgan, rogorc politikurad, ise ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aspeqtSi. amavdroulad, germaniaSi dasrulda wodebaTa sistemisa da wodebrivi warmo-madgenlobis formireba. germa-niaSi, vasalur-lenuri ierarqiis “farebidan” uSualod aRmocenebuli, wodebrivi struqturis did Taviseburebad iTvleboda: a) teritoriuli separatizmi da b) mTeli qveynis masStabiT, politikuri da ekonomikuri karCaketiloba da partikularizmi. imperiaSi arsebobda e.w. imperiuli wodebebi anu Cinebi, xolo samTavroebSi _ e.w. saerobo wodebebi. saimperatoro wodebebs miekuTvnebodnen: saimperio mTavrebi, imperiis raindoba da imperatoris qalaqebis warmomadgenloba, xolo samTavroebis wodebebi warmodgenili iyo: samTavroebis Tavad-aznaurobiTa da samRvdeloebiT, agreTve mTavrebis qalaqebis mosaxleobiT. mTavarTa wodebis politikuri rolis Semdgomi gafarToebisa da ganmtkicebis Sedegad, maT rigebs gamoiyo saero da sasuliero aristokratiis mcirericxovani jgufi, romelic yovelTvis arsebiT gavlenas axdenda, mefeTa arCevis procesze. maT kurfiurstebi _ amomrCeveli mTavrebi ewodebodaT. Suasaukunovani germanuli sabatono ierarqiidan, TiTqmis mTlianad, gaqra saSualo donis aznaurobna. misi erTi nawili mTavrebis donemde gaZlierda, xolo meore _ mravalricxovani jgufi _ wvril aznaurad iqca. Tavis mxriv, umdablesi aznaurobis _ raindobis ZiriTadi masa, kargavs sakuTar mniSvnelobas, radgan, am droisaTvis, evropaSi damkvidrda cecxlsasroli iaraRi da, Sesabamisad, raindebis samsaxuri usargeblod iqca. Suasaukunovanma germanulma sasuliero wodebamac ganicada diferencireba da maT rigebs gamoeyo ori, uflebrivad gansxvavebuli, kategoria: didi (umaRlesi) samRvdeloeba _ mTavarepiskoposebi, episkoposebi, abatebi da dabali rangis mRvdelmsaxurni _ soflisa da qalaqis samRvdeloebis saxiT. germanuli umaRlesi samRvdeloeba, Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro mravalricxovani, mdidari da gavleniani iyo. isini mTavrebis, maT Soris kurfiurstebis SemadgenlobaSic, Sediodnen. dabali rangis samRvdeloeba, sakuTari ekonomikuri da politikuri statusiT, arafriT gansxvavdeboda mSro-meli masebis _ mdabioTagan.

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germanul qalaqebSi mimdinare socialurma diferencirebam, xeli Seuwyo, sami urTierTgansxavebuli, jgufis Camoyalibebas: 1) qalaqis didkacobas _ patriciats, romelic ganagebda, memkvidreobiT miRebul, saqalaqo Tanamdebobebs. imperatoris qalaqebis burgo-mistrebi, romlebsac patriciatis rigebidan irCevdnen, qalaqebs raixstagSi warmoadgendnen. patriciatis opozicias hqmnida mosaxleobis ori jgufi: 2) biurgeroba _ qalaqis saSualo fena, sruluflebiani ostatebi da 3) qalaqis plebsi _ Raribi moqalaqeebi. XIV saukunis germaniaSi gamoiyo sami raioni, romlis mdabio mosaxleoba _ glexoba gansxvavebul mdgo-mareobaSi imyofeboda: 1) saqsoniaSi gavrcelda glexebis umiwod ymobidan gaTavisuflebis praqtika. glexebs miwa ijariT gadaecemoda, mebatonis sasargeblod saijaro rentis gadax-dis pirobiT; 2) germaniis samxreT raionebSi sabatono begara Seicvala fuladi rentiT; 3) aR-mosavleTSi mdebare, dapyrobil (slavur) miwebSi germanelma glexebma moipoves miwis mniSvnelovani samflobeloebi da maT gaufarTovdaT ekonomikuri damoukidebloba da ganumtkicdaT piradi Tavisufleba. es glexoba batonebs uxdida zomier, winaswar fiqsirebul gadasaxads. Tumca, XIV saukunis meore naxevridan swored aq gavrcelda baton-ymobis uReli, moxda saTemo miwebis mitaceba, rac imasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rom mebatoneebi cdilobdnen damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaros Seqmnas im pirobebSi, roca kontinentur evropaSi ganviTarda sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebi. germaniis Semdgom ganviTarebaze didi gavlena moaxdines reformaciam, 1525-1527 ww. saglexo omma da am omiT gamowveulma, 1618-1648 ww., ocdaaTwlianma omma. reformaciam kidev ufro daaqucmaca germania da, axla ukve, qveyana or, ideologiurad gansxavebul da urTierTdapirispirebul regionad, gaiyo: CrdiloeTSi gavrcelda protestantizmi, saxreTSi _ kaTolicizmi, sadac mkacrad idevneboda yovelgvari gansxva-vebuli religiuri mrwamsi.

b) germaniis saxelmwifo wyobileba wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi

XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, imperiis politikuri aparati, imperatoriT saTaveSi, mxolod nominalurad inarCunebda uzenaess saxelmwifo xelisuflebas. faqtiurad, mTeli politikuri Zalaufleba kurfiurstebis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili. adgilebze imperatoris xelisuflebis paralizeba gamoiwvia, terotoriuli mTavrebis xelSi, realuri xelisuflebis gadasvlam, ris Sedegad isini, sakuTar samflobeloebSi, namdvil monarqebad iqcnen. mas Semdeg, rac romis papma daamyara eklesiaze sakuTari uzenaesoba, germaneli imperatorebi kargaven eklesiis meTauris statuss da maT aRar SeuZliaT episkoposebisa da abatebis saeklesio Tanamdebobebze daniSvna. 1122 wels miRebuli iqna vormsis konkordati, romlis Tanaxmad, romis papi aRiWurva saeklesio (sasuliero) investituris gacemis uflebiT, rac mas saSualebas aZlevda samRvdeloTaTvis mieniWebina sasuliero xelisufleba. imperatori mxolod eswreboda samRvdeloTa arCevnebs da inarCunebda saero investituras _ samRvdelosa da saero pirebs miwis mamulebs gadascemda da akisrebda maT Sesabamiss vasalur mova-leobebs. imperatoris arCeva damokidebuli iyo umaRlesi mTavrebis viwro kolegiaze, romelic aRar iTvaliswinebda gardacvlili imperatoris memkvidreTa uflebebs. amgvarad, imperatoris taxtze airCeoda, mxolod kolegiisaTvis sasurveli, nebismieri samTavro-sagvareulos warmomadgeneli. imperatori inarCunebda imperiis uzenaesi mosamarTlis funqcias, rac dakavSirebuli iyo samefo xelisuflebis tradiciul movaleobasTan _ daecva “mSvidoba” da ganexorcielebina marTlmsajuleba. Tumca, imperatoris aRniSnuli prerogativa, arsebiTad, erTaderT da Tanac TiTqmis dakargul uflebamosilebad _ regaliad rCeboda. imperatorma, praqtikulad, dakarga qveSevrdomTa gadasaxadebiT dabegvris SesaZlebloba da mxolod sakuTari miwebidan Tu iRebda Semosavals. xolo, Tu memkvidreTa ararsebobis gamo, imperatoris vasalis miwebi xazinaSi Cairicxeboda, germanuli samarTali moiTxovda aseTi miwebis sxva vasalebisTvis gadacemas (“lenis iZulebiTi wyalobis” principi). imperatorma fridrix barbarosam ganaxorciela imperatorTa regaliebis aRdgenis mcdeloba: gzebis, mdinareebis, saporto qalaqebis, sabaJoebisa da zarafxanebis gamoyenebidan miRebul Semosavlebze uflebis aRdgena da suladobrivi da saadgilmamulo gadasaxadebis SemoReba, rac uSedegod dasrulda. imperatoris xelisuflebam ver SesZlo centraluri imperiuli dawesebulebebis sistemis Seqmna da samefo biurokratiis “aRzrda”, romelic, met-naklebad SesZlebda inglisisa da safrangeTis sasamarTlo-safinanso, agreTve administraciul organoebTan miaxloebas. imperias arc dedaqalaqi, arc xazina, da arc profesiuli kancelaria, an profesiuli centraluri sasamarTlo hqonda. Staufenebis dinastiis gadagvarebis Semdeg (es dinastia amovarda romis papebTan warumatebeli omebis Sedegad), 1250-1273 ww. germaniis saxelmwifos formaluri imperatoric

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ki ar hyavda. am e.w. umefobis xanaSi gvirgvinma dakarga is regaliebi, romlebic jer kidev SerCenili hqonda imperatoris xelisuflebas. es regaliebi mTavrebis xelSi gadavida. momavalSi, 1356 wlidan moyolebuli, imperatoris tituli rig-rigobiT gadadioda ramdenime dinastiis xelSi, vidre 1438 wlidan, is sabolood ar miisakuTra habsburgTa sagvareulom. imperatori ganagrZobda saxelmwifos meTaurobas, ganasaxierebda imperiis erTianobas, Tumca, moklebuli iyo realur xelisuflebas. mis kompetenciaSi Sedioda, ZiriTadad, samxedro da saerTaSoriso saqmeebis koordinireba. es mdgomareoba iuridiulad ganamtkica, 1356 wels, germaniis imperatorisa da CexeTis mefis _ karlos IV-is mier, gamocemulma “oqros bulam”. “oqros bulam” ganamtkica, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli, praqtika, romlis mixedviT, germaniis mmarTveloba, faqtiurad, Tavmoyrili iyo Svidi kurfiurstis: sami mTavarepiskoposis _ maincis, kiolnis, triris mTavarepiskoposebis da oTxi saero mTavris _ brandenburgis markgrafis, CexeTis mefis, saqsoniis hercogisa da rainis pfalcgrafis xelSi. amomrCeveli mTavrebi, xmaTa umravlesobiT, gansazRvravdnen imperatoris arCevas. “oqros bula” dawvri-lebiT awesrigebda, kurfiurstebis mier, imperatoris arCevis proceduras. xmebis Tanabrad ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti xmis uflebiT sargeblobda maincis mTavarepiskoposi. is bolos ebmoda xmis micemis procesSi, iyo kurfiurstebis kolegiis Tavmjdomare da, Sesabamisad, masve evaleboda mTeli kolegiis krebis mowveva, maincis frankfurtSi. maincis mTavarepiskoposs SeeZlo eTxova sxva kurfiurstebisaTvis Tanxmobis micema, ama Tu im kandidaturis mimarT. bula kurfiurstTa kolegiis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis mudmivmoqmed organod, gadaqcevasac iTvaliswinebda. kolegias imperatoris gasamarTlebisa da misi taxtidan Camogdebis ufleba hqonda. “oqros bula” aRiarebda kurfiurstebis srul politikur damoukideblobasa da maT imperatorTan Tanasworobas. am aqtma ganamtkica kurfiurstebis teritoriuli uzenaesoba, daadgina sakurfiurstoebis erTianoba da mTlianoba, maTi memkvidreobiToba. kurfiurstebi inarCunebdnen, maT mier mitacebul, regaliebs, kerZod: sakuTrebis uflebas miwis wiaRiseulze da mis eqspluataciaze, sabaJo gadasaxadebis akrefisa da fulis moWris uflebas; maT miisakuTres uzenaesi marTl-msajuleba, sakuTar samflobeloebSi; vasalebs ekrZalebodaT omis warmoeba seniorebis winaaRmdeg, qalaqebs ki _ kurfiurstebis winaaRmdeg kavSiris Seqmna. amrigad, germaniaSi iuridiulad gaformda ramdenime umsxvilesi mebatones oligarqia, romelic, faqtiurad, “oqros bulas” miRebamde iyo Seqmnili. sakurfiurstoebi, mxolod imperatoris winaSe qveSevrdomobis formaluri aRiarebiT, Tu iyvnen gaerTianebuli da maT ekrZalebodaT damou-kideblad omis warmoeba da ucxo saxelmwifoebTan sazavo xelSekrulebis dadeba (es imperatoris prerogativa iyo). mogvianebiT, kurfiurstebma imasac miaRwies, rom yoveli axali imperatori, arCevis dros, Tanxmobas acxadebda im pirobebze, romlebic mTavrebis mier iyo SemuSavebuli, imperatoris xelisuflebis SezRudvis mizniT. am pirobebs XIV saukuneSi e.w. saarCevno kapitularebi ewoda. XIV-XV saukuneebSi, germaniaSi, garda imperatoris xelisuflebisa, arsebobda ori saerTo-imperiuli dawesebuleba _ raixstagi da imperiis sasamarTlo. raixstagi iyo saerTo-imperiuli yriloba, romelsac XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, regularulad iwvevda impe-ratori. misi struqtura sabolood XIV saukuneSi Camoyalibda. raixstagi sami kolegiisagan Sedgeboda: 1) kurfiurstTa kolegia; 2) mTavrebis, grafebisa da Tavisufali mebatoneebis kolegia; 3) imperatoris qalaqebis warmomadgenelTa kolegia. imperiul wodebaTa warmo-madgenlobis xasiaTi gansxvavdeboda sxva dasavleTevropuli saxelmwifoebis sami wodebis warmomadgenlobisagan. upirveles yovlisa, raixstagSi ar Sedioda wvrili aznaurobisa da araimperatoris qalaqebis biurgerTa warmomadgenloba. meorec, samRvdeloeba raixstagSi ar hqmnida calke kolegias da pirveli an meore kolegiis Semadgeneli nawili iyo, vinaidan umaRlesi samRvdeloeba mTavarTa wodebis wevri iyo. zogjer, erTad mxolod kurfiurstebisa da mTvrebis palatebi ikribebodnen. amrigad, raixstagi gamodioda ara rogorc wodebaTa warmomadgenlobiTi, aramed mxolod calkeuli politikuri erTeulebis warmomadgenlobiTi organo: kurfiurstebi warmoadgendnen sakuTari saxelmwifoebis interesebs, mTavrebi _ samTavroebis, xolo imperatoris qalaqebisas _ burgomistrebi, sakuTari Tanamdebobis farglebSi. raixstagis kompetencia ar iyo zustad gansazRvruli. imperatori Tanxmobas iTxovda samxedro, saerTaSoriso da safinanso sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros. raixstags sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba hqonda; imperatoris mier, gofratis wevrebTan (imperatoris sabWo) erTad, gamocemuli brZanebulebebi, raixstags dasamtkiceblad gadaecemoda xolme. raixstagis aqtebs savaldebulo Zala ar eniWebodaT, maT mxolod imperatorisaTvis micemuli rekomendaciebis xasiaTi hqondaT.

g) teritoriuli erTeulebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis evolucia

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teritoriul samflobeloebSi, mTavrebisaTvis miniWebuli umaRlesi iurisdiqcia im mniSvne-lovan instrumentad iqca, romelmac sabolood ganamtkica maTi damoukidebloba, ekonomikuri da politikuri Zalaufleba. germaniaSi, centraluri xelisuflebis sisustis pirobebSi, mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda calkeuli korporaciebis _ qalaqebis, maTi mokavSireebis, religiuri gaerTianebebis politikuri avtonomia. gansakuTrebuli politikuri uflebebiT sargeblobdnen Crdilogermanuli qalaqebis gaerTianeba _ hanzas kavSiri (XIV-XVI s.s.), rainis qalaqebis kavSiri (1254w.), Svabiis kavSiri (XVI s.), agreTve TevTonTa samxedro-religiuri ordeni (XII-XVI s.s.). imperiaSi, uflebrivi TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze privi-legirebul korporaciebad e.w. saimperatoro da Tavisufali qalaqebi iqcnen. imperatoris qalaqebi _ imperatoris uSualo vasalebi _ iRebdnen imperatoris regaliebis did nawils (uzenaesi marTlmsajuleba, fulis moWra, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmnis ufleba). imperatoris winaSe maTi movaleobebi ganisazRvreboda erTgulebis ficis dadebiTa da, imperatorisa da misi saxlis mimarT, pativiscemis gamoxatviT. XVI saukuneSi imperatoris qalaqebs (lubeki, bremeni, hamburgi, augsburgi, niurnbergi) sakuTari mudmivi warmomadgenlobac hqondaT raixstagSi. rac Seexeba Svid Tavisufal qalaqs (mainci, vormsi, triri, kiolni da sxva), maT privilegiebs aniWebda rogorc imperatori, ise maTi mflobeli _ sasuliero mTavari. es qalaqebi gaTavisufldnen gadasaxadebisa da samxedro samsaxurisagan da eparqiebis centrebad iqcnen. isini, erTdroulad, axorcielebdnen eparqiisa da samTavros sasuliero da saero mmarTvelobas. XII-XV saukuneebSi am qalaqebs TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebac SeeZloT, burgomistrebisa da qalaqis sabWos wevrTa arCevis meSveobiT. xolo maTi mmarTveli wreebi aRiWurven adgilobrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetis, sisxlisa da samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis uflebiT. sasuliero mTavrebi inarCunebdnen am qalaqebze iuridiul kontrols, qalaqis mTavari moxeleebis daniSvnis gziT (kerZod, burgrafi, prefeqti romlebic marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas xelmZRvanelobdnen). germaniis imperatoris qalaqebi, Tavisufal qalaqebTan erTad, xSirad kavSirebsac qmnidnen, romlebic damoukidebel politikas axorcielebdnen da ar iTvaliswinebdnen imperatoris, an mTavrebis xelisuflebis interesebs. XV saukuneSi, calkeuli samTavro-saxelmwifoebi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT monarqiebad iqcnen, romlebic didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeodnen. saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi Camo-yalibda sami Caketili kuria _ sasuliero, raindoba da qalaqis mosaxleoba _ biurgeroba. am saerobo Cinosnebis krebebs, samTavroebis SigniT, landtagebi ewodeboda.Llandtagebi, samTavros SigniT, ramdenadme zRudavdnen mTavris xelisuflebas da sakuTari struqturiT ufro waagavdnen safrangeTis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT organoebs, vidre raixstags. Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi, landtagebi ar sargeblobdnen gadamwyveti xmis uflebiT, saolqo da saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom maTi Tanxmoba savaldebulo iyo safinanso sakiTxebis mogvarebisas da, am SemTxvevaSic, mTavars SeeZlo sasurveli gadawyvetilebis miReba im ori wodebis daxmarebiT, romelic gaTavi-suflebuli iyo gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan, Tumca aqtiurad monawileobda Semosavlebis moxmarebaSi _ samRvdeloeba da raindoba. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, religiuri omebis Sedegad, roca damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa ricxvi samas aWarbebda, germaniaSi ganmtkicda e.w. mTvarTa absolutizmi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda centralizebuli absoluturi monarqiebisgan, romlebsac adgili hqondaT dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi: 1. is Camoyalibda ara mTeli qveynis masStabiT, anu imperiis sazRvrebSi, romelic decentralizebul qveynad rCeboda, aramed mxolod calkeul samTav-roebis SigniT; 2. absolutizmis damkvidreba samTavroebSi iyo ara memamuleebsa da burJuaziis ZalTa Soris droebiTi Tanafardobis (samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis) Sedegi, aramed mTavrebis absolutizmi iyo aristokratiul-konservatiul ZalTa gamarjveba burJuaziul moZraobaze da susti germanuli burJuaziis damorCileba, mTavrebis Zalauflebisadmi. amitom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom absolutizmi yvelaze adre (XVIII saukunis I-l mesamedSi) swored ekonomikurad CamorCenil bavariaSi Camoyalibda. mTavrebis absolutizmma uaryofiTi roli Seasrula, radgan man, xangrZlivi droiT, SeinarCuna germaniis politikuri da ekonomikuri daqucmacebuloba.

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4) ruseTi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi (XVI saukunis Sua xana _ XVII saukunis Sua xana)

a) sazogadoebrivi wyoba

ruseTSi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodi xasiaTdeba, socialur fenebs Soris, momxdari arsebiTi cvlilebebiT, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo glexobis sruli daymeveba. soflis meurneobasTan erTad, viTardeba xelosnoba da vaWroba. XVI-XVII sau-kuneebSi gaCnda manufaqturebi, romlebic, ZiriTadSi, damyarebuli iyo ara Tavisufal, aramed yma-glexebis Sromaze. Tumca, zogierTi sawarmo mainc iyenebda Tavisufali daqiravebuli muSebis Sromas. amgvarad, sabatono urTierTobis wiaRSi warmoiqmna axali burJuaziuli urTierTobebis pirveli susti Canasaxi. amavdroulad, Camoyalibebis process ganicdis sru-liadrusuli Sida bazari da viTardeba vaWroba. a) aristokratia. saxelmwifos umsxviles mebatoned kvlav rCeboda ruseTis monarqi _ ruseTis didi mTavari. mTavris ekonomikuri rolis ganmtkicebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba iqonia e.w. opriCnina-m. opriCnina-s erT-erTi Sedegi is iyo, rom mefem moipova yvelaze sasurveli da nayofieri miwebi, romlebsac is samamulo samflobeloebis _ pomestiebis fon-disaTvis iyenebda da rac mas SesaZleblobas aZlevda, Tavis mxareze, gadmoebira aznaurobis is nawili, romelic aqtiurad uWerda mxars saxelmwifos centralizaciasa da mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas. monarqis xelSi gadavida sxva simdidrec. aristokratiis fena kvlav araerTgvarovani iyo. yvelaze msxvil mebatoneebad boiarul-samTavro aristokratia iTvleboda. is ori ZiriTadi jgufisagan Sedgeboda. pirvel jgufSi Sediodnen yofili gankerZoebuli mTavrebi, romlebmac dakarges uwindeli politikuri privilegiebi, Tumca maT, opriCninas gatarebamde, SenarCunebuli hqondaT ekonomikuri gavlena. mogvianebiT, aris-tokratiis es nawili SeuerTda boiarTa ZiriTadad masas. mebatoneTa zedafenis meore jgufSi Sediodnen: msxvili da saSualo boiarebi. am ori jgufis interesebi da poziciebi zogierT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli iyo. yofili gankeZoebuli mTavrebi Tanmimdevrulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen centralizaciis process da yvela Rones xmarobdnen, raTa SeesustebinaT mefis xelisufleba. opriCnina swored am mebatoneebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. boiarTa erTi nawili, ivane IV-is mmarTvelobis pirvel etapze, mxars uWerda samefo xelisuflebasa da mis RonisZiebebs, centralizebuli saxelmwifos ganmtkicebis mizniT. boiarebis am nawils mobezrdaT yofili gankerZoebuli mTavrebis SeuzRudavi TareSi da maTTvis ufro sasurveli iyo mxolod erTi didi mTavrisadmi (mefisadmi) morCileba. Tumca, maT arc sakuTari uflebebis SezRudva surdaT da isini iTxovdnen damoukideblobis miniWebas zogierTi sakiTxis, maT Soris saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobisa, gadawyvetis procesSi. boiarebi Tvlid-nen, rom qveynis cxovrebaSi mTvari roli swored boiarTa saTaTbiros _ Боярская Дума-s unda Seesrulebina, mefe ki valdebuli iyo gaeTvaliswinebina misi azri. mogvianebiT, opriCninuli teroris SemoRebis Semdeg, mefesa da boiarTa am kategorias Soris gamwvavda konfliqti. boiarTa qveda da yvelaze mravalricxovani nawili aznauroba _ дворянство iyo. rasakvirvelia, maT da boiarebs saerTo interesebic gaaCndaT. Tumca, aznaurebs sakuTari, boiarebisgan gansxvavebuli da xSirad maTi sapirispiro, survilebic amoZravebdaT. wvrili aznauroba lamobda axali miwebisa da yma-glexebis xelSi Cagdebas, glexobis saboloo daymevebas, ris gamoc isini aqtiurad emxrobodnen mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas da mis sagareo politikur kurss. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi, ruseTSi SenarCunebuli iqna, uZvelesi droidan wamosuli, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis dakavebis sagvareulo-memkvidreobiTi principi, e.w. местничество, romelic ugulebelyofda moxelis pirad da profesiul Tvisebebs, rac mZime tvirTad awva saxelmwifo interesebs da xSirad qveynis winaaRmdegac iyo mimarTuli. mestniCestvos gauqmebas Seecada ivane IV-e, Tumca uSedegod da am principis aRmofxvra mxolod 1682 wels moxexda. ruseTSi, TandaTanobiT, Camoyalibda qveSevrdomobis cneba. mebatoneebma dakarges, didi mTavrisadmi samsaxuris an samsaxurze uaris Tqmis, uwindeli privilegia. am periodis kidev erT msxvil mebatoned qristianuli eklesia iTvleboda, romelsac uzarmazari miwaTmflobeloba da sxva simdidre gaaCnda. Yyma-glexebis didi nawili samonastro miwebSi Sromobda. Mmonarqebi warumateblad cdilobdnen eklesiis miwaTmflobelobis SezRudvas. mxolod 1581 wels ivane IV-em SesZlo zogierTi SezRudvis SemoReba. b) damokidebuli mosaxleoba. opriCnina-sa da omianobis wlebiT gamowveulma, ekonomikurma da socialurma krizisma ganapiroba glexobis masobrivi gaqceva mebatoneebisagan. Zvelad glexi meurneobiana iyo miwaze mijaWvuli. amitom mas iSviaTad SeeZlo esargebla kanoniT mini-

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Webuli uflebiT da weliwadSi erTxel e.w. iuris dRes (Юрьев день) erTi mebatonisagan meoresTan gadasuliyo. krizisis wlebSi glexebis gaCanageba imdenad mkveTri iyo, rom isini iwyeben masobriv ayrasa da sakuTari miwebidan gaqcevas. glexobis migraciis winaaRmdeg brZolis saSualebad maTi sruli daymeveba iqca. 1580 wels gamoica brZanebuleba iuris dRis gauqmebisa da glexobis daymevebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg wels Catarda glexobis saerTo aRwera, romelic 1592 wlamde grZeldeboda. aRweris Sedegad, Seiqmna iuridiuli safuZveli gaqceuli glexobis moZiebisa da sakuTar mebatonesTan ukan dabrunebisaTvis. SemoRebuli iqna e.w. урочные лета, anu sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadebi, gaqceuli yma-glexebis gamo warmoSobili davebis mimarT. Tavdapirvelad, aseT vadad xuTi weli gamocxadda, xolo 1649 wlis aleqsi mixeilis Zis Соборное Уложение _ Zeglisdebam daadgina gaqceuli glexobis moZiebis uvadooba, anu glexebis moZebna nebismier dros iyo SesaZlebeli, miuxedavad maTi adgil-samyofelisa. jer kidev arsebobda xolopebis kategoria, Tumca maTi raodenoba, adrindelTan SedarebiT, Semcirda. maTTan daaxloebuli iyo damokidebuli mosaxleobis axali kategoria _ кабальные люди (dakabalebuli xalxi). es kategoria Tavisufali, Tumca miwadakarguli adamianebisgan yalibdeboda. imisaTvis, rom adamiani dakabalebulad qceuliyo savaldebulo pirobad, momsaxure kabaluri sigelis gaformeba iTvleboda, romelSic ganmtkicebuli iyo dakabalebulis samarTlebrivi statusi. kabaluri sigelis Sesadgenad savaldebulo iyo garkveuli pirobebis dacva: a) dasakabalebeli piris asaki; b) baton-ymobidan gaTavisufleba; g) saxelmwifo samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba. miwaze mimagrebul xolopebs страдник-ebi ewo-debodaT. isini begaris SesrulebiT uzrunvelyofdnen mebatonis miwis damuSavebas. strad-nikebs, romlebsac arc sakuTari meurneoba hqondaT da arc sakuTari Sromis nayofierebisadmi interesi, mebatone iSviaTad avalebda SromiT begaras. am movaleobas ZiriTadad yma-glexebs akisrebdnen. swored aRniSnuli periodidan sabolood damkvidrda SromiTi begara da naturaluri an fuladi gadasaxadi, rogorc Suasukunovani ruseTis sagadasaxado sistema. g) posadis xalxi. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi grZeldeboda qalaqebis raodenobis zrda da maTSi xelosnobisa da vaWrobis ganviTareba. mniSvnelovnad izrdeba posadis mosaxleobis rao-denoba. posadis xalxi XVII saukuneSi miajaWves posads (saqalaqo tipis dasaxlebas). izrdeba vaWarTa is fena, romelic mTeli rigi privilegiebiT sargeblobda, kerZod Tavisufali iyo gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan. SeiniSneba qalaqis mosaxleobis or fenad gaTiSva: vaWrebad da e.w. “Sav adamianebad”, romelTa jgufs xelosnebi da wvrili vaWrebi Seadgendnen. garda “Savi” slobodebisa, arsebobda e.w. “TeTri” sloboda (ezo), romlis mflobelni ar asrulebdnen, mefis winaSe, raime movaleobebs, rac “Savi” xalxis mxridan did protests iwvevda. 1649 wlis Zeglis debiT gauqmda “TeTri” sloboda.

g) saxelmwifo wyobileba

wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis Camoyalibeba aRiniSneba saxelmwifo aparatSi momx-dari mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT. yvelaze did siaxled warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis Seqmna iTvleba. Tumca, Zvelma saxelmwifo organoebmac ganicades arsebiTi modificireba. adreuli Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebisgan gansxvavebiT, wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi mo-narqiis dros SesaZlebelia mmarTvelobis mxolod erTi formis _ monarqiis arseboba. Tumca, monarqis statusi ramdenadme icvleba. ivane IV-e sakuTar Tavs mefes uwodebda da es tituli damkvidrda, rac ara mxolod martivi formaloba, aramed monarqis xelisuflebis realuri ganmtkicebis maCvenebeli iyo. amsTanave, monarqs ar SeeZlo Zveli tradiciuli organos _ boiarTa saTaTbiros (Боярская Дума) gareSe moqmedeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom boiarTa saTaTbiros mniSvneloba Semcirda, is mainc zRudavda mefis xelisuflebas, ris gamoc TviTmpyrobelobis Sesaxeb saubari jer naadrevia. opriCnina-s SemoRebamac, principulad, ver Secvala arsebuli viTareba. ramdenime wlis Semdeg monarqma opriCnina-ze uari Tqva, radgan mixvda, rom SeuZlebelia, yvela socialuri kategoriis mxardaWeris gareSe, xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba. miTumetes, rom opriCninuli teroriT, gabatonebuli mosaxleobis yvela kategoria erTnairad ukmayofilo iyo. opriCnina-m ver gaauqma boiarTa saTaTbiros _ saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos mniSvneloba, ver Seasusta местничество-s principi da ver moaxdina warCinebulTa privilegiebis gauqmeba. mefe boris godunovis gardacvalebis Semdeg, droebiT gaizarda boiarTa saTaTbiros roli. 1610 wels, gaba-tonebuli fenis ramdenime dajgufebas Soris gaCaRebuli brZolis Sedegad, taxtidan Camoag-des mefe vasili Suiski da mTeli xelisufleba, droebiT, boiarTa saTaTbiros xelSi gadavida. mcire drois manZilze saxelmwifos, faqtiurad, Svidi yvelaze gavleniani boiari marTavda, rasac Svidboiarobis mmarTveloba ewoda.

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saxelmwifoSi Seiqmna, principulad axali, umaRlesi organo _ saerobo krebebi (земские соборы). maTi meSveobiT, mefem saxelmwifos marTvaSi CarTo aznaurobis garkveuli wreebi da posadis mosaxleobis warmomadgenloba. saerobo krebebi monarqisaTvis savaldebulo orga-noebad iqca, radgan mas esaWiroeboda maTi Tanxmoba mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebis gasatareblad (omis gamocxadeba, axali gadasaxadebis SemoReba da sxva). saerobo krebebis meSveobiT, mefem SesZlo sasurveli politikis gatareba, miuxedavad boiarTa saTaTbiros winaaRmdegobisa. pirveli kreba _ Собор, romelsac Serigebis kreba ewoda, mefem da aristokratiam erTblivad moiwvies, 1549 wels. krebis meSveobiT, gabatonebulma zedafenam droebiT SesZlo mdabioTa gamZafrebuli politikuri ukmayofilebis dacxroma. iqmneboda warmodgen, rom saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobaSi Cabmuli iyo ara mxolod boiarTa da aznaurTa wodeba, aramed mosaxleobis sxva fenebic. saerobo krebebSi monawileobas iRebdnen: mefe, boiarTa saTaTbiro, samRvdeloebis zeda fena _ mTeli SemadgenlobiT, rac e.w. ganaTlebul krebas hqmnida. isini, TiTqos, zeda palatis wevrebi iyvnen, romlebsac ki ar irCevdnen, aramed Tanamdebobaze, sakuTari mdgomareobis Sesabamisad, niSnavdnen. qveda palata warmodgenili iyo arCeuli aznaurebisa da posadis xalxis zedafeniT (vaWrebi da msxvili vaWrebi). qveda palataSi arCevnebi yovelTvis rodi tardeboda. zogjer krebis sagangebo mowvevisas, mis wevrebs mefe an adgilobrivi Tanam-debobis pirebi TviTon niSnavdnen. saerobo krebebSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebdnen aznaurebi da didi vaWrebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca fulad-sakredito sakiTxebis gadawyve-tas hqonda adgili. saerobo krebebis xangrZlivoba damokidebuli iyo garemoebebsa da gadasawyveti sakiTxebis arsze. rig SemTxvevaSi saerobo krebebi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi uwyvetad funqcionirebdnen. XVII saukunis 20-ani wlebidan saerobo krebebi iSviaTad moiwveoda, xolo XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi isini sabolood gauqmda. saerobo krebebis raodenobrivi Semadgenloba arsebul viTarebaze iyo damokidebuli. yvelaze mravalricxovani iyo is saerobo kreba, romelic 1613 wels, interventebis (Svedi da poloneli) gandevnis Semdeg, iqna mowveuli. es iyo is erTaderTi kreba, romelSic warmodgenili iyo jaris, kazakebis, “Savi volostelebis” da glexobis deputacia. am krebaze wydeboda mefis arCevis wesi _ boiarebs surdaT TviTon emarTad qveyana da amitom maT marioneti mefe airCies. yvela saerobo kreba, pirobiTad, oTx ZiriTad jgufad iyofoda: a) krebebi, romlebsac mefe sakuTari iniciativiT iwvevda; b) krebebi, romlebsac mefe wodebaTa iniciativiT iwvevda; g) krebebi, romlebsac wodebebi iwvevdnen, an krebis mowveva maTi iniciativiT xdeboda, mefis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, an Tu kreba mefis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli; d) krebebi, romlebic irCevdnen mefes. upiratesiba krebebis pirvel jgufs eniWeboda. krebebis meore jgufis magaliTi iyo 1648 wlis kreba, romelic mefem moiwvia wodebaTa moTxovniT. krebis mesame jgufs, mefis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedi, sakrebuloebi miekuTvneboda (1611-1613 w.w. xelisuflebas gankargavda poloneli ufliswuli). XVI saukunis Sua xanebSi dasrulda sasaxlur-votCinuri mmarTvelobis principis aRmofxvra da mis nacvlad damkvidrda mmarTvelobis prikazuli sistema. TandaTanobiT, Camoyalibda prikazebis ganStoebuli aparati. prikazuli sistemis Camoya-libebis periodSi wamyvani roli samxedro-administraciul prikazebs miekuTvnaT. am dros moxda armiis reorganizaciac. mis birTvs aznaurTa mxedroba da strelcebi _ msrolelebi Seadgendnen. strelcebis jari Seiqmna ivane IV-is reformebis Sedegad, rac cecxlsasroli iaraRis ganviTarebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. strelcebis samarTavad Seiqmna specialuri prikazi. rusuli saxelmwifos axali mmarTvelobiTi sistemis winaaRmdeg aqtiurad ibrZodnen msxvili memamule _ boiarebi, romlebic miCveulni iyvnen laSqrobebSi sakuTari jariT gamosvlas (brZolis velze adgilsac TviTneburad irCevdnen da sakuTar laSqarsac TviTon sard-lobdnen). samefo kanonmdeblobam savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris principi gaavrcela memamuleTa yvela kategoriaze. yvela aznauri _ помещик da boiari valdebuli iyo mieRo monawileoba samefo laSqrobebSi, sakuTari xalxiTa da iaraRiT, vinaidan ruseTis Tavi-seburebad is iTvleboda, rom armiis formireba xdeboda ar daqiravebuli jaris, aramed sakuTari qveSevrdomebis xarjze. samsaxuris gawevis movaleoba ruseTSi ekisreboda “mamulis mimarT mosamsaxure adamianebs” (mTavrebi, boiarebi, aznaurebi, boiarTa Svilebi) da “xelobis mimarT mosamsaxure adamianebs” (strelcebi, qalaqis kazakoba, meTofe _ mezarbazneebi). boiarTa da aznaurTa mxedruli razmebis pirad Semadgenlobas ganagebda Разрядный приказ-i (rigobiTi prikazi). Tanamdebobaze daniSvna-gaTavisufleba xdeboda местничество-s (gvarov-nulobis) principis Sesabamisad. mosamsaxure aznaurisaTvis nawyalobev miwaT-mflobelobas (поместье) gankargavda Поместный приказ-i, romelic ganagebda sakiTxs, samxedro samsaxuris sanacvlod, aznaurebis miwis nakveTebiT uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. Seiqmna Казачий приказ-i (kazakuri jaris ganmkargavi organo). am periodSi gaCnda specialuri teritoriuli prikazebi,

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romlebic ganagebdnen ruseTis mier dapyrobili teritoriebis saqmeebs, kerZod: yazanisa da cimbiris prikazebi. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi safuZveli Caeyara centralur sapolicio organos. jer moqmedebda boiarTa saTaTbiros komisia sayaCaRo saqmeebis (разбойные дела) Sesaxeb, Semdeg Seiqmna Разбойный приказ-i, romelic adgilobrivi organoebisaTvis adgenda brZanebulebebs, zogadad, sisxlis samarTlis samarTaldarRvevis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxebze da adgilebze niSnavda Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirebs. mefisa da misi ojaxis piradi moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad Seiqmna specialuri sasaxluri prikazebi, kerZod: didi sasaxlis prikazi (ganagebda sasaxlis miwebs), sajinibo prikazi (ganagebda samefo sajinibos), sanadiro da Sevardenis prikazebi, sawolis (ganagebda mefis sawols) prikazi. XVII saukunis bolos iqmneba sasamarTlo prikazebis sistema (moskovis, vladimiris, dmitrovis, yazanis), romlebic asrulebdnen uzenaesi sasamarTlo organoebis funqciebs. momavalSi, aRniSnuli prikazebi erTian sasamarTlo prikazSi (Судный) gaerTiandnen. rusuli saxelmwifos saqmianobaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda saelCo prikazs (Посольский приказ), romelic ganagebda mravlferovani saerTaSoriso-politikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetas. am prikazis Seqmnamde, ruseTis saxelmwifos sagareo politikas mravali organo ganagebda. saelCo saqmeebis erTiani centris ar arseboba bevr uxerxulobas hqmnida. boiarTa saTaTbiros uSualo monawileoba sagareo-politikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi mizanSewonili ar iyo. am saqmeebis gadawyveta, mxolod pirTa SezRuduli wris monawileobiT unda momxdariyo, raTa ar gaxmaurebuliyo saxelmwifo saidumloeba. mefe Tvlida, rom sagareo politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tanac operatiulad, mas piradad unda gadaewyvita. saelCo prikazis ZiriTadi movaleoba iyo ucxo saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebTan molaparakebis warmarTva. am funqcias wyvetda TviT prikazis ufrosi. XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi Seiqmna specialuri centraluri dawesebuleba, romelic ganagebda xolopebis saqmeebs. mas xolopTa prikazi (Холопьи приказ) ewodeboda, romlis mTavar movaleobad iTvleboda, kabaluri Canawerebis gansakuTrebul wignebSi xolopebis registracia. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis Seqmnam arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi gamoiwvia adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sistemaSi. kormlenies sistema adgils uTmobs axal, TviTmmarTvelobis principze damyarebul, mmarTvelobas. XVI saukunis Sua xanebidan kormlenSCikebis _ nacvlebis magivrad, daadgines sagubo organoebi (губные органы). maT irCevdnen mosaxleobis garkveuli fenebidan. aznaurebi da wvrili boiarebi irCevdnen sagubo organos Tavkacs _ sagubo mamasaxliss, romelsac Tanamdebobaze amtkicebda sayaCaRo prikazi. sagubo organoebi, rogorc wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebi im SemTxvevaSi SesZlebdnen sakuTari funqciebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas, Tu moxdeboda mebatoneTa imuni-tetis Zireuli aRmofxvra. 1551 wels asisTavis kreba (Стоглавный собор) gadawyvetilebas iRebs Tarxanebis _ mebatoneebisaTvis privilegiebisa da gansakuTrebuli uflebebis _ gauqmebis Sesaxeb (sasamarTlo ufleba, rigi gadasaxadebis dadgenis ufleba da movaleobebis savaldebulo Sesruleba). garda sagubo organoebisa, iqmneboda TviTmmarTvelobis saerobo organoebi, romelTa Seqmnis sakiTxs wyvetda is asisTavis kreba (1551 w.), romelmac moiwona mefis winadadeba, qveynis mTel teritoriaze arCeviTi mamasaxlisebis, asisTavebisa da ormocdaaTis Tavebis Tanamdebobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. msxvil teritoriul erTeulebs meTau-robdnen e.w. voevodebi, romlebsac Tanamdebobaze niSnavda sagareo prikazi, boiarTa da aznaurTa wridan. maT Tanamdebobaze amtkicebda mefe, boiarTa saTaTbirosTan SeTanxmebiT. kormlenSCikebisgan gansxvavebiT, voevoda samsaxuris sanacvlod iRebda gasamrjelos da aRar SeeZlo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaRvlepa.

$3. evropuli civilizaciebi da ruseTi absolutizmis xanaSi

1) franguli absolutizmi

a) XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, wodebaTa samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi momxdari cvlileba

safrangeTSi absolutizmis _ monarqiis axali forma _ warmoSobam gamoiwvia siRrmiseuli cvlilebebi qveynis wodebaTa samarTlebriv statusSi. es cvlilebebi, upirveles yovlisa, ganpirobebuli iyo axali kapitalisturi urTierTobebis CasaxviT. kapitalizmis damkvidreba safrangeTSi, inglisisgan gansxvavebiT: 1. swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaSi; 2. soflis meurneobas ki mZime trivTad awva sabatono urTierTobebi da mebatoneTa

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sakuTrebis ufleba miwaze; 3. seriozul dabrkolebad sazogadoebrivi progresis gzaze iyo is arqauli wodebrivi wyoba, romelic arsebiTad ewinaaRmdegeboda qveyanaSi kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebas; 4. XVI saukuneSi safrangeTis monarqiam SesaZlo, faqtiurad, gaeuqmebina wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebi, Tumca SeinarCuna sakuTari wodebrivi buneba, anu franguli monarqia kvlav pirveli da meore wodebis (sasuliero da saero aristokratiis) monarqia iyo. rogorc Zvelad, saxelmwifoSi pirveli wodeba samRvdeloeba iyo, romelic daaxloebiT 130 000 kacs (qveynis 15 000 000-ani mosaxleobidan) Seadgenda. Tumca, maT xelSi iyo saxelmwifos miwis fondis 1/5 nawili. samRvdeloeba mTlianad inarCunebda sakuTar tradiciul ierarqias da didi nairferovnebiT gamoirCeoda. eklesiis zeda fenasa da samrevlo mRvdlebs Soris mwvave winaaRmdegobebi warmoiSva. samRvdeloeba erTianobas mxolod im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT inarCunebda, romelic maT Seuwyobda xels, raTa SeenarCunebinaT sakuTari wodebrivi privilegiebi. ufro mWidro kavSiri daamyara samRvdeloebam samefo xelisuflebasTan. 1516 wels, francisk I-sa da romis paps Soris daido konkordati, romlis ZaliT, mefem moipova saeklesio Tanamdebobaze sasurveli pirebis daniSvnis ufleba. yvela umaRlesi saeklesio Tanamdeboba (Cifebi), romelic did simdid-resTan iyo dakavSirebuli, mxolod umaRlesi aristokratiis warmomadgenlebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. rogorc wesi, am Cifebs aristokratTa umcrosi vaJiSvilebi ikavebdnen. Tavis mxriv, samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebi, safrangeTSi umaRles Tanamdebobes ikavebdnen saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi (riSelie, mazarini). amrigad, pirvel da meore wodebas Soris, Zveli uTanxmoebis miuxedavad, axla ufro myari politikuri da piradi kavSirebi damyarda.

b) franguli sazogadoeba

sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava Tavad-aznaurTa wodebas, romelic daaxloebiT 400 000 kacs Seadgenda. mxolod Tavadaznaurobas SeeZlo sabatono mamulebis floba, amitom maT xelSi Tavmoyrili iyo saxelmwifos miwis fondis 3/5 nawili. mTlianobaSi, saero mebatoneebi, mefesa da misi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad, safrangeTis miwebis 4/5 flobdnen. Tavadaznauroba sabolood Camoyalibda wminda pirovnul struqturad, romlis SeZena mxolod dabadebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. sakuTari Tavadaznauruli warmomavloba pirs, yvelaze cota, meoTxe Taobamde unda emtkicebina. Tavadaznaurobis miniWeba SesaZlebeli iyo mefis specialuri aqtis safuZvelze, rac, rogorc wesi, mdidari burJuaziisaTvis iyo SesaZlebeli, maT mier saxelmwifo aparatSi maRali Tanamdebobebis Sesyidvis gziT. amiT TviT samefo xelisuflebac iyo dainteresebuli, vinaidan mudmivad ganicdida finansur sirTuleebs. aseT pirebs, Cveulebriv, mantiis Tavadaznauroba ewodeboda, daSnis (STamomavlobiTi) aristokratiisagan gansxvavebiT. Zveli sagvareulo Tavadaznauroba amreziT eqceoba `axal gamoxtenebs~, romelbmac sakuTari wodeba mxolod Tanamdebobrivi mantiis safuZvelze moipoves. miuxedavad sagvareulo da Tanamdebobrivi gansxvavebisa, Tavadaznaurobas mTeli rigi saerTo-wodebrivi privilegiebi mainc hqonda: 1. ufleba titulze; 2. garkveuli samosis tarebis ufleba; 3. garkveuli iaraRis tarebis ufleba, maT Soris, samefo karzec; 4. Tavad-aznauroba gaTavisuflebuli iyo gadasaxadebisagan da yovelgvari piradi valdebulebisagan; 5. maT mieniWaT upiratesi ufleba karis, saxelmwifo da saeklesio Tanamdebobebis dasa-kaveblad; 6. zogierTi karis Tanamdeboba maRali xelfasis daniSvnas gulisxmobda da maT ar evalebodaT raime samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesruleba; 7. Tavadaznaurobas hqonda upiratesoba universitetebSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad, an samefo samxedro skolaSi saswavleblad. amasTan erTad, absolutizmis periodSi Tavadaznaurobam dakarga Zveli privilegiebis garkveuli raodenoba: 1. damoukidebeli mmarTvelobis ufleba; 2. ufleba duelebis mowyobaze. XVI-XVII saukuneebis franguli mosaxleobis udides umravlesobas e.w. mesame wodeba Seadgenda, romelic, sul ufro, araerTgvarovani xdeboda. mesame wodebaSi gaRrmavda socialuri da qonebrivi diferencireba. mesame wodebis yvelaze dabali fena iyo: glexoba, xelosnebi, Savi muSebi, umuSevrebi. zeda fenas Seadgendnen: finansistebi, vaWrebi, amqrebis ostatebi, notariusebi, advokatebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi gaizarda saqalaqo mosaxleobis wona (raodenobac), mesame wodebis mniSvnelovan nawils mainc glexoba Seadgenda. kapitalisturi urTierTobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, arsebiTi cvlileba moxda glexobis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi. praqtikulad gauqmda:

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servaJi, formariaJi, `pirveli Ramis ufleba~. sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis gavrce-lebiT, soflad moxda socialuri diferencirebis gaRrmaveba da glexobas gamoeyo gamdidrebuli fermeroba, kapitalisturi moijareni, sasoflo-sameurneo muSebi. Tumca, glexobis umravlesoba kvlav cenzitariusebi iyvnen, anu senioris miwis mpyrobelni. aqedan gamomdinare, maT evalebodaT tradiciuli sabatono valdebulebebis Sesruleba. cenzi-tariusebi, am droisaTvis, TiTqmis mTlianad gaaTavisufles begarisgan, Tumca, Tavad-aznauroba mudmivad zrdida cenzisa da sxva saadgilmamulo gadasaxadebs, maT Soris inarCunebda banalitetsa da mebatonis uflebas, enadira glexis miwaze. glexobisaTvis Zalzed mZime da gamCanagebeli iyo pirdapiri da iribi gadasaxadebis mTeli sistema, romelTa akrefa xSirad, samefo xelisuflebis mxridan, ZaladobiT mTavreboda. Aarc Tu iSviaTad gadasaxadebis akrefis uflebas, samefo xelisufleba ganasxvisebda, bankirebisa da mevaxSeTa sasargeblod, romlebic gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT asrulebdnen sakuTar movaleobebs da kanonier, Tu ukanonod dadgenil gadasaxadebs sastiki meTodebiT krefdnen, rac glexobis ukmayofilebis mizezi xdeboda. glexebi iZulebuli iyvnen gaeyidaT sakuTari nagebobebi, samuSao inventari da qalaqebSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen, sadac afarToebdnen daqiravebuli muSebis, umuSevarTa da lumpen-proletariatis rigebs.

g) absolutizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba

kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebisa da sabatono urTierTobebis rRvevis udao Sedegi iyo absolutizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba. absolutizmze gadasvlas Tan sdevda mefis TviTmpyrobelobis ganmtkiceba, raSic XVI-XVII saukuneebis franguli sazogadoebis yvelaze farTo fenebic iyvnen dainteresebulni: 1. absolutizmi Tanabrad misaRebi da aucilebelic ki gaxda Tavadaznaurobasa da samRvdelobisaTvis, vinaidan maTTvis, mesame wodebis mxridan, politikuri zewolisa da ekonomikuri sirTuleebis zrdasTan erTad, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba da centralizacia, erTaderTi SesaZlebloba iyo sakuTari, Zalzed farTo, wodebrivi privilegiebis SesanarCuneblad; 2. absolutizmis damyarebaSi dainteresebuli iyo umsxvilesi franguli burJuazia, romelic, jer kidev, ver acxadebda pretenzias politikur xelisuflebaze, Tumca, mas esaWiroeboda dacva, mZlavri samefo xelisuflebis mxridan, raTa Tavi daeRwia aristokratTa TviTnebobisagan, romelic kidev ufro gaZlierda (axali talRis saxiT) XVI saukuneSi, reformaciisa da religiuri omebis Sedegad; 3. mSvidobis, samarTlianobisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva franguli glexobis sanukvari ocneba iyo. amitom, isic sakuTar imeds, saukeTeso gamosavlisadmi, Zlier da gulmowyale samefo xelisuflebaze amyarebda. roca saSinao da sagareo opozicia (maT Soris eklesiis mxridan) iqna daZleuli, xolo erTianma sulierma da erovnulma TviTSegnebam taxtis irgvliv gaaerTiana franguli sazogadoebis farTo masebi, samefo xelisuflebam SesZlo arsebiTad ganemtkicebina sakuTari poziciebi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi. man, absolutizmze gadasvlis periodSi, imdenad didi politikuri wona moipova, rom SedarebiT damoukidebelic ki gaxda, misi Seqmneli Zalebis mimarT da saxelmwifoSi damyarda e.w. qveSevrdomobis principi, mosaxleobis yvela kategoriis, maT Soris TviT mefis ojaxis wevrebis mimarT. XVI saukuneSi absolutizmis damkvidrebas progresuli xasiaTi hqonda, vinaidan: 1. samefo xelisuflebam SesZlo safrangeTis mTeli teritoriis gaerTianeba, erTi xelisuflebis qveS da erTiani frangi eris Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba; 2. ufro swrafi tempiT ganviTarda mrewveloba da vaWroba; 3. moxda administraciuli mmarTvelobis sistemis racionalizacia. Tumca, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, baton-ymobis gadavardnis aucileblobis gaRrmavebam, abso-luturi monarqia krizisis winaSe daayena, rac, saboloo jamSi, mis kraxsac gamoiwvevda. massa da frangul sazogadoebas Soris (romelsac is TviTneburad, SeuzRudavad marTavda), gaCnda Rrma winaaRmdegobebi. absolutizmi imdenad amaRlda sazogadoebaze, rom, faqtiurad, mowyda mas da sabolood daupirispirda kidec. miuxedavad imisa, rom samefo xelisufleba, angarebis mizniT, aqtiurad uWerda mxars merkantilizmisa (momxveWeloba, sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebis dacva) da proteqcionizmis (mxolod franguli ekonomikisa da vaWrobis mxardaWera da waxaliseba) politikas, absolutizms arasdros dausaxavs miznad burJuaziis interesebis dacva. piriqiT, is mudam cdilobda (saxelmwifos mTeli Zlierebis gamoyenebiT), gadaSenebis piras mdgari, Tavadaznaurobis dacvas da misTvis wodebrivi privilegiebis SenarCunebas.

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d) samefo xelisuflebis gaZlireba

absoluturi monarqiis dros uzenaesi politikuri xelisufleeba mTlianad mefis xelSi gadadis da is am xelisuflebas aRar unawilebs romelime saxelmwifo organos (forma-lurad), an Tanamdebobis pirs. amisaTvis mas esaWiroeba: 1) TavadaznaurTa oligarqiis mxridan, opoziciis daZleva da kaTolikuri eklesiis damorCileba; 2) agreTve, wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis gauqmeba, rasac is SesZlebda maSin, Tu Seqmnida: a) cent-ralizebul biurokratiul aparats, b) mudmiv armias da g) policias. ukve XVI saukuneSi generalurma Statebma, praqtikulad, Sewyvites funqcionireba. 1614 wels, isini ukanasknelad moiwvies da, cota xnis Semdeg, saerTod garekes, vidre 1789 wels ar iqnen mowveulni imisaTvis, rom revoluciis provocireba moexdinaT. XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi (boloniisa da nantis konkordatebiT), mefem sabolood daiqvemdebara safrangeTis kaTolikuri eklesia. mefis mimarT, Tavisebur opoziciad rCeboda parizis parlamenti, romelic TavadaznaurTa dasayrdeni iyo da xSirad iyenebda remonstraciebis Setanis uflebasa da uaryofda mefis aqtebs. 1668 wels, mefe lui XIV-em sakuTari xeliT, amoiRo parizis parlamentis aqrividan yvela oqmi, romelic frondis – XVII saukunis antiabsolutisturi gamosvlebi _ periods exeboda, riTac daadgina, rom parlaments, mefis aqtebis uaryofisa da sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis ufleba erTmeoda. Seicvala samefo xelisuflebisa da, misi konkretuli uflebamosilebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb, zogadi warmodgenac. franguli monarqia RvTaebrivad gamocxadda, xolo mefis xelisufleba _ uwmindesad. SemoiRes mefis axali oficialuri titulatura _ `RvTis wyalobiT mefe~. sabolood damkvidrda, mefis xelisuflebis SeuzRudaobisa da suverenitetis Sesaxeb, warmodgena. sul ufro xSirad, saxelmwifo gaigivebuli iqna mefis pirovnebasTan (lui XIV-em brZana: `saxelwifo _ es me var~). Tumca, is warmodgenebi, rom absolutizmi efuZneba RvTaebriv samarTals, sulac ar niSnavda mefis piradi xelisuflebis ideis aRiarebas da, miTumetes, mis despotizmTan gaigivebis mcdelobas. samefo prerogativebi ar scildeboda kanonieri wesrigis farglebs da iTvleboda, rom mefe safrangeTis sasargeblod iRwvoda. zogadad, franguli absolutizmi efuZneboda, mefisa da saxelmwifos Soris, uryevi erTianobis koncefcias (Tanac, pirvels STanTqavda meore). iTvleboda, rom mefe da misi ojaxi frangul saxelmwifosa da frang ers ekuTvnis. iuri-diulad, mefe yoveli xelisuflebis wyaro iyo da kontrols ar eqvemdebareboda, rac mefis srul Tavisuflebas iwvevda sakanonmdeblo sferoSi. mefes hqonda ufleba, nebismier saxelmwifo Tu saeklesio Tanamdebobaze sakuTari warmomadgeneli daeniSna, Tumca es uf-leba delegirebuli iyo ufro dabali rangis CinovnikebisaTvis. is (mefe), saboloo instancia iyo saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis yvela sakiTxSi: saerTaSoriso politika, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvra, gadasaxadebis dadgena, saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gadanawileba; misi saxeliT xorcieldeboda marTlmsajuleba.

e) mmarTvelobis centralizebuli aparatis Seqmna

absolutizmma gamoiwvia centraluri organoebis ricxobrivi zrda da maTi funqciebis garTuleba. xSirad samefo xelisufleba, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, qmnida axal saxel-mwifo organoebs da Semdeg, Tu isini mis ukmayofilebas iwvevdnen, an auqmebda maT, an reor-ganizebas axdenda, rac iyo mmarTvelobis sabatono meTodebis CamorCenilobisa da ara-

efeqturobis Sedegi da mizezi. XVI saukuneSi gaCnda saxelmwifo mdivnebis Tanamdebobebi, romelTa Soris erT-erTi, mefis arasrulwlovanebis periodSi, faqtiurad, pirveli ministris funqciebs asrulebda. formalurad, aseTi Tanamdeboba ar arsebobda, Tumca riSelie erTdroulad iTavsebda 32 saxelmwifo Tanamdebobasa da tituls. samagierod, anri IV-em, lui XIV-em da, gansakuTrebiT, lui XV-em, TviTon daiwyes saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis xelmZRvaneloba da, sakuTari garemocvidan, iSorebdnen im pirebs, romlebsac maTze didi politikuri gavlenis moxdena SeeZloT. Zveli Tanamdebobebi gauqmda, mxolod kanclerma SeinarCuna sakuTari politikuri wona da, faqtiurad, mefis Semdeg, saxelmwifos meore pirad iqca. XVI saukunis bolos, qveynis winaSe dadga specializirebuli centraluri administraciis Seqmnis aucilebloba, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom Seiqmna mmarTvelobis calkeuli sferoebi (sagareo saqmeTa, samxedro saqmeTa, sazRvao da koloniebis saqmeTa, Sinagan saqmeTa), romelTa xelmZRvaneloba saxelmwifo mdivnebs daevalaT.

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centralur mmarTvelobaSi did rols TamaSobda jer finansebis superintendanti, xolo Semdeg finansebis generaluri kontoliori. xSir gadraqmnas eqvemdebareboda mefis sabWoebis sistema, romelsac saTaTbiro funqciebi ekisreboda. 1661 wels lui XIV-em Seqmna: 1. didi sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: safrangeTis hercogebi da perebi, ministrebi, saxelmwifo mdivnebi, kancleri, romelic, mefis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, Tavmjdomareobda sabWos sxdomebs. es sabWo ganixilavda umniSvne-lovanes saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebs (eklesiasTan urTierTobebs), ixilavda kanonproeqtebs. zogjer, iRebda administraciul aqtebsa da axorcielebda uzenaes marTlmsajulebas. sagaero politikuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad ikribeboda, SemadgenlobiT ufro, mcire 2. ze-da sabWo, romlis sxdomebze moiwveodnen sagareo da samxedro saqmeebis saxelmwifo mdivnebi da ramdenime saxelmwifo mrCeveli. 3. depeSebis sabWo ixilavda Sida mmarTvelobis sakiTxebs, iRebda gadawyvetilebebs administraciis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. 4. finansebis sakiTxTa sabWos evaleboda safinanso sakiTxebis SemuSaveba da saxelmwifo Tanxebis (Semosavlebis) mobilizeba. adgilobrivi mmarTveloba xasiaTdeboda didi sirTuliTa da qaoturobiT. SenarCunebuli iqna zogierTi Zveli Tanamdeboba _ bali, Tumca, misi roli daqveiTda. adgilebze gaCnda uamravi specializirebuli samsaxuri: sasamarTlo mmarTveloba, safinanso mmarTveloba, gzebze zedamxedveloba. am samsaxurebis teritoriuli farglebi da maTi funqciebi ar iyo zustad gansazRvruli, rac iwvevda mravalricxovan davebsa da saCivrebs. XVI saukunis da-sawyisSi, adgilebze centraluri xelisuflebis politikis ganmaxorcielebel organod gubernatorebi iqcnen. maTi daniSnva-gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs mefe wyvetda. Tumca, mogvianebiT es Tanamdebobda yvelaze didi sagvareuloebis xelSi gadavida. XVI saukuneSi, adgilebze mefe niSnavs komisrebs, sxvadasxva droebiTi davalebiT, Tumca mogvianebiT, komisrebi mudmivmoqmed Tanamdebobis pirebad iqcnen da inspeqtirebas uwevdnen sasamarTlos, qalaqis administraciasa da finansebs. maT intendantebis tutili ewodaT. centralizacia Seexo saqalaqo mmarTvelobasac. municipaluri mrCevlebi _ eSvenebi da merebi aRar airCeodnen, aramed mefis mier iniSnebodnen (garkveuli safasuris gadaxdiT). soflebSi, mudmivi samefo administracia ar moqmedebda da aq, udablesi administraciuli da sasamarTlo funqciebis Sesruleba, saglexo da saTemo sabWoebs daevalaT.

v) sasamarTlo sistema

centralizaciis ganmtkiceba naklebad aisaxa sasamarTlo sistemaze, romelic kvlav xasiaT-deboda arqaulobiTa da sirTuliT. safrangeTis zogierT nawilSi, XVIII saukunis bolomde, SenarCunebuli iqna senioraluri iusticia. samefo ordonansebi mxolod azus-tebdnen misi ganxorcielebis wesebs. damoukidebel sasamrTlo sistemas warmoadgenda saeklesio marTlmsajuleba, romlis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda mxolod eklesiis Sida saqmeebze. safrangeTSi moqmedebdnen specializirebuli tribunebi: komerciuli, sabanko, saadmiralo. Zalzed rTuli iyo samefo sasamarTloebis sistemac: SenarCunebuli iqna baliaJis (teritoriuli erTeulebi) sasamarTlebi, Tumca maTi Semadgenloba da kompetencia mudmivad icvleboda. mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebas ganagrZobda parizis parlamenti da sxva qalaqebis sasamarTlo parlamentebi.

z) saxelmwifo finansebi

samefo xazinaSi fuladi Semosavlebis wyaro iyo gadasaxadebis sistema, romelSic yvelaze didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda talias. aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo kapitacia _ suladobrivi gadasaxadi, romelic, Tavdapirvelad, daadgina lui XIV-em, samxedro xarjebis dafarvis mizniT. yvela gadasaxadi ekisreboda mxolod mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebs, maSin roca, umaRlesi wodebebi _ qveynis umdidresi mosaxleoba, saerTod gaTavisuflebuli iyo gadasaxadebisgan. samefo xazinis Sevsebis arsebiT wyarod iTvleboda sxvadasxva saxis iribi gadasaxadi, romelTa ricxvi mudmivad izrdeboda. gansakuTrebiT, mZime gadasaxadad miiCneoda gabeli _ marilze SemoRebuli baJi, samefo monopoliebidan Semosuli saxsrebi (safosto, TuTunis da sxva). farTod iyenebdnen saxelmwifo dakreditebis sistemas. gazrdili Semosavlebi mainc arasakmarisi iyo, radgan saxelmwifo biujeti mudmivad mcirdeboda, im grandiozuli xar-jebis gamo, rasac moiTxovda mudmivi armiisa da ganStoebuli biurokratiuli aparatis

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Senaxva.

T) armia da policia

absolutizmis xanaSi dasrulda centralizebuli mudmivi jaris Seqmnis procesi. franguli jari yvelaze didi iyo evropaSi. Seiqmna regularuli samxedro-sazRvao flotic. lui XIV-is dros gatarda samxedro reforma, romlis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: uari iTqva ucxoelebis daqiravebul jarze da gadavidnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis rekrutirebaze. jariskacebis rekrutireba xdeboda mesame wodebis udablesi fenebidan: xSirad deklasirebuli elementebisa da e.w. `zedmeti xalxisagan~, romelTa ricxvi ganux-relad izrdeboda, kapitalizaciis gaRrmavebasTan erTad, rac saxelmwifosaTvis qmnida did, socialurad feTqebad, safrTxes. jarSi umkacresi disciplina iyo da xSirad mimarTavdnen jariskacebis dasjas. umaRlesi sameTauro Tanamdebobebi mxolod titulovani aristokratiis gansakuTrebul privilegias Seadgendnen, ris gamoc, xSiri iyo ZirZvel da manitiis Tavadaznaurobas Soris dapiris-irebac. absolutizmis xanaSi Seiqmna policiis Zalzed ganStoebuli sistema: provinciebSi, qalaqebSi, did Saragzebze. XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi, Seiqmna policiis general-leitenantis Tanamdeboba, romelsac daevala, mTeli samefos farglebSi, Sida wesrigis uzrunvelyofa. mis gankargulebaSi Sedioda specializirebuli sapolicio qvedanayofebi, cxenosani sapolicio gvardia, sasamarTlo policia, romelic danaSaulis saqmeze axorcielebda winaswar gamoZiebas.

2) inglisi absoluturi monarqiis periodSi

a) cvlilebani sazogadoebriv wyobaSi

XIV-XV saukuneebis inglisis ekonomikam da sazogadoebrivma struqturam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada, ramac ganapiroba absolutizmis Camoyalibeba. mudmivad xdeboda sabatono miwaTmflobelobis kapitalistur sawyisebze gadayvana. sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebisa da mrewvelobis ganviTareba, inglisur matylze moTxov-nis zrda ganapirobebda sabatono samflobeloebis sasaqonlo meurneobad gardaqmnas. yove-live zemoTqmuli, Seesabameboda kapitalis dagrovebasa da pirveli manufaqturebis warmoqmnas, Tavdapirvelad im saporto dasaxlebebsa da soflebSi, sadac ar iyo amqruli wyoba, romelic iyo arsebiTi muxruWi da damabrkolebeli garemoeba, kapitalisturi warmoebis ganviTarebis gzaze. soflebSi kapitalisturi warmoeba ufro daCqarebuli wesiT Camoyalibeba, vidre es qalaqebSi xdeboda, rac, am periodis inglisis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavar Taviseburebad unda miviCnioT. mebatoneebma, saZovrebad qcevis mizniT, miitaces saTemo miwebi da iqidan ayares adgilobrivi (mkvidri) glexoba. am movlenas inglisSi `Semoragva~ (SemoRobva) ewoda. swored Semoragvis Sedegad, inglisis soflebSi daCqarda soflis mosaxleobis diferencirebis procesi da, erTi mxriv, warmoiSva, SedarebiT gamdidrebuli fermerebisa da meore mxriv, gaRatakebuli mciremiwiani da umiwo moijareTa fena. XV saukunis bolos, inglisuri glexoba gaiyo or ZiriTad jgufad: 1. friholderebi da 2. kopiholderebi. friholderebisagan gansxvavebiT, kopiholderebi iyvnen, uwindeli periodis, yma-glexebis STamomavlebi da isini ganagrZobdnen, mebatoneTa sasargeblod, mTeli rigi naturaluri da fuladi valdebulebebis Sesrulebas. maTi uflebebi miwis nakveTebze, efuZneboda manorialuri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa aslebs, saidanac warmoiSva am jgufis saxelwodebac. XV saukunis meore naxevarSi, arsebiTi cvlilebebi moxda TviT gabatonebuli fenis struqturaSic. inglisSi, 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mimdinare Sinaomebis Sedegad, romlebic istoriaSi TeTri da wiTeli vardebis omis saxelwodebiT Sevida, amowyda plantagenetebis dinastiis orive Sto (iorkebi da lankasterebi) da mniSvnelovnad Seirya msxvil miwaTmflobelTa uflebebi. sasuliero aristokratiis uzarmazari samflobeloebi, gvirgvinis mier, gaiyida da xelSi Cauvarda qalaqis burJuaziasa da glexobis zeda fenas. amavdroulad, arsebiTad gaizarda aznaurTa saSualo fenis roli. maTi interesebi

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dauaxlovda burJuaziis miswrafebebs. swored am fenam Seqmna e.w. axali inglisuri Tavadaznauroba _ jentri, romlis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo meurneobis kapita-listur sawyisebze mowyoba. erTiani erovnuli bazris ganviTarebam gaamwvava socialuri antagonizmi. axali Tavadaznauroba da qalaqis burJuazia dainteresebuli iyvnen centraluri xelisuflebis Semdegomi ganmtkicebaSi. kapitalis dagrovebis sawyis etapze gaZlierda, okeanis gaRma teritoriebis, kolonizaciis procesi: Tiudorebis dros, CrdiloeT amerikaSi Seiqmna pirveli inglisuri kolonia _ virjinia (1607 w.), xolo XVII saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda ost-induri kompania, romelic aqtiurad Caeba kolonizaciis procesSi.

g) inglisuri absolutizmis Taviseburebani

inglisSi absoluturi monarqia, iseve rogorc evropis sxva qveynebSi, Camoyalibda Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis rRveva-daqveiTebis da kapitalisturi sawarmoo urTierTobis Camoyalibebis procesSi. amavdroulad, inglisuri absolutizmi, mTeli rigi, iseTi Tavise-burebebiT xasiaTdeboda, ramac ganapiroba misi e.w. `dausrulebel absolutizmad~ Seracxva. inglisis pirobebSi, moxda iseTi politikuri institutebis SenarCuneba, romlebic damaxasiaTebeli iyo wina epoqisaTvis. agreTve inglisSi ar gvxvdeba mTeli rigi elemen-tebisa, romlebic tipiuri iyo absolutizmis klasikuri franguli nimuSisaTvis. inglisuri absolutizmis mTavari Tavisebureba iyo is, rom Zlieri samefo xelisuflebis gverdiT, ganagrZobda arsebobas parlamenti. kidev erT Taviseburebad SeiZleba miviCnioT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis SernarCuneba. inglisSi, kontinentisagan gansaxvavebiT, ar arsebobda centralizebuli da biurokratiuli saxelmwifo aparati; inglisSi ver Sieqmna mudmivi da Zlieri armia. absolutizmis periodSi inglisSi, xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis centraluri organoebi iyo: a) mefe; b) saidumli sabWo; g) parlamenti. Tumca, realuri xelisufleba mTlianad mefis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili. saidumlo sabWo, romelic sabolood swored absolutizmis periodSi Camoyalibda, Sed-geboda saxelmwifos umaRlsi Tanamdebobis pirebisagan: lord-kancleri, lordi-xazinadari, lordi-samefo beWdis mcveli da sxva. gaZlierebulma samefo xelisuflebam ver SesZlo parlamentis gauqmeba. misi simtkice iyo jentrisa da burJuaziis kavSiris Sedegi, xolo am kavSiris safuZvlebi jer kidev wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodSi yalib-deboda. swored am kavSiris wyalobiT, samefo xelisuflebam ver SesZlo centrsa da adgi-lebSi warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebis gauqmeba, wodebaTa Soris uTanxmoebis miuxedavad. parlamentis mimarT, gvirgvinis upiratesoba samarTeblivad gaformda 1539 wlis statutiT, romelmac, sabWoSi gamocemuli mefis brZanebulebebi, gauTanabra parlamentis mier gamocemul kanonebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1617 wels parlamentma, formalurad, gaauqma es statuti, gvirgvinis parlamentze faqtiuri upiratesoba mainc SenarCunda. arainglisuri teritoriebis swrafi kolonizaciis pirobebSi, inglisuri mmarTvelobis sis-tema TandaTanobiT gavrcelda britaneTis kunZulebze. 1536-1542 ww. inglisis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi sabolood Sevida uelsi. absolutizmis periodSi sabolood ganmtkicda samefo xelisuflebis uzenaesoba, inglisuri eklesiis mimarT. samefo xelisuflebisadmi damokidebuli eklesiis Seqmnis mizniT, inglisSi ganxorcielda reformacia, romelsac Tan sdevda saeklesio miwebis sekularizacia da maTi saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadacema. inglisis parlamentma, henri VIII-is dros, 1529-1536 ww. miiRo mTeli rigi kanonebi, romlebic mefes inglisuri eklesiis meTaurad acxadebda da mas, umaRlesi saeklesio Tanamdebobaze, kandidatTa wamoyenebis uflebas aniWebda. XVI saukunis bolos, sakanonmdeblo wesiT, dadginda axali eklesiis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis Sinaarsi, agreTve mRvdelmsaxurebis wesi. amrigad, e.w. anglikanuri eklesia aRar iyo damokidebuli romis papisgan da saxelmwifo aparatis Semadgenel nawilad iqca. qveynis umaRlesi saeklesio organo iyo umaRlesi komisia. mis SemadgenlobaSi, garda saeklesio pirebisa, Sediodnen saidumlo sabWos wevrebi da sxva Tanamdebobis pirebi. komisiis kompetencia sakmaod farTo iyo: is iZiebda im saqmeebs, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo saeklesio saqmeebSi samefo xelisuflebis uzenaesobis Sesaxeb, kanonebis moqmedebasTan, agreTve `sasuliero da saeklesio xasiaTis uwesrigobasTan~. komisiis mTavari amocana iyo reformirebuli eklesiis mowinaaRmdegeebTan brZola _ kaTolikeebisa da protestantebis Zalzed radikaluri da demokratiuli mimarTulebebis mimdevrebTan (kerZod, SotlandiaSi damkvidrebuli presviterianeloba). komisiis sami nebismieri wevri, Tu maT Soris erTi iyo episkoposi, uflebamosili iyo sasjeli Seefardebina im pirisaTvis, romelic ar dadioda

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eklesiaSi, aRekveTa eretikosoba, CamoeqveiTebina pastorebi. umaRlesi komisiis ganmgeblobaSi Sedioda wminda saero xasiaTis sakiTxebis gansjadoba _ londonSi moxetialeebis winaaRmdeg brZola da cenzuris Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba. reformirebuli eklesia, miuxedavad imisa, rom man SeinarCuna kaTolicizmis bevri Tviseba, ara mxolod struqturis, aramed mRvdelmsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT, im organod iqca, romlis erT-erT mTavar amocanas, samefo xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi warmoSobis Sesaxeb, Teoriis propagandireba warmoadgenda. absolutizmis damyarebasTan erTad, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoTa sistema ufro mwyobri gaxda, gaizarda misi damoukidebuleba xelisuflebis centraluri organoebisagan. am periodis adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi momxdari ZiriTadi cvlilebebi exeba lord-leitenantis Tanamdebobis dawesebas da axali adgilobrivi administraciuli erTeulis – saeklesio samrevlos dadgenas. lord-leitenants, sagrafoSi, uSualod mefe niSnavda. is meTaurobda adgilobriv moxaliseTa jars, xelmZRvanelobda momrigebeli mosamarTleebisa da konsteblebis saqmianobas. samrevlo warmoadgenda yvelaze dabali rgolis TviT-mmarTvelobiT erTeuls, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyo adgilobrivi saeklesio da teritoriuli mmarTvelobis funqciebi. gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa kreba wyvetda gadasaxadebis ganawilebis, gzebisa da xidebis remontis sakiTxebs. Ggarda amisa, kreba irCevda samrevlos Tanamdebobis pirebs (saeklesio mamasaxlisebs, Raribebze zedamxedvelebsa da sxva). samrevloSi saeklesio saqmeebs xelmZRvanelobda samrevlos winamZRoli. misi saqmianoba mTlianad emorCileboda momrigebeli mosamarTleebis kontrols, xolo maTi

meSveobiT _ sagrafosa da centraluri mmarTvelobis organoTa sistemas. absolutizmis periodSi, sabolood Camoyalibda centraluri vestminsteris sasamarTloebis struqtura da iurisdiqcia, maT Soris samarTlianobis sasamarTlosa da uzenaesi saadmiralos sasamarTlos struqtura da iurisdiqcia. Tumca, maT garda Seiqmna sagangebo sasamarTloebi: varskvlavTa palata da sasamarTlo sabWoebi `ajanyebul~ sagrafoebSi. varskvlavTa palata, saidumlo sabWos specialuri ganyofilebis saxiT, samefo xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeebis mimarT brZolis saSualeba iyo. MmasSi samarTalmwarmoeba, ZiriTadad, inkviziciur xasiaTs atarebda, xolo mis mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi, mosamarTleTa Sexedulebisamebr miiReboda. absolutizmis periodSi gafarTovda momrigebel mosamarTleTa sasamarTlo kompetencia. sisxlis samarTlis yvela saqmeebis ganxilva moeTxovebodaT gamsvlel da momrigebel mosamarTleebs mas Semdeg, rac didi Jiuri daamtkicebda sabraldebo daskvnas. nafici msajulebi Sediodnen sasamarTlos SemdegenlobaSi. Jiuris organizaciis ZiriTadi principi umniSvnelod Seicvala. inglisSi, kvlavindeburad, ar arsebobda mudmivi armia.

3) germania absolutizmis xanaSi

XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi religiuri omebis Sedegad, roca damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis raodenoba, germaniaSi kidev ufro gaizarda da 300-ze meti gaxda, Camoyalibda e.w. mTavrebis absolutizmi. is imiT gansxvavdeboda dasavleT evropis sxva absoluturi monarqebisagan, rom 1) misi Camoyalibeba moxda ara mTeli imperiis farglebSi, romelic kvlav ganagrZobda decentralizacias, aramed calkeuli samTavroebis SigniT; 2) garda amisa, misi damkvidreba iyo, ara mebatoneebis da burJuaziis droebiTi kompromisis Sedegi, aramed mebatone-konservatiuli Zalebis arsebiTi gamarjveba burJuaziul moZraobaze da man germanel mTavrebs daumorCila susti germanuli burJuazia. amitom, SemTxveviTi rodia, rom yvelaze uwin (XVII saukunis pirvel mesamedSi) absolutizmi yalibdeba ekonomikurad yvelaze CamorCenil bavariaSi. samTavroebis absolutizmma veraviTari dadebiTi roli iTamaSa saxlemwifos ganviTarebis procesSi da man, xangrZlivi droiT, SeinarCuna germaniis ekonomikuri da politikuri decentralizacia da aq centridanuli Zalebis TareSi. germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis yvelaze msxvil absolutur monarqiebad prusia da avstria iTvlebodnen, romelTa Soris paeqroba, imperiis SigniT politikuri uzenaesobisTvis, ukve iyo dawyebuli. branderburgi-prusiis saxelmwifo XVII saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna, Zvel TevTonTa ordenis miwebSi, romlis kolonizitoruli saqmianoba da ideologia safuZvlad daedo, germaniaSi didprusiul militarizms. am saxelmwifos saboloo gaformeba 1701 wels moxda, roca branderburgis kurfiustma mefis (koroli) tituli miiRo. saxelmwifos meTauri _ prusiis mefe imperiis kurfiurstebis kolegiaSi Sedioda. saxel-mwifos mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organo mefesTan arsebuli, saidumlo sabWo iyo. mas Tavdapirvelad, sami direqtoria eqvemdebareboda: safinanso, samxedro saqmeebisa da samefo domenebis. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba samxedro saqmeTa direqtorias eniWeboda, romelic

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1655 wels Seqmnili, mudmivi armiis organizebasa da SeiaraRebis saqmeebs ganagebda. prusiis armia evropaSi yvelaze mravalricxovani iyo da saxeli gaiTqva umkacresi discipliniTa da gauTavebeli samwyobro varjiSebiT. prusiaSi, XVIII saukunis saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi iyo: 1. saxelmwifo aparatis Semdgomi centralizacia da militarizacia; 2. samoqalaqo organoebze samxedro-mmarTvelobiTi sistemis gabatoneba. saidumlo sabWos uflebamosilebaTa mniSvnelovani nawili gadavida generaluri samxedro komisariatis xelSi. moxda yvela direqtoriaTa Serwyma erTian samxedro-safinanso organoSi, romlis saTaveSi idga prezidenti _ mefe. adgilebze moqmedi saerobo mrCevlebi (landratebi), romlebsac mefe niSnavda aznaurTa krebebis rekomendaciiT, centraluri xelisuflebis mkacri kontrolis qveS moeqcnen da maT farTo samxedro-sapolicio uflebamosilebanic mie-niWaT. gauqmda qalaqebis TviTmmarTveloba. saqalaqo sabWoebi Siecvala mefis mier daniSnuli kolegiebiT. mTel saxelmwifo aparatze gavrcelda samxedro wodebebi, samxedro subordinaciis principi da disciplina. prusiis monarqiis politikuri reJimi xasiaTdeboda, rogorc samxedro-sapolicio saxelmwifo. masSi farTod gavrcelda xelisuflebis TviTneboba, cenzura da qveSevrdomTa cxovrebis yvela sferos wvrilmani reglamentacia. pru-siaSi gabatonebuli iyo erTi religia _ protestantizmi (luTenaroba) da erTi eri _ pru-sieli germanelebi. daskvnisaTvis, prusiaSi Camoyalibda e.w. samxedro-policiuri absolutizmi, anu adgili hqonda, erTdroulad politikuri da samxedro-policiuri struqturebis formirebas da maTi meSveobiT samefo xelisuflebis centralizaciasa da absolutizacias. avstria, prusiisagan gansxvavebiT, ar iyo centralizebuli saxelmwifo. is mravalerovani (polieTnikuri) qveyana iyo. avstriaSi gabatonebuli iyo kaTolicizmis sarwmunoeba. Tumca, amavdroulad, avstriaSi mcxovrebi erebi: slavebi _ kaTolikeebic da marTlmadideblebic iyvnen, xolo samxreTi slavebis, bosnielebisa da bulgarelebis nawili, agreTve xorvatebi _ islamsac misdevdnen. XV saukuneSi avstriis mefeebi germaniis imperatorebis tituls iRebd-nen da avstria maT domenad iTvleboda. avstriaSi centraluri organoebis sistema ar iyo mkacrad mowesrigebuli da mudmiv gardaqmnas ganicdida. xelisuflebis umaRles organod da mmarTvelobis sferos meTaurad, mefesTan erTad, saidumlo sabWo iTvleboda. mogvianebiT, is Seicvala konferenciiT, romelic XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan mudmivmoqmed dawesebulebad iqca. samxedro saqmeebs ganagebda karis samxedro sabWo. 1760 wels, mmarTvelobis yvela dargis gaerTianebis Semdeg, dawesda saxelmwifo sabWo. avstriis monarqiis provinciebis saTaveSi idgnen nacvlebi. kerZod, avstria Sedgeboda ori samefos _ avstriasa da ungreTis samefoebisgan. maTi mefeebis arCeva xdeboda adgilobrivi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebis mier da maT Tanamdebobaze amtkicebda imperatori. avstriis SemadgenlobaSi Sesul saxelmwifoebs sakuTari seimebi _ wodebrivi dawesebulebebi _ sakrebuloebi hqondaT. qalaqebis mmarTvelobas ganagebdnen arCeviTi qalaqisTavebi da burhomistrebi. imperatrica mariam-terezias dros (1740-1780 w.w.), umniSvnelovanesi uflebamosilebani gadavida mefis moxeleebis xelSi da arCeviTi organoebis saqmianoba, mTavrobis mxridan, kontrols daeqvemdebara. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, avstriaSi Camoyalibda e.w. ganaTlebuli abso-lutizmi. kerZod, gatarda garkveuli burJuaziauli gardaqmnebi, rac ise ganixileboda, rogorc mefeTa megobroba frang ganmanaTleblebTan. Tumca, am politikis arsi im iZulebis Sedegi iyo, rac moitana burJuaziuli sazogadoebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobam, raTa ar momxdariyo Tavadaznaurobisa da TviTmpyrobelobis safuZvlebis arsebiTi rRveva revoluciuri qartexilis Sedegad.

4) rusuli absolutizmis Taviseburebani

absolutizmis warmoSoba kanonzomieri da obieqturi winapirobebis mqone movlenaa. rusuli samecniero azri dRemde eWvis qveS ayenebs rusuli absolutizmis kanonzomierad Camoya-libebas da masSi mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs xedavs, raSic Cvenc veTanxmebiT mas. kerZod: 1) rusuli absolutizmis erT-erTi Tavisebureba iyo ara Sinasocialuri brZola an brZola TviT eqpluatatorul fenebs SigniT, aramed gamwvavebuli dapirispireba, romelsac ganicdida TviTmpyrobeloba rusuli glexobis mxridan, romlis saboloo daymevebac moxda XVII sau-kuneSi. swored rusul Tavadaznaurobas esaWireoboda Zlieri centralizebuli monarqiuli xelisufleba, raTa morCilebaSi hyoloda daymevebuli glexoba. stefane razinis da ivan bolotnikovis saglexo omebma, saqalaqo ajanyebebma, sxvadasxva saglexo moZraobebma daaCqares, monarqis xelSi, SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis Tavmoyris procesi, rasac TviT rusuli sagvareulo aristokratiac uwyobda xels, radgan mxolod absolutur monarqiaSi xedavda

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gadarCenisa da sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis erTaderT saSualebas. 2) rusuli absolutizmis meore Tavisebureba is aris, rom aq kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba Zalzed gvian _ XVII saukunis bolos da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi moxda da Tanac ara qalaqebSi (iq farTod gavrcelebuli samrewvelo da safinanso sferoebSi), aramed soflebSi; calkeuli miwaTmflobelni qiraobdnen sakuTar ymebs, xSirad fuladi anazRaurebis xarjze, raTa moexdinaT Sromis nayofierebis stimulireba da amiT xeli SeewyoT saglexo mewarmeobasa da glexebis kapitalizaciisaTvis. daqiravebul Sromas mrewvelobaSic vxvdebiT; XVIII saukunidan aqtiurad viTardeba mZime mrewvelobis dargebi: rkinis metalurgiuli manufaqturebi, spilenZis Camomsxmeli manufaqturebi, gemTmSenebloba _ CrdiloeTis mdinareebze, tyavis gadamamuSavebeli manufaqturebi da sxva. ukve XVII saukuneSi SeiniSneba warmoebis martivi kapitalisturi kooperacia da iqmneba pirveli manufaqturebi. 3) rusuli absolutizmis ganviTareba didad iyo damokidebuli, qveynis SigniT, ekonomikuri da, gansakuTrebiT, savaWro kavSirebis ganviTarebaze, romlebmac mTeli qveynis sivrce moicva da xeli Seuwyo saerTo-rusuli bazris Seqmnis process. qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli mieniWaT savaWro kapitalsa da msxvil vaWrebs.

a) sazogadoebrivi wyobis ganviTareba

absolutizmis xanaSi sazogadoebrivi wyoba mniSvnelovani ZvrebiT xasiaTdeba. Sua sau-kuneebis ufro adreuli stadiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wodebrivi dayofa, axla gansa-kuTrebulad mkveTr formebs iZens. am drois sazogadoebrivi wyobis mTavari niSani iyo ZiriTadi socialuri jgufebis fena-wodebebad konsolidireba. wodebrivi wyobis formireba mimdinareobda ori urTierTgansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT: erTi mxriv, socialurad erT-gvarovani jgufebis interesebi uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, meore mxriv _ roca gansxavebebis polarizaciis gaZlierebiT, ufro mkveTri gaxda wodebrivi antagonizmi, wodebrivi kuTvnilebam mtkice xasiaTi SeiZina, xolo wodebrivi gansxavebis daZleva TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. mebatoneTa fenis socialur-ekonomikurma konsolidaciam Sedegad moitana sabatono miwaTmflobelobis samarTlebrivi reJimis ganviTareba da mebatoneTa kategoriis Secvlac gamoiwvia. XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi, поместье-sa da вотчина-s samarTlebrivi reJimi Tanmimdevrulad uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs da, sabolood, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi moxda am ori institutis Serwyma. petre I-is dros gaqra gabatonebuli fenis uwindeli dayofa mravalricxovan Sidawodebriv jgufebad _ boiarebi, aznaurebi, boiarTa Svilebi da sxva. jer kidev XVII saukunis bolos, местничество-s gauqmebiT, pirveli nabiji gadaidga e.w. “ugvaro aznaurebis” ZirZvel aristokratiasTan daaxloebis gzaze. petre I-ma gamosca “tabeli rangebis Sesaxeb”, romelmac mTlianad gaauqma uwindeli wodebrivi dajgufebebi, mebatoneTa fenis SigniT, da SemoiRo axali, erTiani saxelwodeba gabatonebuli fena-wodebis aRsaniSnavad _ Slaxta, romelic polinuri enidan iqna gadmoRebuli da gamoricxavda aznaurTa pretenziebs boiarTa titulze. ukve petre I-is dros, misi mefobis bolo wlebSi, axleburad iqna ganmartebuli termini aznauri _ дворянство, romelmac, xangrZlivi droiT, gaaerTiana rusuli gabatonebuli wodeba. aznaurobis konsolidacias Tan sdevda am socialuri jgufis karCaketilobis gaZlierebis procesi. aznaurobis statusis mopoveba metad rTuli movlena iyo. Tumca, gabatonebul fenas Sevsebis gareSe arseboba ar SeeZlo, rasac TviT saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebac moiTxovda. swored amitom, petre I-is “tabeli rangebis Sesaxeb” SesaZleblobas uqmnida pirs moepovebina aznauris statusi, samxedro an samoqalaqo samsaxuris Sedegad. Tavadaznauroba TviTmpyrobelobis erTguli dasayrdeni iyo. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom Tavadaznauroba brmad emorCileboda monarqs. im SemTxvevaSi, roca mefe uxeSad arRvevda gabatonebuli fenis interesebs, misi taxtidan Camocileba savsebiT gamarTlebuli movlena iyo, razec metyveleben XVIII saukunis mravalricxovani sasaxluri SeTqmulebebi da gadat-rialebebi. ruseTis absolutizmis stadiaSi Sesvlas Tan sdevda Cagruli fenebis konsolidaciis procesi. dasrulda xolopobis mravalsaukunovani istoria; xolopoba XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi sabolood Seerwya glexobas. gaqra sxva, eqspluatirebulTa ufro wvrili kategoriebic. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi dasrulda glexobis daymevebis procesi. Gglexobac, Taviseburad Caketil, wodebad iqca, romlisganac gamosvla Zalzed garTulda. glexobidan gamosvlis yvelaze martiv saSualebad rekrutoba iqca, romlis Sedegad glexebs saSualeba eZleoda daetovebinaT sakuTari sofeli da nebayoflobiT wasuliybnen jarSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom glexobis am wesiT gaTavisuflebas mwvaved ebrZoda Tavadaznauroba, armiis inte-

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resebma mainc gaimarjves da glexoba xSirad Tavisufldeboda batonymobidan. glexoba Semdeg kategoriebad iyofoda: saxelmwifo, ekonomikuri, sasaxluri, sabatono morCilebaSi myofi. Caketili wodeba iyo qalaqis mosaxleobac, romelic, glexobis msgavsad, ramdenime jgufad iyofoda da es dayofa kidev ufro kontrastuli iyo. Caketilobisaken midrekileba axasiaTebda samRvdeloebas, romelic or jgufad iyofoda: e.w. TeTri samRvdeloeba, anu mRvdelmsaxurni, romelTa Tanamdebobebi memkvidreobiT dagaecemoda da e.w. Savi samRvdeloeba _ anu ber-monazvnebi, romelTa wreSi moxvedra Zalzed garTulebuli iyo. jer kidev petre I-li Seecada Savi samRvdeloebis ricxvis mkveTr Semci-rebas, radgan mas yovelmxriv esaWireoboda adamianuri resursis mobilizeba, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos aRorZinebis mizniT. XVIII saukuneSi wodebrivi wyobis ganviTarebas axasiaTebda Sualeduri fenebis gaqroba da maTi Serwyma sxvadasxva wodebis warmomadgenlebTan. wodebrivi wyobis gaformeba SeuZlebeli iyo saTanado kanonmdeblobis gareSe. 1725-1801 wlebSi, glexobis Sesaxeb gamoica 2253 sxvadasxva Sinarsiis samarTlebrivi aqti, Tumca maTi kodificirebis gareSe. ruseTis umaRles wodebad XVIII saukuneSi Tavadaznauroba rCeboda, romlis samarTlebriv reJims awesrigebda “manifesti TavadaznaurTa Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb”. Tavadaznauroba _ saxelmwifos mTavari wevri, iyofoda memkvidreobiT da piradad gaaznaurebul kategoriebad. Tavadaznaurobas miekuTvna miwis da maszed dasaxlebuli glexebis gankargvis monopoluri ufleba, anu man SeiZina, praqtikulad, ufaso muSaxeli. glexebis eqspluatacia iyo mebatoneTa keTildReobisa da Semosavlis miRebis mTavari wyaro. Tumca, XVIII saukuneSi Semosavlis legalur wyarod iqca samxedro da samoqalaqo samsaxuris samacvlod gacemuli xelfasi _ gasamrjelo. Tavadaznaurobis mTavari movaleoba iyo saxelmwifo samsaxuri, romlisgan Tavis daRwevas is aqtiurad cdilobda, rasac miaRwia kidec “TavadaznaurTa Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb” manifestis gamocemis Semdeg. Tavadaznaurobis samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba ar arTmevda mas saxelmwifo Tanam-debobis dakavebis upirates uflebas, miTumetes, rom saxelmwifoc mudmivad zrunavda imaze, raTa samoqalaqo samsaxurSi, armiasa da samxedro flotSi sameTauro postebi daekavebina mxolod Tavadaznaurobas.

g) politikuri wyoba

saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis formad, XVIII saukunis ruseTSi, iqca dapyrobiTi omebis Sedegad Seqmnili, imperiuli saxelmwifo, romlis administraciul-teritoriuli mowyoba moiTxovda arsebiT cvlilebebs. petre I-ma administraciul-teritoriuli mowyoba sam rgolad gansazRvra: gubernia _ provincia _ mazra. Tavdapirvelad, qveyanaSi rva gubernia iyo, Semdeg maTi ricxvi Tormetamde da bolos _ 1775 wels ocdasamamde gaizarda. Tu, Tavdapirvelad, guberniebis SemadgenlobaSi uzarmazari teritoriebi Sedioda, XVIII saukunis bolos isini teritoriulad Semcirdnen, ramac gamoiwvia, maT SigniT arsebuli Sualeduri rgolis _ provinciis gauqmeba. ekaterine II-is dros safuZveli Caeyara administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobis axal sistemas, mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, romelic TiToeuli rgolisaTvis TiTqmis Tanabari iyo (300 - 400 aTasi _ guberniaSi, 10-30 aTasi mazraSi). ekonomikuri kavSirebi da mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenloba ar miiReboda mxedvelobaSi. axali wyoba ori mTavari amocanis ganxorcielebas uwyobda xels: gadasaxadebis akrefis gamartivebas da saglexo ajanyebebisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis CaxSobas, anu fiskaluri da sapolicio interesebis dacvas. amrigad, rusuli absolutizmi SeiZleba Seiracxos, erTdroulad, patriarqalur monarqiad da samxedro-policiur reJimad.

d) saxelmwifo meqanizmi

absolutizmze gadasvla, upirveles yovlisa, niSnavda wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis gauqmebas. gauqmda wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli organoebi _ saerobo krebebi. 1651- 1653 wlebSi saerobo krebebi mxolod imisTvis iqna mowveuli, rom mefes, ama Tu im sakiTxze, boiarebTan saTaTbirod dasxdomisTvis gamoeyenebina es organoebi. arseboba Sewyvita meore organomac, romalic aseve zRudavda mefis xelisuflebas _ boiarTa saTaTbirom. saTaTbiros mowveva mxolod sazeimo viTarebaSiRa iyo SesaZlebeli da misi realuri funqciis Sesruleba mis erT nawils, e.w. Комната-s Tu xele-wifeboda, romelSic Sedioda pirTa Zalzed viwro wre, anu mefesTan yvelaze daaxloebuli

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pirebi. Tumca, absolutizmze gadascla ar iyo dakavSirebuli mefis gaTavisuflebasTan misi SemzRudveli Zalebisgan, da, ufro metad, saxelmwifo aparatis gardaqmnas da misi saqmianobis axali principis damkvidrebas gulisxmobda. Tavadaznauruli saxelmwifos rekonstruqciasTan dakavSirebuli, dadebiTi RonisZiebebis Catareba da saxelmwifo orga-noebis axal viTarebasTan morgeba swored XVIII saukuneSi moxda, e.i. petre I-sa da ekaterine II-is zeobaSi. yvela RonisZieba miznad isaxavda sabatono saxelmwifos gaZlierebas da, misi meSveobiT, sabatono urTierTobebis SenarCunebas, TavadaznaurTa interesebis Sesabamisad. absolutizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, monarqis xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba im garegnul atributebSic aisaxa, romalTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi iyo mefis imperatorad gamocxadeba. es tituli senatma uboZa mefe petre I-s, CrdiloeTis omSi ruseTis gamarjvebis Semdeg. es tituli memvkvidreobiT gadaecemoda da mas aRiarebdnen rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saerTa-Soriso arenaze. ruseTSi monarqis xelisuflebis uzenaesobas mudmivad ewinaaRmdegeboda Tavadaznauroba, razec metyveleben uamravi sasaxluri gadatrialebebi. mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba ver moxerxdeboda misi politikuri da Teoriul-mecnieruli dasabuTebis gareSe. wina periodSi gabatonda Teologiuri Teoria: ar aris xelisufleba, Tu ara _ RvTisgan boZebuli, xolo mefe _ RvTis mier mironcxebuli. rusma moZRvarma Teofane prokopoviCma ganaviTara saero-saxelSekrulebo Teoria: mefis xelisufleba emyareba xalxis nebas, romelmac sakuTari bedi uboZa mefes, Tanac samudamod da am xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis uflebis gareSe. amrigad, samxedro artikulis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad, dadginda formula monarqis TviTmpyrobelobisa da pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. petre I-is dros, 1711 wels Seiqmna senati, romelic asrulebda kanon-saTaTbiro, admi-nistraciuli da sasamarTlo organos funqciebs. masve evaleboda imperatoris Secvla, Tu TviTmpyrobveli dedaqalaqSi ar imyofeboda, raime mizeziT. petre I-is dros arsebiTad gardaiqmna centraluri mmarTvelobis organoebi. prikazebis rTuli, mouqneli da qaoturi sistemis nacvlad, Seiqmna kolegiebis mwyobri sistema. arsebiTad, kolegiebi iyo dargobrivi mmarTvelobis pirveli organoebi. TiToeuli kolegia ganagebda mmarTvelobis gansazRvrul sferos: sagareo saqmeebs, sazRvao saqmeebs, saxelmwifo Semosavlebs da sxva. Tavdapirvelad, iyo mxolod cxra, Semdeg _ Tormeti da bolos _ ToTxmeti kolegia. garda mmarTvelobis centraluri organoebisa, cvlileba ganicada adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sistemam. perte I-ma Secvala Zveli administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa da am erTeulebis saTaveSi daayena axali Tanamdebobis pirebi. didi administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebs ewodeboda guberniebi, xolo maT saTaveSi mdgom pirebs _ gubernatorebi, romlebsac mianiWaT Zalzed vrceli uflebamosilebani. gubernatorebi uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen senats da kolegiabs. guberniebsa da provinciebSi daadgines didi raodenobiT Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic ganagebdnen mmarTvelobis calkeul sakiTxebs. perte I-is dros Seqmnili, ZviradRirebuli da sakmaod rTuli, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sistema, faqtiurad, gauqmda ekaterine II-is re-formebis Sedegad. am reformiT gubernatorma SeiZina farTo administraciuli uflebamosilebani, agreTve aRiWurva garkveuli sasmarTlo funqciebiT, maT Soris senatTan SeTanxmebiT, guberniaSi nebismieri Tanamdebobis piris gadayenebis uflebiT. gubernatoris gankargulebaSi iyo guberniis teritoriaze ganlagebuli samxedro garnizonebi. sagangebo mdgomareobis dros (ajanyeba), gubernators evaleboda gadamWreli RonisZiebis Catareba, miuxedavad centraluri xelisuflebidan miRebuli miTiTebis da brZanebis droulobisa. gubernators eqvemdebareboda adgilobrivi organos yvela dargobrivi uwyeba, maT Soris sabaJo, sasazRvro da sxva samsaxurebi. mas evaleboda gzebsa da xidebze zrunva, yaCaRebTan brZola, anu gubernatori, sakuTar guberniaSi, lamis mini-monarqi iyo. gubernators, sakuTari funqciebis Sesasruleblad, eZleoda mcire kancelaria, xolo 1775 wlis sagubernio reformis Sedegad, gubernatorTan dawesda guberniis mmarTvelobis organo, romelic iyo saTaTbiro xasiaTis dawesebuleba. dawesda vice-gubernatoris Tanamdeboba, romelic iyo gubernatoris TanaSemwe da meTaurobda e.w. saxazino palatas _ safinanso mmarTvelobis adgilobriv organos. ekaterine II-is dros, mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebis saqmianoba moeqca TavadaznaurTa TviTmmarTvelobis gavlenis qveS. TviTmmarTvelobis organoebad iqcnen guberniisa da samazro TavadaznaurTa klubebi. maT SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen Tavad-aznaurebi, asakobrivi da qoberivi cenzis mixedviT. absolutizmze gadasvlisas, mniSvnelovani reformebi Catarda qalaqebis mmarTvelobis sferoSi, kerZod: petre I-ma daawesa axali organoebi _ burmistrebis palata, anu ratuSa _ moskovSi, xolo sxva qalaqebSi _ saerobo qoxebi. am organoebSi pirebs irCevdnen savaWro-samrewvelo wodebis warmomadgenlebisagan. absolutizmis periodSi Seiqmna sapolicio mmarTvelobis organoebi. 1718 wels petre I-ma peterburgSi daawesa general-policmaisteris Tanamdeboba. konkretul quCebs ganagebdnen mamasaxlisebi. yoveli aTi ezo Sedioda aTeulis meTauris gamgeblobaSi. ekaterine II-m daxvewa es sistema da dedaqalaqSi sapolicio funqciebi daakisra ober-policmaisterebs,

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xolo sxva qalaqebSi _ gorodniCebs. 1782 wlidan iqmneba axali sapolicio organo _ Управа благочиния. es organo iqmneboda yovel qalaqSi da sakuTar funqciebs asrulebda kole-

giurad. mas meTaurobdnen ober-policmaisteri da gorodniCi. absolutizmis xanaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada sasamarTlo organoebis sistemam. maTi mowyoba mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdida. Tumca, es reforma ar Sexebia rusuli sasamarTlos wodebriv-socialur Sinaarss. sasamarTlo kvlav rCeboda antagonisturi urTi-erTobebis regulirebis meqanizmad da gabatonebuli fenis interesebis damcvelad. Tumca, sasamarTlom mainc ganicada erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba: sasamarTlo gamoeyo administracias. am mimarTulebiT, pirveli nabiji gadadga petre I-ma, roca daawesa, administraciisgan gamoyofili, ramdenime specialuri sasamarTlo organo. mTlianad reformirebul iqna sasuliero sasamarTlo. pirveli instanciis sasuliero sasamarTlos saxiT, dadgenil iqna sasuliero saqmeTa mmarTveli, meore instancia ki iyo _ eparqiis ar-qieli. sasamarTlo funqciebis Sesruleba daevala specialur dawesebulebas _ konsistorias. xolo saeklesio sasamarTlos uzenaes instancias warmoadgenda sinodi. petre I-is reformebma ver gamoiRo sasurveli Sedegi. ufro Tanmimdevruli iyo ekaterine II-is saqmianoba, romlis drosac sabolood dasrulda sasamarTlos administraciisgan gamoyofis procesi. amasTanave, mis mier Seqmnili, sasamarTlo organoebi moewyo mkveTrad wodebrivi principis Sesabamisad: calke aznaurTa sasamarTlo, calke _ moqalaqeebisaTvis, calke _ saxelmwifo glexebisaTvis Seqmnili sasamarTlo. imperiis uzenaesi sasamarTlo iyo senati. guberniebis yvela sasamarT-loebis uzenaesi instancia iyo ori palata: samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis sasamarT-loebi. petre I-is dros Seiqmna prokuratura. man daawesa senatis general-gubernatoris Tanamdeboba, xolo kolegiebsa da qveda instanciis sasamarTloebSi _ prokurorebis Tanamdebobebi. petre I-is samxedro reformis mTavari Sedegi iyo regularuli armiis Seqmna, romelic rekrutirebis gziT axdenda jariskacTa mobilizacias. es iyo ukve profesiuli armia. Aarmias iyofoda Semdeg qvedanayofebad: legioni, batalioni, aseuli.

$4. Sua saukuneebis evropuli civilizaciebis da ruseTis samarTalganviTareba

1) franguli samarTalganviTareba, Sua saukuneebis periodSi

a) franguli samarTlis wyaroebis evolucia, Sua saukuneebis periodSi

Suasaukunovani periodis dasavleTevropuli samarTlis wyaroTa evoluciis yvelaze tipiuri niSnebi swored frangul samarTalganviTarebaSi gvxvdeba. Sua saukuneebis epoqis yvela etapze, baton-ymuri epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gankerZoeba da partikularizmi, arsebiTad aferxebda safrangeTSi erTiani da mwyobri erovnuli samarTlis sistemis Camoyalibebis process, rac mniSvnelovnad asustebda erovnuli franguli saxelmwifoebriobisa da sa-marTalganviTarebis formirebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom XV saukunis bolodan, frangulma saxelmwifoebriobam dasZlia, Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli separatizmi da politikuri daqucmacebuloba, Seqmna Zlieri absolutisturi samefo xelisufleba da moaxdina sazogadoebis religiur-sulieri konsolidacia, 1789 wlis revoluciamdel safrangeTs saerTod ar gaaCnda erTiani samarTlebrivi sistema da franguli samarTali warmoadgenda mravalricxovani samarTlis sistemebis konglomerats, romelTa moqmedeba vrceldeboda an pirTa mxolod garkveul wreze, an teritoriis mxolod konkretul, xSirad arc Tu vrcel, farglebze. XVIII saukunis bolomde, franguli samarTlis wyaroTa SeswavlisaTvis aucilebelia yuradRebis gamaxvileba erT mniSvnelovan garemoebaze. kerZod, napoleonis kodifikaciamdel periodSi, samarTlis wyaroTa Seswavlisas, Taviseburebad miiCneva safrangeTis saxelmwifos teritoriis or did regionad dayofa imis mixedviT, Tu romel wyaros sad (romel regionSi) eniWeboda upiratesoba, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis procesSi. safrangeTis CrdiloeTi regionebi, jer kidev X saukunidan moyolebuli, e.w. kutiumebis qveynad, anu CveulebiTi samarTlis moqmedebis arealad miiCneoda. xolo, safrangeTis samxreT nawilSi, adgili hqonda samarTlis wyaroTa simravlesa da xSirad, samarTlis normaTa Sefardebis procesSi, normis koliziis uSedego daZlevis mcdelobas. amrigad, kodifikaciamdeli perio-dis franguli samarTlis wyaroTa Seswavlis procesSi, amosaval debulebad teritoriuli anu sicvrcoblivi principi iTvleba.

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Sua saukuneebis epoqis franguli samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wyarod, saocari siWrelis mqone, Cveuleba gvevlineba. X saukuneSi safrangeTSi, praqtikulad gauqmda salikuri samarTali da sxva barbarosuli samarTlis Zeglebi, romelTa mTavar niSans, maTi moqmedebis personificirebuli, partikularuli principi warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli Zeglebis nacvlad, sabatono separatizmisa da daqucmacebulobis pirobebSi, fexi moikida teritoriulma CveulebiTma samarTalma _ kutiumebma, romelTa mTavar Taviseburebas, moqmedebis arealis gaTvaliswinebiT, saocari siWrele da xSirad urTierTsapirispiro efeqtic ki warmoadgenda (mag., normandiis, anJus, bretanis kutiumebis krebulebi). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, gansakuTebiT did rols kutiumebi CrdiloeT safrangenTSi asrulebdnen, ris gamoc qveynis am nawils kutiumebis qveyanac ki ewoda. Cveuleba zepiri formiT dgindeboda (amitom, CrdiloeT safrangeTs dauwereli samarTlis qveynadac moixseniebdnen); Cveuleba im Cvevebis, tradiciebis safuZvelze yalibdeboda, romlebic garkveuli teritoriis farglebSi, adgilobrivi an regionaluri masStabiT, Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda da sayovelTao aRiarebas poulobda. CveulebiTi samarTlis moqmedebis Zalasa da avtoritets is faqtori ganapirobebda, rom masSi asaxuli iyo sabatono sazogadoebis teritoriuli koleqtivis realuri moTxovnebi da misi formireba, rogorc wesi, iyo kompromisis Sedegi da ara saxelmwifo xelisuflebis daufaravi TviTneboba. swored sayovelTao kompromisi ganapirobebda kutiumebis nebayoflobiTi Sesrulebis faqts, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT maleve SeiZines sayovelTaod-savaldebulo Zala, rac, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo xelisuflebiT iyo ganmtkicebuli da uzrunvelyofili. imisaTvis, rom kutiumebs sasamarTloSi aRiareba moepo-vebinaT, savaldebulo moTxovnad, maTi uxsovari droidan, anu sul mcire ormoci wlis win dadgena miiCneoda. XII saukunidan moyolebuli, moxda calkeuli kutiumebis Cawera, xolo XIII saukunis Sua xanebSi, normandiaSi Seiqmna CveulebiTi samarTlis sakmaod vrceli krebuli – normandiis didi kutiumi, romelsac aqtiurad iyenebdnen sasamarTlo praqtikaSi. am droidan moyolebuli, gaCnda adgilobrivi CveulebiTi samarTlis kerZo krebulebi, romelTa Sedgena samefo mosamarTleebma da legistebma iTaves. kutiumebis erT-erT adreul Canawers megobrebisadmi rCeva (1253 weli) warmoadgens, romelic pier de fontenis mieraa Sedgenili. Tumca, Suasaukunovani periodis safrangeTis yvelaze cnobil da popularul CveulebiTi samarTlis krebulad bovezis kutiumebi (daax. 1283 weli) iTvleba, romelTa avtori samefo bali _ filip de bomanuari gaxldaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom bovezis kutiumebi klermontis sagrafos (safrangeTis Crdilo-dasavleTi) sasamarTlo olqis kutiumebis Cana-wers efuZneboda, filip de bomanuarma, sakuTar TxzulebaSi, moaxdina CveulebiTi samarTlis normebis farTo analizi da ganzogadeba, radgan mis krebulSi implementirebuli iqna sxva sasamarTlo olqebis kutiumebi, kanonikuri da romis samarTlis sxvadasxva instituti. bovezis kutiumebi Sedgeba prologisa da samocdaaTi Tavisagan, romlebSic samarTlebrivi masala, raime mwyobri sistemis dacvis gareSea ganlagebuli. krebuli Seicavs, samarTlis sxvadasxva institutis mixedviT, Camoyalibebul kutiumebs, kerZod: masSi saubaria sasamarTlo organizaciisa da sasamarTlo procesis, pirTa sxvadasxva kategoriis samarTlebrivi statusis, miwaTmflobelobis iuridiuli reJimis Sesaxeb. bovezis kutiumebi adgendnen CveulebiTi samarTlis normebis, upirobod savaldebulo Zalas ara mxolod adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, aramed saxelmifo xelisuflebis mimarTac. bovezis kutiumebis Semdeg Seiqmna, mTeli rigi msgavsi Sinarsis, kutiumebisa: tuluzis kutiumebi (1296), bretanis uZvelesi kutiumi (1330); sasamarTloebSi gansakuTrebuli avtoritetiT sargeblobda, 1389 wels Sedgenili, safrangeTis didi kutiumi. vinainad CveulebiTi samarTlis kerZo krebulebi iyo arasrulyofili aqtebi, garTulda maT safuZvelze sasamarTloebSi mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenisa da maTi samarTlebrivi Semowmebis procedura, radgan Tu romelime Cveuleba badebda eWvs, an sadao xdeboda, mosamarTle specialur gamoZienas atarebda, romlis dros daikiTxeboda adgilobrivi Cveulebis mcodne aTi piri mainc. maT erTxmad unda daedasturebinaT miTiTebuli kutiumebis arseboba da maTi Sinaarsi. aseTi procedura warmoSobda mraval sasamarTlo davas da ar uzrunvelyofda iuridiuli sirTuleebis Tavidan acilebas. 1454 wels mefe Sarl VII-em, specialuri ordonansiT, yvela balisgan moiTxova, maTi sabaliaJos farglebSi moqmedi, kutiumebis erT krebulad gaerTianeba da parizis parlamentisaTvis gagzavna, kutiumebis Sinaarsisa da moqmedebis sferos ganzogadebis mizniT. mefis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, moxda kutiumebis samoci didi da orasamde mcire krebulis jer Sedgena, Semdeg _ redaqtireba. im pirobebSi, roca jer kidev ar iqna aRmofxvrili CveulebiTi samarTlis siWrele, kutiumebis krebulis Sedgena xels uwyobda maT kon-servacias. redaqtirebuli kutiumebi kanonebis Tvisebebs iZendnen: garkveulobas, stabi-lurobas, ucvlelobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom kutiumebi, formalurad, ar ganixileboda kano-nad, maTi redaqtireba samefo xelisuflebis brZanebiT, faqtiurad, saxelmwifos mxridan maT

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sanqcionirebas niSnavda. samxreT safrangeTSi, TandaTanobiT, samarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovan wyarod iqca romis samarTali, romelsac, aRniSnul regionSi, gadgmuli hqonda sakmaod Rrma istoriuli fesvebi. galiaSi romis samarTlis damkvidreba gaius iulius keisris laSqrobebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. romis samarTalma myari poziciebi SeinarCuna, romis imperiis dacemis Semdegac; Tumca, ufro zusti iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom es ufro transformirebuli galur-romauli samarTali iyo, romelic iustinianes kodifikacias ki ar efuZneboda, aramed iTvaliswinebda, Teodosius II-is kanonmdeblobis gamartivebul versiasa da vesTguTebis mefis _ alarihis mier Sedgenil, romis samarTlis barbarosul krebuls. is frangi iuristebi, romlebic komentirebas ukeTebdnen romis samarTlis aRniSnul Zeglebs da, amisTvis glosirebis msgavs, meTodebs iyenebdnen, sakuTar moRvaweobas, glosatorTa saxelganTqmuli italiuri skolis dafuZnebamde, gacilebiT adre iwyeben. safrangeTSi, romis samarTlis renesansis epoqa, XIII saukuneze modis, roca qveynis samxreT nawilSi gaCaRda glosatorTa samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba da gza gaexsna, iustinianes mier kodificirebuli, romis samarTlis ZiriTad debulebebs. glosatorTa skolis erT-erT TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad placentinusi iTvleboda, romelmac XIII saukunis dasawyisSi, monpelies universitetSi daamkvidra romis samarTlis (upirveles yovlisa, iustinianes digestebis) swavleba. mogvianebiT, iuridiuli fakultetebi gaixsna safrangeTis sxva universitetebSic. frangi profesori-glosatorebi kvlevis imave meTodebs iyenebdnen, romlebiTac am skolis italieli fuZemdeblebi sargeblobdnen. isini komentirebas ukeTebdnen iustinianes digestebis teqsts da masSi axdendnen komentarebisa da ganmartebebis (glosebis) CarTvas. Tavis mxriv, komentarebi da glosebic Seswavlasa da ganzogadebas eqvemdebarebodnen. maSasadame, glosatorebis mier, aRniSnuli wesiT Seswavlili da ganmartebuli, romis samarTali safrangeTSi “mecnierTa samarTlad” (doqtrinad) iqca da mas araferi akavSirebda samefo sasamarTloebis samarTalSemoqmedebiT saqmianobasTan. Tavdapirvelad, safrangeTis samefo xelisuflebis damokidebuleba, romis samarTlis mimarT, ar iyo erTgvarovani. erTi mxriv, samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da saxelmwifo aparatis srulyofis mizniT, mefe da misi legistebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen romis sajaro samarTlis mraval debulebas. Tumca, meore mxriv, romis samarTlis dakanoneba niSnavda, romael-germaneli imperatoris (germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis imperatoris) uzenaesobis aRiarebas. Aamitom, mefe filipe avgustusma saerTod akrZala parizis universitetSi romis samarTlis swavleba, Tumca es procesi mainc ar Seferxebula, samefo domenSi ganlagebul, sxva universitetebSi. sabolood, 1679 wels, mefe lui XIV-m brZana romis samarTlis swavlebis aRdgena parizis universitetSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTis mefeebma aRiares romis samarTlis doqtrinuli mniSvneloba, maT, arsebiTad SezRudes misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba. lui wmindanma (XIII s.) daadgina, rom romis samarTali ar iyo safrangeTis samefosaTvis samarTlis savaldebulo sistema. filipe mamacma ki sa-erTod aukrZala praqtikos iuristebs romis samarTliT sargebloba, CveulebiTi samarTlis qveyanaSi. rac Seexeba samxreT safrangeTs, aq, romis samarTlis aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT, gamosavali imaSi iqna napovni, rom, aRniSnul samarTlis sistemas ewoda “dawerili Cveu-lebis” Taviseburi nairsaxeoba. amitom, Tu samxreT safrangeTs, Tavdapirvelad, ewodeboda CveulebiTi samarTlis qveyana, XIV saukunidan igi sabolood aRiares “dawerili samarTlis qveynad”. Tumca, imis mtkiceba, rom safrangeTis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi nawilebi, mkveTrad da absoluturad zustad iyo erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli da maT Soris gadaulaxavi samarT-lebrivi zRude arsebobda, gadaWarbebuli da, rac mTavaria, mecnierulad dausabuTebelia. TandaTanobiT, samxreT safrangeTSi aRmoifxvra CveulebiTi samarTali, xolo, iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilma romis samarTalma SeiZina saerTo samarTlis roli da sasamarTlo praqtikaSic aqtiurad SeiWra. XIV-XV ss. romis samarTlis gavrcelebis procesma moicva dauwereli samarTlis qveyanac. miuxedavad imisa, rom am regionSi romis samarTals aRiqvamdnen dawerili gonisa (ratio scripta) da samarTlis damatebiTi wyaros saxiT, man mainc moaxdina gavlena kutiumebis redaqtirebisa da Caweris procesze, rasac xels uwyobda parlamentis saqmianoba, romelSic, aRniSnul periodSi, didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen

postglosatorebi (bartolistebi) _ italieli postglosatoris bartolas mimdevrebi. XIV saukuneSi, safrangeTSi Camoyalibda romis samarTlis sakuTari skola, romelsac ewoda humanistebis skola. am skolis warmomadgenlebi, aRorZinebis (rinaSimento _ renesans) ideebidan gamomdinare, uaryofdnen sqolastikisa da deduqciis meTodebs, romlebsac sakuTar saqmianobaSi aqtiurad iyenebdnen postglosatorebi. Tu bartolistebi romis samarTlis Seswavlas praqtikuli aucileblobiT xsnidnen, humanisti-iuristebi romis samarTals

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swavlobdnen, rogorc samarTlis sistemas (rogorc aseTs) da amisTvis iyenebdnen mxolod istorizmis meTods. samarTlis Seswavlis aRniSnuli meTodi safrangeTSi daamkvidra italielma profesorma alciatusma. humanistma iuristebma safrangeTis q. burJes univer-sitetSi Camoayalibes inteleqtualuri centri, romelSic moRvaweobdnen antikuri filologiis, istoriis, natifi xelovnebis specialistebi. aRniSnuli centris damsaxurebaa iustinianes kodifikaciis, XII tabulis kanonebisa da sxva Zvelromauli iuridiuli Sinaarsis Txzulebebis Rrma mecnieruli Seswavla. burJes inteleqtualuri centris yvelaze cnobil warmomadgenlad iTvleba Jak kuaciusi (1522-1590), romelsac metsaxelad romanistTa mTavaric ki uwodes. misi naSromebi, ZiriTadad, im romaeli iuristebis naSromTa komentarebsa da fragmentebs exeba, romlebic warmodgenili iyo iustinianes kodifikaciaSi. humanistma iuristebma gavlena ver moaxdines sasamarTlo praqtikaze, ris gamoc maT, XVII-XVIII ss., kvlav dauTmes asparezi bartolistebis skolis warmomadgenlebs. Tumca, humanistebis naSromebma niadagi moumzades romis samarTlis konstruqciis gamoyenebas, postrevoluciuri safran-geTis kanonmdeblobaSi. maSasadame, daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom romis samarTali safrangeTSi iyo ara mxolod moqmedi samarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaro, aramed, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi, erovnuli samarTlebrivi kulturis Semadgeneli elementic. safrangeTis mTel teritoriaze, Tanabrad moqmed kidev erT samarTlis wyarod iTvleboda kanonikuri samarTlis normebi. eklesiis is ufleba, rom Seeqmna sakuTari iuridiuli sistema, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen eklesiis saSinao saqmeebis regulirebisaTvis, aRiares jer romis imperiam da frankebis saxelmwifom, _ Semdeg, am ukanasknelTa gavleniT, kanonikuri samarTali farTod gavrcelda safrangeTis saxelmwifoSic. saeklesio samarTlis ganvi-Tarebis mwvervali modis XII-XIII saukuneebze, roca sagrZnoblad gafarTovda saeklesio tribunalebis kompetencia, kerZod, maTi iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda ara mxolod kleri-kosebze, aramed saero urTierTobis mraval institutze. momdevno saukuneebSi, safrangeTis samefo xelisuflebasa da romis kurias Soris gamwvavebuli brZolis Sedegad, kanonikuri samarTlis moqmedebis sfero arsebiTad izRudeba, qveynis mTel terotoriaze. 1539 wlis samefo ordonansiT, saeklesio sasamarTloebs aekrZalaT saero pirTa sasamarTlo davebis ganxilva. amave periodSi damkvidrda debuleba, rom mefe erTpirovnulad ganagebs xeli-suflebas, mTeli samefos farglebSi, amitom romis papis dekretaliebi da saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebi ar iyo savaldebulo frangebisaTvis. kanonikuri samarTlis moqmedebis SezRudva gagrZelda absolutizmis damkvidrebis periodSi, roca mefes mieniWa ufleba, ganesazRvra kanonikuri samarTlis normebis savaldebulo Zala. Sua saukuneebis safrangeTSi samarTlis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda saqalaqo samarTali. mas ganixilavdnen CveulebiTi samarTlis kidev erT nairsaxeobad. franguli saqalaqo samarTali didi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeboda, Tumca mas bevri saerTo niSanic hqonda. saqalaqo samarTlis mTavari wyaro iyo, qalaqebis mier miRebuli qartiebi. maT hqondaT normatiuli xasiaTi da isini im kompromisis Sedegi iyo, romelic miRweuli iqna qalaqis mosaxleobasa da mefes an calkeul siuzerens Soris. saqalaqo qartiebsa da, maT safuZvelze Seqmnil, Sida reglamentebSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mSvidobiani cxovrebisa da marTlwesrigis dacva, sabatono CveulebiTi samarTlis miRma darCenili, moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRiareba (moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da qonebis xelyofis akrZalva, sacxovrebeli adgilis xelSeuxebloba), savaWro-saxelosno saqmianobis regla-mentacia. qveyanaSi SidasavaWro kavSirebis ganmtkicebam da, gansakuTrebiT, saerTaSoriso savaWro brunvis gafarToebam, gamoaSkarava saqalaqo samarTlis arsebiTi naklovanebebi, vinaidan am samarTlis wyaros uaryofiT Tvisebas warmoadgenda misi partikularuli xasiaTi. swored xsenebuli naklis aRmofxvriT iyo ganpirobebuli, vaWrobis sferoSi, saerTaSoriso da sazRvao samarTlis normebis aRiareba. franguli saerTaSoriso savaWro da sazRvao samarTali, am TvalsazrisiT, daesesxa italiur da espanur qalaqebSi (piza, barselona) damkvidrebuli, sazRvao Cveulebebisa da savaWro Cvevebis krebulebs, romelTa analogi, droTa ganmavlobaSi, Seiqmna safrangeTSic. aseTi krebulebidan sayovelTaod aRiarebuli iyo, XIII saukuneSi, qalaq oleronSi Sedgenili, savaWro da sazRvao Cvevebis reestri, romlis debulebebi Tanabrad savaldebulo Zalis mqone iyo, safrangeTisa da inglisis saporto qalaqebisaTvis. samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebam, xeli Seuwyo mefeTa sakanonmdeblo aqtebisaTvis samarTlis wyaros miniWebas, riTac maT saTanado adgili daimkvidres, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis procesSi. samefo kanonmdeblobis aqtebi iyo: dadgenilebani, ordonansebi, ediqtebi, brZanebebi, dekretaliebi. mefe filipe IV-e lamazis droidan moyolebuli (XIII saukunis bolo _ XIV saukunis dasawyisi) samefo aqtebs, ufro xSirad, ewodebodaT ordonansebi. XVII saukunis meore naxevramde, samefo kanonmdeblobas ar axa-

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siaTebda raime saxis sistematizacia da masSi Semavali samarTlebrivi masalis klasifikacia. ufro xSirad, aseTi ordonansebi xasiaTdebodnen mravalprofilianobiT (mag., 1566 wlis mulenis ordonansi, romelic Seicavda ipoTekis, sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebis, provinciis gubernatorTa saxelisuflo kompetenciis maregulirebel normebs). samefo kanon-mdeblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo deklaraciuloba da misi gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad arTulebda marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas. XVI saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis, samefo ordonansebis raodenoba imdenad gaizarda, rom generaluri Statebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, mefisgan moeTxovaT, maTi kodificireba, raTa aRmofxviriliyo samarTlis normaTa kolizia da sakanonmdeblo xarvezi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, cnobilma iuristma brisonma moamzada vrceli kompilacia, romelsac safuZvlad daedo moqmedi samefo kanonmdebloba. aRniSnuli kompilacia, mefe anri III-is kodeqsis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili da igi 1587 wels gamoica, rogorc kerZo Txzuleba, romelic, imdroindel safrangeTSi, didi avtoritetiT sargeb-lobda. XVII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT mefe lui XIV-is zeobaSi, sakodifikacio saqmianoba ufro maRal safexurze avida, kerZod: kolberis xelmZRvanelobiT, Seiqmna sakanonmdeblo reformis ganmaxorcielebeli, specialuri sabWo. aRniSnul periodSi gamoica samefo kanonebis mTeli seria (e.w. didi ordonansebi), romlebic, faqtiurad, axdendnen im samarTlis normebis kodificirebas, romalTa meSveobiT regulirdeboda sisxlis samarTlis da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso, savaWro da sazRvao samarTlis, memkvidreobiTi samarTlis ZiriTadi institutebi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom samefo kanonmdeblobiT mowesrigda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mxlolod is viwro wre, romelic sajaro wesrigis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureboda da man, arsebiTad, ver Camoayaliba franguli samarTlis mwyobri sistema. franguli Suasaukunovani samarTlis damatebiT da, SedarebiT umniSvnelo wyarod parla-mentebis, kerZod – parizis parlamentis sasamarTlo praqtika iTvleba. mag., kutiumebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, parlamentis dadgenilebebs mieniWa normatiul-savaldebulo Zala.

b) franguli kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi Sua saukuneebSi

I. miwaze sabatono sakuTrebis ufleba

Sua saukuneebis periodSi, safrangeTis samarTlis antagonisturi xasiaTi, yvelaze naTlad, imaSi gamoixata, rom man daadgina: 1) saero da sasuliero aristokratiis upirobo privilegiebi, miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxSi. XI saukunisaTvis saerTod gaqra, miwaze saglexo sakuTrebis Tavisufali ufleba da alodialuri mflobelobis sxva formebi, romlebic, SedarebiT didxans, SenarCunda qveynis samxreT regionebSi. saadgilmamulo sakuTrebis ZiriTad da, praqtikulad, erTaderT formad Camoyalibda feodi. subinfeodaciis procesis ganviTarebis Sedegad, damkvidrda wesi, rom miwis TiToeul mpyrobels unda hyoloda sakuTari seniori anu gabatonda principi: “ar aris miwa, senioris gareSe”. aRniSnuli wesi, Tavdapirvelad, warmoiSva qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi, xolo XIII saukunidan is safrangeTis yvela regionSi gavrcelda. samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebiT, legistebma da samefo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebma daasabuTes moTxovna, rom safrangeTis teritoriaze arsebuli yvela miwa, mpyrobels gadaecemoda, mxolod mefis saxeliT da misi TanxmobiT. 2) safrangeTis samarTlis meore, wminda sabatono niSnad, iTvleba saadgilmamulo sakuTrebis uflebis danawevrebuli xasiaTi. rogorc wesi, miwaze ar vrceldeboda, erTi konkretuli piris, SeuzRudavi sakuTrebis ufleba; damkvidrda wodebrivi kibis gansxvavebul safexurze mdgari, ori an meti batonis, sakuTrebis ufleba, garkveul miwaTmflobelobaze. samarTali mkveTrad ganasxvavebda uzenaesi da saSualo mesakuTris uflebamosilebas da ganamtkicebda saadgilmamulo sakuTrebis ierarqiul struqturas. sakuTrebis uflebis danawevrebis iuridiuli dasabuTeba, yvelaze srulyofilad, Camoayalibes glosatorTa skolis warmo-madgenlebma. Tavdapirvelad, vasalTa uflebebi miwaze maT gansazRvres im klasikuri romauli samarTlebrivi formulis Tanaxmad, romelic maT miwis nakveTiT sargeblobisa da nayofis miRebis uflebas (ius utendi et fruendi) aniWebda. Tumca, mogvianebiT, romis samarTlis klasikuri debulebebis gverdis avliT, maT Camoayalibes axali wesi, erTsa da imave nivTze ramdenime mesakuTruli uflebis Tanaarsebobis Sesaxeb, kerZod: seniors mieniWa e.w. “pirdapiri da uSualo sakuTrebis ufleba (dominium direqtum), xolo vasals _ “sasargeblo sakuTrebis ufleba” (dominium utile). sasargeblo sakuTrebis uflebis ZaliT, vasals, romelic uSualod sargeblobda miwis nakveTis mesakuTris privilegiiT, ufleba mieca ganexorcielebina glexebis eqspluatacia,

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sxvadasxvagvari gadasaxadebis dawesebisa da akrefis gziT. seniori ki, inarCunebda miwis uzenaesi mesakuTris statuss, adgenda administraciul-sasamarTlo wesebs da axorcielebda, vasalisaTvis gadacemuli nakveTis gankargvaze kontrols. amrigad, subinfeodacia anu feodis nawilis, qvevasalebisaTvis gadacemis rituali, XI saukunidan moiTxovda uzenaesi senioris (siuzerenis) Tanxmobas. mogvianebiT, subinfeodacias vasalebi damoukidebladac axor-cielebdnen, Tumca CveulebiTi samarTlis normebiT dadgenili, SezRudvebis dacviT. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, jer seniori, Semdeg ki mefec krZalavda miwis nakveTebis eklesiisaTvis gadacemas, radgan aseTi qmedeba iwvevda “lenis (sabatono mamulis) mokvlas”: miwis uzenaesi mesakuTre samudamod kargavda aseT mamuls, radgan eklesia, romelic ar iyo samxedro samsaxuris gawevis valdebulebiT datvirTuli, “mkvdari xeliT” pyrobda misTvis gadacemul sabatono mamuls. uZrav qonebasTan mimarTebaSi, miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba araindividualur, aramed saojaxo-sagvareulo xasiaTs atarebda, ris gamoc sagvareulo mamulis gankargvaze swored sanaTesao axorcielebda kontrols. aseTi mamulebis gankargvaze naTesavebis Tanxmoba aucilebel pirobad rCeboda, TiTqmis XIII saukunemde. mogvianebiT, es moTxovna Semsubuqda, Tumca naTesavebma SeinarCunes saojaxo qonebis gamosyidvis ufleba (retraqtis ufleba), mamulis gasxvisebidan erTi wlisa da erTi dRis vadaSi. Tu ojaxis ufrosi uSvilod gardaicvleboda, saojaxo qoneba imave xazs ubrundeboda, ra xaziTac, gardacvlilma mesakuTrem, moipova aRniSnuli qoneba. saadgil-mamulo uflebebis gansakuTrebuli konstruqcia, SemuSavebuli iyo CveulebiTi samarTlis qveyanaSi, sadac kutiumebisaTvis saerTod ucnobi iyo miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba da

aRiarebuli iyo mxolod mflobelobis ufleba (sezina). sezina warmoadgenda, seniorisagan damokidebul, miwis pyrobas, romelic aRiarebuli iyo CveulebiTi samarTlis normebiT da, rogorc sakuTreba, eqvemdebareboda sasamarTlo dacvas. faqtiurad, sezina iZenda feodis formas da vasals is, investituris meSveobiT, gdaecemoda. miwis mpyrobelis uflebebis ganmtkiceba xdeboda pyrobis xandazmulobis vadis safuZvelze, kerZod: Tu, Tavdapirvelad, CveulebiTi samarTali adgenda sakmaod mcire xandazmulobis vadas _ erTi weli da erT dRe, mogvianebiT es vada aTidan ocdaaT wlamde gaizarda. miwaze sabatono sakuTrebis uflebis erT-erT Taviseburebad is garemoeba iTvleboda, rom es sakuTrebis ufleba uSualod ukavSirdeboda, miwaze, glexebis mflobelobis uflebas, romelic SezRudul, Tumca mudmiv

uflebas warmoadgenda. Tavdapirvelad, glexs ar SeeZlo, senioris nebarTvis gareSe, sakuTari miwis nakveTis gasxviseba, iseve, rogorc seniors ekrZaleboda, TviT piradad damokidebuli servebis, TviTneburi ayra da gandevna, maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTebidan. XIII saukunidan cenziva iqca miwis saglexo mflobelobis ZiriTad formad. cenzitariusi Tavisufldeboda piradi begarisagan da ufro met Tavisuflebas iZenda, miwis nakveTebis gasxvisebis dros. Tumca, miwaze saglexo ufleba, kvlav, senioris saadgilmamulo sakuTrebis uflebisgan nawarmoeb uflebad iTvleboda, ris gamoc saglexo meurneoba datvirTuli iyo mravalferovani sabatono gadasaxadebiT. rac Seexeba seniorebs, isini mudmivad cdilobdnen saglexo gadasaxadebis gazrdas, raSic maT samefo xelisuflebac uwyobda xels. amitom, mebatoneebi cdilobdnen gaefarTovebinaT cenzitariusebis mflobelobis uflebebi. glexebma (gansakuTrebiT, absolutizmis xanaSi) moipoves sakuTari cenzivas gamosyidvis, gaCuqebis, dagiravebis an sxvagvarad gadakeTebis ufleba, Tumca erTi pirobiT _ mebatone, rogorc yovelTvis, dadgenil vadasa da gansazRvruli odenobiT miiRebda kuTvnil gadasaxads _ cenzs. fiskaluri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, samefo iuristebma SesZles im Tezisis dasabuTeba, rom cenziva TiTqmis srulyofili sakuTrebaa, radgan, formalurad, mxolod sakuTrebis uflebis obieqtis dabegvraa SesaZlebeli samefo gadasaxadiT _ taliiT. Tumca, amavdroulad, maT ar aviwydebodaT im gansxvavebis danaxva, romelic namdvilad arsebobda sabatono sakuTrebasa da cenzivas Soris, kerZod: senioris samisdReSio ufleba cenzisa da sxva gadasxadebis miRebaze, anu sabatono rentis miRebis SeuzRudavi ufleba. 1789 wlis revoluciamde, safrangeTSi, miwaze sabatono sakuTrebis uflebis gverdiT, Tanaarsebobas ganagrZobda saTemo-saglexo miwaTmflobelobis elementebi, saTemo saZovrebis, saTemo tye-parkis saxiT, romelTa mimarT sargeblobis ufleba Tanabrad ekuTvnoda Temis yvela wevrs. XVI saukunidan, kapitalis Tavdapirveli dagrovebis procesma, didad ganapiroba saTemo miwaTmflobelobis Semdgomi bedi. franguli Tavadaznauroba, rasakvirvelia, aqtiurad Caeba sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebaSi, Tumca inglisSi mimdinare movlenebisgan gansxvavebiT, maT ar SeeZloT cenzitariusebis sakuTari miwis nakveTebidan TviTneburi ayra-gandevna. amitom, Tavadaznauroba aqtiurad axorcielebda saTemo savargulebis datacebas. Tu, Tavdapirvelad, samefo xelisufleba krZalavda saTemo miwaTmflobelobis xelyofas,

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mefe lui XIV-is droidan moyolebuli, triaJis Sesaxeb ediqtis safuZvelze, Tavadaznaurobas mieca ufleba, saxelmwifo xazinaSi Sesabamisi Tanxis gadaxdis Semdeg, miesakuTrebina saglexo Temebis kuTvnili savargulebis erTi mesamedi. Ffaqtiurad, glexobas waerTva saTemo miwebis or mesamedze meti odenobis farTobi. rac Seexeba saqalaqo-saadgilmamulo sakuTrebis uflebas, is, ZiriTadSi, Tavmoyrili iyo patriciul-biurgeruli zedafenis xelSi da, romis samarTlis konstruqciis Sesabamisad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, miaxlovebuli iyo SeuzRudav sakuTrebis uflebasTan. swored aRniSnuli mizeziT, safrangeTSi moqmedi amqrebis sistema, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas samefo aqtebiT mieniWa damatebiTi privilegiebi, nel-nela daqveiTda da, sabolood, adgili dauTmo manufaqturul warmoebas. safrangeTSi manufaqturebis swraf ganviTarebas xels uwyobda, absolutizmis xanaSi ganxorcielebuli, merkantilizmisa da proteqcionizmis politika, raSic igulisxmeba saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva sameurneo cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. gansakuTrebiT farTo xasiaTi, pro-teqcionizmis politikam XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi SeiZina, roca safrangeTis saxel-mwifos pirvel ministrad dainiSna J. kolberi. saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT, kolberi krZalavda safrangeTSi ucxouri warmoebis produqciis imports, qveynidan ned-leulis gatanas, waaxalisebda mza produqciis eqsports, ramac safrangeTSi xelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmna meurneobis ganviTarebas. saxelmwifos proteqcionizmiT Seqmnili samefo manufaqturebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, wamgebiani iyvnen, Tumca isini aqtiurad uwyobdnen xels, safrangeTSi kapitalisturi urTierTobebis damkvidrebas. saerTaSoriso komerciul saqmianobaSi monawile, zogierTi savaWro kompania (ost-induri, vest-induri, levantiuri), Seiqmna saxelmwifo kapitalis monawileobiT. Ees kompaniebi, mogebis garkveul nawils, saxelmwifo xazinaSi ricxavdnen. absolutisturi mTavroba, drodadro, iyenebda saxelmwifo sesxis sistemas da, garkveuli procentis mqone, saxelmwifo obligaciebsac uSvebda. am fasiani qaRaldebis SemZeni, upirveles yovlisa, mevaxSeobis mimdevari burJuazia gaxldaT, romelic mefisaTvis sesxis micemiT, cdilobda sakuTari interesebis dakmayofilebas. vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis samarTlebrivi regulirebis, wminda sabatono meTodebi, aisaxa absolutizmis sagadasaxado politikaSic, kerZod, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda iribi gada-saxadebis (aqcizebis) raodenoba: marilisa da Rvinis gayidvisaTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadi. sagadasaxado wesebi mZime tvirTad daawva saglexo meurneobebs. amavdroulad, gazridli gadasaxadebi dabrkolebas uqmnida, safrangeTSi, savaWro-samrewvelo kapitalis Camoyalibebis process, Tumca xelsayreli garemo eqmneboda mevaxSeobasa da burJuaziis safinanso wreebis saqmianobas. gamomsyidvelTa specialuri kompaniebi (mevaxSeebisa da bankirebisgan Semdgari), samefo xazinaSi msxvili fuladi Tanxis Setanis sanacvlod, iZendnen, garkveul teritoriaze, saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis akrefis uflebas. aRniSnul kompaniebs gadasaxadebis amkrefTa sakuTari Static hyavdaT. saxelmwifo iZulebis gamoyenebiT, isini cdilobdnen mo-saxleobidan, dadgenil gadasaxadebze meti odenobis Tanxis amoRebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom, formalurad, aRniSnuli praqtika ukanonod iTvleboda. rig SemTxvevebSi, samefo xeli-sufleba iZulebuli iyo sasamarTlo procesic ki gaemarTa, skandaluri reputaciis mqone saqmosnebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic xalxSi “sisxlismsmelTa” saxeliT iyvnen cnobili. zogjer samefo xelisufleba saerTod krZalavda amgvari kompaniebis saqmianobas, Tumca gamomsyid-velTa saqmianoba SenarCunebuli iqna, TviT 1789 wlis revoluciamde. vaWrobisa da samrewvelo warmoebis saxelmwifo reglamentacia iqca ekonomikuri ganviTarebis muxruWad, riTac kidev ufro gamwvavda, frangul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli, socialuri konfliqti da daCqarda 1789 wlis revoluciuri movlenebi. II. valdebulebiTi samarTlis institutebis evolucia, Sua saukuneebis safrangeTSi

xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi SenarCunebuli sabatono meurneobis karCaketili xasiaTi da qveynis teritoriuli daqucmacebuloba, mniSvnelovnad aferxebda sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis da, Sesabamisad, saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ganviTarebis process. miuxedavad imisa, rom gvianSuasaukuneebis periodSi, mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda kapitalisturi saxel-Sekrulebo urTierTobebi, maT jer kidev, arsebiTad, SenarCunebuli hqondaT baton-ymuri xasiaTi da SezRuduloba. samarTlis sabatono xasiaTi naTlad vlindeboda TviT yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaSic. adreul xanaSi nivTebis da, upirveles yovlisa, uZravi qonebis gayidva saWiroebda, gasxvisebisaTvis dadgenil, sazeimo formas, romelic uzrunvelyofda nasyidobis xelSekrulebis simtkices. XII saukunidan, gansakuTrebiT qveynis samxreT nawilSi, romis samarTlis gavleniT, yidva-gayidvis mniSvnelovani garigebebi dawerili formiT ideboda, mogvianebiT ki _ sanotaro wesiT damowmebasac moiTxovda. aseTi garigebebis teqsti,

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xSirad, erTgvarovani formulebis saxes atarebda. Tu, Tavdapirvelad, nasyidobis xelSekrulebis namdvilobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo ara mxolod mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebis miRweva, aramed, xelSekrulebis sagnad qceuli, nivTis gadacema, XIII saukunidan, savaWro brunvis ganviTarebasTan erTad, damkvidrda wesi, rom nasyidobis xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sesulad iTvleboda, mxareTa Soris, SeTanxmebis miRwevis momentidan da xelSekrulebis obieqti, SesaZlebelia, momavali nivTic gamxdariyo. gansakuTrebul reglamentirebas eqvemdebareboda miwis nakveTebis yidva-gayidva, CveulebiTi samarTlis qveyanaSi. seniori aRiWurva upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebiT, misi vasalis mier mamulis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi. garda amisa, seniors, gamyidvelis naTesavebis msgavsad, kutiumebiT dadgenil vadaSi, SeeZlo vasalis mier ukve gayiduli mamulis gamosyidva. mogvianebiT, uZravi qonebis gayidvisas, notariusebma moiTxoves gamyidvelis ojaxis im wevrTa savaldebulo daswreba, romlebic, xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi, ToTxmeti wlis asaks iyvnen miRweuli. aRniSnuli moTxovnis mizani iyo, samomavlo saojaxo mtrobis prevencia. saTavadaznauro senioriebisa da saglexo miwaTmpyrobelobis (cenzivis) gayidva Cveulebriv movlenad iqca, kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Casaxvisa da sabatono meurneobis krizisis periodSi. XVII saukunidan, bur-Juazia aqtiurad yidulobda TavadaznaurTa miwebs, gansakuTrebiT didi qalaqebis irgvliv mdebare soflebSi, Tanac ara im mizniT, rom daenergaT meurneobis ganviTarebis axali meTodebi da saSualebebi, aramed imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebloba hqonodaT advilad aekrifaT sabatono renta (gadasaxadi). xSirad yidva-gayidvis obieqtad ara TviT miwis nakveTi, aramed, masTan dakavSirebuli, sarento uflebebi xdeboda. X-XI saukuneebSi, roca qonebis yidva-gayidva sakmaod iSviad movlenad iTvleboda da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ewinaaRmdegeboda TavadaznaurTa Rirsebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebs, ganviTarda Cuqebis xelSekruleba. arc Tu iSviaTad, Cuqebis xelSekrulebis qveS, SeniRbuli iyo nasyidobis xelSekruleba, romelic, faqtiurad, iyo ormxrivi da sasyidliani garigeba. naCuqari qonebis SemZeni valdebulebas kisrulobda mCuqeblisaTvis, madlierebis niSnad, gadaeca garkveuli qoneba (iaraRi, cxeni). Cuqebis xelSekrulebas maSinac iyenebdnen, roca surdaT gverdi aevloT, kutiumebiT dadgenili SezRudvisaTvis, anderZiT memkvidreobis mimarT. Tavis mxriv, CveulebiTi samarTali garkveul SezRudvas uwesebda mCuqebelsac, gansakuTrebiT saerTo-sagvareulo qonebis gaCuqebasTan dakavSirebiT. 1731 wlis specialuri samefo ordonansiT Cuqebis Sesaxeb, mowesrigda da kodificirebuli iqna CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi, riTac aikrZala Cuqeba, gamCuqeblis gardacvalebis Semdeg (SeniRbuli anderZi), Tu is ar iyo specialurad gaTvaliswinebuli saqorwino kontraqtSi. absolutizmis xanaSi, safrangeTSi farTod gavrcelda miwis qiravnobis (ijaris) xel-Sekruleba, ramac didad ganapiroba soflad kapitalisturi urTierTobebis damkvidreba. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi Tavadaznaurobis didma nawilma miatova sakuTari meurneoba, uari Tqva saxnav-saTesi miwebis did nawilze da ijariT gasca isini, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis an miRebuli mosavlis garkveuli odenobis sanacvlod. Tavdapirvelad, ijaris xelSekruleba ideboda mxolod erTi wlis vadiT, mogvianebiT _ is mniSvlenovnad gaxangrZlivda (moijaris erTi, ori an meti sicocxlis vadiT). glexobis eqspluataciis aRniSnuli forma, TavadaznaurobisaTvis ufro momgebiani aRmoCnda, radgan saijaro gadasaxadis odenoba (cenzebisgan gansxvavebiT) ar iyo CveulebiTi samarTliT gansazRvruli da, droisa da viTarebis kvalobaze, gadasinjvas (gazrdas) eqvemdebareboda. garda amisa, cenzivasgan gansxva-vebiT, ijariT gacemuli miwis nakveTi, xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvisTanave, senioris gankargulebaSi brundeboda. revoluciamdel periodSi, miwis nakveTebis moklevadian ijaras (xuTi-aTi wliT) aqtiurad iyenebda burJuazia, romelmac wina periodSi SeiZina TavadaznaurTa mamulebi. saijaro urTierTobebma qonebis Zalzed farTo sfero moicves. arc Tu iSviaTad, gamdidrebuli glexoba da burJuazia Tavadaznaurobidan, moklevadiani ijariT da garkveuli saijaro gadasaxadis sanacvlod, iZenda banalitetis uflebas (saadgilmamulo mesakuTreTa sabatono monopolia) an sabatono rentis sxva formebs. Sua saukuneebis frangul samarTalSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda sesxis xelSekrulebas. XII-XIII saukuneebis savalo dokumentebSi gamoyenebuli iqna sesxis romauli formula (mutuum, mutuidatio), Tumca, man ver moipova farTo gavrceleba. kanonikuri samarTali, formalurad, krZalavda sasyidliani sesxis garigebebs, magram, vinaidan Sua saukuneebis safrangeTSi, yvelaze msxvil kreditorad TviT qristianuli eklesia iqca, manve SemoiRo damkvidrebuli akrZalvidan Tavis daRwevis xerxebi. rig SemTxvevebSi, movale kreditors uxdida winaswar dadgenil Tanxas (valis TiTqmis 25%-mde), romelic ar iTvleboda procentad. sxva SemTxvevaSi, movale valdebulebas kisrulobda, eklesiisaTvis gadaexada fiqsirebuli renta, miRebuli Semosavlis garkveuli odenobis saxiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, sesxis xelSekrulebaSi, sul ufro xSirad, iyenebdnen e.w. “mkvdar giraos”, romlis drosac

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movale agiravebda miwis nakveTs, xolo miwidan miRebuli Semosavali iricxeboda kreditoris angariSze da mas ar iyenebdnen ZiriTadi valis dafarvisaTvis. XIV-XV saukuneebSi, safrangeTSi, ZiriTad kreditorad iqca qalaqis burJuazia (mevaxSeebi), romelic miwis giraos an rentis akrefis uflebis sanacvlod, fuls asesxebda seniorebs da TviT mefesac ki. absolutizmis periodSi mevaxSeobam imdenad farTo xasiaTi miiRo, xolo dagiravebuli senioriebis ricxvi imdenad gaizarda, rom aRniSnulma garemoebam TavadaznaurTa sayovelTao ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. XVIII saukuneSi gamocemuli, samefo ordonansiT ikrZaleboda qonebis dagiraveba, Tu mas Tan axlda dagiravebuli miwis nakveTis kreditorisaTvis gadacema. Tumca, jer kidev XII sau-kunidan, gansakuTrebiT eklesiis mier mevaxSeobis gamoyenebis procesSi, sesxis xel-Sekrulebis garantiad iyenebdnen ipoTekas. ipoTeka gulisxmobda, dagiravebuli miwis nakveTis, movalis mflobelobaSi darCenas, Tumca am ukanasknelis mier, dadgenili rentis gadaxdis pirobiT. savaWro da mevaxSeTa kapitalis gazrda, sabanko operaciebis gafarToveba, moiTxovda vaWarTa, bankirTa, da maklerTa profesiuli saqmianobis specialur reglamentacias. Camoyalibebuli saerTaSoriso savaWro praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1673 wels gamoica vaWrobis Sesaxeb samefo ordonansi, romelic atarebda misi Semdgenelis saxels da mas ewodeboda savaris kodeqsi, xolo 1681 wels – kidev erTi – sazRvao vaWrobis Sesaxeb ordonansi gamosces. aRniSnuli aqtebiT, ganisazRvra vaWrebis samarTlebrivi statusi da savaWro amxanagobebis Seqmnis wesi; isini Seicavdnen specialur normebs, romlebic im institutebs awesrigebdnen, romlebSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saerTaSoriso da sazRvao vaWrobis praqtikis moTxovnebi: Tamasuqi, gakotreba da dazRveva. Sua saukuneebis periodSi, safrangeTSi moqmedi samarTlis sabatono xasiaTi gamovlinda vaWrobisa da samrewvelo warmoebis mravalricxovan SezRudvebSic. meurneobis am dargebis warmoSoba, istoriulad, dakavSirebuli iyo, samefo qartiebsa da saqalaqo samarTlis normebSi asaxul, saqalaqo cxovrebis wodebriv-korporaciul organizaciasTan. saxelosno amqrebsa da savaWro gildiebisaTvis privilegiebis miniWebiT, Sua saukuneebis samarTali ga-daulaxav winaRobvas awesebda kerZo meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis da zRudavda Tavisufali nebis gamovlenas, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis sferoSi. safrangeTSi, wvrilmani samarT-lebrivi reglamentacia gavrcelda ara mxolod amqrebisa da vaWrebis saqmianobaze, aramed warmoebis Sidaorganizaciasa da gamoyenebul teqnologiur procesebze, ramac asaxva pova nedleulis saxeobisa da misi gadamuSavebis wesebis detalur gansazRvraze, sawarmoo procesis, mza produqciis kalkulaciasa da xarisxis dadgenaze. xelosnobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebis pirvel etapze, gansakuTrebiT sabatono TviTnebobis pirobebSi, samrewvelo da savaWro saqmianobisaTvis zusti samarTlebrivi CarCoebis dadgena, xels uwyobda ara mxolod maT mowesrigebas, aramed samarTlebrivi dacvis uzrunvelyofas. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi, dawvrilmanebuli reglamentaciiT, samrewvelo gaerTianebebi da savaWro monopoliebi gadaulaxav winaRobas awydebodnen, maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebis Tval-sazrisiT.

III. saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTali

safrangeTSi qorwinebisa da ojaxis sakiTxebs awesrigebda kanonikuri samarTali. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, samefo xelisufleba Seecada ganemtkicebina saxelmwifos gavlena saojaxo-sa-qorwino urTierTobebze da, ramdenime ordonansis gamocemiT, daarRvia qorwinebisadmi miZRv-nili saeklesio samarTlis normebi. TviT qorwineba, miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlavindeburad saeklesio CanawerebiT fiqsirdeboda, ukve ara mxolod religiur saidumloebad, aramed samoqalaqo mdgomareobis aqtadac ganixileboda. gadaixeda Zveli kanonikuri wesi, romlis ZaliT, qorwinebaSi SemsvlelTaTvis savaldebulo ar iyo mSoblebis Tanxmoba. amieridan, mSoblebis nebis damrRvevi Svilebi kargavdnen memkvidreobis uflebas. garda amisa, XVII sau-kuneSi mSoblebma moipoves, parizis parlamentisadmi saCivriT mimarTvis ufleba, Tu mRvdeli (kiure) gabedavda da meqorwineebs daaqorwineda, mSoblebis Tanxmobis gareSe. vinaidan, kanonikuri samarTlis ZaliT, dauSvebeli iyo qorwinebis Sewyveta, parlaments ar SeeZlo qorwinebis baTilad cnoba da amitom, es ukanaskneli, qorwinebas ukanonod dadebulad acxadebda, rac iwvevda iuridiuli Sedegis ararsebobas. meuRleebs Soris warmoSobili piradi urTierTobebic (qmris xelisuflebis uzenaesoba, colis misdami upirobo morCileba, Tanacxovrebis da erTWerqveS cxovrebis movaleoba) kanonikuri samarTliT wesrigdeboda. Tumca, safrangeTis samxreT da CrdiloeT nawilebSi, gansxvavebulad wesrigdeboda ojaxSi Svilebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba da, meuRleebs

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Soris arsebuli, qonebrivi urTierTobebi. CveulebiTi samarTlis qveyanaSi mSoblis xelisufleba ganixileboda, rogorc Taviseburi meurveoba, romelic SenarCunebuli iyo Svilebis srulwlovanebamde. qveynis imave nawilSi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, romis samarTlis gavleniT, Camoyalibda Svilebze mamis Zlieri xelisufleba, Tumca aqve moqme-debda qmrisa da colis qonebis gancalkevebuli reJimi. gvianSuasaukuneebis periodSi, romis samarTlis normebis gavleniT, Semcirda colis qonebrivi samarTalsubieqtobis moculoba. samxreT safrangeTSi, qmris unebarTvod dadebuli yvela garigeba baTilad iqna miCneuli. xolo, CrdiloeTSi, piruku, gauqmda qonebis TanamesakuTruli reJimis savaldebuloba da TiToeul meuRles mieniWa meti Tavisufleba, raTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT gadaewyvitaT qonebrivi sakiTxebi. aRniSnuli periodis safran-geTSi, kidev ufro ganmtkicda mSoblebis Zalaufleba Svilebis mimarT da, romis samarTlis gavleniT, am ukanasknelT ekrZalebodaT raime garigebis dadeba, mSoblebis (gansakuTrebiT mamis) nebarTvis gareSe. samefo administraciam mamas uflebac ki mianiWa urCi Svili sapyrobileSi moeTavsebina. franguli memkvidreobiTi samarTlis damaxasiaTebel instituts warmoadgenda maiorati, anu saadgilmamulo qonebis memkvidreobiT gadacema, gardacvlili mamkvidreblis ufrosi vaJiSvilisaTvis. maioratis principiT Tavidan iqna acilebuli sabatono senioriebisa da saglexo meurneobebis xelovnuri daqucmaceba. memkvidres evaleboda umcros (arasrul-wlovan) da-Zmebze zrunva da gasaTxovari debis gamziTva. samxreT safrangeTSi, romis samarTlis gavleniT, farTod gavrcelda anderZismieri memkvidreoba. am institutis damkvidrebas aqtiurad uwyobda xels kaTolikuri eklesiac, radgan mamkvidreblis ukanask-neli nebis aRmsruleblebad gamodiodnen swored samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebi da, Tanac mamkvidrebeli, eklesiis sasargeblod, xSirad adgenda legats (saanderZo danakisrs). eklesiis gavleniT, anderZiT memkvidreoba CveulebiTi samarTlis qveyanaSic ikidebs fexs. Tumca, CrdiloeT safrangeTSi, memkvidreobis es saxe arsebiTad izRudeboda, kanonismieri memkvidreebis sasargeblod. qveynis am nawilSi moqmedebda wesi, rom kanoniT memkvidres, saanderZo gankargulebiT, ver datovebdnen samkvidros miRma, Tu mamkvidrebels saamisod ar eqneboda seriozuli mizezi.

g) franguli sisxlis samarTali

I. sisxlis samarTlis materialuri nawili

IX-XI saukuneebSi, safrangeTSi jer kidev moqmedebda danaSaulisa da sasjelis is sistema, romelic cnobili iyo adreuli Sua saukuneebis periodSi. danaSauli kvlavindeburad ganixileboda kerZo wyenad anu calkeuli piris interesebis xelmyof qmedebad; sasjeli ar gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli odiozurobiT da warmoadgenda mxolod kerZo pirisaTvis miyene-buli zianis kompensacias. Tumca, XI-XII saukuneebSi, sakmaod mkveTrad gamoixata, sisxlis samarTlisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli sabatono niSnebi. danaSauli aRar ganixileba mxolod kerZo wyenad da mas aRiqvamdnen “mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis darRvevad”, anu sabatono wesrigis xelmyof qmedebad. amave periodSi ganviTarda sisxlis samarTlis iseTi Tvisebani, rogoric iyo: bralis gareSe sislis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis daweseba; sasjelis odiozuroba da gansakuTrebuli simkacre; danaSaulis Semadgenlobis gaurkvevloba. sabatono sisxlis samarTals axasiaTebda kidev erTi arsebiTi niSani: TviT seniorebs Soris (erTmaneTis mimarT), danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebda e.w. “TanasworTa sasa-marTlo”, romelic saqmes ixilavda, sabatono Rirsebis Sesaxeb warmodgenis safuZvelze; xolo, Tu danaSaulSi braldebuli iyo glexi, mis mimarT, mosamarTleobasa da kanonmdeblad qcevas TviT misi seniori kisrulobda. seniori uflebamosili iyo, glexebis mimarT, sisxlis-samarTlebrivi represiebi gaetarebina yvelaze umniSvnelo gadacdomis SemTxvevaSic ki, maT Soris sabatono gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis gamo. saxelmwifos centralizaciisa da samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis pirobebSi, XIII-XV saukuneebSi, arsebiTad SeizRuda senioraluri iurisdiqcia da gaizarda samefo kanonmdeblobis roli sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi, romelic sul ufro represiul xasiaTs iZenda. amave periodSi gafarTovda im saqmeTa wre, romlebic miekuTvna “mZime danaSaulis” kategorias, anu e.w. “samefo SemTxvevebi”, kerZod: yalbi fulis moWra, mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, cecxlis wakideba da sxva. samefo kanonmdebloba aqtiurad Caeria religiur sferoSi da mniSvnelovnad ganavrco kanonikuri samarTlis normebi. kerZod, jer kidev 1268

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wels, mefe lui IX-m gamosca ordonansi, romelic specialur sasjels awesebda RvTismgmobelTaTvis. amavdroulad, gaCnda danaSaulis ramdenime Semadgenloba, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo “misi udidebulesobis” Seuracxyofis cnebasTan. danaSaulis, rogorc “kerZo saqmis” Sesaxeb warmodgena sabolood aRmoifxvra 1357 wlis “martis didi ordonansiT”, romelic gulisxmobda, danaSaulis sanacvlod, fuladi kompensaciis dawesebas. wodebaTa moTxovniT, mefes aekrZala, mZime danaSaulSi braldebuli pirebis Sewyaleba. 1789 wlis revoluciamde, ama Tu im piris mimarT dadgenili sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba, ganisazRvreboda piris wodebrivi kuTvnilebis Sesabamisad. Tavadaznaurobis mimarT, sxeulebrivi sasjelis gamoyeneba daiSveboda mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevaSi da maT, ZiriTadad, sasjelis saxiT ufardebdnen jarimis gadaxdas da qonebis konfiskacias; amavdroulad, mosamarTleebs ekrZalebodaT Tavadaznaurebis sikvdiliT dasja CamoxrCobiT. Tumca, aRsa-niSnavia is garemoeba, rom saglexo ajanyebis CaxSobis dros, saerTod ugulebelyofili iyo kanonierebis cneba, sasamarTlo da preiudiciur dasjas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebani. Aamis magaliTad gamodgeba cnobili Jakeria _ 1358 wlis saglexo omi, romlis Sedegad, sasamarTlos gareSe, sikvdiliT daisaja 20 aTasze meti adamiani. Suasaukunovan frangul samarTalSi daiSveboda obieqturi Seracxva, anu bralis gareSe sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis daweseba. kerZod, samefo kanonebi iTvaliswinebdnen saqalaqo korporaciebis wevrebisa da im pirTa ojaxis wevrebis koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas, romlebic politikuri danaSaulis CadenaSi iyvnen braldebulni. Kkanonmdebloba da kutiumebi icnobdnen Seracxaobis cnebas, anu adamianis unars, gaeTvaliswinebina sakuTari qmedebis mniSvneloba, fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisad. Tumca, mTeli rigi danaSaulis gamo, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba, Wkuasustebisa da mcirewlovanTa mimarT iyo Sefardebuli (mag.,”misi udidebulesobis pirovnebis SeuracxyofisaTvis”). sisxlis samarTlebriv devnas eqvemdebareboda damnaSavis gvami, agreTve is cxovelebi da usulo sag-nebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, gamxdariyo adamianis sikvdilis mizezi. absolutizmis epoqis kanonmdeblobam sakmaod detalurad gansazRvra im danaSaulis Semad-genloba, romelic Cadenili iyo mefis, safrangeTis saxelmwifosa da kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg. amasTan dakavSirebiT, arsebiTad gafarTovda “misi udidebulesobis Seu-racxyofis” cnebis mniSvneloba. yvelaze mZime danaSaulad iTvleboda mefis, misi ojaxis wevrebis Seuracxyofa da qveynis winaaRmdeg ajanyebisa da SeTqmulebis mowyoba. XVII saukuneSi, riSelies dros, Seiqmna “misi udidebulesobis Seuracxyofis” danaSaulis “meore safexuri”, romelic gulisxmobda mefis ministrebis, samefo jarebis meTaurTa, provinciebis gubernatorTa da sxva samefo maRalCinosanTa winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebas, omis dros _ Ralats, dezertirobas, jaSuSobas, mefis Tanxmobis gareSe, samxedro cixe-simagris mSeneblobis akrZalvas. sakmaod mravalferovani iyo religiuri danaSaulis wre: RvTisgmoba, mkrexeloba, misnoba-jadoqroba, eretikosoba. eretikosobisa da sxva religiuri danaSaulis cneba Zalzed bundovani iyo da viTardeboda franguli saxelmwifoebriobis evoluciis Sesabamisad. 1547 wels, mefe anri II-m gamosca ediqti, romelmac saTave daudo eretikosebis masobriv devnas, rac kidev ufro gamwvavda reformaciis periodSi. eretikosebis masobrivi devnis kulminaciad iqca 1572 wlis 18 agvistos cnobili “barTolomes Rame”, roca, sasa-marTlos gareSe, amoxoces 2 aTasze meti kalvinisti _ hugenoti. amave ediqtis safuZvelze, hugenotebis masobrivi represiebi grZeldeboda XVI-XVII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, vidre 1628 wels, riSelies brZanebiT, ar iqna dangreuli hugenotebis ukanaskneli dasayrdeni _ la-roSelis cixe-simagre. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis adreul etapze, roca adgili hqonda glexebis masobriv gaRatakebas da lukma puris saSovnelad maTi soflebidan qalaqebSi gandevnas, samefo xelisuflebam gaatara sisxlis-samarTlebrivi represiebis specialuri RonisZiebani im miz-niT, rom, mawanwala da maTxovrobiT mcxovrebTagn, Seqmniliyo daqiravebuli Sromis iafi muSa-xeli. revoluciamdel periodSi, samefo kanonmdeblobam SemoiRo wesi, romlis Tanaxmad, is pirebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT saarsebo minimumi da maTxovrobiT irCendnen Tavs, iZulebis wesiT, igzavnebodnen galerebze (katorRul samuSaoze). danaSaulis msgavsad, samefo kanonmdebloba awesebda, sakmaod vrceli da gaurkveveli Sinaarsis mqone, sasjelis saxeebs. sasjelis Sefardeba da misi saxeobis SerCeva damo-kidebuli iyo sasamarTlos nebaze, romelic aucileblad iTvaliswinebda braldebulis wodebriv kuTvnilebas. sasjelis mizani iyo damnaSavis da, zogadad, sazogadoebis daSineba da SurisZieba. sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCenis aRsruleba sajarod xdeboda, raTa msjavrdebulis tanjva-wamebas gamoewvia damswreTa daSineba. sasjeli iTvaliswinebda sikvdiliT dasjis odiozur wesebs: damnaSavis cocxlad koconze dawva, danawevreba, cxenebsSua Cabma da gaxleCa. Zalzed mravalferovani iyo asoTmiRebiTi da sxeulebrivi sasjelis saxeebi: enis, kidurebis mokveTa, gaxurebuli maSebiT xorcis mogleja da sxva.

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farTod iyenebdnen sapatimro sasjelsac, romelsac, adreul periodSi, mxolod saeklesio sasamarTloebi ufardebdnen damnaSaves. ZiriTadi da damatebiTi sasjelis saxiT, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo qonebis konfiskaciac. sasjelis aRniSnuli saxe samefo xelisuflebis interesSi Sedioda, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme exeboda burJuaziis did qonebas. frangul sisxlis samarTalSi mkveTrad gamovlinda, Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, iseTi specifikuri niSani, rogoricaa, Cadenil danaSaulsa da misTvis gaTvaliswinebul sasjels Soris, Seusabamoba, rasac kidev ufro amZafrebda samefo sasamarTloebis TviTneboba, romlebic borotad sargeblobdnen iseTi sasjelis gamoyenebiT, rogoric iyo qonebis konfiskacia, rac msxvili burJuaziis ukmayofilebas iwvevda da, ris gamoc revo-luciamdeli sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba kritikis qar-cecxlSi gaatares, am ukanasknelis mowinave nawilis ideologebma.

II. sasamarTlo procesis ganviTareba, Sua saukuneebis safrangeTSi

XII saukunis bolomde franguli sasamarTlo procesi inarCunebda sabraldebo xasiaTs. didi gavrceleba pova sasamarTlo orTabZolam, romlis ganxorcieleba xdeboda rogorc mxareTa TanxmobiT, ise erT-erTi mxaris moTxovniT, roca procesis romelime monawile eWvmitanili iyo cru braldebaSi. CveulebiTi samarTali detalurad awesrigebda sasamarTlo orTa-brZolis Catarebis wesebs. senioralur sasamarTloSi, glexebis mier Cadenili samarTaldarRvevis saqmeebze, jer kidev XI saukunidan, tradiciuli mtkicebulebebis gverdiT, farTod gamoiyeneboda wamebiT Cvenebis miReba, ris gamoc sasamarTlo procesi kargavda SejibriTobiT xasiaTs da iZenda inkvi-ziciuri (samZebro) procesis Tvisebebs. inkviziciuri procesi, Tavdapirvelad, moqmedebda romis kaTolikuri eklesiisadmi daqvemdebarebul sasamarTloebSi, xolo XIII saukunidan mas farTod iyenebdnen samefo da senioralur sasamarTloebSic. XV saukunis bolomde procesis samZebro da sabraldebo formebi Tanaarsebobdnen TiTqmis paralelurad. Tumca, sabraldebo procesi TandaTanobiT gauqmda, radgan xmarebidan gamovida misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mtki-cebulebis saxe _ e.w. RvTis msjavri _ ordalebis sistema da sasamarTlo orTabrZola. samZebro procesis saboloo damkvidreba moxda absolutizmis xanaSi, rasac xeli Seuwyo samefo aqtebis gamocemam: 1498 wlis ediqtma, 1539 wlis ediqtma da 1670 wlis didma sisxlis-samarTlebrivma ordonansma. marTalia, Tavdapirvelad, samZebro process ewodeboda eqstra-ordinaluri, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, misi gamoyeneba iZenda sayovelTao xasiaTs, gansa-kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani sisxlis-samarTlebrivi saqmeebis mimarT.

2) inglisuri samarTalganviTareba, Sua saukuneebis periodSi

a) samarTlis wyaroebis evolucia

normandiuli dinastiis pirveli mefeebis politika mimarTuli iyo "Zveli da keTili anglo-saqsuri Cveulebebis" dacvisa da SenarCunebisaken. am periodSi, savaraudod, ukve Camoyalibda inglisuri samarTlis myari istoriuli memkvidreobiTobis tradicia, xolo misi normebis dacvis mTavari garantis roli mieniWa Zlier samefo xelisuflebas, romelic aqtiurad uwyobda xels saerTosa-xelmwifoebrivi samefo sasamarTloebis sistemis Seqmnas. XII saukuneSi, mefe henri II-is zeobaSi, safuZveli eyreba gamsvleli samefo sasamarTloebis saqmianobas, romlebic pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli qveynis e.w. "saerTo samarTlis" (Common

Law) CamoyalibebasTan. "saerTo samarTlis" safuZvelze, gamsvleli samefo sasamarTloebi, upirveles yovlisa, ganixilavdnen "samefo (gvirgvinis) davebs", anu iseT saqmeebs, romlebic uSualod ukavSirdeboda samefo xazinaSi Semosavlebis mozidvas, kerZod: monarqis sabatono uflebebis Sesaxeb, ganZis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb, saeWvo sikvdilisa da samefo mSvidobis darRvevis Sesaxeb, samefos Tanamdebobis pirebis mier, xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb samarTal-darRvevebs. garda amisa, gamsvleli sasamarTlo sesiebi ganixilavdnen "saerTo davebs", anu "xalxis davebsac" im arzebis Sesaxeb, romliTac xalxi mefes mimarTavda da moiTxovda mefis marTlmsajulebas. swored aseTi "saerTo davebis" ganmxilvel, pirvel centralur samefo sasamarTlod iqca, 1180 wels Seqmnili, "saerTo davebis" sasamarTlo. XIII saukunis dasawyisSi, mefisaTvis wardgenili saCivrebis ganxilvis funqcia gadaeca "samefo skamis sasamarTlos". gamsvlelma sasamarTloebma daiwyes adgilobrivi CveulebiTi samarTlis normebis unificireba da, samefo kancelariis meSveobiT, Camoayalibes "saerTo samarTali". amasTanave, samefo kancelaria gamoscemda brZanebebs (write) (rogorc wesi,

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dazaralebuli mxaris gancxadebis safuZvelze), romelic Seicavda, mopasuxis an Serifis mimarT moTxovnebs, raTa am ukanasknels Seesrulebina an aRmoefxvra momCivanis darRveuli uflebebi. mogvianebiT, gamoica specialuri sasamarTlo brZanebebi, romelTa moTxovnebi, uSualod, mopasuxis mimarT iyo gamoTqmuli, kerZod: "gamocxaddi CvenTan an, vestminsterSi, Cveni mosamarTleebis winaSe da gaeci pasuxi aRniSnul saCivarze", anu aRiare an uareyavi sxva piris darRveuli ufleba. droTa ganmavlobaSi, brZanebebSi naTlad iqna Camoyalibebuli moTxovnis, sarCelis saxe; moxda brZanebebis klasificireba, samarTaldarRvevaTa saxeebis mixedviT. mosarCele namdvilad rwmundeboda, rom Tu misi uflebis darRveva, romelic iqneboda Sesabamiss brZanebaSi gamoxatuli, sasamarTloSi dadasturdeboda, is moigebda sadao saqmes. aRniSnuli amocanis gadaWras emsaxurebodnen, henri II-is asizebi (asiza iyo henri II-is sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da sarCelTa formebi), romlebmac daadgines miwis Sesaxeb, samoqalaqo davebis ganxilvis, erTgvarovani wesebi. asizebs Soris yvelaze cnobili da upiratesi Zalis mqone iyo e.w. "didi asiza" (romelic gulisxmobda miwaze, samarTlebrivi titulis dadgenis Sesaxeb, sarCelis gansakuTrebul formas), klarendonis (1166 weli) da northemptonis (1176) asizebi, romlebic gamoica rogorc gamsvleli sasamarTlos saqmianobis instruqcia. vinaidan "saerTo samarTlis" ganviTarebis adreul etapze, samefo brZanebebi gamoicemoda yoveli konkretuli saqmis irgvliv, ukve XIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, maTi raodenoba imde-nad gaizarda, rom SeuZlebeli gaxda maTi Sinaarsis garkveva, ris gamoc, amave periodSi "saerTo samarTlis" irgvliv, gamoica e.w. brZanebaTa reestrebi (Taviseburi sarCevebi), romlebSic brZanebebi fiqsirdeboda sarCelTa nimuSebis saxiT, anu maT miecaT mkacrad iuridiuli forma. am droidan moyolebuli, mxareebs aekrZalaT sakuTari uflebebis Tavisufali dasabuTeba da isini valdebuli iyvnen, damorCilebodnen brZanebaTa nimuSebs, rac, Tavis mxris, aucileblad gamoiwvevda brZanebaTa sistemis konservacias da sasarCelo

moTxovnaTa axali formulebis Seqmnis Seferxebas. asec moxda. Tu samefo kancelariis meTauri _ lord-kancleri, sakuTari iniciativiT, moisurvebda raime brZanebis gamocemas, mosamarTleebs SeeZloT mis aRsrulebaze uaris Tqma. axali brZanebis gamocemis SezRudva aisaxa 1258 wels gamocemul e.w. oqsfordis proviziebSi, anu maSin, roca gamwvavda dapirispireba msxvil miwaTmflobelebs (baronebs _ lend-lordebs) da mefes Soris. mefis saxelze Semosuli da dakmayofilebis gareSe darCenili saCivrebis nakadi imdenad didi iyo, rom inglisis mefe iZulebuli gaxda 1285 wels gamoeca e.w. vestminsteris statuti, romlis ZaliT, "brZanebaTa reestris" mcveli lord-kancleri ganavrcobda "saerTo samarTlis" moqmedebis sferos, analogiis xerxis gamoyenebiT da axali brZanebebis gamocemis gziT. "brZanebaTa reestri" Seivso e.w. universaluri sarCeliT, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo "yoveli mocemuli SemTxvevisaTvis". Tumca, esec droebiTi RonisZieba iyo da misi meSveobiT SeuZlebeli iqneboda yvela cxovrebiseuli viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. "Common

Law" ganagrZobda konservacias. XV saukunidan moyolebuli, kancleri aRar adgenda brZanebis formulas; maT werda TviTon mosamarTle, Tumca is aucileblad miarTmevda brZanebis formulas mefes, sarCelis samefo beWdiT damowmebis mizniT. "Common Law"-s normebis Seqmnis meore wyaros warmoadgenda TviT gamsvleli samefo sasamarTlo sesiebis sasamarTlo praqtika. sasamarTlo saqmeebis irgvliv Canawerebis warmoeba (jer mxareTa mokle gancxadebis, Semdeg davis dawvrilebiTi aRwerisa da sasa-marTlo gadawyvetilebis motivaciis formiT) iwyeba TviT gamsvleli sasamarTloebis institutis Seqmnis dRidan. XIII saukunis dasawyisidan, sasamarTlo oqmebis gamoqveyneba moxda e.w. "davebis gragnilebis" formiT. maTSi Sesuli muxlebi (sarCelis dakmayofilebis motivacia) adasturebda, ama Tu im, Cveulebis arsebobas da is, samomavlo precedentis saxiT, gamosadegi xdeboda Semdgomi sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis. Tumca, Canawerebis qaoturi xasiaTi mniSvnelovnad urTulebda mosamarTles, misTvis saWiro monacemebis moZiebas. XIII saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, mosamarTleebi, yvelaze mniSvnelovani sasamarTlo saqmeebis Sesaxeb, cnobebs iRebdnen oficialuri angariSebis "yovelwliuri krebulebidan". 1553 wlidan am krebulebis nacvlad, SemoiRes, kerZo Semdgenelis mier Seqmnili, sistematizirebuli sasamarTlo angariSebi. sasamarTlo saqmeebis masalebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, Camoyalibeba daiwyo sasamarTlo precedentis Teoriam, romelic jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli. wina periodis samefo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebSi ganmtkicebuli, saxelmZRvanelo principi garkveuli samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, TandaTanobiT, iZenda nimuSis Zalas, Tu adgili eqneboda, samomavlod, analogiuri Sinaarsis sakiTxis ganxilvas. XIV saukuneSi, inglisSi swrafad viTardeba sabazro, kerZomesakuTruli urTierTobebi, Tumca isini adekvatur asaxvas ver pouloben "saerTo samarTlis" normebSi, romelTa formalizmi pirdapir uSlida xels am urTierTobebis mowesrigebas. maSin ismis SekiTxva: ratom ver

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moxerxda, rom kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, inglisSi ganxor-cielebuliyo romis samarTlis mza receptebiT? pasuxi unda veZioT, upirveles yovlisa, inglisuri sasamarTloebis formirebis istoriaSi. normandiulma dapyrobam inglisi miuaxlova kontinenturi evropis inteleqtualur cxovrebas. uiliam konkvereris dapyrobiTi eqspediciis Semdeg, maleve, boloniis universitetSi, iustinianes digestebis Sesaxeb, leqciebis kiTxvas iwyebs cnobili iuristi irneriusi, xolo mogvianebiT, kidev erTi iuristi _ gracianusi hqmnis sakuTar "dekretebs", romlebic safuZvlad daedo kanonikur samarTals. romisa da kanonikuri samarTlis saswavlo kursebi ikiTxeba oqsfordSi, xolo kanonikuri samarTlis skolebi iqmneba eklesia-monastrebSi. pirveli ingliseli mosamarTleebi, anu klasikosebi da moxeleebi, ar iyvnen moklebuli romis samarTlebrivi kulturis miRwevebs. Tumca, XIII saukunis bolodan, eduard I-is zeobis xanaSi, mosamarTleebad iniSnebian profesionalebi. swored am periodidan yalibdeba mosa-marTleTa Caketili korporaciebi, romlebsac gaaCndaT sakuTari samflobeloebi. aRniSnul samflobeloebSi mimdinareobda mosamarTleTa da samarTaldamcavTa (baristerebi da soli-siterebi) momzadeba. ingliselma mosamarTleebma moaxdines inglisuri marTlwesrigis monopolizacia, riTac isini icavdnen sakuTar profesiul interesebs da gamodiodnen "saerTo samarTlis" apologetebad; Tanac, amkvidrebdnen mis upirobo upiratesobas romis samarTlis winaSe. aRniSnuli periodis ingliseli samarTalmcodneebis mtkicebiT, isini samaraTals ki ar hqmnidnen, aramed, kidev erTxel, adasturebdnen misi normebis mudmiv arsebobas. amrigad, "saerTo samarTlis" TviTmyobadma sistemam, ukve XIV saukuneSi, myarad daimkvidra adgili mTeli qveynis masStabiT da iqca, saxelmwifoSi, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mTavar regulatorad. "saerTo samarTlis" zogadi uunarobis, formalizmis, siZviris da mouqnelobis Sedegad, XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi, inglisSi yalibdeba "samarTlianobis sasamarTlo" da kidev erTi samarTlis sistema _ "samarTlianobis samarTali"(aequity). "samarTlianobis samarTlis" sayovelTaod aRiarebuli cneba asocirdeba samarTlis iseT niSanTan, rogoricaa misi "bunebrivi samarTlianoba". Tu dazaralebuli piri mefes "RvTiuri mowyalebis" TxovniT mimarTavda da samarTals ver "miiRebda" "saerTo sasamarTloSi", lord-kancleri gascemda brZanebas, raTa xelmyofi gamocxadebuliyo kancleris sasamarTloSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas emuqreboda dajarimeba. kancleris sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis gamotana xdeboda yovelgvari formalobis gareSe. Tu sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba Wianurdeboda, msjavrdebulis mier, an is saerTod uars ambobda mis Sesrulebaze, mas emuqreboda patimroba, kancleris specialuri brZanebis safuZvelze, sasamarTlos mimarT upativcemulo damokidebulebis gamo. XIV saukunis dasawyisSi, mefe eduard II-is zeobaSi, lord-kancleris aparati sabolood iqca "samarTlianobis sasamarTlo organod", romelic ar iyo SeboWili "saerTo samarTlis" normebiT da xelmZRvanelobda mxolod "samarTlianobis samarTliT". "samarTlianobis samarTals" ar gaaCnda mkacri determinireba da mravali sakiTxis gadawyveta mosamarTlis nebaze iyo damokidebuli, rac uTuod gamoiwvevda, mTeli rigi iseTi SezRudvebisa da principebis SemuSavebas, romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneboda "samarTlianobis" instrumentad. "samarTlianobis samarTlis" ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa nawili saTaves iRebda "saerTo samarTlis" normebidan, XIV saukuneSi Camoyalibda garkveuli sistemis saxiT. aRniSnulma principebma dRemde SeinarCunes Zala. "samarTlianobis samarTlis" ZiriTadi principebia: 1) "samarTlianobis samarTali" aris "mefis wyaloba", da ara dazaralebulis upirobo ufleba; 2) "samarTlianobis samarTlis" gamoyeneba dauSvebelia yvela samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan is atarebs diskreciul xasiaTs anu damokidebulia sasamarTlos Sexedulebaze; 3) "samarTlianobis samarTlis" miniWeba ar unda arRvevdes im pirTa uflebebs, romlebsac icavs "saerTo samarTali", Tu aRniSnuli pirebi ar Caidenen iseT samarTal-darRvevas, romlis Sedegadac, maTi interesebis dacva, pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlianobis cnebas; 4) Tu "samarTlianobis samarTlisa" da "saerTo samarTlis" normebs Soris warmoiSveba kolizia, upiratesoba eniWeba am ukanasknels; 5) Tu kolizia warmoiSveba "samarTlianobis samarTlis" normebs Soris, upiratesoba eniWeba im uflebebs, romelTa warmoSoba, drois mixedviT, ufro adre moxda; 6) Tanasworoba _ samarTlianoba, anu is, vinc samarTlianobas eZebs, TviTon unda moiqces samarTlianad; 7) "samarTlianobis samarTali" aRiarebs kanonis upiratesobas, Tumca dauSveblad miiCnevs kanonze miTiTebas, uRirsi qmedebis Cadenis an gamarTlebis mizniT. "samarTlianobis samarTali" imisTvis ar Seqmnila, rom Seecvala "saerTo samarTali", aramed - imisaTvis, rom am ukanasknelisaTvis meti efeqturoba mieca da gaeTavisuflebina is Zveli formebisagan, raTa daculi yofiliyo, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa, darRveuli

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an daucveli uflebebi da interesebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba ver moxerxda, "saerTo samarTlis" normebis mixedviT. Tu, Tavdapirvelad, "samarTlianobis samarTali" mxolod avsebda "saerTo samarTlis" normebs, droTa ganmavlobaSi, istoriuli garemoebebis Secvlis kvalobaze, maT Soris warmoiSva mkveTri dapirispireba, rasac didad Seuwyo xeli 1616 wlis movlenebma, kerZod: "saerTo davebis" sasamarTlos mosamarTlem e. kokma, vestminsterSi, eWvqveS daayena "samarTlianobis sasamarTlos" kompetencia, "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mimarT. konfliqturi viTarebis gamwvavebas inspirirebda kancleris sasamarTlos brZanebebi, romlebic pirdapir krZalavdnen, "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTlos zogierTi gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas. inglisis boloswina absolutma mefem _ jeims I-ma, aRniSnuli konfliqti gadaWra "samarTlianobis sasamarTlos" sasargeblod, vinaidan misi mosamarTleebi mxars uWerdnen monarqis absolutur da SeuzRudav xelisuflebas, mis SesaZleblobas, "sakuTari moxeleebis meSveobiT", Careuliyo marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebaSi. mefem gamosca brZanebuleba, romlis ZaliT, "saerTo samarTlis" da "samarTlianobis samarTlis" normebs Soris, koliziis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba eniWeboda am uka-nasknelT, ramac mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica, isedac sakmaod avtoritetuli, samarTlis sistemis qmediToba, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis aspeqtSi. precedentuli samarTlis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi moiTxovda ingliseli samarTalmcodneebis naSromTa gulmodgine Seswavlas, miTumetes, rom ingliseli mecnierebi, Tavidanve, aqtiurad monawilebdnen, orive samarTlis sistemis irgvliv samecniero Txzu-lebebis SemuSavebaSi. samarTlis Sesaxeb pirveli inglisuri traqtati, Cndeba jer kidev XII saukuneSi. misi avtori gaxldaT, mefe henri II-is iusticiari _ glenvili. aRniSnuli traqtati warmoadgenda samefo sasamarTloebis brZanebaTa komentarebs. "saerTo samarTlis" normebis Zalzed dawvrilebiTi ganmartebebi mocemulia "samefo skamis" mosamarTlis _ braqtonis (XIII s.) naSromSi, romelSic gamoyenebuli iyo iustinianes digestebis xuTasamde amonaridi, Tumca _ maTi pirdapiri dasaxelebis gareSe. XV saukunidan Cndeba samecniero traqtatebi, samarTlis Zalzed rTuli da mniSvnelovani problematikis irgvliv, kerZod: statuturi samarTlis normebi, romelTa mniSvneloba, drois kvalobaze, sul ufro mzardi iyo. XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, xsenebulma e. kokma Seqmna "inglisis kanonebis instituciebi", romlebic Sedgeboda oTxi wignisagan. pirveli wigni exeboda ingliseli mecnieris liTltonis naSromis "saadgilmamulo uZravi qonebis pyrobis Sesaxeb" komentarebs, meoreSi _ asaxuli iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani statutebi, mesame _ eZRvneboda sisxlis samarTlis normebs, xolo meoTxe _ sasamarTlo mowyobasa da samarTalwarmoebis sakiTxebs. inglisuri sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi gaxSirda, yvelaze gamo-Cenili mecnieri-iuristebis naSromebis mixedviT, saqmeebis gadawyveta, ramac, arsebiTad, ganapiroba inglisuri samarTlis kidev erTi wyaros _ doqtrinuli samarTlis Camoyalibeba. Sua saukuneebis periodSi, inglisur samarTalSi precedentuli normebis batonobis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT gardamaval periodebSi, sakmaod didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda samefo kanonmdeblobasa da statutur samarTals. samefo kanonSemoqmedeba gansakuTrebiT gafar-Tovda postnormandiul periodSi, kerZod _ uiliam konkvereris zeobaSi. mefe uiliamis pirveli kanonebi exeboda, samefo xelisuflebasa da qristianul eklesias Soris, urTi-erTobebis mogvarebas. 1114 wlidan Cndeba samefo kanonmdeblobis pirveli krebuli. samefo kanonebs ewodeboda asizebi, qartiebi, Tumca maT ufro xSirad moixseniebdnen ordonansebad da statutebad. parlamentis daarsebamde, ufro zustad mefe eduard II-is zeobamde, ar SeiniSneboda gamsxavevaba samefo ordonansebsa da statutebs Soris. Tanda-TanobiT, statuti ewoda im aqts, romelic parlamentis mier iqna miRebuli da mefis mier damowmebuli. statuti _ saparlamento aqti, Suasakunovani inglisuri samarTlis sxva wyaroebisagan imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom misi kanoniereba ver gaxdeboda sasamarTlo gansjis sakiTxi, gansxvavebiT misi axsna-ganmartebis sakiTxisa. Tavdapirvelad, statuti im adgilis saxelwodebas iZenda, sadac xdeboda misi Seqmna (mag., 1235 wlis mertonis statuti, 1276 wlis glosteris statuti). Tumca, Tanamedrove saparlamento aqtisadmi miaxlovebuli, statutis cneba Cndeba 1327 wlidan. am droidan moyolebuli, sakanonmdeblo aqtebis erTi nawili gamoicema "mefisa da sabWos" urTierTSeTanxmebiT, xolo meore nawili _ "parlamentis TanxmobiT". parlamentma daadastura mefis ufleba, "sabWosTan SeTanxmebiT", gamoeca brZanebulebebi da manve daadgina, rom mxolod statuts ZaluZs adrindeli statutis Sinaarsis Secvla. samefo kanonmdeblobis mimarT, SemoRebuli yvela saparlamento SezRudva, uaryofili iqna absoluturi monarqiis periodSi, roca, faqtriurad, mxolod mefis brZanebulebebiT xdeboda yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis mowesrigeba, xolo parlamenti, xSirad, TviTonve aniWebda mefes iseTi brZanebulebebis gamocemis uflebamosilebas, romlebic cvlidnen saparlamento sta-

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tutis Sinaarss. faqtiurad, dadgenili kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis delegirebis praqtika, ganmtkicda 1539 wlis statutiT, romlis ZaliT, mefes mieniWa ufro farTo ufleba-mosilebani, proklamaciebisa da brZanebulebebis gamocemis TvalsazrisiT, maSin, roca "ar tardeboda parlamentis sxdomebi, xolo saWiro iyo, viTarebidan gamomdinare, gadaudebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba". inglisuri Common Law da Statute Law erToblivad hqmnidnen e.w.

Substantive Law. Sua saukuneebis inglisuri samarTlis wyaroTa Soris, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda savaWro da kanonikuri samarTlis normebs. "saerTo samarTlis" konservatiuli formalizmi xels uSlida sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebas, ramac didad ganapiroba inglisur samarTalSi iseTi savaWro da kanonikuri normebis adaptireba, romlebic iqneboda saxelmwifoTaSorisi xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze. mravalricxovani savaWro gaerTianebebis Seqmna pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli inglisuri savaWro sasamarTloebis saqmianobasTan, romelTa samarTlebrivi kompetencia, xSirad, ganmtkicebuli iyo samefo statutebiT. saqme imaSi mdgomareobda, rom inglisis saporto qalaqebSi, romlebic XIII saukunis bolodan, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mniSvnelovan centrebad iqcnen, Saleulis, maudis, liTonis gasaRebis sabiTumo bazrobebTan erTad, iqmneba specialuri sasamarTloebis mTeli qseli (court of the stefle). XIV saukuneSi, sabiTumo vaWrobis wesebis damcveli sasamarTloebi moqmedebda inglisis 614 qalaqSi. inglisis mefeebi mSvenivrad acnobierebdnen, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba, saxelmwifos xazinisaTvis, metad sarfiani saqmianoba iyo da, amis gamo, cdilobdnen waexalisebinaT ara mxolod vaWrebis saqmianoba (ramac asaxva pova Magna Carta-s 41-e muxlSi), aramed savaWro sasamarTloebis moRvaweoba. savaWro sasamarTloebSi Camoyalibda savaWro samarTlis iseTi institutebi, rogoric iyo konvertirebadi Tamasuqi, sadazRvevo polisi, sazRvao sesxi, tvirTis giravnobis uzrunvelyofiT gacemuli sesxi da sxva. aRniSnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa saapelacio instanciad gamodiodnen rogorc samefo, ise kancleris sasamarTloebi. xolo 1353 wels miRebuli statuti, modave mxareebs, pirdapir miuTiTebda savaWro samarTlis normebis gamoyenebaze, riTac sabolood dadginda, rom savaWro sasamarTloebSi saqmis ganxilva xdeboda mxolod savaWro samarTlis da ara "saerTo samarTlis" safuZvelze. Sua saukuneebis inglisSi, saeklesio samarTlisa da saeklesio sasamarTloebis roli da mniSvneloba xan izrdeboda, xan ki mcirdeboda, rac pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli im rTul da gamudmebul brZolasTan, romelic mimdinareobda saero da sasuliero xelisuflebebs Soris, sakuTari iurisdiqciis gafarTovebis mizniT. "yoveli, vinc iqneba dadanaSaulebuli saeklesio mSvidobis darRvevaSi", _ uiliam qonqvereris kanonis Tanaxmad, _ "valdebulia gamocxaddes, episkoposis mier miTiTebul adgilze da iq aanazRauros miyenebuli ziani, rogorc amas moiTxovs ara aseulis (adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organo) Cveuleba, aramed kanonikuri samarTali da saeklesio sasamarTlo”. saeklesio iurisdiqcia ar kmayo-fildeboda mxolod saeklesio sakuTrebis xelyofis, saojaxo urTierTobebis, anderZis datovebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetisa da religiuri danaSaulis dasjiT (eretikosoba, RvTisgmoba, jadosnoba da sxva) da is sakuTar interesebs iCenda, wminda saero xasiaTis, urTierTobebis mimarTac, kerZod, cdilobda sakuTari gavlena moexdina saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis sferozec: "dapirebis darRvevis gamo" Setanili sarCeliT, cdilobda imis damtkicebas, rom adgili hqonda "borotad gamoyenebuli ndobis" codvas, ris gamoc saqme unda gansjiliyo kanonikuri samarTlis normebiT. saeklesio iurisdiqciis gafarTovebis winaaRmdeg mkveTrad gailaSqra mefe henri II-m. misi mefobis dasawyisSi, samefo sasamarTloebma, saeklesio sasamarTloebs pirdapir aukrZales warmoebaSi iseTi sarCelebis miReba, romlebic exeboda qonebisa da valebis Sesaxeb davebs. mefe eduard I-is 1285 wlis statuti saeklesio sasamarTloebs ukrZalavda, "dapirebis darRvevis Sesaxeb" saqmeebis war-moebaSi miRebas im motiviT, rom saqmeTa aRniSnuli kategoria ar ganekuTvneboda "im saeklesio saqmeebis CamonaTvals, romelic saWiroebda zneobriv ganwmendas". miuxedavad amisa, XVI saukunemde, anu henri VIII-is mier, anglikanuri eklesiis damkvidrebamde, aravin ayenebda eWvis qveS papis iurisdiqciis kanonierebas iseTi sakiTxebis mimarT, rogoricaa “rwmenisa da RvTismsaxurebis orTodoqsaluroba, zneobis siwminde, qorwinebis kanoniereba, kanonieri Svilebis statusi, anderZis Sedgena da Senaxva”. Tumca, imave XVI sau-kuneSi, saparlamento aqtiT dadginda, rom inglisSi SenarCunebuli iqneboda kanonikuri samarTlis normebis moqmedeba, Tu, momavalSi, ar moxdeboda aRniSnuli normebis moqmedebis gadaxedva, rac, saboloo jamSi, ganuxorcielebeli darCa. kanonikuri samarTlis moqmedebis gadaxedvasTan dakavSirebiT, miRebuli iqna mxolod erTi kanoni, kerZod: kenterberiisa da iorkis saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebi, romlebic ZalaSi Sevida henri VIII-is dros, ("letters of bisness") saxelwodebiT. aRniSnuli kanonis Tanaxmad, kanonikuri samarTlis normebis

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moqmedeba maSin aris mizanSewonili, Tu isini Seesabameba samefo kanonebs, an "gvirgvinis prerogativas" da "ar ewinaaRmdegeba, an ar arRvevs maT". amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom kano-nikuri samarTlis normebis axsna-ganmarteba kanoniTa da anderZiT memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, Seadgenda "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebis kompetencias.

b) sakuTrebis ufleba

sabatono saadgilmamulo sakuTrebis ufleba mTlianad ganapirobebda inglisuri samarTlis sistemis xasiaTs. misi sirTule dakavSirebuli iyo mraval istoriul movlenasTan, kerZod: Sua saukuneebis periodSi SenarCunebuli iqna Tavisufali glexobis garkveuli fena _ miwis mesakuTreebi; aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom miwis uzenaess mesakuTred iTvleboda inglisis mefe, rac, garkveulwilad, ganapirobebda miwis "pyrobis" sxva sabatono formebis arsebobas. inglisuri sanivTo samarTali icnobda qonebis or jgufs: moZravi da uZravi qoneba, Tumca tradiciuli iyo nivTebis Semdegi klasifikacia: realur (real property) da personalur sakuTrebaSi (personal property) arsebuli nivTebi. nivTebis aRniSnuli klasifikacia Camoya-libda istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad, rac dakavSirebuli iyo im sarCelebis gansxvavebul formebTan, romlebic icavdnen realur da personalur sakuTrebas. inglisuri sabatono saadgilmamulo samarTali, upirveles yovlisa, aRiarebda saadgil-mamulo uflebaTa specialuri saxeobis dacvas, rac SesaZlebeli iyo realuri sarCelebis (real action) meSveobiT. Real action-i iyo absoluturi xasiaTisa da misi wardgena SesaZlebeli iyo nebismieri piris mimarT. realuri sarCelebiT daicveboda sagvareulo uZravi qoneba da, miwaze arsebuli, mxolod is uflebebi, romlebic atarebda Tavisufali pyrobis xasiaTs (mefisa an sxva lordis mier boZebuli sabatono floba). amave uflebaTa CamonaTvals miekuTvneboda sabatono titulis mopovebis ufleba. yvela danarCeni nivTebis dacva xdeboda, personaluri sarCelebis meSveobiT. Personal action-iT SesaZlebeli iyo miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnac. miwas Tavidanve gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava Suasaukunovan inglisur samarTalSi ara mxolod ekonomikuri, aramed politikuri mniSvnelobiT, radgan mefes miwisadmi samxedro-politikuri daintereseba hqonda da is miwas, sabatono lenebis saxiT, gascemda mxolod samxedro da samoqalaqo samsaxuris sanacvlod. miwebis gacema, samefo wyalobis saxiT _ boqlendi _ xdeboda, jer kidev anglo-saqsur periodSi da miwebis amgvari pyroba, folqlendisa ("saxalxo miwebis") da alodiuri miwaTmflobelobis saxiT, moqmedebda winanormandiuli periodis inglisSi. normandielTa dapyrobis Semdeg, inglisur samarTalSi ukve aRar arsebobda miwaze SeuzRudavi, upirobo sakuTrebis ufleba. saadgilmamulo uflebebi aRiniSneboda ori mTavari cnebiT: 1) Tenancy _ floba, pyroba; 2) Estate for life _ mflobelobiTi uflebis moculoba, samarTlebrivi interesis sfero (maTi xangrZlivoba, gasxvisebis SesaZlebloba). floba (tenancy), Tavis mxriv, iyo Tavisufali da damokidebuli. Tavisufali miwaTmflobeloba _ (freehold) _ iyo saraindo samsaxuris sanacvlod an pirobiT miRebuli miwaTmflobeloba (anu piradi samsaxuris uflebiT), agreTve im Tavisufali glexebis miwaTmflobelobis ufleba, romlebic sakuTar mebatones _ lendlords uxdidnen fiqsirebul fulad gadasaxads da Sediodnen mis iurisdiqciaSi (sokaJi). damokidebuli miwaTmflobeloba dakavSirebuli iyo, lendlordis sasargeblod, glexebis mier piradi da saadgilmamulo begaris (Rala da piradi samsaxuri) gadaxdasTan da, droTa ganmavlobaSi, is iqca sabatono ijaris samemkvidreo uflebad, romelsac ewodeboda copyhold, vinaidan aRniSnuli ijaris pirobebi fiqsirdeboda manorialuri sasamarTlos oqmebis aslebSi. Tavdapirvelad, damokidenuli miwaTmflobeloba ar sargeblobda dacvis uflebiT, samefo sasamarTloSi. Tumca, XV saukunidan masTan dakavSirebuli saCivrebi ganixileboda jer kancleris sasamarTloSi, xolo XVI saukunidan (kancleris sasamarTlos gavleniT), _ "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebSic, rasac safuZvlad daedo is fiqcia, rom TiTqos kopiholderma SeiZina "friholderis interesi". Estate-is cneba dRemde moqmedebs inglisur da amerikul saadgilmamulo samarTalSi. aRniSnuli cneba, uZravi qonebis mimarT, warmodgenas gviqmnis ara mxolod mflobelobis uflebis moculobis, aramed, sakuTrebis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli teqnikuri saSualebebis Sesaxeb. Estate-i moicavs pirTa gansakuTrebuli wris uflebebs: masSi Sedian, rogorc dabadebuli (yvela asakobrivi jgufis), ise daubadebeli (Canasaxi) pirebi, romlebic CarTuli arian

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sakuTrebis flobis, misiT sargeblobis, misi gankargvis da maszed kontrolis dawesebis urTierTobebSi. esTeiTis cnebac ganicdida istoriul evolucias. inglisuri samarTlis istoria, Sua saukuneebSi, uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli ingliseli baronebis brZolasTan mamulis Tavisuflad gankargvis Taobaze, vinaidan maT mier samflobeloebis miReba, moiTxovda garkveuli samsaxuris savaldebulo Sesrulebas. 1290 wels gamoica "Quia Emptores" statuti, romlis ZaliT, lords miwis gasxvisebis ufleba mxolod im pirobiT hqonda, rom mis axal SemZenze mTlianad gadadioda samsaxurebrivi movaleobebi. amave statutiT ganmtkicda is moTxovna, rom, eklesiis "mkvdar xelSi", sastikad ikrZaleboda mamulebis nebismieri gziT gadacema. aRniSnuli xasiaTis akrZalva imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom miwaTmflobeloba, iZulebiTi wesiT, unda amoricxuliyo sabatono brunvidan, radgan arc mefes da arc uwindel lords, Tu mas memkvidre ar darCeboda, eklesiis mflobelobidan aRar SeeZloT miwis ukan gamoTxova. sabatono miwaTmflobelobis uflebrivma gafarTovebam, Sua saukuneebis inglisSi, Camoayaliba Tavisufali miwaTmflobelobis yvelaze prestiJuli forma _ (estates in fee simple), romelic, mflobelobis uflebis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze farTo moculobis iyo da TiTqmis utoldeboda kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas. misi kerZo sakuTrebis uflebisgan gansxvaveba, mxolod imaSi mdgomareobda, rom memkvidreTa aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, mamuli beiTalman qonebad (amovardnili ojaxis qoneba) ki ar cxaddeboda, aramed gadadioda uwindeli lordis an misi, Tundac, Soreuli naTesavis xelSi. absoluturad gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi statusi hqonda e.w. "nakrZalis miwebs" (anu estate

in fee tail _ uZrav qonebas). miwebis aRniSnuli kategoria gadadioda mxolod mflobelis kanonieri memkvidris xelSi, kerZod _ ufrosi vaJiSvilis. 1285 wlis statutiT uZravi qonebis Sesaxeb, "nakrZali miwebi" CaiTvala im saojaxo sakuTrebad, romelsac icavda "saerTo samarTli" da maszed pretenziis gancxadeba ekrZaleboda kreditorebsac. am statutis SemqmnelTa mizani iyo ar daeSvaT, masakuTris mier, aRniSnuli qonebis gasxviseba an misi datvirTva, memkvidreebis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, Tundac _ mesakuTris sicocxleSi. Tumca, es akrZalva maleve miiviwyes da uZravis qonebis mflobels unda gadaetana, Zalzed ZviradRirebuli fiqtiuri, sasamarTlo procesi, raTa moepovebina sakuTari mamulis, rogorc "martivi sakuTrebis" gankargvis ufleba. mflobelobiTi uflebebis moculobis aspeqtSi, Tavisufali pyrobis Semdegi ori forma iyo cnobili: 1) samisdReSio mflobeloba (estate for life) da 2) vadiani mflobeloba (garkveuli vadiT – for yares). For life uZrav qonebaze ufleba pirs aRmoucendeboda ara mxolod misi cxovrebis vadiT, aramed _ mesame piris, mag., misi colis sicocxlis vadiTac. miwaze aRniSnuli ufleba iTvleba, "saerTo samarTlisaTvis" cnobil, yvelaze Zvel uflebad. For life miwis mpyrobels, for simple mpyrobelze naklebi uflebebi hqonda, Tumca misi uflebebi aRemateboda for year mpyrobelis uflebebs (for year mpyrobels utoldeboda moijarec). For life mpyrobels hqonda, ara mxolod miwis zedapiris, aramed misi wiaRiseulis gankargvis uflebac, radgan is iyo miwis wiaRis in fee simple mflobelic (mesakuTre). Tumca, for life mpyrobels, uZravi qonebis vadiani moijaris msgavsad, ekisreboda miwisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anaz-Raurebis valdebuleba. is piri, romelic sakuTar miwaze _ uZrav qonebaze daadgenda samisdReSio sakuTrebis tituls, kvlav rCeboda aRniSnuli qonebis mesakuTred. masve ekuTvnoda, aRniSnul qonebaze, "gamosacdeli sakuTrebis ufleba", riTac is moipovebda qonebaze sakuTrebis ufelbas, Tu sxva pirs daekargeboda am qonebaze samisdReSio sakuTrebis ufleba. miuxedavad miwis ijaris vadis xangrZlivobisa, Sua saukuneebis iuristebi mainc ar Tvlidnen miwis ijaras realur sakuTrebad (real property), anu im uflebad, romlis aRdgena SesaZlebeli iyo realuri sarCelis safuZvelze. "samarTlianobis samarTali", gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovda ukanonod mitacebuli saijaro miwis ukan dabrunebas im fiqciis safuZvelze, rom miwis saijaro mflobeloba Tumca ki ar aris, pirdapiri gagebiT, realuri sarCelis obieqti, magram misi aRdgena SesaZlebelia sasamarTlos meSveobiT, "warTmevis Sesaxeb" realuri sarCelis safuZvelze (action of the ejectment). saijaro uflebebis anomaluri principi, aRiniSneboda aseTive anomaluri cnebiT _ chattels real, rac niSnavda moZrav realur sakuT-rebas. Suasaukunovani inglisuri samarTali ar icnobda miwaze giravnobis instituts im saxiT, romelic dadgenili iyo romis (an Tanamedrove) samarTalSi, anu sakuTrebis uflebidan gamocalkevebuli, sanivTo uflebebis gansakuTrebuli nairsaxeoba, romelic uzrunvelyofs, kreditoris mier gacemuli, valis ukan dabrunebas, dagiravebuli qonebis Rirebulebis xarjze. Tumca, valis uzrunvelyofis problemam, inglisSi ZvelTaganve iCina Tavi da, praqtikulad, Zalzed mwvave xasiaTi miiRo, jer kidev XII saukuneSi. movales, valis

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uzrunvelyofis mizniT, SeeZlo kreditorisaTvis gadaeca miwa e.w. fiducialuri garigebis safuZvelze (ndobaze damyarebuli garigeba), romlis ZaliT, kreditori xdeboda dagiravebuli qonebis mesakuTre, Tumca valdebuli iyo, ndobis sruli dacviT, daebrunebina uZravi qoneba movalisaTvis, am ukanasknelis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis Semdeg. Tu savalo valdebuleba ar iqneboda Sesrulebuli daTqmul vadaSi, kreditori iZenda upirobo sakuTrebis uflebas, dagiravebuli miwis mimarT. XIII-XIV saukuneebSi damgiraveblis ufle-bebs icavda "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTlo, romlis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, movales ubrundeboda dagiravebuli miwa, Tu is dadgenil vadaSi asrulebda nakisr valdebulebas. kidev ufro Sors wavida kancleris sasamarTlo, romelmac XIV saukuneSi daawesa principi, romlis ZaliT, yoveli dagiravebuli mamuli unda gaTavisuflebuliyo giraosgan, "samarTliani gamosyidvis" safuZvelze da SeRavaTian vadebSi. dagiravebuli miwis gaTavisufleba unda momxdariyo kreditoris xelSi (dagiravebul qonebaze) sakuTrebis uflebis gadasvlis Semdeg, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde. kreditors "ekrZa-leboda", giraos amoRebis Sesaxeb, sasamarTlo davis gagrZeleba, rac miTiTebuli iyo e.w. inquntion brZanebaSi. sanivTo samarTlis wminda inglisur institutad iqca e.w. trasti _ trust (ndobaze damyarebuli sakuTreba). ingliseli iuristebi, mag., f. meiTlendi (1850-1906), am institutis Sesaxeb aRfrTovanebiT saubrobdnen da amtkicebdnen, rom trust iyo ingliselTa yvelaze didi miRweva, iurisprudenciis sferoSi. ndobaze damyarebuli sakuTrebis institutis Seqmna dakavSirebuli iyo sabatono miwaTmflobelobis TaviseburebebTan, romelTa ricxvs miekuTv-neboda: 1) miwaze memkvidreTa wris SezRudva da 2) eklesiisaTvis, monastrebsa da religiuri ordenebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT e.w. Rataki ordenebisaTvis (mag., wm. franciskis ordeni) miwis miyidvis SezRudva, radgan, am ukanasknelT, saerTod ar hqondaT miwaTmflobelobis ufleba. ndobaze damyarebuli sakuTrebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: erTi piri _ sakuTrebis damdgeni (settler of trust) meore pirs _ ndobiT aRWurvil mesakuTres (trustee) gadascems sakuTar qonebas, im mizniT, rom am ukanasknels emarTa marwmuneblis (meore piris) sargeblis mimRebis (beneficiaris) qoneba, mogebis miRebis (rac Tavdapirvel mesakuTresac SeeZlo) an sxva miznebis gansaxorcieleblad (mag., qvelmoqmedeba). gadacemuli qoneba miznobrivi daniSnulebiT, miwaTsargeblobisaTvis, unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. aRniSnuli praqtika Caisaxa jer kidev XII saukuneSi da farTod gavrcelda jvarosnuli laSqrobebis periodSi, riTac naTesavebisaTvis miwaTmflobelobis gadacema, swored ndobis safuZvelze xdeboda, raTa maT emarTad trastuli qoneba mesakuTris dabrunebamde an misi vaJiSvilebis mier srulwlovanebis miRwevamde. trastma sasasrCelo dacva moipova mxolod XIV saukunis bolos, kancleris sasamarTlos meSveobiT, rdagan sarCelSi davis sagans warmoadgenda darRveuli ndoba da samarTlianobis uaryofa. swored am droidan moyolebuli, ndobaze damyarebulma sakuTrebam SeiZina equitebel ownership-is saxelwodeba, riTac is, arsebiTad, gansxvavdeboda, "saerTo samarTliT" daculi legal ownership-isagan. ndobaze damyarebuli sakuTrebis institutis sakanonmdeblo ganmtkiceba pirvelad moxda 1375 wels. XV saukuneSi, ndobaze damyarebuli sakuTrebis ufleba gavrcelda miwis mniSvnelovan masivebsa da uZravi qonebis did nawilze. inglisuri eklesiis reformirebisas, mefe henri VIII-em moaxdina saeklesio miwebis konfiskacia, Tumca igi aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani problemis winaSe, kerZod: miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesia-monastrebi, faqtiurad, uzarmazari qonebis mflobelebi iyvnen, maT, formalurad, ar ekuTvnodaT aRniSnul simdidreze sakuTrebis ufleba. imisaTvis, rom momxdariyo saeklesio miwebis sekularizacia, 1535 wels inglisurma parlamentma miiRo statuti sargeblobis Sesaxeb (statut of uses), romlis Sesabamisad dadginda, rom, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi piri meore piris sasargeblod, flobda qonebas, miwis faqtiur mesakuTred is piri miiCneoda, visi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeboda miwaTmflobeloba. sargeblobis Sesaxeb statutma, garkveuli droiT, Seaferxa trastis institutis Semdgomi ganviTareba, Tumca mainc ver SesZlo misi gauqmeba. rTuli iuridiuli konstruqciis _ "sargeblobis ufleba, sargeblobis mimarT" meSveobiT, sasamarTloebma warmatebiT daZlies 1535 wlis statutis SezRudvebi da swored e.w. "meoradi sargeblobis" instituts, saboloo jamSi, mieniWa trastis anu, sakuTriv ndobaze damyarebuli sakuTrebis, statusi, romelsac icavda kancleris sasamarTlo. Trust-is farTo gavrceleba moxda reformaciis Semdeg, roca saero xelisuflebam, arsebiTad, SezRuda saeklesio miwaTmflobeloba da, faqtiurad, gaauqma saeklesio qvelmoqmedeba. elisabed I-is zeobaSi, 1601 wels, miRebuli iqna statuti "qvelmoqmedebiTi sargeblobis Sesaxeb", romlis safuZvelze Seqmna specialuri saparlamento komisiis umaRlesi moxelis Tanamdeboba, romlis movaleobaSi Sedioda qvelmoqmedebiTi saCuqrebis kontroli da maTTan dakavSirebuli, sxvadasxva samarTaldarRvevis (xelisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba,

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uflebamosilebis gadameteba, TaRliToba) aRkveTa. statutis preambulaSi CamoTvlili iyo qvelmoqmedebiTi saqmianobis yvelaze gavrcele-buli saxeebi. Tu trastis dadgenisas, mkacrad iqneboda daculi misi dadgenis mizani da, es ukanaskneli, Seesabameboda statutis pream-bulaSi Sesul CamonaTvals, sasamarTloebi aRniSnul trasts aniWebdnen qvelmoqmedebis statuss.

g) valdebulebiTi samarTali

inglisSi, jer kidev anglo-saqsur epoqaSi, yalibdeba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi, Tumca xelSekrulebis cneba (lenuri, vasaluri damokidebulebis gavrcelebis gamo) ar Camoya-libebula, radgan xelSekruleba, rogorc formalurad Tanaswori ori mxaris SeTanxmeba, am dros ver iqneboda dadgenili. mefe ines samarTlis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros gamyidvelis pasuxismgebloba, gayiduli nivTis vargisianobis gamo, an mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris arsebuli davis gamo, ficis dadebiT, Tumca aRniSnuli urTierTobebi miekuTvneboda ufro administraciul da ara saxelSekrulebo sferos. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xelSekruleba (conrtact), rogorc ori an meti piris valdebulebiTi SeTanxmeba, romelic mxareebs Soris warmoSobs uflebebsa da movaleobebs, inglisur samarTalSi gansxvavdeba martivi SeTanxmebis (agreement) cnebisagan (mag., megobruli daxmarebis Sesaxeb). amrigad, inglisuri samarTlis mixedviT, yvela xelSekruleba _ SeTanxmebaa, Tumca, yvela SeTanxmeba _ ar aris xelSekruleba. sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, inglisur samarTalSi yalibdeba is martivi formebi, romlebmac, samomavlod, ganaviTares valdebulebiTi samarTali: deliqturi da saxelSekrulebo val-debulebebi, rac gulisxmobda "saerTo samarTlis" normebis rTul evoluciur gzas da, rac kidev ufro rTuldeboda, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romeli ufleba iyo darRveuli da, Sesabamisad, darRveuli uflebis aRsadgenad an dasacavad, sarCelis ra formis gamoyeneba iyo aucilebeli. "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebSi dacul, sarCelis uZveles formad iTvleboda e.w. "movaleobis Sesaxeb sarCeli" (action of debt). sarCelis es forma naxsenebi aqvs jer kidev glenvils (XII s.), romelsac is ganixilavs deliqtebis CamonaTvalSi, e.w. "usamarTlo pyrobis Sesaxeb" sarCelis saxiT. “movaleobis Sesaxeb sarCelis” safuZvlad miiCneoda faqtiurad miRebuli sargebeli da ara saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba, ris gamoc mas iyenebdnen mxolod gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi. sarCelis kidev erT adreul formad iTvleboda "angariSebis Sesaxeb" sarCeli (action of account), romlis sagani iyo saxel-Sekrulebo valdebuleba, romelic daideboda mkacrad gansazRvruli formiT. aRniSnuli forma imas gulisxmobda, rom urTierTobis erT mxares, meores sasargeblod, unda Seesrulebina garkveuli moqmedeba. es sarCeli, Tavdapirvelad, awesrigebda, lordsa da misi manoris mouravs Soris, warmoSobil urTierTobebs da im piris angariSgebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelsac hqonda mindobili sxvisi fuli da, amitom, mas unda Caebarebina angariSi masakuTrisaTvis, qonebiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb. momavlaSi, sarCeli gamoiyeneboda savaWro praqtikasa da amxanagobebis saqmianobaSi. glenvilis moTxovniT, action of account ga-moiyeneboda mizanSewonili deliqtebis mimarT, riTac dasabuTebuli iqna am sarCelis gamoyeneba sesxis, nasyidobis, qiravnobis, Senaxvis xelSekrulebaTa mimarT. Action of account maleve ganmtkicda eduard I-is(1267 da 1285 w.w.) statutebSi. sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTreba, uciloblad, gamoiwvevda, garigebaTa da xelSekrulebis dadebisas, ukiduresi formalizmis uaryofas, ris gamoc "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebma sasarCelo dacva araformalur, sityvier (zepiri formiT dadebul) SeTanxmebebs mianiWes. inglisur samarTalSi, XV saukunidan trespass ("samarTaldarRvevaTa Sesaxeb") sarCelis (rom-lis mizani iyo, xelyofisgan, pirovnebisa da qonebis dacva) nairsaxeobad iqca, "sityvieri SeTanxmebis dacvis Sesaxeb" sarCeli, riTac SesaZlebeli gaxda, faqtiurad, axali sarCelis Seqmna _ "mocemuli SemTxvevisadmi gamosayenebeli" (action of the case). mefe eduard I-is dros Seqmnili, dasaxelebuli sarCelebi, vestminsteris statutebSi iqna ganmtkicebuli, rasac is ganapirobebda, rom Zveli sasarCelo formulebi veRar akmayofilebdnen dasacavi urTierTobebis gazrdil nusxas. Tumca, action of the case gamoyenebis sfero arc Tu ise farTo iyo, vinaidan, Tavdapirvelad, savaldebulo iyo movale piris braleulobis damtkiceba, ris gamoc, aRniSnuli sarCeli gamoiyeneboda, ciliswamebis Sedegad, miyenebuli zianis asanazRaureblad. Tumca, XV saukuneSi bralis damtkicebis moTxovna uaryves da samarTaldarRvevaTa Sesaxeb sarCelebi yvela im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda, roca adgili eqneboda mosarCelisaTvis zianis miyenebas, maSinac ki, roca marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba gamowveuli iyo, mopasuxis mxridan, daudevrobiT an "saWiro

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yairaTianobis" ararsebobiT. saxelSekrulebo samarTlis Semdgomi evolucia dakavSirebuli iyo, "sakuTar Tavze aRebis Sesaxeb" sarCelis, SeqmnasTan, romelic, Tavdapirvelad, ar icav-da yvela araformalur SeTanxmebas, aramed exeboda im urTierTobas, sadac zianis miyeneba xdeboda mxolod erTi piris braleulobiT, xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis TviT faqtidan gamomdinare. Tanac, daucveli rCeboda is xelSekruleba, romelic momavalSi unda Sesrulebuliyo. zianis miyeneba SeiZleba gamowveuli yofiliyo erTi mxaris qmedebiT, Tu is, xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis molodinSi, gaiRebda raime xarjebs. "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebma gaiTvaliswines es garemoeba da gaafarToves, "sakuTar Tavze aRebis Sesaxeb" sarCelTa, gamoyenebis sfero, risTvisac, pasuxismgeblobis simZimis centri, gadaitanes TviT dapirebis darRvevis faqtze da miznad daisaxes xelSekrulebis (rogorc aseTis) dacvis aucilebloba. TandaTanobiT, "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebma SeimuSaves "Sesagebeli moTxovnis" doqtrina, romelic iqca nebismieri araformaluri xelSekrulebis aRiarebis aucilebel pirobad. amavdroulad, inglisurma sasamarTloebma mniSvnelovani gamocdileba SeiZines im sarCelebis gamoyenebis mxriv, romlebic dakavSirebuli "iyvnen im wminda calmxriv garigebebTan, romlebic atarebdnen naxevradsaxelSekrulebo xasiaTs (mag., Cuqeba) da hqondaT "beWeddartymuli dokumentis" saxe. saxelSekrulebo ganviTarebis Semdegi etapi iyo iseTi mniSvnelovani wesis damkvidreba, romelic yvela xelSekrulebidan moiTxovda mxolod werilobiTi formis dacvas _ "beWeddasmuli dokumentis" saxiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saxeze unda yofiliyo "Sesagebeli dakmayofileba", romelic gulisxmobda movalis mier miRebul, garkveul mogebas (sargebels), an kreditoris mier mogebis gareSe (dazaraleba an pasuxismgeblobis dadgoma) darCenas, rac iqneboda xelSekrulebiT gamowveuli. inglisuri saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ganviTarebaSi sakuTari wvlili Seitana samefo kanonmdeblobam, romelic efuZneboda savaWro sasamarTloebis praqtikas da, ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, bevrad uswrebda win "saerTo samarTlis" samarTalwarmoebas, sabazro urTierTobebis regulirebis sferoSi. kerZod, valauvalobis problemam Tavidanve gamoiwvia samefo Tavdebobis praqtikis damkvidreba, rac gulisxmobda mefis mier gacemul Ria werilebs, romlebSic mefe, kreditoris winaSe, Suamdgomlobda sakuTar qveSevrdomebs, sasurveli kreditis miRebis mizniT. valauvalobis daZlevis qmediTi saSualebebis moZiebis mizniT, 1283 wels gamoica specialuri statuti "vaWrebis Sesaxeb", romlis safuZvelze kreditori valad gascemda fuls an saqonels, Tu sasesxo garigebas eswreboda qalaqis meri da garigeba fiqsirdeboda qalaqis xelmZRvanelobis oqmebSi. Tu movale ver SesZlebda valis gadaxdas, mers, yovelgvari sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gareSe, SeeZlo valauvali piris moZravi qonebis gayidva, valis Tanxis dafarvis mizniT, an martivad moeTxova movalisagan, kreditorisaTvis gadaeca qonebis Sesabamisi nawili. 1285 wels gamoica "vaWrebis Sesaxeb" meore statuti, romlis ZaliT, movale, romelic gadaacilebda valis gadaxdis vadas, eqvemdebareboda dapatimrebas. valauvali movale valdebuli iyo, sami Tvis vadaSi, gaeyida sakuTari qoneba da daefara savalo Tanxa. Tu movale ar Seasrulebda dakisrebul moTxovnas, Serifi, Sesabamisi sasamarTlo brZanebiT "qonebis gayidviT amoRebuli fulis Sesaxeb", axdenda movalis qonebis realizebas, kreditorisaTvis valis dabrunebis mizniT. XIV saukuneSi miRebuli iqna gansakuTrebuli kanoni, riTac dadginda is savaldebulo sanqcia, romelic gulisxmobda valauvali movalis qonebis proporciul gadanawilebas, misi kreditorebis sasargeblod. Tu, Tavdapirvelad, savaldebulo sanqcia gamoiyeneboda mxolod savaWro sasamarTloebSi, vaWrebis mimarT, XVI saukunidan aRniSnul sanqcias iyenebdnen yvela movalis mimarT. 1571 wels kanonma neba darTo kreditorebs, rom valauvali piris mimarT, gakotrebulad gamocxadebis gareSec, gaeuqmebinaT movalis is qonebrivi gankargulebebi, romlebic gakeTebuli iyo "savalo gadasaxadebis gadavadebis, an kreditorisaTvis xelis SeSlis mizniT, an maTi motyuebis ganzraxviT". mosamarTleebi gavrcobilad ganmartavdnen aRniSnul kanons da, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, uars ambobdnen "motyuebis ganzraxvis" mtkicebulebaTa ganxilvaze, raTa movalisaTvis aRekveTad, kreditoris interesebis sazianod, sakuTari qonebis gankargvis SesaZlebloba. maleve, 1585 wlis statutiT, aikrZala miwis nebayoflobiTi usasyidlo gadacema, maT Soris kredi-torTa SesaZlo moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis mizniT, Tu es keTdeboda SesaZlo SemZenTa sazianod. sasamarTloebi Zalzed mkacrad icavdnen am statutis moTxovnebs. Trespass sarCeli, rogorc feloniaSi (mZime danaSaulSi) braldebuli mimarT, Setanili sarCelis alternativa, maSinac gamoiyeneboda, roca adgili eqneboda uZravi, moZravi qonebisa da pirovnebis mimarT, uSualo da Zaladobrivi gziT, zianis miyenebis faqts. Tavis mxriv, trespass on the case sarCeli iTvaliswinebda, zianis miyebisgan dacvas, maSin, roca adgili hqonda araZaladobriv, an arapirdapiri gziT aRmoCenil, an SemdgomSi aRmoCenil zianis miyenebis faqts. ufro metic, moZravi an uZravi qonebis mflobelobis mciredi xelyofac ki, iTvleboda

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"mflobelobis darRvevis Sesaxeb" sarCelis safuZvlad, miuxedavad imisa ganicada Tu ara

mflobelma, aRniSnuli xelyofis Sedegad, realuri zarali.

d) Sua saukuneebis inglisuri saojaxo samarTali

Sua saukuneebis periodis inglisuri saojaxo samarTlis evolucia didad ganapiroba sabatono miwaTmflobelobis interesebis dacvis moTxovnam da, kanonikuri samarTlis gavlenis qveS, saojaxo urTierTobebis regulirebam. kanonikuri samarTlis mTeli rigi normebi, mag., qorwinebis saeklesio forma, mravalcolianobis akrZalva, uSualod, aisxa saeklesio kanonmdeblobaSi. kerZod, 1606 wlis statutiT, feloniis kategoriad aRiares orcolianoba, Sesabamisi Sedegebis dadgomiT. Suasaukunovani inglisuri ojaxi iyo patriarqaluri. gaTxovili qalis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba Zalzed SezRuduli iyo. colis moZravi qoneba pirdapir gadadioda qmris xelSi, xolo uZravi qonebis mimarT, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo qmris mmarTveloba. gaTxovil qals ar SeeZlo damoukideblad daedo garigeba an sasamarTloSi moeTxova sakuTari uflebebis dacva. SedarebiTi qmedunarianoba axasiaTebda gaTxovil qalebs glexis, xelosnis an vaWris ojaxSi, anu iq, sadac moqmedebas ganagrZobdnen CveulebiTi samarTlis Sesabamisi normebi. xsenebuli ojaxebis diasaxlisebs xelewifebodaT sakuTari qonebis marTva, xelSekrulebis dadeba da savaWro opera-ciebis warmoeba. ganqorwinebas aRiarebda anglo-saqsuri CveulebiTi samarTali. ganqorwinebis an qmris gardacvalebis gamo, qorwinebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, qals ufleba hqonda, qmris ojaxidan waeRo saojaxo qonebis sakuTari wili (moZravi qoneba, pirutyvi, fuli). Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, kanonikuri samarTali krZalavda ganqorwinebas da, mxolod garkveuli garemoebebis arse-bobisas, dasaSvebad miiCnevda col-qmris cal-calke cxovrebas _ "sarecelisa da sufrisgan gantevebas". gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, ganqorwinebas, savaraudod, dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen romis papi an inglisis parlamenti. mag., mefe henri VIII-is ganqorwinebaze uaris Tqma, romis papis mxridan, inglisis mefeebsa da romis kurias Soris, ganxeTqilebisa da sruli gankerZoebis uSualo sababi gaxda, ris Sedegad inglisis mefeebma sruli uzenaesoba moipoves inglisuri _ anglikanuri eklesiis mimarT. qorwinebis gareSe Sobil bavSvebs ar aRiarebdnen da es movlena Tanabrad uaryofili iqna kaTolikuri eklesiis (codvis Svilebi) da ingliseli baronebis mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesias, Tavdapirvelad, hqonda mokrZalebuli mcdeloba daekanonebina qorwinebis gareSe Sobili bavSvebis statusi, maTi mSoblebis Semd-gomi qorwinebis gziT, am ganzraxvas sastiki winaaRmdegoba gauwies ingliselma baronebma, rac ganpirobebuli iyo, isev da isev, sabatono miwaTmflobelobis dacviT (maT ar surdaT manoris potenciuri memkvidreebis wris gafarToveba). 1235 wlis mertonis statutiT, pirdapir aikrZala qorwinebis gareSe Sobili bavSvebis kanonier Svilebad aRiareba. Sua saukuneebis inglisisaTvis ucnobi iyo memkvidreobis erTiani da mwyobri sistema. rea-luri sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis gansakuTrebuli da sakmaod neli tempiT ganviTarebadi procesi, mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda piradi sakuTrebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis wesisagan. "saerTo samarTalma" arc saanderZo gankargulebis instituti icoda. aRniSnuli instituti Camoyalibda trastis institutTan erTad; swored trastma gansazRvra arasrulwlovanTa mier samkvidros miReba rogorc kanonismieri memkvidreobis, ise anderZiT memkvidreobis wesiT, vinaidan, orive SemTxvevaSi, savaldebulo iyo qonebis mmarTvelad daeniSnad ndobiT aRWur-vili mesakuTre. 1540 wels pirvelad dauSves, anderZis safuZvelze, uZravi qonebis SeuzRudavi gankargva, Tu is ar iyo "nakrZali" da, Tanac, savaldebulod miiCnies, samkvidros gareSe darCenili bavSvebis, materialuri uzrunvelyofa. vinaidan "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebs ar gaaCndaT, msgavsi valdebulebis realizaciisaTvis Sesabamisi saSualebebi, aRniSnuli davebis gadawyveta ikisra kancleris sasamarTlom. Tu, piri gardaicvleboda ise, rom ver moaswrebda saanderZo gankargulebis datovebas, mis moZrav qonebaze upiratesi moTxovnis ufleba eniWeboda cocxlad darCenil meuRles, rasac inglisur samarTalSi ewodeboda "qarTesi" _ Tavazianoba.

e) Sua saukuneebis periodis inglisuri sisxlis samarTali

Suasaukunovani inglisuri sisxlis samarTlis normaTa umravlesoba dadginda sasamarTlo praqtikis Sedegad. statuturi sisxlis samarTali, samarTlis wyaroTa TvalsazrisiT,

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warmoadgenda "saerTo samarTlis" Sesabamisi normebis realizacias, samarTalSefardebiT procesSi (met-naklebad Secvlili saxiT). samarTalwarmoebis procesSi, arsebiT sirTules warmoadgenda danaSaulis da kerZo xasiaTis samarTaldarRvevaTa diferencireba araimdenad marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebaTa bunebis (Sinaarsis) gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenadac maTi ganxilvis procesis xasiaTis mixedviT. erTi da igive qmedeba SeiZleba dakvalificirebuliyo rogorc samoqalaqo deliqti, da rogorc sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli, vinaidan samarTali dasaSvebad miiCnevda sarCelis orive formis arsebobas da, am ukanasknelis mixedviT, samoqalaqo an sisxlis samarTlis procesis dadgenas (Sesabamisad, garkveuli uflebis dacvis an aRdgenis mizniT, an samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT, sasjelis Sefardebas, mis mier Cadenili sisxlis-samarTlebrivi qmedebis gamo).

I. danaSauli

inglisuri sisxlis samarTali ar icnobda sisxlis samarTlis normebis dayofas _ zogad da kerZo nawilebad. XIII saukuneSi, inglisur samarTalSi gabatonebuli iyo obieqturi Seracxvis principi da, saukuneebis manZilze, is umTavresad, exeboda danaSaulebriv moqmedebas (mkvleloba, yaCaRoba, bavSvis motaceba, qalis mimarT Zaladoba, Ramis saaTebSi sadgomSi SeRweviT Cadenili qurdoba), rac gamoricxavda danaSaulebrivi umoqmedobis faqtis dasjadobas. CamoTvlili danaSaulebrivi qmedebani gulisxmobda mxolod boroti ganzraxvis arsebobas (malus). XII saukunidan, romisa da kanonikuri samarTlis gavleniT, nel-nela damkvidrda bralis, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlis Sesaxeb warmodgena. netari avgustines moZRvrebidan gadmoRebuli principi: "moqmedeba ar warmoSobs piris braleulobas, Tu braleuli ar aris piris neba", pirvelad, sakanonmdeblo doneze, aisaxa henri I-is mier, 1118 wels, gamocemul statutSi. bralis formebis SemecnebaSi, XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, didi gavlena iqonia doqtrinam, ingliseli samarTalmcodneebis naSromebma, kerZod: braq-tonis azriT, ganzraxi da gaufrTxilebeli mkvlelobis Cadenisas, pasuxismgebloba dgeboda bralis gareSec, Tu piri sCadioda arkrZalul qmedebas. bralis Sesaxeb, braqtoniseuli mosazreba gamomdinareobda religur-moralisturi moZRvrebidan, rom is, "vinc akrZalul saqmes akeTebs, Seeracxeba yvelaferi is, rac danaSaulidan gamomdinareobs". XIII saukuneSi, SemTxveviT mkvlelobis danaSaulis Camdeni piri saWiroebda mefis mxridan Sewyalebas, risi imedic mas hqonda, yovelgvari pirobis gareSe. mkvlelobis iaraRi, yvela SemTxvevaSi, eqvem-debareboda konfiskacias, raTa momxdariyo misi ganwmenda "sisxlis kvalisagan, RvTisadmi Sewirvis gziT" (iaraRi iyideboda da misi gayidvidan miRebuli Tanxa xmardeboda saqvelmoqmedo miznebs, "monaniebis gareSe gardacvlilis sulis mosaxseneblad"). martivi SemTxvevisa da danaSaulebrivi gaufrTxileblobis urTierTgamijvnis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli Seasrula im doqtrinam, romelic cnobilia "kokis sa-kvirveli doqtrinis" saxelwodebiT: "Tu vinme isars styorcnis gareul frinvels da, msrolelis mxridan, raime boroti ganzraxvis gareSe, moSorebiT mdgom sxva adamians dakodavs, _ es aris SemTxveva, vinaidan gareuli frinvelis mokvla kanonieria... magram, Tu is mamals... an sxva Sinaur frinvels styorcnida isars, romelic sxva pirs ekuTvnoda, maSin, am viTarebaSi Cadenili SemTxveviTi mkvleloba aris mZime (marder), radgan aRniSnuli qmedeba ukanonoa". Suasaukunovani inglisuri samarTali, XIV saukunidan moyolebuli, mkacrad icavda princips, rom "Wkuasusti da gonebaClungi ar agebs pasuxs danaSaulisaTvis". pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxav garemoebaTa CamonaTvalSi Sedioda: aucilebeli mogeriebis dros Cadenili qmedeba, Tu piri cdilobda pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis aRkveTas. sasamarTlo praqtikis mier SemuSavebuli moZRvreba Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb efuZneboda Semdeg princips: "is, vinc danaSauls sCadis sxvis meSveobiT, TviTon aris danaSaulis Camdeni". TanamonawileTa braleulobis simZimes didad ganapirobebda is faqti, Tu rodis moqmedebda Tanamonawile: danaSaulis Cadenamde, Tu misi Cadenis Semdeg. Tanamonawileoba danaSaulis Cadenamde, mag., wamqezeblobis formiT, iwvevda imave pasuxismgeblobis dadgomas, rac dadgenili iyo "mTavari amsruleblis" mimarT, xolo _ danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg wamqezebloba, gulisxmobda ufro msubuqi sasjelis Sefardebas. garda Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebisa, Suasaukunovanma inglisurma samarTalma SeimuSava "gansxvavebuli xaris-xis danaSaulebriobis Sesaxeb" moZRvrebac: "pirveli xarisxis danaSaulis mTavari monawile", romelmac Caidina danaSauli; "meore xarisxis danaSaulis mTavari monawile, romelic uSualod ar monawileobda danaSaulSi, Tumca imyofeboda danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze".

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Suasaukunovan inglisur sisxlis samarTalSi Camoyalibda danaSaulis klasifikacia sam ZiriTad jgufad da aRniSnulma dayofam miiRo tradiciuli xasiaTi: Ralati (treason), felonia (felony) da misdiminori (misdimeanour). danaSaulis kidev erTi klasifikacia atarebda wminda procesualur xasiaTs. es danaSaulis Semdegi kategoriaa: 1) idevneboda sabraldebo aqtiT da misi ganxilva xdeboda nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi (pleas of the Crown an indictable

offences); 2) naklebad mniSvnelovani samarTaldarRveva (petty offences), romelic ganixileboda jamuri wesiT (summari coviction). Tavdapirvelad, XIII saukuneSi, Camoyalibda feloniis cneba, romlisTvisac sikvdiliT dasjis garda, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo qonebis konfiskaciac, razec mowmobs TviT termini (felony: fee - sabatono mamuli, lon - fasi). felonias miekuTvneboda mZime danaSaulis sxva saxeebic: a) ganzrax mZime mkvleloba (murder), b) martivi mkvleloba (manslaughter), Zaladobrivi gziT, Ramis saaTebSi sxvis saxlSi SeRweva, feloniis Cadenis mizniT (burglary), g) qonebis mitaceba (larceny) da sxva. yvelaze mZime danaSaulad iTvleboda Ralati (treason), romelic XIV saukuneSi gamoeyo danaSaulis sxva saxeebs. Ralatis Cadena xdeboda "saerTo samarTlis" normebis darRveviT, anu: 1) mefis winaSe, qveSevrdomis mier, erTgulebis ficis gatexviT (didi Ralati), 2) an qvemdgomi adamianis mier, sakuTari batonis mimarT, erTgulebis ficis gatexviT (mcire Ralati). mcire Ralatad kvalificirdeboda mxolod zemdgomi piris mkvlelobis faqti, mag., vasalis mier _ sakuTari senioris, an colis mier _ qmris, an samRvdelo piris mier _ episkoposis ganzrax mkvleloba. did RalatSi dadanaSauleba qmediTi iaraRi iyo Zlieri samefo xelisuflebis xelSi da mas farTod iyenebdnen, ganmdgari didgvarovnebis (baronebis) winaaRmdeg brZolis dros. am danaSaulSi braldebuli piris mimarT, iyenebdnen ara mxolod sikvdiliT dasjas, aramed misi qonebis srul konfiskacias, rac mefisaTvis Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo, vinaidan CamorTmeuli qoneba _ miwaTmflobeloba ar gadaecemoda damnaSavis memkvidreebs da gadadioda mefis gankargulebaSi. swored aRniSnuli sasjelis gamo, Ralatis cneba, arsebiTad, gafarTovda samefo sasamarTloSi. Tumca, arc inglisuri parlamenti aRmoCnda pasiuri damkvireblis rolSi da, politikuri koniuqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoscemda iseT statutebs, romelTa mixedviT, "did Ralatad" Seiracxa bevri iseTi qmedeba, romelsac ar hqonda raime saerTo mefis winaSe "erTgulebis ficis gatexvasTan" (mag., mravalcolianoba miiCneoda gasakicx da, Sesabamisad, ukanono qmedebad, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac mefe henri VIII-em araerTgzis iqorwina, es qmedeba aRiares kanonis Sesabamisad). samefo sasamarTloebisa da inglisuri parlamentis mxridan, mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis SezRudvas mravalgzis ecada sabarono aristokratia, Tumca misi cda mxolod droebiT warmatebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos (1351 wlis, mefe eduard III-is statutis miRebis Semdeg, roca Ralatis cnebis ganmarteba moaqcies garkveul CarCoebSi). ingliseli iuristis e. kokis azriT, 1351 wlis statutma "sulac ar Secvala "saerTo samarTlis" debuleba, aramed mas mianiWa kanonieri gamoxatuleba". "didi Ralatis" cneba unda yofiliyo Svidi formiT SezRuduli: 1) mefis, misi dedoflis, an maTi ufrosi vaJisvilis da memkvidris ganzrax mkvleloba (Tanac, "ganzraxvis" cneba Seicavda ara mxolod pirdapir ganzraxvas, aramed iseTi qmedebis arsebobas, romelic ivaraudebda ganzraxvis arsebobas); 2) mefis meuRlis, mefis ufrosi gasaTxovari qaliSvilis an misi ufrosi vaJiSvilisa da memkvidris meuRlis gaupatiureba, Tundac qalis TanxmobiT (ris safuZvelzec sikvdiliT dasja Seeracxa, mefe henri VIII-is meore cols _ ana boleins, romelic, Tavis droze, gaxldaT dedoflis - ekaterine aragonelis freilina); 3) mefis winaaRmdeg omis warmoeba, romelic Seicavda, samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, xalxis didi jgufis amboxs da Zaladobis demonstrirebas, am ukanasknelis mxridan; 4) mefis mtrebis mxareze gadasvla, missave samefos farglebSi, "mtrebisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis gziT"; 5) kancleris, mTavari xazinadaris an mefis mosamarTlis ganzrax mkvleloba. aRniSnuli CamonaTvali ganivrco, "saerTo sasamarTlosaTvis" cnobili, usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, sxva danaSaulis miTiTebiT: janyisadmi mowodeba (sedition), uwesrigobisa da masobrivi areulobis mowyobis mizniT, ukanono Tavyrilobis organizeba, TanaSedgoma, ganzrax danaSaulSi monawileobisaTvis (conspiration), ori an meti piris marTlsawinaaRmdego da ganzrax SeTanxmeba. TanaSedgomis cnebis gaurkveveli da bundovani Sinaarsi farTod gamoiyeneboda yvela im piris dasasjelad, vinc ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda arsebuli reJimis mimarT, an ubralod Caidenda kerZo deliqts (torty), an xelSekrulebas daarRvevda im garemoebebSi, "romlebic SeiZleboda miCneuliyo sazogadoebisaTvis sazianod". misdiminori, TandaTanobiT, ganviTarda im samarTaldarRvevidan, romelic, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod kerZo-samarTlebrivi wesiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas iwvevda. drois kvalobaze, misdiminoris jgufSi Seiyvanes iseTi mZime qmedebanic, rogoric iyo TaRliToba, yalbi sabuTebis damzadeba, yalbi fulis moWra, rac, faqtiurad, Slida zRvars feloniasa

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da misdiminors Soris da rac xels uwyobda, danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, sarCelis Sesabamisi formis SerCevas. kerZod, Tu dazaralebuli mxare Seitanda sarCels feloniis Sesaxeb, im danaSaulis mimarT, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo sxeulebrivi zianis miyenebasTan, damnaSaves sikvdiliT sjidnen, xolo, Tu mosarCele mxolod ganacxadebda "uflebaTa darRvevis" Sesaxeb, danaSauli kvalificirdeboda misdiminorad da iwvevda sapatimro sasjelis an jarimis Sefardebas. qonebrivi danaSaulis CamonaTvalSi, Tavidanve, mZime kategoriad miiCnies cecxlis wakideba da sxvis saxlSi, Zaladobrivi gziT, SeRweva, romlebic kvalificirdeboda feloniad. amis mizezi ki iyo, ingliselebis mxridan, sakuTari saxlisadmi sakraluri damokidebuleba. saxli im cixe-simagred iTvleboda, romelic mas icavda raime zianis miyenebisagan (aqedan wamovida gamoTqma: Cemi saxli _ Cemi cixe-simagre). swored amitom, saxlisaTvis cecxlis wakideba, isjeboda TviT damnaSavis cocxlad dawviT. sakmaod originaluri iyo mitacebis danaSaulis ganmarteba, romelic miekuTvneba inglisel iurists braqtons: larseni ara mxolod martivi qurdoba, aramed "yovelgvari boroti ganzraxviTi mopyroba iyo, sxvisi qonebis mimarT, mesakuTris nebis sawinaaRmdegod, am qonebis misakuTrebis mizniT". Tu mefe eduard I-is dros, nebismieri qurdoba, feloniis msgavsad, iwvevda sikvdiliT dasjas, mefe eduard III-is (XIV s.) zeobaSi, wvrilmani qurdobis feloniad dakvalificireba ukve iwvevda protestis grZnobas, amitom "wvrilman qurdobas", formalurad, mainc feloniad miiCnevdnen, Tumca gadahyavdaT misdiminoris kategoriaSi da an sapatimro, an sajarimo sasjeliT kmayofildebodnen. danaSaulis erTi saxis, meoreSi gadayvanis mcdeloba, ar iyo erTaderTi Tavisebureba, rac, zogadad, axasiaTebda Suasaukunovan inglisur sisxlis samarTals. Tavisebur anomaliad SeiZleba miviCnioT is dausabuTeblad mkacri sasjeli, romelsac iyenebdnen usaxlkaro moxetialeebisadmi da rac ganmtkicda sakanonmdeblo doneze, mefe henri VII-is (1457-1509) da dedofal elisabed I-is (1533-1603) zeobis wlebSi. moxetialeTa kategorias miakuTvnebdnen umuSevrebs (erTi Tvis manZilze); im mosamsaxureebs, romlebmac TviTneburad miatoves sakuTari mebatone; mowyalebis molodinSi myof mamakacebs (garda Sromis uunaro xeibrebisa da, kancleris specialuri TanxmobiT, universitetidan daTxovili studentebisa). maT mimarT, Cveulebisamebr, iyenebdnen sikvdiliT dasjas, sapatimro sasjels, monadgayidvas, garozgvas, daSanTvas. II. sasjelis cneba da mizani

sasjelis mizani, arsebiTad, icvleboda sabatono samarTlis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze: Tu, Tavdapirvelad, sasjelis mizani iyo dazaralebulis an misi naTesavebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba, drois kvalobaze, sasjelma miznad daisaxa danaSaulis recidivis Tavidan acileba da danaSaulis Camdeni piris da, zogadad, sazogadoebis daSineba (kerZo da zogadi prevencia), raTa aRkveTiliyo sazogadoebis samomavlo kriminalizacia, miTumetes, roca saqme exeboda sasjelis iseT velur saxes, rogoric iyo: cocxali sxeulidan Signeulobis amogleja; samarcxvino boZze gakruli adamianis mravalgzisi gamaTraxeba da sxva). XVII saukuneSic ki, inglisSi ormocdaaTamde danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sikvdiliT dasjis odiozuri saxeebi: cocxlad koconze dawva, borbalze dakvra, danawevreba. sasjelis ukiduresi simkacre, romlis reformirebac xorcieldeboda Zalzed neli tempiT da, faqtiurad, _ uSedegod, ganpirobebuli iyo danaSaulisadmi religiur-moralisturi midgomiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobda mosamarTleTa saqmianobisaTvis gansakuTrebuli pativis migebas da maTTvis mTavari rolis mindobas, sazogadoebrivi marTlwesrigis dacvis saqmeSi. sasjelis simZime, xSirad, aRemateboda danaSaulis simZimes, ris gamoc msajulebi amarTlebdnen udao damnaSaves an, arsebiTad, amcirebdnen danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sedegad, xelyofili sikeTis zomas. odiozuri sasjelisgan Tavdaxsnis arsebiT saSualebad, gamo-dioda "sasuliero wodebis" privilegiac, romelic vrceldeboda yvela im pirze, romelsac ufleba hqonda xeldasxmuli yofiliyo sasuliero wodebaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas, faq-tiurad, ar gaaCnda sasuliero statusi (wera-kiTxvis mcodne yvela mamakaci). Tumca, 1487 wels gamoica statuti, romlis safuZvelze, "sasuliero wodebis privilegiiT" sargeb-lobis ufleba saero pirs hqonda mxolod erTxel. xolo, 1487 wlis statutiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb is garemoeba mowmobda, rom pirvelad pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisuflebul pirs, TiTze damRas asmevdnen, raTa SemdgomSi mas pretenzia ver gamoeTqva pasuxismgeblobis Semsu-buqebaze.

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v) Suasaukunovani inglisuri sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis Taviseburebani

XII-XIII saukuneebSi, inglisuri procesi atarebda sabraldebo xasiaTs, anu, procesSi monawile mxareebi TviTon iyvnen dainteresebuli saqmis samarTalwarmoebiT. XII saukunemde arsebobas ganagrZobda "RvTis msjavri" _ e.w. ordalTa sistema. mtkicebulebis mniSvnelovan saxed gamodioda fici, romlis darRveva an cru daficeba iwvevda sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas. mogvianebiT, SejibriTobaze damyarebuli sabraldebo procesi, gabantonda "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebSi, rogorc kerZo samarTlis, ise sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa mimarT. saqmis ganxilvas axdenda, uSualod, mosamarTle (saeklesio da kancleris sasamarTloSi), rac iyo samZebro procesis erT-erTi mTavari niSani. Tumca, wamebiT mtkicebulebis mopovebas, "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebSi mimarTavdnen gansakuTrebuli garemoebis arsebobisas. Tu braldebuli aRiarebda danaSauls, mas dauyonebliv ufardebdnen Sesabamiss sasjels; xolo, Tu is ganagrZobda dumils, maSin ikvlevdnen, ram ganapiroba "misi myarad dgoma" _ "borotma ganzraxvam", Tu "RvTis risxvam". "saerTo samarTali", Ralatisa da misdiminoris saqmeebSi, gamodioda im prezumpciidan, rom dumili _ bralis aRiarebaa. feloniaSi braldebuli piri eqvemdebareboda wamebas: mas awvendnen rkinis filaze da ise aSimSilebdnen. braldebulTa umravlesoba amjobinebda sikvdils, wamebis qveS, radgan damnaSaved cnobis gareSe gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, adamiani icavda sakuTar qonebas konfiskaciisagan. procesisaTvis ucnobi iyo saqmis winaswari gamoZiebis stadia. saeklesio sasamarTlo, saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvisas, saWiroebda gamomZieblis daxmarebas da mas avalebda mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebas da faqtebis dadgenas. swored gamomZieblis daskvnaze iyo damokidebuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, gansaxilveli saqmis mimarT. "saerTo samarTlis" sasamarTloebSi mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba evaleboda TviTon modave mxareebs. XV saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, ikribeboda e.w. mbraldebel naficTa specia-luri Jiuri, romelsac evaleboda, braldebis mamtkicebeli masalebis namdvilobis Semowmeba. Tu mbraldebeli Jiuri miiCnevda, rom arsebuli mtkicebuleba sakmarisi iyo piris pasuxisgebaSi misacemad, adgenda braldebis Sesaxeb dokuments da, dacvis mxaris mosmenis gareSe, agzavnida saqmes "mcire Jiuris" sasamarTloSi. saqmis masalebis Semowmebis ufleba hqonda momrigebel mosamarTlesac. interess iwvevs is faqti, rom cru Cvenebis miReba, inglisur sasamarTloSi, yovelTvis rodi iwvevda sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dadgomas. TviT saeklesio sasamarTloebic ki, romelTa kompetenciaSi Sedioda, ndobis darRvevis Sesaxeb saqmeTa Semowmeba, uyuradRebod tovebdnen crumowmeobis faqtebs. 1540 wlis kanoniT dadginda sajarimo sasjeli mowmis mosyidvis gamo, xolo 1562 wlidan crumowmeoba gamocxadda, samoqalaqo wesiT, dasjad qmedebad. "varskvlavTa palatam" crumowmeoba, rogorc danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, dasjadad gamoacxada, radgan is xor-cieldeboda "sasamarTloSi cru Cvenebis formiT". mas Semdeg, rac mxareebi amomwuravad warmoadgendnen sakuTar mtkicebulebebs, mosamarTles unda Seejamebina saqmis garemoebani da rCeva mieca naficebisaTvis (saqmis irgvliv samarTlebriv sakiTxebze), gansakuTrebuli aqcentis saxiT. naficTa sasamarTlo uflebamosili iyo, braldebulis braleulobis an arabraleulobis Sesaxeb, erTxmad gamoetena verdiqti. inglisuri Suasaukunovani procesi atarebda Ria, sajaro xasiaTs, garda "varskvlavTa palataSi" ganxiluli saqmeebisa. vinaidan inglisuri procesi iyo sabraldebo xasiaTisa, aq fexi ver moikida saxelmwifo braldebis institutma, romelic unda yofiliyo ganxorcielebuli specialuri Tanamdebobis pirebis mier. XIII saukuneSi, inglisSi Cndeba profesionali uflebadamcveli pirebi, romlebic iyofodnen or kategoriad: baristerebi da solisitorebi, anu aTorneebi. baristerebi gamodiodnen sasamarTloSi, anu procesSi monawileobdnen, maTi klientebis msgavsad (maTi saxeliT). solisitorebi _ Suamdgomlobdnen saqmis irgvliv da, sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis, amzadebdnen saqmis masalebs. Tavdapirvelad, baristerebis procesSi monawileoba damokidebuli iyo mosamarTlis nebaze.

3) germanuli samarTalganviTareba Sua saukuneebis periodSi

Sua saukuneebis germanuli samarTalganviTareba xasiaTdeba ramdenime mniSvnelovani TaviseburebiT: a) samefo xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba da SemdgomSi misi Tanmimdevruli

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Sesusteba ganapirobebda, Sua saukuneebis periodis, germenuli samarTalganviTarebis partikularizms, rac imas niSnavda, rom, formaluri TvalsazrisiT, germaniaSi XII-XIII sau-kuneebSi saerTod ar arsebobda “saerTo germanuli samarTali”, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT zogadimperiul kanonmdeblobas, calkeuli sakiTxebis mimarT. ZiriTadSi ki, samarTali viTardeboda calkeul teritoriul erTeulebSi, maT Soris, damoukidebel da saimperataro qalaqebSi. b) Sua saukuneebis germanuli samarTlis sistema xasiaTdeboda samarTlis normaTa im kompleqsis gankerZoebiT, romlebic awesrigebdnen uzenaesi sabatono wodebis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, anu saqme exeba e.w. lenrexts. kerZod, Tu inglisSi da nawilobriv safrangeTSi, XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, moqmedebda vasalur-lenuri urTi-erTibebis momwesrigebeli iseTi normebi, romlebsac mWidro kavSiri hqondaT sabatono samarTlis sxva normebTan, germaniaSi tradiciad iqca samarTlis sistemis dayofa miwebis (calkeuli terotoriebis) samarTalsa _ e.w. landrexti da mamulis (sabatono urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli) mamulis samarTals _ e.w. lenrexts Soris. germaniis lenuri, miwebis, saqalaqo da kanonikuri samarTali awesrigebda erTgvarovan urTierTobebs (mamulis Taobaze, qonebriv, saojaxo-saqorwino, memkvidreobiT urTierTobebs) sxvadasxvagvarad, anu imis mixedviT, Tu romeli socialuri fenis warmomadgeneli iyo samarTlis subieqti da romel teritoriaze (romel miwaSi) cxovrobda igi. xSir SemTxvevaSi, samarTlis subieqtis “sakuTar uflebas” mxolod sasamarTlo Tu gansazRvravda. g) Sua saukuneebis samarTali, zogadad, da kerZod, germanuli samarTali gansakuTrebul erTgulebas iCenda im sasamarTlo procedurebis mimarT, romelTa gamoyenebis Sedegad, adamians SeeZleboda “sakuTari samarTlis gamoyeneba”. miuxedavad amisa, SeuZlebelia vuaryoT is faqti, rom germaniaSi SemuSavebuli iqna is zogadi institutebi da principebi, romlebic nebayoflobiT aRiares, gansxvavebuli statusis mqone, politikurma erTeulebma da, romlebmac germaniis “saerTo samarTals” Cauyares safuZveli. aRniSnuli principebi iqmneboda rogorc germanelTa CveulebiTi samarTlis universaluri normebis safuZvelze, ise XII-XIII saqmianobis Sedegad. Tumca, es procesi xanmokle aRmoCnda da maleve Sewyda. misi ganaxleba daiwyo mxolod XVI saukuneSi. d) germanuli samarTlis ganviTarebaSi didi roli Seasrula CveulebiTi samarTlis normebis adgilobrivma sistematizaciam, romelic agreTve Seicavda saimperio kanonmdeblobis debulebebsa da sasamarTlo praqtikas (“saqsoniis sarke”, “Svabiis sarke”, “frankoniis sarke”).

a) 1356 wlis `oqros bula~

saimperatoro xelisuflebis gamo atexili, sakmaod xangrZlivi, dapirispirebis Sedegad, imperatoris xelisufleba dayvanili iqna “primus inter pares”-is donemde, xolo Staufenebis dinastiis damxobis Semdeg, dadga umefobis periodi (1254-1273 ww.). aRniSnuli krizisuli viTarebiT isargebles, separatistuli ganwyobis mqone, mTavrebma, romlebmac miisakuTres gvirgvinis kuTvnili miwebi da samefo regaliebi. momdevno periodSi, imperatoris tituli gadavida sxvadasxva mmarTveli saxlebis warmomadgenelTa xelSi, rac grZeldeboda 1438 wlamde, roca xelisuflebis saTaveSi moeqca habsburgebis dinastia. habsburgebi imperatoris titulsa da xelisuflebas flobdnen, “saRvTo romis imperiis” likvidaciamde, rac ganxorcielda napoleonis dapyrobiTi omebis Sedegad (habsburgebi avstria-ungreTis impera-torebad rCebodnen 1918 wlamde). 1356 wels germaniis imperatorma karlos IV-m gamosca dadgenileba, romelic istoriaSi Sevida “oqros bulas” saxelwodebiT (sigeli, romelic oqros beWdiTaa damowmebuli da gansakuTrebuladaa SefuTuli). aRniSnul momentSi imperatori, ZiriTadad, dakavebuli iyo warmomadgenlobiTi funqciebiT, anu mefobda, Tumca ar marTavda qveyanas. Aamavdroulad, karlos IV-e (1347-1378) iyo CexeTis sruluflebiani mefe: luqsemburgebis mmarTveli saxli daunaTesavda CexeTis mefes. oqros bulis Tanaxmad, mis mier dadgenili mmarTvelobis forma, erTdroulad, iyo monarqiac (arCeviTi monarqia) da oligarqiac _ Svidi kurfiurstis (teritoriuli mTavris) faqtiuri

mmarTveloba. amieridan, imperators irCevda, Svidi kurfiurstis SemadgenlobiT warmod-genili, kolegia: brandenburgis markgrafi, CexeTis mefe, saqsoniis hercogi, rainis pfalcgarfi da sami mTavarepiskoposi – maincis, kiolnis da triris. aRniSnuli dokumenti kanonier wesrigad miiCnevda romis mefis (germaniis imperatoris) arCevas, kurfiurstebis kolegiis mier. arCevnebi tardeboda frankfurtSi, dasaxelebuli kolegiis mier, aRniSnuli mmarTvelebis saxiT an mas Semdeg, rac isini dadebdnen fics. saarCevno procedura – “droebiTi mSvidobis meTauris” arCevnebi (monarqi iyo, erTdroulad, qristiani xalxis meTauri, romis mefe da imperatori) – sakmaod martivi iyo. arCevnebi tardeboda mxolod oc-

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daaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi, raime Sesvenebis gareSe. ocdaaTdRiani vadis amowurvis Semdeg, amomrCevlebi “ mxolod wyliTa da puriT ikvebebodnen da ufleba ar hqondaT daetovebinaT qalaqi”, vidre ar iqneboda arCeuli “qristiani xalxis” axali mmarTveli. vinaidan amomrCeveli mTavrebis raodenoba iyo mxolod Svidi, sakiTxis gadawyveta unda momxdariyo xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT. upirveles yovlisa, romis imperatorad axladarCeuli kurfiursti, movale iyo daedasturebina yvela amomrCeveli mTavrisaTvis (saero da sasuliero mmarTvelebisaTvis), rom is erTguli rCeboda “yvela im privilegiis, sigelisa da ufleba-Tavisuflebis, wyalobis, Zveleburi Cveulebebis, agreTve sapatio titulebis, rac maT hqondaT boZebuli, miRebuli imperiisagan da rasac isini flobdnen arCevnebis dRisaTvis”. yvelaferi es axladarCeul mmarTvels unda daedasturebina, kidev erTxel, mas Semdeg, rac moxdeboda misi saimperatoro gvirgvinis kurTxeva. arCeuli imperatori unda yofiliyo kurfiurstTa kolegiis warmomadgeneli – Svideulis wevri. vakansiis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi, amomrCeveli mTavrebis mowvevis uflebamosileba eniWeboda maincis mTavrepiskoposs, romelsac, amavdroulad, hqonda amomrCevelTa azris gamokiTxvis ufleba, Semdegi Tan-mimdevrobiT: pirveli xmas aZlevda triris mTavarepiskoposi; mas mosdevda kiolnis mTavarepiskoposi, romelic axladarCeul imperators Tavze adgamda saimperatoro gvirgvins; mesame iyo bohemiis (CexeTis) mefe, Semdeg modiodnen rainis pfalcgrafi, saqsoniis hercogi da brandenburgis markgrafi. romelime amomrCeveli mTvaris gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi “ufleba, xma da xelisufleba arCevnebis dros”, uciloblad da daubrkoleblad gadae-cemoda”, gardacvlilis pirmSo Zes, romelic aucileblad unda yofiliyo saero wodebisa”. amomrCevelTa kolegiaSi Semavali pirebi, sxva mniSvnelovani specialuri, sasmaxurebrivi – saxelisuflo privilegiebis mflobelebic iyvnen, vinaidan isini warmoadgendnen umaRles Tanamdebobis pirebs da iTvlebodnen germaniis imperatoris upirveles mrCevlebad. impe-ratori, kolegiis wevrebs, maT samflobeloebSi, gadascemda yvela umaRles administraciul da samxedro uflebamosilebas. kerZod, kiolnis, tririsa da maincis eparqiis qveSevrdomebi “samudamod” eqvemdebarebodnen mxolod aRniSnuli eparqiebis iurisdiqcias da dauSvebeli iyo maTi sxva sasamarTlo organoebSi gasamarTleba. aRniSnuli movlena ki, triris, kiolnis da maincis mTavarepiskoposebisaTvis niSnavda sasamarTlo imunitetis miniWebas. rainisa da saqsoniis amomrCeveli mTvarebic sargeblobdnen sasamarTlo privilegiiT da maT SeeZloT daubrkolebliv esargeblaT saqsoniis an frankoniis sakanonmdeblo krebulebiT, agreTve eklesiisaTvis beneficiumis miniWebis uflebiT, gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblis amoRebis uflebiT, Cveulebrivi lenebis gacemis uflebiT (anu maT gaaCndaT yvelaze farTo saxis saimuniteto privilegiebi). imperatoris aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, maT eniWebodaT ufleba mieRoT, “saRvTo romis imperiis” erTgulebaze, dadebuli fici. kurfiurstebs Soris gadanawilda saerToimperiuli da sasaxlis karze arsebuli yvela umaRlesi Tanamdeboba, kerZod: maincis mTavarepiskoposi iyo germaniis kancleri, kiolnisa – italiis kancleri, tririsa – arlsis samefos kancleri, CexeTis mefe – umaRlesi mTavarsardali, rainis pfalcgrafi – mestumre, saqsoniis hercogi – marSali, xolo brandenburgis markgrafi – imperatoris mesawole. kurfiurstebis dadgenilebebi miiReboda, xmaTa umravlesobiT. bula ukrZalavda vasalebs, siuzerenis winaaRmdeg saomrad gamosvlas. omi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iTvleboda kanonierad, Tu mis dawyebamde sami dRiT adre, sazeimo viTarebaSi moxdeboda omis gamocxadeba, mowinaaRmdege mxarisaTvis. Bbula qalaqebsac ukrZalavda erTmaneTTan kavSirebis dadebas, Tumca qalaqebi mainc ver Seurigdnen am akrZalvas. kerZod, Svabiis qalaqebma Seqmnes, 89 qalaqisgan Semdgari, kavSiri, romelsac

mogvianebiT ewoda rainis qalaqTa kavSiri.

b) `saqsoniis sarke~

samarTlis krebulebis normebisa da principebis moqmedeba scildeboda maT gamomcem adgils da xels uwyobda samarTlis garkveul unifikacias. 1220 wels Sefenma eike fon rephaum Seqmna saqsoniis sarke, romelSic gaerTianda Crdilo-aRmosavleT germaniis CveulebiTi samarTlisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis yvelaze gavrcelebuli normebi. traqtati or nawilad iyofoda: pirveli nawili eZRvneboda miwebis samarTals, meore – lenur (saadgilmamulo da vasaluri urTierTobebis momwesrigebel normaTa erTobliobas) samarTals. miwebis samarTali Seicavda CveulebiTi samarTlis normebs da saiperio kanonmdeblobis Zeglebs, romlebsac iyenebdnen germanuli miwebis sasamarTloebSi, Tavisufali “mdabioebis” mimarT. lenuri samarTali awesrigebda, “keTilSobil” Tavisuflebs Soris, warmoSobili vasaluri urTierTobebis viwro wres. saqsoniis sarke, praqtikulad, gverds uvlida romis, qalaqebis da savaWro

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samarTals da mxolod iSviaTad axsenebda kanonikuri samarTlisa da sxva miwebSi moqmed samarTlis normebs. saqsoniis sarkem gavrceleba pova germaniis ramdenime miwasa da qalaqSi da mas xSirad iyenebdnen TviT 1900 wlamde. krebulis leqsad daweril prologSi (daax. 1230 wels) mocemulia saqsoniis sarkis saxelwodebis ganmarteba, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo, zogadad, Suasaukunovani Zeglebisa da, kerZod, germanuli samarTlis wyaroebisaTvis: “saxelwodeba misi dae iyos saqsoniis sarke, imis gamo, rom masSi samarTalia dadebuli, da rom man marTlad asaxos, iseve, rogorc sarke qalis saxes ireklavs”. krebuli warmoadgens, XIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, aRmosavleT saqsoniaSi Camoyalibebuli CveulebiTi samarTlis Canawerebs, romelTa Sedgena ganaxorciela am Cveulebebis didma mcodnem, Sefenma eike fon rephaum, romelic iyo, erTdroulad, krebulis Semdgenelic da misi ganmmartebelic. fon rephau, garkveuli politikuri poziciebidan, gamoTqvams ukmayofilebas adamianis araTavisufali mdgomareobis – monobisa da yma-glexobis gamo. avtori mouwodebda Sina omebisa da politikuri daqucmacebulobis aRkveTisaken da Zlieri saimperatori xeli-suflebis Seqmnisaken, romelsac kidev ufro ganamtkicebda erTguli maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis saqmianoba; rephaus surda, rom mtkiced yofiliyo daculi adamianis uflebebi, raTa ezeima samarTlianobas, ara mxolod mdgomareobiT “TanasworTa Soris”, aramed damoki-debulebis sxvadaxva formebSi, myofi pirebis mimarT: anu monarqsa da mis qveSevrdomebis, batonsa da mis vasalebis Soris urTierTobebSi. samarTlianoba mimarTuli iyo muSakis uflebaTa dacvisaken, raTa mas, gaweuli SromisaTvis, garantirebuli hqonoda anazRaureba; samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa unda momxdariyo sabatono gadasaxadebis mkveTrad gan-sazRvruli normebiT. samarTlianobis dacvis sakmaod uCveulo variantad, aRniSnuli xasiaTis urTierTobebSi, miiCneoda usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis ufleba, romelic gulisxmobda mis yvelaze mkverT formas – SeiaraRebul brZolas, maT Soris, sakuTari movaleobebis damrRvevi, monarqis, Tanamdebobis piris, Tu calkeuli mebatonis winaaRmdegac ki. samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis aRniSnuli variantebi, sxvadasxva dros, mxardaWeriT sargeblobda da pirdapir gamoiyeneboda, gansxvavebuli politikuri orientaciis mqone, Zalebis mier, kerZod: humanistebisa da demokratebis, monarqistebisa da konservatorebis ideologTa SexedulebebSi. msgavsi xasiaTis konfrontaciaSi, pirvel adgilze gamodioda saqsoniis sarkis is debulebebi, romlebic yvelaze zustad da adeqvaturad asxavdnen qonebrivi xasiaTis urTierTobebis regulirebas, agreTve exebodnen saojaxo da memkvid-reobiTi samarTlis sakiTxebs. kerZod, saqsoniis sarke iTvaliswinebda mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis sastiki xerxebis SezRudvas: eWvmitanilis gamocdas cecxliTa da sxva sastiki saSualebebiT, araadamianur wamebas, qalis (gansakuTrebiT _ qvrivi dedisa da misi Svilebis) Rirsebis sasamarTlo dacvis sakiTxebis mogvarebas; agreTve, did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, germanuli da slavuri warmoSobis glexobis mimarT, Tanasworobis aRiarebas, ris dasturad gamodgeba, germanuli enis armcodne braldebulisaTvis uflebis miWebas, sasamarTlo sxodemebze, esargebla Tarjimnis momsaxurebiT. krebulis Tavisebur nawils Seadgenen, meurneobis racionalurad marTvis, wesebi da moTxovnebi: miwaTmoqmedebis, mesaqonleobis, mSeneblobis, wiaRiseulis mopovebis, wyliT sargeblobis da sagzao transportis gamoyenebis wesebma, agreTve nakrZalebiT da sxva bunebrivi simdidreebiT sargeblobis moTxovnebma.

I. krebulis struqtura

krebuli Sedgeba ori msxvili nawilisgan: landrexti (miwebis samarTali _ sami wigni) da lenrexti (saadgilmamulo samarTali _ sami Tavi; Tanac meore da mesame Tavebi Seicaven sakanonmdeblo dadgenilebebs, samarTalwarmoebisa da saqalaqo mamulebis Sesaxeb). land-rexti Seicavs debulebebs wodebrivi dayofis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali mosaxleoba iyofoda keTilSobilebad da mdabioebad (romlebsac agreTve moixseniebdnen Sefenebis wodebis saxiT). araTavisufali, damokidebuli mosaxleoba iyofoda ymobaSi da damokidebul mdgomareobaSi myof xalxad, romlebsac evalebodaT gadasaxadis gadaxda: CinSis gamoReba, an moijaris statusSi _ letebad yofna. samarTlis Zeglis Tanaxmad, yvelaze sasurveli statusi iyo Tavisufali adamianis mdgomareoba. de bomanuaris msagavsad, fon rephauc miiCnevda, rom qristiani adamiani, bunebiTi samarTliT, Tavisufalia, Tumca moqmedi samarTlis sistemiT, sul sxva principi batonobs: erTi adamiani, SesaZlebelia, ganicdides meore adamianis batonobas da misi sakuTrebac ki iyos. lenrexti dawvrilebiT aRwers da ganmartavs lemur (sabatono) urTierTobebs: lenis miRebis, pyrobisa da dakargvis pirobebs, ganmartavs lenebis saxeebs, maT Soris _ saqalaqo lens da lenuri yofa-cxovrebis da zne-Cvevebis Taviseburebebs. TviT krebuli Sedgenilia sasamarTlo ganxilvis, kazuistur praqtikasTan, sruli Sesa-bamisobiT (Sefenebis monawileobiT, pativsacemi adamianebis arCevis aucileblobiT, raTa maT

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monawileoba miiRon sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi). garda saadgilmamulo urTierTobebis mowesrigebisa, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda “sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg, borotmoqmedebis” aRkveTis RonisZiebebs, romlebic gulisxmobdnen, sakmaod mkacri, sasjelis Sefardebas. aseTi sasjeli iTvaliswinebda ara mxolod tradiciuli jarimisa da vergeldis dadebas, aramed asoTmiRebiT sasjels da sikvdiliT dasjis kvalificiur saxeebs: Tvalis amowvas, sarze Camocmas, cocxliv gatyavebas, miwaSi cocxliv damarxvas, borbalze dakvras, koconze cocxliv dawvas, CamoxrCobas, Tavis mokveTas.

II. eklesia da imperia saeklesio da saimperio xelisuflebaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba iyo ganmartebuli ori maxvilis koncefciis suliskveTebiT: “ori maxvili RmerTma uboZa miwier samefos, raTa man daicvas qristianoba. romis papisaTvis gankuTvnilia sasuliero (maxvili), imperatorisaTvis – saero. papisaTvis dadgenilia, rom, saWiro dros, imgzavros TeTr bedaurze amxedrebulma, xolo imperators evaleba misi uzangis daWera, raTa unagiri ar Camouvardes, rac Semdegs niSnavs: is, vinc ewinaaRmdegeba paps da ver iqneba saeklesio samarTliT dasjili, unda ganicdides devnas, imperatoris mxridan da, saero samarTlis ZaliT, daemorCileba papis nebas. zustad igive wesiT, sasuliero xelisufleba unda daexmaros saero sasamarTlos, Tu mas esaWireoba, pirvelis daxmareba” (1.1).

III. begara – valdebulebebi

yvelaze srulyofilad gawerilia gadasaxadebis da mosakreblis gadaxdis wliuri cikli. TiToeuli qristiani, srulwlovanebis miRwevis Semdeg, valdebuli iyo, weliwadSi samjer mieRo monawileoba, imperiis teritoriaze gamarTul, saeklesio sasamarTlos sxdomebSi, sakuTari mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. sasamarTloebSi dakavebuli, Tavisufali adamianebi iyofodnen sam kategoriad: 1) Sefenebis xalxi (episkoposis sasamarTloSi monawilebda), 2) CinSis xalxi (monawileobda probis sasamarTloSi, romelic, amavdroulad, samonastro meurneobis meTauric iyo), 3) axalmoSene (axalmosaxle) (dekanis, kapitulis RvTismsaxuris sasamarTloSi iyo gamwesebuli). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqsoniis sarkis meore wignis 52-e muxlis $2, sadac saubaria imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda gadauxados glexma mebatones, mTeli sasoflo-sameurneo wlis ganmavlobaSi. “axla SevicnoT, Tu rodis, risi gadaxda aris saWiro. wm. barTolomes dRes (18 agvisto) mogveTxoveba yovelgvari CinSisa da gamosaRebis gadaxda. wm. valburgis dRes (1 maisi) mogveTxoveba batknis faris meaTedis gamoReba. RvTismSoblis miZinebis dRes (15 agvisto) – batebis fermis meaTedi. wm. ioane naTlismcemlis dRes (24 ivnisi) – yovelgvari xorceulis meaTedis gadaxda (risi gamosyidvac aris SesaZlebeli fuliT, yovelwliurad). iq, sadac meaTedis gamosyidva dauSve-belia, gadasaxadis gadaxdis dro maSin dgeba, roca pirutyvi namats iZens. wm. margalitas dRes (13 ivlisi) – yovelgvari pureulis meaTedis gadaxda, Tanac maSin, roca pureuli aRebuli da dabinavebulia. wm. urbanis dRes (25 maisi) savaldebuloa mevenaxeobidan da mebaReobidan miRebuli meaTedis gadaxda. vinmes naTesi, romelic man guTniT daTesa, misi kuTvnileba xdeba, pirvelive xnulis gakeTebidan, baRi – misi dargvisa da gasxlis momentidan. wisqvilisa da sabaJo gadasaxadidan miRebuli CinSi, agreTve fuladi erTeulidan da venaxidan Semosuli gamosaRebis gadaxdis vada maSin dgeba, roca es dRe aris sayovel-Taod dadgenili” (2. 58). saojaxo – memkvidreobiTi samarTlis urTierTobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom wodebrivad uTanasworo pirTa qorwinebis pirobebSi, coli misdevda qmris mdgomareobas, xolo bavSvebi – im mSoblis statuss, romelsac socialuri kibis ufro dabali safexuri ekava, rac, TavisTavad, niSnavda maTi samemkvidreo uflebebis SezRudvas. qorwinebis periodSi SeZenili qoneba iTvleboda TanasakuTrebad, Tumca am qonebis gankargvis ufleba hqonda mxolod qmars; coli ki mTlianad moklebuli iyo amis SesaZleblobas. ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, qals SeeZlo ukan moeTxova mziTvad motanili qoneba. mxolod moZravi qonebis garkveuli wili iyo gankuTvnili qalis piradi sargeblobisaTvis da mas ewodeboda “colis wili”. Tumca, misi gankargvis SeuzRudavi ufleba hqonda mxolod qmars. colis uZravi qonebis mimarT, Semdegi wesi moqmedebda: “colis qoneba arc unda gaizardos, arc unda Semcirdes”. gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi reJimi hqonda miniWebuli miznobrivi daniSnulebis nivTebs, mag., “dilis saCuqari – saqorwino saCuqari, Tanacxovrebis pirvel dRes rom miarTves cols, romlisTvisac, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, dadgenili iyo sargeblobis gansakuTrebuli wesi. qonebis kidev erTi saxe iyo qmris uZravi qoneba, romelic gamoiyofoda qmris gardacvalebis Semdeg da miznad isaxavda colis samisdReSio rCenis uzrunvelyofas. colis wilis

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memkvidred iTvleboda, gardacvlili qmris, mdedrobiTi xazis uaxloesi naTesavi. rac Seexeba dilis saCuqarsa da colis sasursaTo wils (romlis dadgena qorwinebis Sewyvetisa, an ojaxis ufrosis gardacvalebis, an samkvidros gaxsnis Semdeg xdeboda), isini unarCundeboda cols, samisdReSio sarCos saxiT. lenrexti gulisxmobda erTi memkvidris princips, anu mamis leni gadaecemoda mxolod erT vaJiSvils. erTmemkvidreobis principi ar vrceldeboda landrextze, radgan is iTvaliswinebda, yvela vaJiSvilis mxridan, samkvidros, sxvadasxva wesebiT, memkvidreebad qce-vas. lenis miRebis uflebas da, lenrextis mixedviT, dacvis uflebas moklebuli iyvnen, Semdegi kategoriis pirebi: samRvdeloeba, qalebi, glexebi (naxevradTavisufali letebi, CinSis xalxi da moijareebi), vaWrebi, “uflebaCamorTmeulebi,”, “kanongareSe Sobilni”, “ararainduli wodebis pirebi” (romelTa mamebi da didi winaprebi raindis wodebas arasodes flobdnen) (lenrxtis pirveli Tavis me-4 muxli). valdebulebaTa urTierTobis sferoSi, yvelaze didi yuradReba eqceoda zianis miyenebidan aRmocenebul valdebulebebs, naklebi _ saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis regulirebas, rac ganpirobebuli iyo sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganuviTareblobiT. lenuri sistemis safuZvels warmoadgenda, batonsa da mis vasals Soris, erTgulebis Sesaxeb dadebuli xelSekruleba. lenis mflobels, misi mebatonisaTvis, unda daedo cnobili erTgulebis fici, romelic orive mxarisaTvis, Tanabrad, savaldebulo iyo. amrigad, lenis mflobeli, sakuTari mebatonisaTvis _ suzerenisaTvis xelqveiTi piri xdeboda, vinaidan vasali suzerenisagan iRebda lens (1.8). lenis mflobels hqonda sami ZiriTadi movaleoba: erTguleba, samsaxuri suzerenis sasargeblod da senioris sabatono kuriaSi monawileobis miReba. suzerensac hqonda, sakuTari vasalis mimarT, garkveuli movaleobebi: ar daetvirTa vasali usazRvrod mZime samsaxuriT, ar eTqva misTvis uari marTlmsajulebaze, ar gadaeyvana vasali ufro dabal rangSi, ar CamoerTmia misTvis leni, marTlsawinaaRmdego wesiT. Tu lenis mflobelsa da mis suzerens Soris warmoiSveboda dava, mowmed dakiTxvis ufleba hqonda mxolod vasalis mier dasaxelebul pirebs. suzerenis mier gamoTqmuli braldebebi, vasals SeeZlo uareyo, ficis dadebiT.

IV. uflebaTa sasamarTlo dacva

krebuli Seicavs pasuxebsa da rekomendaciebs, uflebaTa sasamarTlo dacvis Sesaxeb: sasamarTlo procesis saxe, mtkicebulebaTa sistema, sasamarTlo organizacia da samarTal-warmoebis principebi. sasamarTlo moxeleTa xelisufleba ganmtkicebuli iyo sakuTrebiT, anu maTi Tanamdebobrivi uflebamosilebani ganmtkicebuli iyo sasamarTlo lenze uflebiT. sasamarTlo xeli-suflebiT aRWurvili piri, amavdroulad, iyo miwaTmflobelic. sasamarTlo aparatis yvela monawile (mosamarTleebi, grafebi, maTi moadgileebi, vasalebi, miwebis sasamarTloebSi moRvawe Sefenebi) ikavebda misTvis gankuTvnil adgils, sasamarTlo ierarqiis safexurze, maTi _ miwaze sakuTrebis uflebis _ Sesabamisad, anu saadgilmamulo uflebis gaTva-liswinebiT. mag., Sefeni, mamisgan miwis sakuTrebasTan erTad, memkvidreobiT iRebda Sefenis savarZelsac. sasamarTlos aRmasrulebelic unda yofiliyo msxvili miwaTmflobeli. mefe, erTdroulad, iyo miwaTmflobelobisa da nebismieri sasamarTlo xelisuflebis wyaroc (sabatono wyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, miwaTmflobelobisa da politikuri xelisuflebis urTierTSerwymis principi). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom “saqsoniis sarke” ar icnobda erTiani sasamarTlo sistemis arsebobas, anu _ jer kidev ar moqmedebda, sasamarTlos winaSe, yvelas Tanasworobis principi. sasamarTlo xelisufleba iyofoda: saeklesio, lenuri, miwebis, saqalaqo da samefo sasamarTlo organoebad. saeklesio sasamarTloebi moqmedebdnen episkoposis, probstas da dekanis meTaurobiT. saero sasamarTloebi eqvemdebarebodnen grafis, misi moadgilis (SulTheisis), gografis da fogTas (umdablesi Tavisufali wodebisaTvis), soflis mamasaxlisis iurisdiqcias. soflis mamasaxlisis gansjadobas ganekuTvneboda mxolod wvrilmani davebi, romelTaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo jarima da sxeulebrivi sasjeli.

V. erTgvarovnebis maRali xarisxi germanul saqalaqo samarTalSi

ramdenime wamyvani qalaqis samarTlis Zeglebs farTod iyenebdnen sxva germanul qalaqebSic, kerZod: magdeburgis kanonebi moqmedebda 80-ze met qalaqSi, franqfurtisa _ 49 qalaqSi, lubekisa _ 43-Si, miunxenisa _ 13 qalaqSi. sayovelTaod ganTqmuli iyo q. magdeburgis samarTlis normebi, romlebic 1261 wels gaigzavna qalaq breslauSi (64 muxli), xolo 1304

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wels _ q. herlicSi (140 muxli). XIV saukuneSi, sistematizirebuli magdeburgi _ breslaus samarTali gamoica xuT wignad da masSi Sevida xuTasamde muxli. pirveli wigni eZRvneboda, qalaqSi moRvawe, mosamarTleebs, maTi Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis rigs, mosamarTleTa kompetenciasa da ufleba-movaleobebs. meore wigni Seicavda samarTalwarmoebis sakiTxebs, mesame _ sxvadasxva sarCelebs, meoTxe _ saojaxo-memkvidreobiT samarTals, mexuTe (daus-rulebeli) eZRvneboda, sxva wignebSi gauTvaliswinebel gadawyvetilebebs.

VI. universaluri samarTlebrivi sistemebis Camoyalibeba

qalaqis samarTlis SigniT, TandaTanobiT, ganviTarda ufro universaluri samarTlis sistema _ savaWro samarTali, anu vaWarTa samarTali, romelic Tavidanve iyo zenacionaluri xasiaTis. savaWro samarTlis normaTa didi nawili Sevida qalaqis samarTlis statutebSi, romlebic Seiqmna XIII saukuneSi, qalaq lubekSi, briugesa da sxva germanul qalaqebSi (hanzas kavSiris wevr germanul qalaqebSi). baltiis zRvis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda visbi-s kanonebi (Seqmnilia daax. 1350 w.) _ baltiis zRvis kunZul hotlandis saporto qalaqi. visbi-s kanonebi awesrigebdnen sazRvao gadazidvebisa da sazRvao vaWrobis sakiTxebs. dasaxelebul qalaqSi, sakuTari savaWro asociaciebi hqondaT germanel, Sved, latviel da novgorodel vaWrebs, Tumca visbi-s samarTalze udidesi gavlena iqonia hamburgisa da lubekis saqalaqo statutebma. germanuli savaWro samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wyarod miiCneoda, sxva qalaqebTan dadebuli, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, romlebic ideboda calkeul qalaqebTan, maT kavSirebTan da ucxoel monarqebTan, maTTvis savaWro urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli reJimis miniWebis Taobaze. kerZod, cnobilia aseTi saxis xelSekruleba, romelic q. kiolnma gaaforma inglisis mefe _ henri II-Tan da romlis safuZvelze, germaneli vaWrebi uflebrivad, gaTanabrdnen maT inglisel kolegebTan, anu maT mieniWaT e.w. "erovnuli reJimi".

VII. samarTlis unifikacia

XIV-XVI saukuneebSi germaniaSi moxda samarTlis unifikacia, rasac didad Seuwyo xeli romis samarTlis recefciam. XV saukunis bolos, iustinianes digestebis, drois Sesabamisad, gadamuSavebuli varianti miCneuli iqna uzenaesi saimperio sasamarTloebisaTvis samarTlis mTavar saxelmZRvanelo wyarod. XVI saukuneSi romauli pandeqturi samarTali iZens saimperio kanonmdeblobis avtoritets da, germaniis "saerTo samarTlis statusiT", ganagrZobs arsebobas, vidre 1900 wels ar iqna miRebuli germanuli samoqalaqo sjuldeba. germanul sisxlis samarTalSi, saerTo imperiuli principebis SemuSavebaSi, didi roli Seasrula sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso sjuldebam, romelic samarTlis istoriaSi cnobilia "karolinas" saxelwodebiT.

g) Kkarolina (imperator karlos V-is sadamsjelo sasamarTlo Zeglisdeba)

karolina warmoadgenda imperiis sasamarTlo-sadamsjelo debulebaTa kanons, romlis daniSnuleba iyo, imperiis sasamarTloebisaTvis, kerZod _ mosamarTleebisa da SefenebisaTvis, saxelmZRvanelo krebulis rolis Sesruleba. karolina Seiqmna imperator karlos V-is zeobis xanaSi (1500-1558). es Zegli raixstagSi ganixiles da miiRes 1532 wels. saxelwodeba karolina Zeglisdebam SeiZina, misi laTinuri Targmanis Sesabamisad _ Constitutio Criminalis

Carolina. Zeglisdeba Sedgeba 219 muxlisagan; maTi erTi mesamedi (104-180 m.m.) eZRvneba sadamsjelo (sisxlis-samarTlebrivi) normebis gamoyenebas, danarCeni _ sasamarTlo-saproceso sakiTxebis regulirebas. ZeglisdebaSi mravali debuleba gadmoRebulia italiuri iurisprudenciidan, Tumca is, agreTve, iTvaliswinebs sxva krebulebis moTxovnebsac, kerZod: bambergis (1507) da brandeburgis (1516) debulebebs, romlebsac, aRniSnuli garemoebebis gamo, moixseniebdnen "karolinas dedad" da "karolinas dad". TiToeuli Zegli warmoadgenda, recefcirebuli romis samarTlis, nairsaxeobas. Tumca, aRniSnulia, rom es Zeglebi ara mxolod, "digestebSi" gaTvaliswinebuli "dasaSinebeli wignebis" analogia, aramed maTi gadamuSavebuli versiebia, romlebsac sakuTar naSromebSi gadmogvcemdnen italieli mecnieri-iuristebi da maTi germaneli popularizatorebi. anu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom karolina iyo, glosatorebisa da postglosatorebis Sromis Taviseburi Sedegi, romlis mizani gaxda, sayovelTao

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mniSvnelobis, sasamarTlo Cveulebebis mowesrigeba (consuetudo generalis). Zeglisdeba Sedgenilia, imperatorisadmi miZRvnili, didaqtikuri moZRvrebis JanrSi, romelic karlos V-is TxovniT, Seqmnes mecnier-iuristebma, mTeli imperiis farglebSi, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad. Tu mosamarTleebs raime eWvi gauCndebodaT, maT eZleodaT rekomendacia "miTiTebebi eTxovaT zemdgomi sasamarTloebisaTvis, romlebic ukeT erkveodnen rTul Zvelebur CveulebebSi". Zeglisdebis 119-e muxlSi pirdapir iyo ganmartebuli, Tu sad (ra adgilas) da visgan unda mieRoT Sesabamisi miTiTeba. a) karolinas struqtura Zeglisdeba _ "reestri" Sedgeba Semdegi qveTavebisagan: 1) sasamarTlos Semadgenloba, mosamarTleTa, Sefenebis da mweral-mdivnebis fici ("fici gasamarTldnen sisxlis Sesaxeb"), damswre pirebi da dapatimrebis safuZvlebi (m.m. 1-32); 2) mtkicebulebani (m.m. 33-47); 3) sasamarTlos sxdoma (m.m. 48-103); 4) sasjeli (m.m. 104-129); 5) ganzrax mkvlelobis CamdenTa dasja (m.m. 130-156); 6) qurdobis Sesaxeb (m.m. 157-192); 7) ganaCenis gamotana (m.m. 193-219). karlos V-is Zeglisdeba, samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, iyo moqmedi samarTali. misi dRegrZeloba, didad ganapiroba, Sinaarsisa da praqtikuli daniSnulebis Taviseburebebma: 1) karolina iyo mosamarTleebisa da SefenebisaTvis praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo (es ukanasknelni sasamarTloSi monawileobisaTvis airCeodnen, oTxidan ocdaxuT kacamde, raodenobiT). misi mizani iyo samarTalwarmoebis erTgvarovani wesebis dadgena da, Tanac, moZvelebuli, "ugunuri Cveulebebis" gaiqmeba, samTavroebsa da germanul miwebSi. Tumca, kurfiurstebsa da mTavrebs unarCundebodaT, "ZirZveli memkvidreobiT SeZenili da samarTliani Cveulebani". karolinas miRebamde, danaSaulis Semadgenloba fiqsirdeboda an CveulebiTi samarTlis Canawerebis saxiT, an samTavroebis dadgenilebebSi, mag., "miwebis mSvidobis Sesaxeb" dadgenilebani; 2) ZeglisdebaSi ganmtkicebulia, zogierTi axali, momenti marTlmsajulebis organizaciasa da danaSaulis Semadgenlobis axsna-ganmartebis aspeqtSi. karolina afiqsirebda kerZo (sabraldebo-SejibriTobiTi) procesidan samZebro (sabraldebo-sagamoZiebo) procesze gadasvlis etaps. ZeglisdebaSi Sesulia, danaSaulebrivsa da dasjadis Sesaxeb, kanonmdeblobis axali zogadi principebi: pasuxismgeblobis aRiareba mxolod bralis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (ganzrax an gaufrTxileblobiT). Tumca, amavdroulad, keT-deboda gamonaklisic: bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis aRiareba, zogierTi danaSaulis SemadgenlobisaTvis,"obieqturi Seracxvis" principidan gamomdinare (samarTaldamrRvevis cudi reputacia); sakuTari braleulobis aRireba, wamebis gamoyenebis dros (rac braleulobis sakmaris mtkicebulebad iTvleboda). garda amisa, karolina Seicavda pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi (marTlzomieri mogerieba), Semamsubuqebeli, damamZimebeli garemoebebis CamonaTvals; 3) yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, Tu ramdenad xSirad SeuZlia mosamarTles gadawyvitos sasamarTlo saqme, Sinagani rwmeniT da sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr: mosamarTlis ufleba, daniSnos erTi an ramdenime sasjeli erTdroulad, mxedvelobaSi miiRos adgilobrivi Cveulebebi, ganmartebisaTvis mimarTos kanonmcodneebs, farTod gamoiyenos dasaSinebeli xasiaTis sasjeli (sikvdiliT dasja borbalze dakvriT, winaswar, kidurebis Zvlebis damsxvreviT; koconze cocxlad dawviT, danawevrebiT; asoTmiRebiTi sasjelis Sefardeba); 4) kanonTa krebuli cnobili iyo, masSi farTod gaTvaliswinebuli, religiis da mmarTvelobis wesis winaaRmdeg, mimarTuli danaSaulis simravliT: yalbi fulis moWra, "miwebis mSvidobis" xelyofa, janyi da Ralati, SurisZieba, yaCaRoba; 5) Zeglisdeba Seicavda uamrav siaxles, romelic exeboda, braleulobis damtkicebis mizniT, wamebis gamoyenebas. bralis aRiareba iqca "mtkicebulebis dedoflad", rac iwvevda wamebis SeCerebas. sasamarTlosaTvis wardgenili monacemebi advilad gadasamowmebeli unda yofiliyo. wamebis dros miRebuli Cveneba gadamowmebas eqvemdebareboda (wamebis saknis gareT Catarebuli), ganmeorebiTi dakiTxvis dros. wamebisgan gaTavisufleba exeboda avadmyofebs, invalidebs, moxucebs da mcirewlovan bavSvebs, agreTve _ umaRlesi wodebis pirebs, Tu maTi moqmedeba miiCneoda msubuqi xasiaTis samarTaldarRvevad. b) sasamaTlo procesi, "karolinas" mixedviT kriminaluri samarTalwarmoebis saerTo formula Semdegnairad iyo warmodgenili: marTl-msajuleba unda ganxorcieldes "samarTalsa da samarTlianobasTan srul SesabamisobaSi", raTa "yvela da TiToeul qveSevrdoms ("Cvenebidan da imperiidan") SeeZlo emoqmeda, "sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis mniSvnelobisa da saSiSroebis gaTvaliswineba-gaazrebiT, aRniSnuli dargebis sruli SesabamisobiT saerTo germanul samarTalTan, samarTlianobasa, sanimuSo ZirZveli Cveulebebis mixedviT..." mosamarTleebis, msajulebisa da sasamarTlo moxeleebis Sesaxeb kari gvamcnobs: "amrigad, Cven, upirveles yovlisa, vadgenT, vbrZanebT da visurvebT, rom yvela sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo iyos Sevsebuli mosamarTleebiT, Tanac iseTebiT, romlebic RvTismosavi, Rirseuli, keTilgonieri da gamocdili, yvelaze qveli da saukeTeso iqneba im adamianebs

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Soris, vinc gvyavs an SesaZloa miviRoT TiToeuli adgilidan... amisTvis ki unda movixmoT aznauroba da mecnierebi.., raTa sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlom aravis miayenos usamarTloba, vinaidan aRniSnuli umniSvnelovanesi saqmeebi, exeba adamianis Rirsebas, sxeuls, sicocxlesa da qonebas da amitom saWiroa am saqmeebis guldasmiT Seswavla da gonivrulad gadawyveta". mowmis ficSi ("fici sisxlis gansjis Sesaxeb") iyo naTqvami: me (aseTi da aseTi) vficav, rom movale var da msurs aRvasrulo marTlmsajuleba, ganvsajo da ganaCeni gamovatanino sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze, Raribisa da mdidrisaTvis Tanabar pirobebSi da am moTxovnas ar gadauxvio arc siyvarulis, arc siZulvilis, arc safasis, arc saCuqris da arc sxva raime mizezis gamo..." g) procesis Taviseburebani sabraldebo procesis niSnebi karolinaSi, zogjer, Sejerebuli iyo inkviziciur (sagamoZiebo-samZebro) procesTan. samarTalwarmoeba mimdinareobda werilobiTi formiT da iyo faruli xasiaTis. procesi Seicavda sam stadias: 1) mokvleva, 2) zogadi gamoZieba da 3) specialuri ganxilva. 1) mokvleva gulisxmobda, danaSaulisa da damnaSavis Sesaxeb, faruli informaciis mogrovebas; 2) zogadi gamoZieba warmoadgenda dapatimrebulis mokle dakiTxvas, saqmis garemoebaTa irgvliv. amave stadiaze moqmedebda, dasakiTxi piris, "arabraleulobis prezumpciis" principi; 3) specialuri ganxilva Seicavda braldebulisa da mowmeebis dawvrilebiT dakiTxvasa da mtkicebulebaTa saerTo Segrovebas, damnaSavis saboloo gamoaSkaravebisaTvis, agreTve _ misi Tanamzraxvelebis dasadgenad. es iyo procesis ga-damwyveti stadia. saboloo gansjadoba xdeboda mxolod TviTaRiarebisa an braldebulis Cvenebis safuZvelze. aseTi Cvenebis mosapoveblad saWiro iyo ramdenime pirobis dacva-Sesruleba: wameba unda ganxorcielebuliyo mosamarTlis, ori msajulisa da mdivnis TandaswrebiT. sasamarTlo sxdoma mTavrdeboda ganaCenis gamocxadebiT da misi sisruleSi moyvaniT. d) danaSauli da sasjeli Zeglisdeba gulisxmobda ramdenime danaSaulebriv qmedebas, romelTa klasificireba SesaZlebeli iyo xelyofis obieqtis mixedviT: 1) morwmuneTa da RvTismosavi adaminebis uflebebisa da Cveulebebis darRveva (RvTisgmoba, misnoba, ficis gatexa); 2) sakuTrebis uflebis xelyofa (qurdoba, Zarcva, cecxlis wakideba); 3) adamianis piradi uflebebis, sicocxlis, Rirsebis da privilegiebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSauli (mkvleloba, asoTmiReba, gaupatiureba, ciliswameba, Seuracxyofa); 4) zneobis moTxovnaTa darRveva (orcolianoba, colqmruli erTgulebis darRveva, garyvnili qmedeba, incesti, mcirewlovanTa garyvna, maWankloba); 5) marTlmsajulebis wesebis darRveva (cru fici, crumowmeoba sasamarTlos winaSe); 6) saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis dadgenili wesis xelyofa (Ralati, xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg janyi, "saero mSvidobis darRveva", yalbi fulis moWra, yaCaRoba); 7) vaWrobis wesebis darRveva (zomasa da wonaSi motyueba). mTeli rigi garemoebani uwyobda xels, bralisa da Sesabamisi sasjelis, Semsubuqebas, kerZod: boroti ganzraxvis ararseboba (ugergiloba, qarafSutoba, daudevroba). ufro mraval-ricxovani iyo bralis damamZimebeli garemoebani: danaSaulis sajaro da SebRalviTi xasiaTi, danaSaulis ganmeorebiT Cadena (recidivi), miyenebuli zianis didi odenoba, damnaSavis "cudi reputacia", danaSaulis Cadena pirTa jgufis mier (TanamonawileobiT), sakuTari batonis sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSauli. danaSaulis kvalifikaciis dros, ukve ganasxvavebdnen mis calkeul stadiebs anu, Cadenil danaSaulTan, damnaSavis kavSiris xarisxs. mcdeloba isjeboda damTavrebuli danaSaulis msgavsad. mcdelobis qveS igulisxmeboda ganzraxi danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, romelic ver ganxorcielda, damnaSavis nebis sawinaaRmdegod. danaSaulSi damxmared is piri iTvleboda, vinc damnaSaves daexmareboda: danaSaulis Cadenamde, danaSaulis dasrulebis Semdeg, danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze. aucilebeli mogeriebis dros, qmedebis marTlzomierebis mtkicebis tvirTi awva mkvlels. i) miuxedavad imisa, rom germanuli samarTlis unificirebis pocesi mimdinareobda sakmaod aqtiurad, unda aRiniSnos, rom "saerTo germanuli samarTlis" normebs mainc hqondaT sarekomendacio xasiaTi da maTi aRiareba mTlianad iyo damokidebuli calkeuli miwis mmarTvelis neba-survilze. amitom, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom samarTlis sistemis Camoya-libebis procesi, upiratesad, mimdinareobda calkeuli germanuli miwebis _ saxelmwifoebis SigniT, maTi politikuri, kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gaTva-liswinebiT. XII saukunidan, germaniaSi, gafarTovda samTavroTa kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba. samTavroTa kanonmdebloba zRudavda Cveulebebis moqmedebas da Seicavda sisxlis samarTlis,

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memkvidreobiTi da savaWro samarTlis im axal normebs, romelTa moqmedeba vrceldeboda yvela Tavisufal qveSevrdomze. samTavroebSi, sakuTari samarTlebrivi sistemebis Seqmnis procesi, dakavSirebuli iyo, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi ganxorcielebul, adgilobrivi samarTlis kodifikaciasTan, anu e.w. "samTavroTa absolutizmis" epoqis kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobasTan. kerZod, XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi Seiqmna bavariis sisxlis samarTlis sjuldeba da samoqalaqo kodeqsi, xolo 1768 wels, avstriaSi, gamoica sisxlis samarTlis sjuldeba _ tereziana. 1787 wels moxda misi ganaxleba. saqveynod cnobili iyo, 1784 wels gamocemuli, e.w. "prusiis miwis sjuldeba", romlis wyaroebi iyo: saqsoniis sarke, romis samarTali, magdeburgisa da lubekis samarTali, berlinis uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika. sjuldeba Sedgeboda ori nawilisagan: pirveli nawili eZRvneba kerZo samarTlebriv urTierTobebs; meore nawili, ZiriTadad, Seicavda saxelmwifo da sisxlis samarTlis normebs, agreTve wodebebis, skolebis da eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, debulebebs. sjuldeba iyo "ganaTlebuli absolutizmisadmi" Tayvanis cemis nimuSi, da masSi Sevida, sakuTrebis da adamianis "bunebiTi uflebebisadmi" miZRvnili, Tanamedrove moZRvrebis mniSvnelovani elementebi. Tumca, prusiis samarTalSi upiratesoba eniWeboda iseT principebs, rogoric iyo prusiis mefeTa SeuzRudavi xelisufleba, sazogadoebrivi da kerZo cxovrebis, yvela sferos, wvrilmani reglamentacia, yma-glexebisa uufleboba, Tavadaznaurobis privilegirebuli mdgomareoba. kodeqsi gajerebuli iyo moralisturi debulebebiT, iuridiuli formulirebebis gaurkvevlobiT, sasjelis moZvelebuli saxeebiT.

d) saerToimperiuli kanonmdebloba

XII-XIII saukuneebSi, imperiis centraluri organoebis dadgenilebebs, ZiriTadSi, evalebodaT "miwebs Soris mSvidobis" uzrunvelyofa. Sesabamisad, saerToimperiuli kanonmdebloba, tradiciulad, Seicavda sisxlis samarTlis normebs. Tavdapirvelad, mSvidobis SenarCunebis meqanizmad, imperiis yvela qveSevrdomis mxridan, aucileblobad miiCneoda, nebismieri formiT ganxorcielebul Zaladobaze, uaris Tqma. gviandeli periodis statutebis normebma, sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis dacvis Sesaxeb, impera-tiuli, ficisagan damoukidebeli xasiaTi miiRes da urTierTobaTa, sakmaod vrceli, speqtri moicves. kerZod, maincis statutiT, mSvidobis darRvevad miiCneoda saeklesio iurisdiqciisadmi daumorCilebloba, sagzao da sxva sabaJo gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblis ukanono daweseba, germanelebisa da ucxoelebisaTvis Tavisufali da usafrTxo gadaadgilebis SezRudva, dausabuTebeli da ukanono pretenziis wamoyeneba, rac cxaddeboda dasjad qmedebad. dasjadi iyo "klasikuri danaSaulic", maT Soris _ yalbi fulis moWra, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, mkvleloba (gansakuTrebiT, mSoblebisa da da-Zmis mkvleloba), samSoblos Ralati. mSvidobis statutebiT ikrZaleboda, dazaralebulis mxridan, TviTgasworebis aqtis ganxorcieleba da mxolod, sasamarTlos wesiT, unda gadawyvetiliyo saqme, marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofis Taobaze, "samarTlianad, miwebis gonivruli Cveulebebis Tanaxmad". dazarebulTa, agreTve mosamarTleebis mxridan aRniSnuli principis darRveva, minimum, dajarimebiT isjeboda, vinaidan "iq, sadac mTavrdeba samarTlis Zalaufleba, batonobs sastiki TviTneboba". sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis gareSe, ukanono TviTgasworeba, sasamarTlos winaSe dadebuli zavis darRveva, valis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, movalis qonebis mitaceba iwvevda damnaSavis kanongareSed gamocxadebas. Tumca, TviTgasworeba (garkveuli wesebis dacviT) iTvleboda kanonierad, Tu mxareebi ver dakmayofildebodnen sasamarTlos samarTliani gadawyvetilebiT. statutebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda sasamarTlo organizaciisa da saqmianobis principebis dacvas. aqve gancxadebuli iyo, rom: 1) mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis dakaveba SeeZlo mxolod Rirseul adamianebs; 2) mkvidrdeboda TanasworTa sasamarTlos principi, romelSic mowmed gamosvla SeeZloT zedafenis an imave wodebis warmomadgenlebs. imperatoris aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, samarTalwarmoebas xelmZRvanelobda iusticiari, romelsac, piradi RirsebiT, unda daemtkicebina Tanamdebobaze yofnis mizanSewoniloba, da romelic unda yofiliyo Tavisufali wodebis warmomadgeneli, romelsac sakuTari uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba SeeZlo, sul mcire, erTi wlis vadiT, "kargi yofaqcevis SemTxvevaSi". sasamarTlo sxdomebi unda Catarebuliyo yovel dRe, garda kvira dRisa da sadResaswaulo dReebisa, qveSevrdomTa "uflebebisa da sakuTrebis dacvis" saqmeebze, garda "Tavadebisa da sxva maRali wodebis warmomadgenelTa saqmeebisa". yvelaze mniSvnelovani saqmeebis mimarT, marTlmsajulebas

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axorcielebda TviT imperatori. iusticiarTan, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo specialuri notariusis Tanamdebobis SemoReba, romelsac daikavebda saero piri da romlis kompetenciaSic Sedioda saCivrebisa da gancxadebebis miReba-Senaxva, saimperatoro sasamarTloSi gadawyvetilebis Cawera da oqmebis Sedgena. gansakuTrebiT mkacrad icavdnen moTxovnas iseTi sadao saqmis Caweris Taobaze, sadac savaldebulo iyo im adgilis miTiTeba, romlis Cveulebis Tanaxmadac unda gadawyvetiliyo aRniSnuli saqme. amrigad, gadaidga nabiji iseTi mudmivmoqmedi kancelariis Seqmnisaken, sadac moxdeboda miwebis Cveulebebisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis Senaxva, sistematizacia da Seswavla, rac, arsebiTad, ASeuwyobda xels samarTalwarmoebas, "saerTo" germanuli samarTlis safuZvelze. sasjelis principebi ganisazRvreboda danaSaulis xasiaTiT da damnaSavis pirovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mxedvelobaSi miiReboda danaSaulis "simZime, utifroba da recidivi". qonebrivi samarTaldarRveva iwvevda miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas. Tanamonawileebi isjebodnen damnaSavis darad. gansakuTrebuli daTqma exeboda, imperatoris mier, adamianis "kanongareSed gamocxadebas", rac misTvis niSnavda Rirsebis ayras da yvela uflebis CamorTmevas. im pirs, vinc Segnebulad Seifaravda "kanongareSed" gamocxadebuls, sjidnen damnaSavis msgavsad. sastikad uswordebodnen im qalaqebsac, sadac "kanongareSed" gamocxa-debuli piri afarebda Tavs: aseT qalaqebs arbevdnen, xolo mis moqalaqeebs sdevnidnen, sisxlis samarTlis wesiT. mSvidobis statutebi iyo saimperatoro samarTlis nawilebi. isini gankuTvnili iyo, imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali, sakuTriv germanuli miwebisaTvis. rac Seexeba italias, misTvis gamoicemoda ufro vrceli da kargad damuSavebuli sakanonmdeblo krebulebi, romelTa moqmedeba unda gavrcelebuliyo normandielTa siciliuri samefos centralizebul dawesebulebebze. sxvadasxva danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisa da prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gatarebis Sesaxeb, saimperatoro kanonmdebolobis tradicia aRdga XVI saukuneSi, anu karolinas gamocemis Semdeg, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sisxlis samarTlis zogadi principebi, agreTve CamoTvlili iyo danaSaulisa da sasjelis mravali saxe. aRniSnuli kanoni Seiqmna Sefe-nebisaTvis, rogorc maTTvis gankuTvnili praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo, samarTalwarmoebis sferoSi da is ar Seicavda sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso normebis mkveTr sistemasa da am normebis Tanmimdevruli gamijvnis moTxovnebs. karolinasaTvis cno-bili iyo sisxlis samarTlis iseTi zogadi cnebebi, rogoric iyo ganzraxva, gaufrTxilebloba, pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi, Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebi, danaSaulis mcdeloba, Tanamonawileoba. Tumca, es cnebebi yovelTvis rodi iyo zustad Camoyalibebuli da mxolod danaSaulisa da sasjelis calkeuli saxeebis gamoyenebis mimarT, Tu iqneboda ganmartebuli. karolinas mixedviT, danaSaulis CadenisaTvis pasuxis-mgebloba dgeboda, rogorc wesi, bralis (ganzraxvis an gaufrTxileblobis) arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, germaniis Sua saukuneebis sisxlis samarTali pasuxismgeblobas xSirad adgenda bralis gareSec, sxva adamianis braleuli qmedebis (obieqturi Seracxva) gamo. garda amisa, braleulobis dadgenis arsebuli meTodebi, xSirad iwvevda udanaSaulo adamianis dasjasac. pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi garemoebani dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili karolinaSi, mkvlelobis danaSaulis magaliTze. kerZod, mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba ar dgeboda aucilebeli mogeriebis, "mesame piris sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, qonebis dacvis dros", damnaSavis dakavebisas, samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis dros da zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSi. aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi Cadenili mkvleloba iTvleboda marTl-zomier qmedebad, Tu Tavdamsxmels, misi ganadgurebis momentSi, xelSi iaraRi ekeva an, Tu momgeriebels sxvagvarad ar SeeZlo misi Tavdasxmis mogerieba. aucelebel mogeriebaze miTiTeba gamoiricxeboda, kanonieri Tavdasxmis dros (damnaSavis dakavebis dros) da Tavdasxmis Semdeg Cadenili mkvlelobisas, agreTve Tavdamsxmelis devnisas. samarTlis wigni moiTxovda, rom aucilebeli mogeriebis yvela konkretuli SemTxveva, zedmiwevniT zustad, yofiliyo gamoZiebuli, vinaidan misi marTlzomiereba unda emtkicebina TviT mkvlels, xolo aramarTlzomieri qmedebis SemTxvevaSi _ pasuxismgebloba gardauvali iyo. karolina iTvaliswinebda pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli garemoebis arsebobas, kerZod: ganzraxvis ararseboba ("ugergiloba, qarafSutoba, gauTvaliswinebloba, gauazrebloba"), danaSaulis Cadena "ganrisxebisa da Zlieri aRelvebis" dros, qurdobis danaSaulis Cadenisas, damnaSavis mcirewlovnoba (14 wlamde asakis piri) da "pirdapiri SimSili". gacilebiT mravalricxovani iyo pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli garemoebebis CamonaTvali: danaSaulis sajaro, utifari, "borotganzraxviTi" da RvTisgmobiTi xasiaTi, danaSaulis recidivi, zaralis didi moculoba, damnaSavis "cudi saxeli", danaSaulis Cadena pirTa jgufis mier, sakuTari batonis winaaRmdeg da sxva. samarTlis wigni icnobda danaSaulis

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Cadenis ramdenime stadias, kerZod, gamoiyofoda: danaSaulis mcdeloba, romelic ganixi-leboda iseT ganzrax qmedebad, romelic ganxorcielda, miuxedavad damnaSavis nebisa. dana-Saulis mcdeloba isjeboda damTavrebuli danaSaulis msgavsad. Tanamonawileobis ganxilvisas, ZeglisdebaYYyvelaze xSirad axsenebda damnaSavis damxmares. aRniSnuli periodis kanonmdeblebi icnobdnen sami saxis daxmarebas: danaSaulis Cadenamde gaweuli daxmareba; danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze gaweuli daxmareba (Tanabraleuloba); danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg gaweuli daxmareba. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen "anga-rebiT Tanamonawileobas" da "sibralulis gamo damnaSavis dafarvas" (bolo SemTxvevaSi sas-jeli iyo ufro msubuqi). adamianis samarTlebrivi statusi ganisazRvreboda misi wodebrivi kuTvnilebiT. “aravis SeuZlia sxva uflebis mopoveba, garda dabadebiTi kuTvnilebisa”, _ Cawerili iyo “saqsoniis sarkeSi”. amasTanave, avtori hkicxavs batonymur urTierTobebs, vinaidan “misi gonebisaTvis gaugebaria, Tu rogor SeuZlia vinmes iyos sxvisi sakuTreba”. batonymuri mdgomareoba, misi azriT, momdinareobda im usamarTlo Cveulebidan, romelsac imdroisaTvis hqonda SeZenili samarTlis statusi.

e) miwebis samarTalSi

didi adgili ekava saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis sakiTxebs. germanuli samarTali icavda im tradicias, romelic gansazRvravda, ojaxSi da qonebis memkvidreobis mimarT, qalis damdablebul mdgomareobas. kerZod, uTanasworo qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti iyo qmris mdgomareoba, xolo Svilebs memkvidreobiT im mSoblis statusi gadaecemoda, romelsac hqonda socialurad ufro dabali statusi. saqsoniis sarke amkvidrebda qmrisa da colis qonebis erTobliobis princips, rac, faqtiurad, niSnavda TanasakuTrebaze qmris SeuzRudav sakuTrebis uflebas. qmris Tanxmobis gareSe, cols, romelic imyofeboda sakuTari qmris kanonier meurveobaSi, ekrZaleboda sakuTari qonebis marTva. Tumca, saojaxo qoneba iTva-liswinebda iseTi nivTebis arsebobasac, romelTa mimarT meuRleebs SeeZloT cal-calke ganexorcielebinaT samemkvidreo uflebebi. aseTi nivTebis kategoriaSi Sediodnen: qalis piradi moxmarebis nivTebi, sayofacxovrebo nivTebi, Zvirfaseuloba (samkaulebi, e.w. “qalis wili”), colis samisdReSio sarCo (ganqorwinebis an qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi), colis mziTevi, agreTve qmris mier mirTmeuli saqorwino saCuqari (“dilis saCuqari”). ganqoriwinebis (ganSorebis) SemTxvevaSi, cols SeuzRudavad SeeZlo, qonebis aRniSnuli kate-goriiT, sargebloba.Ee.w. “qalis wili” memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda mxolod qaliSvilebs. Svilebi iZendnen qonebas mxolod mamis TanxmobiT, an ojaxidan gamoyofis SemTxvevaSi. memkvidreobis principebi emsaxurebodnen im moTxovnas, rom miwa da mamuli unda darCeniliyo mxolod mamakacis xelSi, rac aseve atarebda wodebriv xasiaTs. samkvidros miRebisaTvis aucilebeli piroba iyo mamkvidrebelTan Tanabari (an ufro maRali) statusi. Tu, lenrextiT, mamuli mxolod erT vaJiSvils gadaecemoda, landrextiT _ is, Tanabari wiliT, ergeboda yvela vaJiSvils, an sxva naTesavebsac. memkvidreebad moiwveodnen sisxliT naTesavebi, naTesaobis meSvide rigamde; Tanac, upiratesoba eniWeboda mamrobiTi sqesis naTesavebs. garda ZiriTadi memkvidreebisa, germanuli saadgilmamulo samarTali icnobda e.w. “mewileebs”, romlebic samkvidro qonebis garkveul wils, iRebdnen pirvel rigSi (daqvrivebuli coli, uaxloesi naTesavi, romelic iZenda samxedro aRkazmulobas). Sua saukuneebis germanuli landrexti, namdvilad, miiCnevda mxolod kanonismier memkvidreobas. Tumca, saojaxo urTierTobebSi kanonikuri samarTlis gavlenis gaZlierebam, gamoiwvia anderZis dafaruli formis dadgena, Cuqebis saxiT. garda amisa, qonebis ganawilebisas, gamoiyofoda e.w. “gardacvlilis wili”, romelic dadgenili iyo eklesiis sasargeblod. anderZismieri memkvidreobis instituti, kanonismieri memkvidreebis sasargeblod, savaldebulo wilis gamoyofis aucileblobiT, germanul samarTalSi, romis samarTlis recefciis Sedegad gaCnda. saqsoniis sarke Seicavs sxvadasxva garigebis CamonaTvals: nasyidoba, sesxi, piradi qiravnoba, Senaxva da a.S. Tumca, mTlianobaSi, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi, ganuvi-Tarebeli savaWro brunvis pirobebSi, sakmaod sustad iyo SemuSavebuli. qonebis gada-cemasTan dakavSirebuli garigebebi, sasamarTloSi ideboda, raTa TviT sasamarTlos daedas-turebina maTi dadebis faqti. ufro dawvrilebiT iyo mowesrigebuli zianis miyenebidan aRmocenebuli valdebulebebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, icavdnen miwis sakuTrebas, naTesebis waxdenas, samanebis moSla-dazianebas. sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTareba ganapirobebda kerZo-samarTlebrivi normebis permanentul Camoyalibebasa da srulyofas, ag-reTve recefcirebuli romis samarTlis normebis damkvidrebas. gaCnda miwis nakveTebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis axalis forma, maTi “datvirTviT”. miwis nakveTebis aseTi gayidvis

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Sedegad, gamyidveli da SesaZlo momavali SemZeni, valdebuli iyvnen Tavdapirveli mesakuTrisaTvis gadaexadaT nakveTidan miRebuli Semosavlebis nawili. moZravi nivTebis yidva-gayidvis garigeba iTvaliswinebda keTilsindisieri SemZenis uflebebis dacvas. Tanac, romis samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro SezRuduli iyo nivTis mesakuTris uflebebi. mesakuTre, romelic sakuTar nivTs miandobda sxva adamians da is ki – nivTs mesame pirze gayidida, uflebas kargavda sarCeli waredgina, nivTis SemZenis mimarT. mas ufleba hqonda mxolod gamoeTxova misTvis moparuli nivTi. germanuli samarTlis aRniSnuli principi gamoixateboda Semdegi formuliT: “xeli xels unda icavdes”. miwis samarTalma mSvidobis statutebidan gadmoiRo mxolod yvelaze mZime danaSaulis Semadgenloba, romelic, ZiriTadad, ar iyo sistematizirebuli da, kvalificirebuli formiT, sikvdiliT dasjas iTvaliswinebda, ganzraxvis da “Tavxedobis” arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSauli ki ar iTvaliswinebda sikvdiliT dasjas an sxeulebrivi sasjelis Sefardebas; is gulisxmobda mxolod vergeldis gadaxdas. droTa ganmavlobaSi, calkeul germanul miwebSi moxda, sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjadi, samarTaldarRvevis nairsaxeobaTa raodenobis zrda. zogjer es dakavSirebuli iyo kerZo deliqtisa da danaSaulis erTmaneTisagan mkveTri gamijvnis aucileblobasTan. SemoRebuli iqna danaSaulis dayofa “Rirseul” da “uRirs” qmedebebad. mag., Cveulebrivi mkvleloba an sxeulis dazianeba iTvleboda “Rirseul” danaSaulad, xolo qurdoba, Ralati, TaRliToba – uRirs qmedebad. Sesabamisad, “uRirs danaSaulSi” braldebuli piri, romelic brals imZimebda motyuebis codviT, isjeboda mowamebrivi sikvdiliT; “Rirseuli” danaSaulis Camdeni _ mxolod zianis anazRaurebiT an gadasaxadis gadaxdiT. XVI saukunis germaniaSi, sxvadasxva samTavros sisxlis samarTali, iseve, rogorc iuridiuli doqtrina mTlianobaSi, daefuZna karolinas principebs. misi Semdgomi ganviTareba didad iyo dakavSirebuli marTlSegnebis evoluciasTan, sasjelis Sesaxeb warmodgenebTan, romlebic axla ganixileboda rogorc damnaSavis gamosworebis saSualeba, maT Soris iZulebiTi Sromis meSveobiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, izrdeba sasjelis iseTi saxis gamoyeneba, rogoric iyo iZu-lebiTi samuSaoebi, gamawbilebeli sasjeli an gamasworebel saxlebSi damnaSavis moTavseba. saqsoniis sarkis periodis ladnrexti iTvaliswinebda, sisxlisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis saqmeebze, SejibriTobiTi procesis arsebobas. TiToeul mxares SeeZlo, “sarCelis Setana imis Sesaxeb, rac mas azaralebda” da mopasuxis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxeba. Cveulebriv, mosarCele da mopasuxe procesSi monawileobdnen warmomadgenlis (“molaparake”) meSveobiT, romelic warmoTqvamda procesualur formulebs, vinaidan formulis SecdomiT warmoTqma, iwvevda saqmis wagebas. sasamarTloSi gamoucxadebloba mkacrad isjeboda da dasaSvebi iyo mxolod oTxi kanonieri mizezis gaTvaliswineba: sapatimroSi yofna, avadmyofoba, imperatoris sasamrgeblod samsaxuris gaweva an jvarosnul laSqrobebSi monawileoba. sasamarTloSi ZiriTad mtkicebulebad iTvleboda mowmis Cveneba da fici. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze daiSveboda “RvTis msjavric”, sasamarTlo orTabrZolis saxiT, Tu aRniSnulze Tanxmobas ganacxadebdnen Sefenebi. sasamarTlo orTabrZolis gamarTva izRudeboda wodeb-rivi Tanasworobis principiT, agreTve _ im procesulauri wesebiT, romlebic dawvrilebiT iyo aRwerili saqsoniis sarkeSi. orTabrZolis Sedegebis mixedviT, damarcxebuli mopasuxe eqvemdebareboda marTlmsajulebas da miiCneoda danaSaulSi braldebul pirad; xolo orTabrZolaSi gamarjvebuli mopasuxe Tavisufldeboda braldebisgan, jarimis gadaxdisgan da mosamarTlisa da sasamarTlosaTvis gasamrjelos anazRaurebisgan. XV-XVI saukuneebSi, SejibriTobiTi procesis inkviziciuriT (samZebroTi) Secvlam, gamoiwvia absoluturad axali wesebisa da formis damkvidreba, romlebic gaiTvaliswina karolinam. miuxedavad amisa, XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan, sasamarTloebSi SeizRuda wamebis gamo-yeneba.

v) tereziana

terezianaSi (1768 weli) pirdapir miuTiTebdnen im wamebis iaraRze, romelic mxolod uzenaesi sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos mier unda yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli da, Tanac im danaSaulze, romlisTvisac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sikvdiliT dasjis Sefardeba. am SemTxve-vaSi, wamebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo sxva mtkicebulebebis ararsebobisas. wamebisgan Tavisufldebodnen avadmyofebi, invalidebi, moxucebi da mcirewlovani pirebi, agreTve umaRlesi wodebis warmomadgenlebi, im pirobiT, Tu maT mier Cadenili danaSauli ar atarebda gansakuTrebiT mZime xasiaTs.

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4) rusuli samarTalganviTareba Sua saukuneebis periodSi

a) samarTlis wyaroebi

samarTlis wyaroebs Cvenamde TiTqmis ar mouRwevia, Tumca udavoa, rom aq iarsebebda saerTo-erovnuli sakanonmdeblo krebulebi, romlebic jer kidev kievis ruseTis periodSi Seiqmna. samarTlis sistema warmodgenili iyo saero da saeklesio samarTlis ZeglebiT. samarTlis umniSvnelovanes Zeglad kvlav Русская Правда iTvleboda, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia im mravalricxovani xelnawerebis saxiT, romlebic swored vladimir-suzdalis samTavroSi iwereboda. aqve moqmedebda is mravalricxovani saerTorusuli wesdebebi, romlebsac qris-tiani mTavrebi iRebdnen _ mTavar vladimiris wesdeba desiatinas _ aTeulis, saeklesio sasa-marTloebis da saeklesio glexebis Sesaxeb, iaroslav brZenis wesdeba saeklesio sasa-marTlos Sesaxeb. novgorodisa da fskovis samarTlis Sesaxeb msjeloba SesaZlebelia, ZiriTadad, novgorodisa da fskovis sasamarTlo sigelebis (Новгородская судная грамота, Псковская судная грамота - Sesabamisad: НСГ da ПСГ) safuZvelze, agreTve mxedvelobaSi misaRebia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da sxva Cvenamde moRweuli dokumentebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom is dokumentebic ki, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwia met-naklebad srulyofili saxiT, an arsebiTad naklulia, an iseT xarvezebs Seicavs, rom mTlad sarwmuno wyarod ver gamodgeba, kerZod: НСГ-dan SemorCenilia mxolod mciredi nawyveti, romelic 42 muxls Seicavs da ПСГ-dan SemorCenili teqsti, Tumca mTlianad aris moRweuli, imdenad xarvezovania, rom maszed dayrdnoba, istorizmis principis arsebiT Selaxvad CaiTvleba. sadaoa orive dokumentis daTariRebac. Cveulebisamebr, maT XI s. bolos Sedgenilad miiCnevdnen. novgorodsa da fskovSi moqmedebda sxva samarTlis krebulebic: upirveles yovlisa, Русская Правда, Мерило Праведное, Кормчая Книга. Tu Русская Правда, ZiriTadad, sisxlis samarTlisa da procesualuri samarTlis wyaroa, НСГ da ПСГ im xarvezebs awesrigebda, romlebic uxvad gvxvdeboda kerZo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTi-erTobebis ganviTarebis Sedegad. arc galiC-volinis samarTlis sistema gansxvavdeboda, senioraluri monarqiis periodis, sxva rusul miwebSi moqmedi samarTlis sistemebisagan. ganagrZobdnen moqmedebas, nawilobriv Secvlili, Русская Правда-s normebi. Tumca, galiC-volinis mTavrebi gamoscemdnen sakuTar sakanonmdeblo aqtebs. maT Soris Rirebul wyarod iTvleba, mTavris _ ivane rostislavis Ze berladnikis mier, 1134 wels gamocemuli sigeli, romelic awesrigebda galiCis samTavros ekonomikur kavSirebs CexeTis, ungreTisa da sxva qveynebis vaWrebTan. aRniSnuli sigeli adgenda SeRavaTebs ucxoeli vaWrebisaTvis. daaxloe-biT 1287 wels gamoica mTavris _ vladimir vasilkos Zis xeldeba, romelic awesrigebda memkvidreobiTi samarTlis normebs vladimir-volinis samTavroSi. dokumentSi saubaria mTavari vladimiris mier, sakuTari memkvidreebisaTvis sabatono ymobaSi myofi, glexebis gadacemis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, sigeli gvamcnobs soflisa da qalaqis mmarTvelobis wesebs. daaxloebiT 1289 wels, gamoica mTavris _ mstislav danilis Zis sawesdebo sigeli, romelic awesrigebda, samxreT-dasavleT ruseTSi, daymevebuli glexebis dabegvras. a) kerZo samarTalSi ganmtkicda: sanivTo samarTlis ZiriTadi institutebi, kerZod, uflebebi nivTze, romelTa Soris centraluri iyo sakuTrebis ufleba. sakanonmdeblo doneze pirvelad mowesrigda TviT moZravi qonebis aRmniSvneli termini _ живот. ПСГ-Si gvxvdeba uZravi qonebis aRmniSvneli terminic _ отчина. kanoni did yuradRebas uTmobs miwas, rogorc sakuTrebis uflebis obieqts. ПСГ-Si xSirad axseneben moZrav qonebas, romelSic calke igulisxmeba pirutyvic. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis xerxebs Soris, ПСГ-Si naxsenebia, mflobeloba xandazmulobiT. es uZvelesi saSualeba ganmtkicebulia saxnavi miwisa da wyal-satevis saTevzao monakveTis mimarT. amavdroulad, kanoni CamoTvlis im aucilebel pirobebs, romelTa dacvis gareSe xandazmulobiT sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena SeuZlebeli iqneboda. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis ZiriTadi saSualebebi ki xelSekruleba da memkvidreoba iyo. ПСГ-m, agreTve, icoda napovari da nayofi (namati). ufleba sxvis nivTebze warmodgenili iyo ПСГ-Si `кормля~-Ti, anu sxvisi uZravi qonebiT sargeblobis samisdRemSio uflebiT. qoneba кормля-Si gadadioda, rogorc wesi, mesakuTris gardacvalebis Semdeg. gardacvlili meuRlis anderZis safuZvelze miwa gadadioda cocxlad darCenili meuRlis samisdRemSio кормля-Si. Kормля-s gayidva ikrZaleboda. b) kerZo samarTlis kidev erTi instituti iyo valdebulebiTi samarTali, romlis ganviTareba ganpirobebuli iyo sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebiT. sameurneo

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cxovrebis garTulebam gamoiwvia xelSekrulebis dadebis wesebis srulyofa. iseTi xel-Sekrulebebis nacvlad, romelTa dadeba moiTxovda Zalzed rTuli, ritualebiT ganmtki-cebuli da mowmeebiT dadasturebuli pirobebis dacvas, Cndeba mxolod werilobiTi formiT dadebuli mravalferovani garigebani. xelSekrulebis dadebis ZiriTad saSualebad Canaweri

_ werilobiTi dokumenti xdeba, romlis asli (beWdiT damowmebuli), arqivs bardeboda. CanaweriT iyo gaformebuli miwis yidva-gayidvis, Senaxvis, did safasurad gacemuli sesxis xelSekrulebebi, izornikoba da Tavdeboba; werilobiTi formiT ideboda anderZi. Canaweris gakeTeba sakmaod rTuli saqme iyo, Tumca am dokumentis gasaCivreba ar daiSveboda. mcire Tanxebze dawerili dokumenti (sesxi erTi maneTis odenobiT) dafebze iyo gaformebuli da es iyo araformaluri werilobiTi dokumenti. Tumca, dafis, rogorc mtkicebulebis gasaCivreba, SesaZlebeli iyo. SenarCunebuli iyo garigebis dadebis zepiri forma, romelic ufro xSirad soflebSi gamoiyeneboda. am SemTxvevaSi saWiro iyo 4-5 mowmis daswreba: seriozuli yuradReba eqceoda valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofas. ПСГ-Si arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba Tavdebobasa da giraos, rogorc valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebs. Tavdeboba gamoiyeneboda maSin, roca sesxis odenoba 1 maneTs ar aRemateboda. dasaSvebi iyo moZravi da uZravi qonebis dagiraveba. uZravi qonebis dagiravebisas, ar iyo saWiro qonebis kreditorisaTvis gadacema, xolo moZravi qoneba, piruku, kreditoris xelSi gadadioda. novgorodisa da fskovis kanonmdebloba da praqtika xelSekrulebis ufro met nairsaxeobas icnobda, vidre Русская Правда. yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba. moZravi qonebis yidva-gayidva pirdapir bazarSi xdeboda, yovelgvari formalobis gareSe. xelSekruleba zepiri formiT ideboda, mowmeTa daswreba savaldebulo ar iyo. keTilsindisier SemZens kanoni icavda. Tu nivTs faruli nakli aRmoaCndeboda, xelSekruleba moiSleboda. miwis yidva-gayidva werilobiT formdeboda. miwis yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis subieqtebi iyvnen axlo naTesavebi. garigebis gaformeba xdeboda orive mxaris mowmeebis TandaswrebiT da mowmdeboda mTavarepiskoposis an misi nacvlis beWdiT. arsebiTi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeoda ucxoel vaWrebTan dadebuli yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba. kanonierad miiCneoda ara nivTis gayidva, aramed gacvla: saqoneli saqonelze icvleboda, xolo sesxis garigeba ikrZaleboda. kanoni adgenda, rom germanel vaWars mowme unda hyoloda (mas sami dRe SeeZlo eTvalierebina nivTi). saqonlis gadacema aucileblad germanul ezoSi unda momxdariyo. Cuqebis xelSekrulebis dadeba (gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme miwas exeboda) sigeliT formdeboda da mas mowmeebis daswreba da beWdiT damowmeba moeTxoveboda. rogorc wesi, am formiT xdeboda monastrisaTvis qonebis Cuqeba, sulis mosaxsenieblad. Tumca, zogjer Cuqebis xelSekrulebis dadeba gamartivebuli wesiTac xdeboda. ПСГ-e nebas rTavda Cuqebis xelSekruleba gaformebuliyo saxlis pirobebSic, Tu mas daamowmebdnen samRvdeloebis warmomadgeneli da is mowmeebi, romlebic ar iyvnen mxareTa naTesavebi. savaraudod, es wesi daiSveboda maSin, roca mxare avad iyo an Tu mCuqebeli ver SesZlebda (sapatio mizeziT) saxlis datovebas. garigeba namdvili iyo maSin, Tu Cuqeba naTesavis da ara gareSe piris mimarT xorcieldeboda. sesxis xelSekruleba kargad iyo cnobili Zveli rusuli samarTlisaTvis. ПСГ-e, sesxis aRsaniSnavad, iyenebs terminebs: `заем~_ `ссуда~. xelSekrulebis gaformebis wesi damokidebuli iyo sesxis odenobaze. erTi maneTis odenobis sesxi ar moiTxovda werilobiT gaformebas, xolo meti Rirebulebis sesxi aucileblad, werilobiTi formiT, unda yofiliyo dadebuli, garda vaWrebs Soris dadebuli sesxis xelSekrulebisa. arsebiTi yuradReba ПСГ-Si eqceva Senaxvis xelSekrulebas. is aRar aris megobruli daxmareba da misi dadebis wesi mkacrad formaluri xdeba. Senaxvis xelSkruleba mxolod werilobiTi formiT ideba, sadac CamoTvlili unda iyos yvela is faseuloba, romelic Sesanaxad gadaicema. mxolod ramdenime, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, daiSveba nivTis gadacema Canaweris gareSe, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi daiSveboda iseTi mtkicebuleba, rogorc iyo fici an orTabrZola. qonebrivi sesxi cnobilia ПСГ-Si, Tumca is ucnobi iyo Русская Правда-saTvis. Taviseburebad miiCneva e.w. izornikoba. izorniki menaxevreTa erT-erTi saxeoba iyo. is garigebas debda im pirobiT, rom miwiT sargeblobisaTvis _ valdebuli iyo mepatronisaTvis gadaeca mosavlis naxevari an ufro meti wili. amave dros izorniki xSirad iRebda покрута-s _ Русская Правда-saTvis cnobili, купа-s nairsaxeobas. xelSekrulebis cnobili saxeoba iyo piradi qiravnoba. xelSekruleba zepiri formiT ideboda, Tumca arc werilobiTi forma iyo ucxo. kanoni orive mxares Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebda da, uflebas aZlevda maT, Tanabrad daecvaT sakuTari interesebi. g) memkvidreobiTi samarTali icnobda memkvidreobis orive saxes: kanoniT da anderZiT

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memkvidreobas. kanoniT memkvidreebi iyvnen gardacvlilis naTesavebi, romlebic masTan erTad uZRvebodnen meurneobas. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeboda memkvidreobis Sesaxeb warmoqmnili davis gadawyvetis martivi wesi: werilobiTi mtkicebuleba saWiro ar iyo da sakmarisi iyo miukerZoebeli mowmeebis Cveneba. aseTi samkvidro, garda ukiduresi saWiroebisa, naTesav memkvidreebs Soris ar iyofoda. anderZiT memkvidreoba werilobiTi formiT dgeboda da mas рукописание _ xelwera ewodeboda.

anderZis damowmeba evaleboda samRvdeloebas da mas mowmeebi adasturebdnen. d) mkvlevarTa umravlesoba, mas Semdeg, rac daiTvala ПСГ-s muxlebis umravlesoba, darwmunda, rom maTi umetesoba sisxlis samarTals eZRvneba. es muxlebi ganavrcoben danaSaulis im zogad cnebas, romelic Русская Правда-Si iyo mocemuli. axla danaSaulad iTvleboda yvela is qmedeba, romelic sisxlis samarTlis normiT ikrZaleboda, miuxedavad imisa, ayenebda Tu ara es qmedeba uSualo zians romelime konkretul pirs _ adamians. kanoni ar Seicavs normebs, romlebic gansazRvraven danaSaulis subieqtTa wres. savaraudod, am wreSi mxolod xolopebi ar Sediodnen. ПСГ-e pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisuflebis safuZv-lad, zianis arabraleulad miyenebas miiCnevda. danaSaulis axal cnebasTan SesabamisobaSi, icvleba danaSaulis sistemac. pirvelad rusul samarTalSi Cndeba saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli, kerZod, Ralati (измена) _ `перевет~-i. saSiS danaSaulad iTvleboda cecxlis wakideba, rac faqtiurad, Ralats utoldeboda. Русская Правда-saTvis cnobili qonebrivi danaSauli ufro farTovdeba da icvleba kidec. am danaSaulis qveS igulisxmeba: yaCaRoba, Zarcva, mixtoma, daketil sacavSi Cadenili qurdoba. ПСГ-m icis kvalificiuri qurdoba _ mesamed Cadenili qurdoba. ПСГ-s teqsti ver asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan yaCaRobasa da Zarcvas. gacilebiT naklebadaa (vidre Русская Правда) warmodgenili pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli: mxolod mkvleloba. sasjelis sistema ПСГ-Si martivia: cnobilia mxolod ori saxis sasjeli _ sikvdiliT dasja da jarima. sikvdiliT dasjis konkretuli saxe kanonisaTvis ucnobia. matianeSi naxsenebia, rom qurdebs CamoxrCobiT sjidnen, cecxlis wamkideblebs _ koconze dawviT, moRalateebs brbo uswordeboda, mkvlelebs Tavs kveTdnen, cnobili iyo wyalSi daxrCobac. jarimebis (продажа) gadaxda mTavris sasargeblod xdeboda. Tanxis nawili fskovis xazinaSi iricxeboda. jarimis gadaxdasTan erTad, braldebuli anazRaurebda miyenebul zians. novgorodsa da fskovSi ganagrZobda moqmedebas SejibriTobiTi procesi. Tumca, viTardeba samZebro, inkviciziuri procesis forma. orive respublika icnobda saqmis winaswari momzadebis instituts _ свод. procesi dasaSvebad miiCnevda mxareTa warmomadgenlobas. sigeli krZalavda Tanamdebobis pirebis uflebas, yofiliyvnen mxareTa warmomadgenlebi. procesi iwyeboda mosarCeles mier sarCelis wardgeniT. polovniki da misi batoni sakuTari davis gadawyvetas iwyebdnen, savaWro moedanze sakuTari pretenziis sajaro gancxadebiT _ zakliCi (заклич). mniSvnelovani etapi iyo mopasuxis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxeba, rac sajarod xdeboda saeklesio moedanze, samRvdeloebis TandaswrebiT. Tu mopasuxe 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi ar gamocxaddeboda sasamarTloSi, mas iZulebis wesiT moiyvandnen. kanoni did yuradRebas uTmobs mtkicebulebebs. mtkicebulebebidan mTavari iyo: werilobiTi dokumenti. maT Soris, pirvel adgilze iyo Canaweri. calkeul SemTxvevaSi, mtkicebulebad martivi xelwerilic _ рядница da `доска~ gamoiyeneboda. Mmtkicebulebad, aRiarebac miiCneoda (sisxlis samarTalSi). did rols Tama-Sobda mowme. ganasxvavednen gareSe pirTa, mezoblebis послух-ebis (araTviTmxilvelis), Tumca _ procesis aqtiuri monawileebis Cvenebas. Послух-i, mopasuxes winaaRmdeg micemul Cvenebas, orTabrZoliT icavda. Tu послух-i sasamarTloSi ar gamocxaddeboda, is mxare, romelic mis Cvenebaze dayrdnobiT agebda braldebas, avtomaturad, wagebulad iTvleboda. kanoni garkve-ul formalizms awesebda послух-is CvenebaTa SefasebaSi: Tu mosarCelesa da misi Cveneba ar emTxveoda erTmaneTs, saqme wagebulad iTvleboda. qurdobis saqmeSi mtkicebulebad iTvleboda e.w.` поличное~ _ naqurdali nivTi, romelsac qurdobaSi eWvmitanil pirTan aRmoaCendnen. `Поличное~-s aRmoCena SesaZlebeli iyo Cxrekis dros, romelsac пристав-i _ is Tanamdebobis piri axorcielebda, romelTan erTad mosarCelec daiSveboda. ПСГ-e adgens ordalebis axal saxeobas _ sasamarTlo orTabrZolas, mindors. is ficis alternativad gamoiyeneboda. procesi zepiri formiT tardeboda, Tumca gadawyvetilebas werilobiTi formiT iRebdnen, sasamarTlo baJis gadaxdis Semdeg. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba evaleboda mTavris specialur mosamsaxures. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis periodis ruseTSi samarTlis mniSvnelovani wyaro

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iyo 1551 wlis samarTlis wigni, romelsac “samefos” saxelwodebiT icnoben. man asaxa is cvlilebebi, romlebic rusulma kanonmdeblobam ganicada 1497 wlidan 1550 wlamde. 1551 wlis asisTavis krebam miiRo e.w. asisTavi _ Стоглав, romelic Seicavda saeklesio normebs, aseve sisxlis samarTlis da kerZo samarTlis zogierT instituts. Tumca, wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakanonmdeblo aqtad 1649 wlis Zeglisdeba (Соборное Уложение) iTvleba. am aqtis miRebis uSualo sababad miCneulia, 1648 wels, moskovSi momxdari posadis xalxis ajanyeba. posadelebma mefes TxovniT mimarTes, Seemsubuqebina maTi mdgomareoba da daecva maTi interesebi. amavdroulad, mefes sakuTari moTxovnebi aznaurebmac wauyenes, radgan Tvlidnen, rom maT boiarebi arsebiTad aviwroebdnen. mefem daamarcxa ajanyebuli posadelebi, Tumca iZulebuli gaxda gadaevadebina zogierTi gadasaxadis akrefa da ramdenadme Seemsubuqebina posadis xalxis mdgomareoba. 1648 wlis ivlisSi, mefem brZana axali kanonproeqtis SemuSaveba, romelsac momavalSi Zeglisdeba ewoda. Zeglisdebis miReba ganapiroba socialuri antagonizmis gamwvavebam. mefe da gabatonebuli fenis zeda nawili, romlebic daSindnen posadis xalxis ajanyebiT, cdilobdnen xalxis mdgomareobis Semsubuqebas. kanonmdeblobis Secvlaze didi gavlena moaxdina aznaurebis mier mefisaTvis mirTmeulma ajam, romelSic isini iTxovdnen gaqceuli glexebis uvado da SeuzRudav Zebnas. 1649 wlis Zeglisdeba _ udidesi warmatebaa, wina periodis kanonmdeblobasTan SedarebiT. am kanoniT, mowesrigebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ara calkeuli mxareebi, aramed im periodis sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis yvela sfero. 1649 wlis ZeglisdebaSi aisaxa samarTlis sxvadasxva dargis normebi, kazuisturi principis gaTvaliswinebiT. absolutizmze gadasvla, ruseTSi, gamoirCeoda farTo sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis gavrcelebiT. xSirad kanonebis avtorebad gamodiodnen monarqebi. gansakuTrebul interess, sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis mimarT, iCendnen petre I-li da ekaterine II-e. mecnierebi saub-robdnen Eekaterine II-is legislomaniis, anu kanonSemoqmedebisadmi siyvarulis Sesaxeb. samxedro wesdebaze petre I-li erTi weli muSaobda, xolo sazRvao wesdebaze _ xuTi weli. Tanamdebobis pirTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis ganmsazRvreli, generaluri reglamenti Tormetjer iqna gadamuSavebuli. petre pirvelis droindel kanonmdeblobas axasiaTebda naklebi kazuisturoba, ufro meti ganzogadeba, mkveTri sqematuroba da Tanmimdevruloba. petre I-li moiTxovda Seqmnili kanonebis ganuxrel dacvas. mas TviTon, upirobod, swamda kanonis yovlisSemZleobisa, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uzenaesobisa, romelic mowodebuli iyo, raTa moewesrigebina qveSevrdomTa cxovreba. petre I-is dros Sedgenili sakanonmdeblo aqtebi gajerebuli iyo ucxouri, xSirad, rusebisTvis gaugebari terminologiiT. kerZod, saxelmwifo samsaxuris Sesaxeb kanons ewoda “rangebis (Tanrigebis) Sesaxeb tabeli (tabula)”; xolo samxedro- sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss _ samxedro artikuli, glexebis gadasaxadebiT dabegvris Sesaxeb kanons _ plakati da sxva. viTareba Seicvala ekaterine II-is dros. is _ eTnikurad germaneli, yvela rusze ufro meti rusi _ cdilobda yvela ucxouri terminis gadmoTargmnas. XVII saukunis meore naxevramde, yvela mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo aqti dargTaSorisi iyo da kanonTa Tavisebur krebulebs ufro waagavda. aseTebi iyo: Русская Правда, ПСГ, НСГ, Соборное Уложение. absolutizmis periodis rusul kanonmdeblobas axasiaTebda dargobrivi diferencireba. swored am principis mixedviT, xdeboda samarTlis sistematizacia. petre I-ma, mTavar mimarTulebad, airCia dargobrivi kodeqsebis Seqmna. upirveles yovlisa, kodificireba Seexo samxedro samarTals, ris Sedegad Seiqmna samxedro artikuli _ ruseTis istoriaSi pirveli sisxlis samarTlis, ufro zustad ki _ samxedro sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. am kodeqsis Seqmnas mohyva samxedro wesdeba da sazRvao wesdeba _ aseve kodificirebuli kanonebi, Sesabamisi sferoebis regulirebisaTvis. kodeqsis mniSvneloba hqonda, 1714 wels Seqmnil, erTiani memkvidreobis Sesaxeb brZanebulebasac.

b) kerZo samarTlis institutebis evolucia, Sua saukuneebis periodSi

I. sakuTrebis uflebis instituti

sakuTrebis uflebis institutis ganviTarebam, XVIII saukunis ruseTSi, xeli Seuwyo TviT terminis _ sakuTrebis Camoyalibebas. kanonmdebloba, ZiriTadad, awesrigebda uflebas uZrav qonebaze, kerZod _ miwaze. 1714 wels votCinasa da pomesties reJimi gauTanabrda erTmaneTs da maT aRsaniSanavad damkvidrda erTiani cneba _ недвижимое имение. uZrav qonebas warmoadgenda ezo da savaWro jixurebi, rac vaWrebis qonebrivi uflebebis zrdis maCvenebeli iyo. Ees ki imaze metyvelebda, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebac, maT mimarT, did yuradRebas iCenda.

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votCinasa da pomesties reJimebis gaigiveba sulac ar niSnavda, sabatono miwis sakuTrebaze, yovelgvari SezRudvis moxsnas. miwaze sabatono sakuTreba rCeboda sakuTrebad, misi gankargvis SeuzRudavi uflebiT. imave brZanebulebiT, erTiani memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, izRudeboda uZravi qonebis gankargva da uZravi qonebis memkvidreobiToba. qveynis ekonomikurma ganviTarebam asaxva pova valdebulebiTi samarTlis institutebis ganviTarebaSi da, upirveles yovlisa, xelSekrulebis samarTlebriv regulirebaSi. vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebam, xeli Seuwyo qonebis dagiravebas. qonebis qiravnobis xelSekrulebis sagani iyo rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi qoneba. farTod gavrcelda piradi qiravnoba, ramac gaamartiva piradi qiravnobis dadebis wesi. gavrceleba pova Senaxvis xelSekrulebam, romlis dadebis wesic gamartivda, yovelgvari werilobiTi aqtis gareSe. cnobili iyo da farTod gavrcelda amxanagobis xelSekruleba, romelic pirTagan moiTxovda erTmaneTis kapitalis gaerTianebas da erTobliv moqmedebas, saerTo sameurneo miznis misaRwevad, mag., fabrikis asaSeneblad. didi gavrceleba pova nardobis da miwodebis xelSekrulebam. nardobis xelSekruleba gulisxmobda menardis valdebulebas, raime samuSao Seesrulebina, damkveTis sasargeblod, mag., saxlis mSenebloba. samoqalaqo brunvis ganviTareba, sagareo da saSiano vaWrobis gaRrmaveba ganapirobebda, sakredito urTierTobebSi, axali movlenebis Camoyalibebas, kerZod _ sesxis xelSekrulebis Semdgom daxvewas da misi dadebis proceduris gamartivebas. 1729 wels gamoica pirveli wesdeba Tamasuqis Sesaxeb, romelic awesrigebda Tamasuqis moZraobas, Sida da saerTaSoriso-savaWro brunvaSi. II. absolutizmis periodis ruseTis memkvidreobiTi samarTali

memkvidreobiTma samarTalmac ganicada saintereso cvlilebebi, romelTa regulireba xdeboda 1714 wlis brZanebulebiT, “erTiani memkvidreobis Sesaxeb”. am kanoniT dadginda, arsebiTi, cvlilebebi rogorc kanoniT, ise anderZismieri memkvidreobis mimarT. brZanebuleba, uZravi qonebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis nebas aZlevda mxolod erT romelime naTesavs. Tanac, dadginda, rom vaJiSvilebi, qaliSvilebTan SedarebiT, sargeblobdnen upiratesobiT. xolo, qaliSvilebs upiratesoba eniWebodaT, danarCeni naTesavebis mimarT. rac Seexeba moZrav qonebas, misi gadanawileba Svilebs Soris, mamkvidreblis nebaze iyo damokidebuli. analo-giuri wesi moqmedebda kanonismieri memkvidreobis mimarT. erTiani memkvidreobis Sesaxeb brZa-nebulebis Tanaxmad, kanonismieri memkvidreobis dros, uZravi qoneba rCeboda mxolod ufros vaJiSvils; moZravi qonebis memkvidreobaze pretenziis gancxadeba SeeZloT danarCen Svilebsac. ra mizans isaxavda memkvidreobis aRniSnuli wesi? 1) mefes udavod miaCnda sagadasaxado politikis ganmtkiceba, ris gamoc man akrZala uZravi qonebis danawevreba. 2) petre I-li aucileblobad miiCnevda, TavadaznaurTa kuTvnili, msxvili meurneobis SenarCunebas, raTa isini ar gakotrebuliyvnen da calmogv aznaurTa wodebaSi ar gada-suliyvnen. 3) petre I-Tvis aranaklebi MmniSvneloba hqonda TavadaznaurTa samsaxurs, saxelmwifos sasargeblod, romelSic unda Camdgariyvnen TavadaznaurTa danarCeni vaJiSvilebi (ufrosis garda). aseTi ekonomikuri meTodebiT cdilobda mefe, TavadaznaurTa savaldebulo samsaxuris Sesaxeb, sakuTari kanonis ganmtkicebas. amrigad, erTiani memkvid-reobis Sesaxeb brZanebuleba mowodebuli iyo sabatono urTierTobebisa da sabatono saxel-mwifos ganmtkicebisaTvis. Tumca, Tavadaznauroba, romelic ukve konservatiul Zalad iqca, ver egueboda aRniSnuli kanonis moTxovnebs da aqtiurad cdilobda mis gauqmebas, rac 1731 wels ganxorcielda kidec. ekaterine II-m kvlav SemoiRo garkveuli SezRudvebi, sagva-reulo qonebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis mimarT.

III. saojaxo samarTali ruseTSi absolutizmis xanaSi

eklesiis damorCileba saxelmwifosadmi aisaxa saojaxo samarTlis institutebzec. tradiciulad, saojaxo samarTlis institutebi kanonikuri samarTliT regulirdeboda. petre I-is dros, saero kanonmdeblobam garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana saojaxo samarTalSi. cvlilebebis Setanis procesi grZeldeboda XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi, razedac momwmoben mravalricxovani samefo brZanebulebebi da wminda sinodis dadgenilebani. kanonmdeblobam daadgina is normebi, romlebic gansazRvravdnen qorwinebis wessa da pirobebs. brZanebuleba erTiani memkvidreobis Sesaxeb adgens saqorwino asaks: mamakacisaTvis _ 20 wels, xolo qalisaTvis _ 17 wels. kanonmdebeli iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos interesebs. imisaTvis, rom pirs warmatebiT ganexorcielebina saxelmwifo samsaxuri, swavla da sazRvargareT mivlinebaSi yofna, is saojaxo movaleobebisgan Tavisufali unda yofiliyo.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom petre I-is droindeli kanonmdebloba uaryofda kanonikuri samarTlis normebs, kerZod _ bizantiur saojaxo kanonmdeblobas, praqtikaSi, mainc adgili hqonda saqorwino asakis Semcirebas. 1774 wels, sinodis dadgenilebiT, saqorwino asakad mamaka-cisaTvis dadginda _ 15 weli, qalisaTvis _ 13 weli, anu moxda petre I-is droindeli kanonmdeblobis sruli ignorireba. XVIII saukuneSi, ganagrZobda arsebobas qorwinebaSi Sesvlis maqsimaluri asaki: qalisaTvis _ 60 weli, rac Svilosnobis unaris dakargviT iyo ganpirobebuli. XVIII saukuneSi, kvlav Seicvala damokidebuleba im vadis mimarT, romelic dadginda niSnobisa da jvrisweris periods Soris. Tu, Tavdapirvelad, petre I-ma aseT vadad erTi weli daadgina, SemdegSi es vada eqvs kviramde Semcirda, xolo 1775 wlidan niSnoba da jvriswera erTdroulad xorcieldeboda. garkveuli SezRudvebi dadginda qorwinebaSi SemsvlelTa mimarT: aikrZala WkuasustebTan, wera-kiTxvis ucodinar TavadaznaurebTan, meTauris Tanxmobis gareSe _ oficrebTan qorwineba. gakicxvis sagnad miiCneoda im pirTa Soris qorwineba, romlebsac erTmaneTisagan didi asakobrivi zRvari aSorebda; Tanac, mniSvne-loba ar hqonda imas, Tu romeli fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen isini: Tavadaznaurobisa, Tu glexobis. ramdenadme gafarTovda colis qonebrivi uflebebi. is inarCunebda sakuTrebis uflebas mziTevsa da keTilmonageb qonebaze, maT Soris _ uZravi qonebis gankargvis uflebaze. SenarCunebuli iqna, Svilebis mSoblebisadmi upirobo morCilebis Zveli principi. Tumca, dakonkretda is SemTxvevebi, roca mSoblebs SeuzRudavad SeeZloT Svilebis dasja: gaTvalis-winebuli iyo urCi Svilebis garozgva, xolo ekaterine II-is dros _ morCilebis saxlebSi ganTavseba. XVIII saukuneSi, zedmiwevniT iqna reglamentirebuli meurveobis instituti, romelic ruseTSi ZvelTaganve gavrcelda. „guberniis mmarTvelobis dawesebulebebSi“ gaTvaliswinebuli iyo meurveobis organoTa sistemis Seqmna, Tumca _ mkacrad wodebrivi principis dacviT. Zalzed garTulebuli iyo ganqorwinebis procedura. XVIII saukuneSi miiRes kanoni, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo qorwinebis Sewyveta: politikuri sikvdili, samudamo katorRaze gadasaxleba. amave kanoniT dadginda ganqorwinebis safuZvlebic: erT-erTi meuRlis ber-monazvnad aRkveca, ugzo-ukvlod dakargva.

g) absolutizmis periodis rusuli sisxlis samarTali

XVIII saukunis rusulma sisxlis samarTalma ganicada arsebiTi cvlilebebi, rac ramdenime garemoebiT aixsneba: socialuri antagonizmis gaRrmaveba (zogadad, axasiaTebs absolutizms) da samarTlebrivi kulturis donis saerTo amaRleba. sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi, gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs petre I-is droindel kanonmdeblobas, kerZod _ mis samxedro artikuls. swored, petre I-is dros dadginda, sisxlis samarTlis samarTaldarRvevis aRmniSvneli, Tanamedrove termini _ danaSauli. mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda moZRvreba danaSaulis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. samxedro artikulSi saubari iyo mcirewlovanTa pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, Tumca _ SedarebiT msubuqi formiT. dasaSvebi iyo maTi pasuxis-mgeblobidan gaTavisuflebac. analogiurad wydeboda sakiTxi, Seuracxadi pirebis mimarT. Zeglisdebisgan (1649) gansxvavebiT, samxedro artikuli simTvraleSi Cadenil danaSauls ar miiCnevs paxusixsmgeblobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad, aramed mas, principSi, pasuxis-mgeblobis damamZimebel safuZvlad ganixilavs. kanoni icnobs Tanamonawileobis gansxvavebul formebs, Tumca _ Tanamonawileni Tanabrad isjebian. petre I-is droindeli kanonmdebloba Seicavs moZRvrebas danaSaulis subieqturi mxaris Sesaxeb: masSi gaTvaliswinebulia ganzraxi, gaufrTxileblobiTi da SemTxveviTi qmedebani. Tumca, jer kidev ar iyo dad-genili specialuri terminologia: samxedro artikuli, xSirad, erTmaneTSi urevda gaufrTxi-leblobiT da SemTxveviT Cadenil qmedebas. kanoni saubrobs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiis Sesaxeb. Tumca, sasjeli danaSaulis momzadebis, mcdelobis da damTavrebuli danaSaulis gamo, Cveulebriv, erTnairi iyo. ufro mwyobri gaxda danaSaulis sistema. kvlavindeburad, pirvel adgilze idga eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli. ganviTarda saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli sistemac. danaSaulis es saxe, ruseTSi, Tavidanve iyo cnobili. petre I-is dros danaSaulis am saxeobas miekuTvna samxedro danaSauli (dezertiroba, samsaxurSi gamoucxadebloba, mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili sisastike da Zaladoba). ganviTarda samoxeleo, qonebrivi danaSaulisa da pirovnebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulis sistema. kived ufro garTulda sasjelis sistema. gaCnda sasjelis axali mizani _ msjavrdebulTa usasyidlo Sromis gamoyeneba. am mizans emsaxureboda sasjelis axali saxe _ 1699 wels

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SemoRebuli, katorRa, romelsac mZime danaSaulis CadenisaTvis ufardebdnen msjavrdebuls. katorRa SeiZleba yofiliyo: samudamo, uvado da vadiani. vadiani katorRa 10-dan 20-mde grZeldeboda. samudamo katorRaze gadasaxlebulis daSanTva xdeboda. katorRaze asax-lebdnen rogorc msjavrdebuls, ise misi ojaxis wevrebs (dausaxlebeli adgilebis aTvisebis mizniT). katorRul samuSaoebs iyenebdnen valauvali movalis mimarTac. rusul sisxlis samarTalSi sasjelis gavrcelebul saxes warmoadgenda sxeulebrivi sasjeli. petre I-ma SemoiRo am sasjelis axali saxeoba _ Spicrutenebi, anu wvetiani wkepliT cema, rac naklebad mtkivneuli iyo, vidre garozgva. Tumca, msjavrdebuls ramdenime aTasi dartymis gaZleba uxdeboda, rac, saboloo jamSi, mis dasaxiCrebas an ufro metic _ sikvdilis dadgomas iwvevda. Cveulebisamebr, aseTi saxis sasjels jariskacebis mimarT iyenebdnen, rac or mizans emsaxureboda: TviT damnaSavis wamebas da danarCeni jariskacebis gafrTxileba-daSinebas, radgan damnaSaves jariskacTa rigebs Soris atarebdnen da ise awamebdnen. XVIII saukunis bolos gafarTovda sasjelis iseTi saxis gamoyeneba, rogoric iyo Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, sapatimro adgilebSi moTavsebis gziT.

d) rusuli sasamarTlo procesis ganviTareba absolutizmis xanaSi

wina saukuneebis procesualuri kanonmdeblobisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebis zo-gadi tendencia _ samZebro procesis xvedriTi wilis gazrda, e.w. “sasamarTlos” sazianod, anu SejibriTobiTi procesis Secvla, inkviziciuri _ samZebro procesiT xels uwyobda samZebro procesis srul gamarjvebas, gansakuTrebiT petre I-is mmarTvelobaSi. “sasa-marTlos”, samZebro procesiT Secvlis tendencias gansazRvravda socialuri brZolis gamwvaveba, rac pirdapir gamomdinareobda sabatono urTierTobebis zogadi ganviTarebidan. sasamarTlos daniSnuleba iyo, saxelmwifos xelSi, mZlavr iaraRad qceva, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT arsebuli wesrigis darRveva. sasamarTlo organoebs moeTxovebodaT ara mxolod WeSmaritebis dadgena, aramed xalxis daSineba da morCilebaSi moyvana. am TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifosaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo udanaSaulos dasjac, vidre saerTod dausjelobis gancdis damkvidreba, vinaidan mTavari mizani iyo _ zogadi prevencia. repre-siuli manqanis amoqmedeba, rac, zogadad, axasiaTebda absolutizms, asaxvas povebs sasa-marTlo procesSi. gamkacrda is sasjeli, romelsac iyenebdnen “procesualuri danaSaulis” gamo: crumowmeoba da crudaficeba, romlebsac sikvdiliT dasja emuqreboda. 1697 wlis 21 Tebervals gamoica mefis brZanebuleba, romelic saerTod auqmebda SejibriTobiT process da adgenda samZebro, inkviziciuri procesis SemoRebas. brZanebuleba ar gansazRvravda pro-cesis, principulad axali, formebis SemoRebas da dasaSvebad miiCnevda, saukuneebis ganmav-lobaSi cnobili, samZebro procesis formebis gamoyenebas. kanoni _ lakonuria da masSi Camoyalibebulia mxolod ZiriTadi, principuli mniSvnelobis, debulebebi. Sesabamisad, is ar cvlida uwindeli periodis kanonmdeblobas, samZebro procesis Sesaxeb, aramed moiTxovda mis gamoyenebas, aucileblobis farglebSi. 1715 wlis aprilSi gamoica “procesebis anu sasamarTlo davebis Semoklebuli gamoxatuleba”, romelic samxedro artikulianad, erTtomeuls hqminda. aRniSnuli gamocemiT, orive kanoni erT-maneTisagan izolirebulad gamoiyeneboda; TiToeuls gverdebis sakuTari numeraciac ki gaaCnia. “procesis Semoklebuli gamoxatuleba” mTlianad eZRvneba samarTalwarmoebisa da sasamarTlo organizaciis sakiTxebs. zogjer gvxvdeba is normebi, romlebSic asaxulia materialuri sisxlis samarTali. procesualuri samarTlis da materialuri samarTlis urTierTgamijvna _ XVIII saukunis dasawyisis rusuli sakanonmdeblo teqnikis is didi monapovaria, romelic ucnobi iyo ZeglisdebisaTvis (1649). Tumca, jer kidev ar momxdara sisxlisa da samoqalaqo procesis gamijvna. sasamarTlo procesis zogadi mimdinareoba, procesualuri dokumentebisa da moqmedebebis dasaxeleba, principSi, erTgvarovani iyo, rogorc sisxlis, ise samoqalaqo samarTlis procesisaTvis. “procesis Semoklebuli gamoxatulebis” sakanonmdeblo teqnika sakmaod maRalia. Tumca, mas mainc gaaCnia garegnuli nakli _ ucxouri terminologiis siWarbe. kanonSi ganmtkicebulia, petre I-is dromde, ruse-TisaTvis ucnobi sasamarTlo organoTa mwyobri sistema da sasamarTlo qvemdebarebis sakiTxebis mkveTri reglamentacia. marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebisaTvis iqmneba specialuri organoebi, romlebic jer kidev, sabolood, ar gamijvnia administraciuli organoebis sistemas. samxedro sasamarTloebSi mosamarTleobas axorcielebdnen samwyobro meTaurebi; meore instanciis sasamarTlos funqciebs asrulebda Sesabamisi meTauri; xolo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba evaleboda zemdgom meTaurs. kanoni jer kidev ar icnobda dayofas, winaswari gamoZiebis da sasamarTlo organoebad. amitom masSi ar aris ganmtki-cebuli dayofa winaswar samarTalwarmoebasa da, uSualod sasamarTloSi, saqmis warmoebas Soris. 1723 wlis 5 noembers gamoica saxelobiTi brZanebuleba sasamarTlos formis Sesaxeb,

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romelic auqmebda gamoZiebas da procesis erTaderT formad miiCnevda sasamarTlos. petre I-is droindeli procesualuri samarTlis evoluciaze msjelobisas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom: sasamarTlo process axasiaTebda usistemoba, gaugebari terminologiiT gajereba, zogjer urTierTgamomricxavi garemoebis arseboba. sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidga, ekaterine II-is dros gamocemuli, “guberniis mmarTvelobis dawesebulebebSi” Camoyalebebuli normebis mixedviT. ekaterine II-is dros Seiqmna wodebrivi sasamarTloebis rTuli, Tumca sakmaod mwyobri sistema. amavdroulad, ganisazRvra maTi saqmianobis zusti reglamenti. kanoni amomwuravad awesrigebda ganaCenisa da gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis mravalinstanciur sistemas. uzenaes sakasacio instanciad rCeboda senati. ufro mkveTri gaxda samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis samarTalwarmoebis gamijvna. Seiqmna specialuri sisxlisa da samoqalaqo saqmeTa sasamarTlo organoebi. umaRles saerobo sasamarTloSi, guberniis magistratSi da zeda gasworebaSi nagulisxmevi iyo ori departamentis arseboba: sisxlisa da samoqalaqo saqmeTa. guberniis sasamarTlo sistemis saTaveSi idga sisxlis samarTlis da samoqalaqo samarTlis saqmeTa sasamarTlo palatebi. sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvra yovelTvis xdeboda pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, anu samazro sasamarTloSi, saqalaqo magistratSi an qveda gasworebaSi. am organoTa sasamarTlo qvemdebarebidan amoiRes iseTi danaSaulis ganxilva, romelic isjeboda sikvdiliT an savaWro sikvdiliT, agreTve pativis ayriT. aRniS-nul saqmeebze marTlmsajulebas axorcielebdnen meore instanciis sasamarTloebi. xolo, pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebi gamodiodnen sagamoZiebo organoebis saxiT.

Tavi VI. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo da samaTali XVII _ XVIII ss.

$1. inglisis Crdilo-amerikuli koloniebis mmarTvelobis sistema

aSS-is adreuli istoria, mTeli 170 wlis (1607-1776) manZilze, aris CrdiloeT amerikaSi inglisuri koloniebis istoria. pirveli inglisuri dasaxleba Cr. amerikaSi _ jeimsTaunis saxelwodebiT, daarsda 1607 w. Tavdapirvelad, is iyo londonis _ virjiniis kompaniis mier daarsebuli savaWro posti, e.w. samefo sazRvari, raTa aRkveTiliyo espanelTa SemoWra kontinentis CrdiloeT nawilSi. virjiniis Semdgomi ganviTareba dakavSirebulia TuTunis vrceli plantaciebis SeqmnasTan, radgan misi eqsporti iyo mosaxleobis keTildReobis mTavari wyaro, miTumetes, rom misi ricxvi, kontinentis CrdiloeT nawilSi, Zalzed swrafad izrdeboda. Crdilo-amerikuli teritoriebis kolonizaciis politika, axali samyaros aTviseba, mTlianad ganisazRvreboda inglisis mefis nebis Sesabamisad da misi gankargulebiT. Tumca, CrdiloeT amerikaSi pirvel evropel mosaxleTa uSualo miznebi, socialuri Semadgenloba da is gzebi, rasac isini iyenebdnen kontinentis asaTviseblad, Zalzed mravalferovani iyo, miTumetes, rom am mosaxleTa Soris arsebuli, seriozuli gansxvavebebi saSualebas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT maTi diferencireba sam jgufad: pirvel jgufs mie-kuTvnebodnen, ZiriTadad, saaqcio kompaniebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic amerikaSi Camovidnen mxolod gamdidrebis mizniT da maT surdaT axali gasaRebis bazrebis, nedleulis wyaroebis moZieba da mogebis miReba; meore jgufi _ konfesiuri _ warmodgenili iyo protestantebiT da maTi mizani iyo, cxovrebaSi gaetarebinaT sakuTari religiuri da eTikuri miznebi, Tundac axal miwebze; principulad gansxvavebuli iyo mesame jgufi _ inglisuri aristokratia, romelic axal miwebze cdilobda vrceli da ayvavebuli latifundiebis _ sabatono samflobeloebis Seqmnas. amerikis miwis uzarmazari nawilebi maT sakuTrebaSi gadadioda an mefisgan saCuqris saxiT, an simboluri fasis gadaxdis Sedegad. am uzarmazari samflobeloebis dasamuSaveblad, maT daiqiraves ingliseli uRaribesi masa _ e.w. serventebi (fauferebi, patimrebi), romlebic, faqtiurad, `TeTri monebis~ kabalur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. muSa xelis simcirem, Tavidanve ganapiroba am miwebze monuri urTierTobis gavrceleba, anu farTod gamoiyeneboda Savi (zangi) monebis Sroma, romlebsac didi odenobiT itacebdnen afrikis kontinentze, sadac am dros monebiT vaWroba hyvaoda. pirveli Savi monebi virjiniaSi jer kidev 1619 w. Camoiyvanes, xolo XVII s. 60-iani wlebidan jer aq, merilendis koloniaSi, xolo Semdeg _ TiTqmis yvelgan monobam memkvidreobiTi xasiaTi SeiZina. monoba iyo amerikuli koloniebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis erT-erTi Tavise-bureba. meore Taviseburebad is miiCneva, rom aq sabatono urTierTobebi ver ganviTarda, vinaidan koloniebis ekonomikuri ganviTareba mimdinareobda, XVII s-Si ukve Camoyalibebuli,

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SedarebiT mowinave da efeqturi, kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, piro-bebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mesame Taviseburebad miiCneva is garemoeba, rom amerikul koloniebSi, evropis saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, naklebi simkveTre axasiaTebda socialur antagonizmsac. amerikuli sazogadoebis mravalferovneba, kidev erTi, mniSvnelovani TaviseburebiT xasiaT-deboda. kerZod, rogorc samxreTSi, ise CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi socialuri jgufebi, romelTa gansaxlebis areali SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros alehanis mTebiTa da mdinare potomakiT, yofda amerikis teritorias Semdeg nawilebad: 1) samrewvelo Crdilo-aRmosavleTi, romlis mosaxleobis didi nawili warmodgenili iyo burJuaziuli elementebiT _ vaWrebi, gemT-mflobelebi, Tavisufali wvrili fermerebi, xelosnebi; 2) monaTmflobeluri, plantaciuri samxreTi, romelic, TandaTanobiT, Caeba progresirebad kapitalistur bazarSi da 3) `veluri dasavleTi~, romelic indielTa mravalricxovani tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da, romlebsac kolonistebi, sul ufro metad, aviwrovebdnen da dasavleTis ukacrieli terito-riebisken mierekebodnen. amerikuli sazogadoebis 4) kidev erT Taviseburebas warmoadgenda konfesiuri siWrele. aqauri eklesia dayofili iyo mravalricxovan urTierTmebrZol seqtebad da mimdevrobad. 5) koloniebi ar warmoadgendnen erTian saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqms (1607 w. Mmoyolebuli, 75 wlis ganmavlobaSi, maTi ricxvi 13-mde gaizarda), radgan maT Soris mkveTri gansxvaveba iyo, politikur-samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiTac, rasac mravali istoriuli faqtori gansazRvravda: a) koloniebis Seqmnis xerxebi da gzebi; b) mefis mier gamocemuli qartiebiT, maTTvis boZebuli Tavisuflebis moculoba; g) kolonistebs Soris, gabatonebuli zomieri an demokratiuli ideologia; d) maTi mmarTveli organoebis samarTlebrivi statusi; e) kolo-niebSi moqmedi kongregacionalisturi (protestantuli) eklesiis saqmianoba; v) koloniebSi monobis gavrcelebis done, xarisxi da sxva. 6) koloniebis Seqmnas, rogorc wesi, adasturebda mefis qartia, romliTac kolonistebs mefe uboZebda im zogierT uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, romlebic moqmedebdnen mitropoliaSi. yvela koloniaSi, garda koloniuri mmarTvelobis meTauris – gubernatorisa, moqmedebdnen adgilobrivi legislaturebi – warmomadgenlobiTi sakanonmdeblo organoebi. uSualod gvirgvinis koloniebSi, gubernatorebs mieniWaT am krebebis mowvevisa da daTxovnis ufleba, agreTve maT gadawyvetilebebze absoluturi vetos dadebis ufleba. am koloniebSi guberna-torebi qmnidnen sasamarTloebs da niSnavdnen mosamarTleebs, maT miitaces amnistiisa da Sewyalebis ufleba, isini niSnavdnen kolonialur maRalCinosnebs, meTaurobdnen samxedro da sazRvao Zalebs, samxedro safrTxis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, maTi saxelisuflo ufleba-mosilebani SezRuduli iyo, inglisis mefis mier, romelsac ekuTvnoda ara mxolod kolo-niebis gubernatorTa daniSvna-daTxovnis SeuzRudavi ufleba, aramed koloniebis legisla-turebis gadawyvetilebebis gauqmebisa da, saerTod, koloniebis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis mowesrigebis uSualo ufleba, mis mier `sabWoSi” gamocemuli, “samefo brZanebulebis~ an ing-lisis parlamentis dadgenilebis meSveobiT. Tumca, Crdilo-amerikuli koloniebis istoriaSi, am adreul etapze, cnobilia ramdenime, SedarebiT demokratiuli wesrigis mqone, koloniis arsebobac. kerZod, saubaria e.w `Rrmad mivardnil sasoflo regionebze~, sadac ganTavsebuli iyo mcire moculobis religiuri Temebi (axali inglisi), romelTa Soris, amerikis politikis istoriaSi, erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli adgili niu-plimuTs ekuTvnis, romlis magaliTze moxda rod-ailendisa da koneqtikutis koloniebis marTva. axali inglisis koloniebSi demokratiuli principebis damkvidreba ganpirobebuli iyo im SeTanxmebiT, romelic 1620 wels, xomald `meiflauerze~ daido da romelsac Tanxmoba ganucxades puritanebma (piligrimebma), inglisidan gamoqcevisas. am SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, kolonistebi `gaerTiandnen erTian mTlianobaSi, erTian atlantikur da samoqalaqo meqanizmSi, raTa daemyarebinaT da daecvaT wesrigi~ da saerTo miznebisaTvis mieRwiaT: daecvaT `yvelasaTvis Tanabari samarTlianoba da Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe~. es xelSekruleba, mogvianebiT, aSS-Si miCneuli iqna `kacobriobis istoriaSi erTaderT TviTmyobad da praqtikuli sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis magaliTad~, sxvadasxva filosofosis mier Camoyalibebuli, efemeruli debulebebisagan gansxvavebiT. sxva koloniebisgan gansxvavebiT, rod-ailendi da koneqtikuti iZenen, faqtiurad, TviTm-marTveli respublikebis statuss, romlebSic mmarTvelobis yvela organo iqmneboda arCevnebis gziT. maTi TviTneburi uflebebi, Tavdapirvelad, ar iqna aRiarebuli inglisis mefis mier, da mxolod 1661-1663 ww. am koloniebs man uboZa qartia, romliTac aRiarebuli iqna maTi unikaluri mmarTvelobis sistemis xelSeuxebloba. amrigad, amerikuli istoriis adreul etapze, manam, vidre ar gamkacrda, mitropoliis mxridan, koloniuri damoki-debulebisa da TviTnebobis wesebi, ris Sesaxebac ase mkveTrad iyo naTqvami 1776 w. damou-kideblobis deklaraciaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda e.w. `demokratiuli elitizmis~ mmarTvelobis sistema, romelsac, erTi mxriv, axasiaTebda mmarTvelobis organoTa

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demokratiuli meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba da, meore mxriv, _ kolonialuri xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba elitaruli, oligarqiuli wreebis mier (gansakuTrebiT, samxreTis kolo-niebSi, sadac gavrcelda monoba da msxvil latifundiebSi gamoiyeneboda Savi monuri Sroma). demokratiuli elitizmi aSS-Si xelisuflebis gabatonebul formad iqca. Tumca, manac ganicada garkveuli cvlilebebi, amerikuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Semdgomi istoriuli pirobebis Sesabamisad – oligarqiuli da demokratiuli Zalebis poziciebis ganmtkicebis gavleniT, agreTve qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri pluralizmisa da sxva politikuri procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

$2. amerikuli revolucia da Crdilo-amerikuli saxelmwifoebis – Statebis Seqmna

amerikuli revolucia, romelic XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo, atarebda antiko-loniuri moZraobis xasiaTs da is, pirobiTad, sam periods moicavda: 1) SedarebiT zomieri moZraoba (XVIII s. 60-iani wlebidan 70-iani wlebis dasawyisamde); 2) radikaluri moqmedebebis periodi (70-iani wlebis I naxevari) da 3) sakuTriv, revoluciuri periodi (XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis II naxevari). es revolucia gansxvavdeboda inglisisa da safrangeTis demok-ratiuli revoluciebisagan imiT, rom mimarTuli iyo ara Zveli, Suasaukuneobrivi – sabatono urTierTobebis, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, kapitalizmis sawinaaRmdego koloniuri ganviTarebis dasamsxvrevad, rasac xelovnurad icavda da ganamtkicebda inglisis samefo taxti da, amrigad, is erTdroulad antikoloniuri da demokratiul-kapitalisturi moZraoba iyo. XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebis mzardi saprotesto moZraoba, romelmac warmoSva revoluciur movlenaTa mTeli jaWvi, dakavSirebuli iyo im kardinalur cvlilebebTan, romlebic, am droisaTvis, moxda kolonialuri sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. mitropoliis winaaRmdeg brZola daiwyo, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofma, amerikelma erma, romelic ara monebisa da fauferebis, aramed Tavisufali, axal miwaze damkvidrebuli, sakmaod ganaTlebuli, saSualo mesakuTreebisagan Sedgeboda. isini sakuTar Tavs patriotebs uwodebdnen da, pirvel yovlisa, ibrZodnen sakuTari qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReobisaTvis, agreTve _ sakuTari demokra-tiuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRiarebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom 1765 w. Seiqmna kolonistebis pirveli antibritanuli organizacia `Tavisuflebis Svilni’’, romelic Sedgeboda ara amerikuli sazogadoebis qveda fenebis, aramed amerikuli burJuaziis warmomadgenlebisagan. mis safuZvelze yalibdeboda `kavSiris komitetebi~, romlebmac ganaxorcieles araerTi antikoloniuri xasiaTis Ria aqcia, maT Soris _ saxelganTqmuli `bostonis Cais sma~, roca 1773 w. dekemberSi, ost-induri kompaniis mier, bostonis navsadgurSi gadmosatvirTi, gansabaJebeli Cais didi partia zRvaSi iqna gadayrili, radgan am kompaniis mier, mudmivad ilaxeboda kontrabandisti-movaWreebisa da gadamyidvelTa inte-resebi. es aqcia gaxda, Taviseburi, naperwkali da man sabolood aanTo kolonistebSi, Tavidanve diskriminaciuli xasiaTis, kanonmdeblobis winaaRmdeg brZolis CiraRdani. swored am kanonebiT (fulis mimoqcevis Sesaxeb, samxedroebis mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi ganTavsebis Sesaxeb, sagerbo mosakreblis Sesaxeb, sabaJo ganacxadebis Sesaxeb) ilaxeboda kolonistebis ekonomikuri interesebi. koloniuri damokidebulebis gamkacrebis reJimi imaSic gamoixata, rom sul ufro SeizRuda koloniuri asambleebis uflebamosilebani da, TiTqmis gauqmda, kolonistebisaTvis miniWebuli, demokratiuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, romlebic ganmtkicebuli iyo samefo qartiebSi (aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba, nafic msajulTa sasa-marTloSi sarCelis Setanis ufleba, pirovnebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi da sxva). ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis dasawyisSi, kolonistebis moTxovnaTa zomieri xasiaTi (romlebic Tavs inglisis mefis qveSevrdomebad Tvlidnen) imiT iyo ganpi-robebuli, rom maT jer kidev hqondaT rwmena da morCilebis SegrZneba, inglisis konsti-tuciisa da koloniuri qartiebis mimarT, romlebsac isini sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis wyaroebad miiCnevdnen. am moTxovnaTa dasabuTebis zogad konteqstSi, Caisaxa e.w. homrulis idea, anu koloniebis TviTmmarTveloba, radgan isini sakuTar Tavs britaneTis imperiis sruluflebian nawilad miCnevdnen. xolo am nawilebSi _ uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba adgilobriv warmomadgenlobiT-sakanonmdeblo organoebs ekuTvnoda. amav-droulad, inglisis mefe aRniSnuli provinciebis SemakavSirebel rgolad miiCneoda, radgan misi xelisuflebidan CamoSoreba ara imperiuli kavSirebis reformirebas, aramed imperiis daSlas niSnavda. koloniebis politikuri elitisa da inglisis gvirgvins Soris winaaRmdegobebis gaRrmavebasTan erTad, rac gansakuTrebiT gamZafrda mas Semdeg, rac inglisis samefo karma miiRo represiuli kanonebi da moisurva `bostonis Cais smis~ monawileTa dasja, yalibdeba

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kolonistebis organizaciuli erToblioba. 1774 wels kolonistebis miswrafebebis gaerTia-nebis mizniT, raTa miRweuli yofiliyo saerTo amocanebi, virjiniis sakanonmdeblo krebis winadadebiT, filadelfiaSi moiwvies pirveli kontinenturi kongresi. garda tradiciuli moTxovnisa _ `ar daiSveba gadasaxadi, warmomadgenlobis gareSe~, romelic ganmtkicda 1774 w. miRebuli `koloniebis uflebebisa da saWiroebebis deklaraciaSi~, inglisis mefisadmi daumorCilebloba gamoiTqva e.w. `sufoklis rezoluciiT~, romelic daumorCileblobis ideas asabuTebda `bunebis kanonebiTa~ da sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis TeoriiT. kontinenturi kongresis mier miRebuli dokumentebis Sinaarsi, romelic iTvaliswinebda im mravalricxovan darRvevebs da Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas, rasac adgili hqonda metropoliis mxridan, mainc metyvelebda seriozul uTanxmoebaze, damswreTa radikalur da zomier warmomad-genlobaSi. gansakuTrebuli gansxvavebani SeiniSneboda koloniebis politikuri momavlis sakiTxSi da maT, metropoliasTan urTierTobebis mogvarebasTan dakavSirebiT. kongresma miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom is mTlianad eTiSeboda inglisTan savaWro urTierTobebs, Tumca irwmuneboda, rom inglisis gvirgvinisadmi inarCunebda erTgulebasa da morCilebas. mTlia-nobaSi, pirveli kontinenturi kongresi, romelic warmoiqmna, rogorc sakonsultacio asamblea da politikuri tribuna, maleve gadaiqca mzardi ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aqtiur opoziciur Zalad. kongresis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, miuxedavad maTSi sanaxevrod gamoTqmuli xasiaTisa, did rols TamaSobdnen ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaRrmavebis saqmeSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom misma zomierma frTam, kolonistebis yvela ufle-bebis wyarod, inglisis konstitucia da konstituciuri qartiebi aRiara, misi tribunidan gaisma maTi moTxovnebis axali radikaluri dasabuTeba, bunebiTi samarTlis ideologiisa da adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis aspeqtSi. gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani da, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone, aRmoCnda 1775 w. maisSi mowveuli meore kontinenturi kongresi, romelsac win uswrebda, ingliselebis winaaRmdeg, kolonistebis pirveli sabrZolo gamosvla, 1775 w. aprilSi leqsingTongTan, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel oms. meore kontinenturi kongresi, romelic arCeuli iyo ara koloniuri asambleebis zomieri warmomadgenlobiT, aramed saxalxo revoluciuri konventebiTa da kongresebiT, iqca Tavisebur revoluciur saxelmZRvanelo Stabad da man miiRo `iaraRis xelSi aRebis mizezTa da aucileblobis deklaracia~ (1775 wlis ivlisi), romelSic mowodebuli iqna Ria SeiaraRebuli brZolis dawyeba, ramac xeli Seuwyo, jorj vaSingtonis sardlobiT, amerikuli kontinenturi armiis Seqmnas. homrulis moTxovna kongresze ufro radikalur xasiaTs iZenda imis wyalobiT, rom masTan daakavSires `bunebis kanonebi~ da adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebi. kongresis wevrTa umravlesobam aseT uflebebad miiCnia: 1) ekonomikuri uflebebi da, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTrebis Tavisufleba, xolo 2) politikur uflebebSi gamohyo: sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnis mTavari saSualebis dadebis ufleba, sajaro xelisuflebis mowyobis da, misgan gamomdinare, despotiz-misaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis saerTo-saxalxo bunebiTi ufleba. kolonistebs Soris revoluciuri ganwyobis zrda, antikoloniuri brZolis mesame etapze, mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba, 1776 w. ianvarSi, Tomas peinis mier gamoqveynebulma pamfletma _ `Tavisufali azri~, romelSic man mkveTrad gaakritika inglisis konstitucia da Tanmimdevrulad ganavrco ori revoluciuri doqtrina: 1) CrdoloeT amerikaSi damoukidebeli amerikuli saxelmwifos Seqmna, qveynis SigniT mimdinare Sidapolitikuri revoluciuri gardaqmnebis xarjze da 2) mmarTvelobis demokratiuli respublikuri formis damkvidreba, sayovelTao saarCevno uflebiT da qonebrivi da sxvagvari cenzebis gauqmebis gziT. T. peinis ideebma Staagones `virjiniis Statis uflebaTa deklaraciis~ avtorebi. maT mier Seqmnili deklaracia 1776 w. 12 ivniss mowonebuli iqna adgilobrivi konventis mier. es deklaracia iqca (garda revoluciaze udidesi gavlenisa), msoflio istoriaSi pirvel dokumentad, romelSic, sakanonmdeblo doneze, ganmtkicda adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebi, romlebzec kolonistebi uars arasodes ityodnen. am uflebebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda: 1) `sicocxliTa da TavisuflebiT datkbobis ufleba, romelic miiRweoda sakuTrebis SeZeniTa da flobiT~, agreTve 2) `bednierebisa da usafrTxoebis mopovebisaken ltolva~. amrigad, moixsna is ideologiuri barieri, romelic xels uSlida amerikuli koloniebis, metropoliasTan saxelmwifoebriv-konstituciuri erTianbobis moSlis marTlzomierebis aRiarebisa da, maT mier, sruli damoukideblobis mopovebis samaTlebriv dasabuTebas.

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$3. 1776 wlis 4 ivlisis damoukideblobis deklaracia

CrdiloeT amerikis istoriis saetapo movlenad iqca, 1776 wlis mesame kontinenturi kongresi, romelmac cxovrebaSi gaatara yvela winmswrebi deklaraciuli gancxadebebi, amerikul koloniebSi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. 1776 wlis 4 ivlisis damoukideblobis deklaracia ar iyo sakanonmdeblo aqti. is arc 1787 wlis aSS-is konstituciis, oficialurad aRiarebul, nawilad iqca. Tumca, Znelia gadaafaso misi mniSvneloba ara mxolod amerikuli konstituciis liberalur-demokratiul principebis, aramed, mTlianad, msoflio politikur-samarTlebrivi azris mimarT. Sinaarsoblivad, deklaracia, pirobiTad, sam nawilad SeiZleba daiyos. I _ Sesavali nawili eZRvneba yvela im mizezebis ganmartebas, romlebmac aiZula amerikuli koloniebi gaewyvitaT kavSiri metropoliasTan da maTTvis `damoukidebeli da Tanaswori adgili~ ganesazRvra, msoflios saxelmwifoTa Soris. es mizezi, bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ideologiis Sesabamisad, dasabu-Tebulia `bunebiTi kanonebiT~, yvela adamianis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb; vinaidan yvela adamiani, dabadebidanve, aRWurvilia ganusxvisebeli uflebebiT, maT Soris `sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken ltolvis~ uflebiT. am dokumentis politikuri doqtrinis safuZvelSi devs sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoria, romlis Sesabamisad, sakuTari bunebiTi uflebebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, àdamianebi hqmnian mTvarobebs~, xolo am uflebebis gamanadgurebeli mTavrobebi – tiranulad cxaddeba. xalxs ara Tu SeuZlia, aramed evaleba kidec aseTi mTavrobis Secvla da is uflebamosili da valdebulia daaweesos mmarTvelobis iseTi formebi, romlebic `yvelaze ukeT miesadageba am xalxis usafrTxoebis da keTildReobis uzrunvelyofas~. virjiniis Statis uflebaTa deklara-ciisgan gansxvavebiT, damoukideblobis deklaracia, bunebiTi uflebebis CamonaTvalSi, arafers ambobs sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb. es ar iyo SemTxveviTi movlena, vinaidan amerikuli revoluciis yvelaze demokratiul moazrovneTa (T. jefersoni da b. franklini) SexedulebiT, romlebic amerikis mosaxleobis yvelaze `qveda~ fenebis interesebs gamoxa-tavdnen, kerZo sakuTreba – rogorc ìstoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegi~, ar iTvleboda bunebiT uflebad. es ki gulisxmobda saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis uflebis SezRudvas, amerikelebs Soris qonebrivi uTanasworobis udides gamwvavebas. damoukideblobis deklaraciis meore nawili eZRvneba, inglisis mefisa da parlamentis mxridan, `Zaladobisa da mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis “grZeli CamonaTvlis aRweras, romlebic, patriotTa mtkicebiT, miznad isaxavda, qveyanaSi, `SezRuduli despotizmis~ damkvidrebas. mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis CamonaTvalTa didi nawili, homrulis koncefciis gavleniT, eZRvneba adgilobrivi legislaturebis uflebamosilebaTa darRvevs uamrav faqts, romelTa kanonebi miiReboda kolonistebis interesebis da keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT~, guberna-torebis mxridan am kanonebis cxovrebaSi gatarebaze uaris Tqmas an mxolod im pirobiT maT aRiarebas, Tu koloniebi uars ityodnen warmomadgenlobis uflebaze; mSfoTvare legilaturebis ukanono daTxovnas, maT mowvevas uxerxul, Znelad misadgom adgilebSi da sxva. deklaraciaSi mkveTrad iyo gakritikebuli metropoliis sasamarTlo politikac, romelic aRiarebda koloniuri marTlmsajulebis mxolod mefis nebisgan gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas, mefis mier gansakuTrebuli sagangebo mimarTulebis dawesebas, sazogadoebis mxridan, mZime danaSaulis Cadenis dausjelobas, nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze uaris Tqmas, habeas corpus-is Sesabamisi procedurebisa da garantebis daucvelobas. deklaracia marTlmsajulebis xarvezebs im Cinovnikebis xrovas ukavSirebda, romelic sdevnida da aviwrovebda xalxs. Ggarda amisa, koloniebSi marTlmsajulebis darRveva aixsneboda, arasaomar viTarebaSi, adgilobrivi legislaturebis Tanxmobis gareSe, mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi jarebis CayenebiT. mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis vrceli CamonaTvali, deklaraciis mixedviT, pirdapir an iribad dakavSirebuli iyo mesakuTreTa interesebis dacvis mTavar amocanasTan, koloniebis uflebasTan Tavisufal ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, rac uSualod iyo ganmtkicebuli moTxov-niT _ àraviTari gadasaxadi warmomadgenlobis gareSe~, anu vaWrobis Tavisufleba da, Sesabamisad, samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis xelisSewyoba. deklaraciis Tavdapirvel variantSi T. jefersoni, inglisis mefisa da parlamentis mier Cadenil 8 danaSaulis CamonaTvalSi, mkveTrad ilaSqrebda monobis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, mogvianebiT, es braldeba moixsna, radgan mis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen samxreT karolina da jorjia. damoukideblobis deklaraciis bolo – mesame nawilSi gancxadebulia, rom `keTili xalxis saxeliTa da davalebiT~, romlis warmomadgenlebic Seikribnen saerTo kongresze da sazeimod Tqves, rom: `SeerTebuli koloniebi uflebrivadac unda iyvnen Tavisufali da damoukidebeli Statebi, rom isini unda gaTavisufldnen britanuli gvirgvinis mxridan, yovelgvari damokidebulebisagan da maTsa da britanul saxelmwifos Soris yovelgvari

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politikuri kavSiri unda iqnas gawyvetili~. damoukideblobis deklaraciis analizi imaze mowmobs, rom mis debulebebSi garkveuli winaaRmdegobebi gvxvdeba, rac dakavSirebuli iyo, radikalur da zomier politikur Zalebs Soris, mkveTri dapirispirebis arsebobasTan. kerZod, im gancxadebis miuxedavad, rom `yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia~, deklaraciam ara Tu xeluxlebeli datova monobis instituti, aramed Tanasworobis principi mxolod TeTrkanian mamakacebze – mesakuTreebze gaavrcela da am uflebas (Tanasworoba) CamoaSora CrdileoT amerikis avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba – indielebi, romlebic, formalurad, Tavisuflebi iyvnen. metropoliis TviTnebobis mkveTri kritikis miuxedavad, yuradRebas iqcevs deklaraciis zogierTi debulebis gawonasworebuli xasiaTi, romelic gamoricxavda Seurigebel mowodebas `Zmebis~ _ ingliselebis winaaRmdeg Zaladobrivi moqmedebisaken. metropoliasTan urTierTobis gawyveta iyo iZulebiTi nabiji, romelic patriotebma gadadges, ingliselebis mxridan sxvadasxvagvari borotmoqmedebis grZeli jaWvis gavleniT, vinaidan `keTilgoniereba~ _ deklaraciis azriT, moiTxovda, rom Zveli droidanve dadgenili mTavroba ar icvlebodes araarsebiTi mowodebis gamo. deklaraciaSi gaisma, koloniebisaTvis, erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnis idea. es idea gancxadebuli iyo `13 SeerTebuli koloniis~ saxeliT, romlebic “Tavisufal da damoukidebel Statebad iqcnen da romlebmac gancalkevebuli da Tanaswori adgili unda daikavon dedamiwis derJavaTa Soris, rac maT bunebis kanonebmac mianiWa~ (`bunebiTi da RvTiuri kanonebi~).

$4. 1781 wlis konfederaciisa da mudmivi kavSiris muxlebi

koloniebis politikuri gaerTianebis, ama Tu im formiT, Seqmnis gadaudebeli aucilebloba jer kidev ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dasawyisSi iqna gaazrebuli. es sakiTxi daisva II kontinenturi kongresis monawileTa winaSe. Tanac, saubari iyo qmediT gaerTianebaze, romlis saTaveSi idgeboda xelisuflebis erTiani organo, Tumca ara im xelisuflebisa, romelsac axorcielebdnen metropoliis mmarTvelobis organoebi, aramed sakavSiro kongresis xelisufleba, romlis muSaoba unda daefuZnos Semdeg principebs: èrTi kolonia _ erTi xma~ da, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, `xmaTa umravlesoba~ (13-dan 9 xma mainc). Tumca, fuladi saxsrebs ukmarisoba, saerTo gadawyvetilebis miRebisadmi koloniebis efeqturi iZulebis ararseboba, gaxda imis mizezi, rom, am dros, kongresi ver iqca erTian sakanonmdeblo organod da, ZiriTadad, man ikisra koloniebs Soris, diplomatiuri molaparakebebis centris funqcia. es sakiTxi kvlav dadga dRis wesrigSi 1776 wlis ivlisSi, mesame kontinenturi kongresis drod. kongresis muSaoba mimdinareobda saerTo amerikuli politikuri organos saxiT; Seiqmna komiteti, romelsac daevala `konfederaciis muxlebis~ momzadeba. am dokumentis mTavari daniSnuleba unda yofiliyo, konfederaciisa da Statebis mTavrobebs Soris, uflebamosilebaTa gamijvna. `konfederaciisa da mudmivi kavSiris muxlebis~ meore varianti, principulad, gansxvavdeba pirveli variantisagan. is mowonebuli iqna 1779 wlis 15 noembers, Tumca, Statebs Soris Taviseburi xelSekrulebis saxiT, ratificirebul iqna mxolod 1781 wlis 1 marts. am dokumentis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, Statebis kavSiris saxiT, oficialurad iwodeboda àmerikis SeerTebul Statebad~. amavdroulad, TiToeuli Stati inarCunebda `sakuTar uzenaesobas, Tavisuflebas da damoukideblobas, iseve, rogorc sakuTar xelisuflebas, sakuTar iurisdiqcias da im yvela uflebas, romelic am konfederaciiT, ar eniWeba kongresze Sekrebil SeerTebul Statebs~ (m. 2-e). konfederaciuli kavSiri ganmtkicebuli iyo erTiani sakanonmdeblo organos – SeerTebuli Statebis kongresiT, romelzec Sesakreblad yovelwliurad airCeodnen delegatebi `sakanonmdeblo krebis mier, TiToeuli StatisaTvis, dadgenili wesisamebr~ (m. 5-e). amavdroulad, TiToeul Stats eniWeboda an yvela, an delegatebis nawilis ukan gawvevis ufleba, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi da maTi Secvlis ufleba, wlis darCenili nawilis period-Sive. kongresi erTpalatiani iyo da Sesabamisi Statis TiToeul delegacias mxolod erTi xma hqonda, maTi ricxobrivi Semadgenlobis miuxedavad. amrigad, Seiqmna Zalze susti konfederaciuli gaerTianeba, romelic mimarTuli iyo Tavdacvisunarianobis saqmeSi saerTo Zalisxmevis koordinirebisa da saerTo ìnteresebis gaZRolisaken~ (5-e da 8-e muxlebi). formalurad, konfederaciuli kongresi aRiWurva sakmaod vrceli uflebamosilebiT, gansakuTrebiT, sagareo-politikur sferoSi: omisa da zavis sakiTxebis gadawyveta, elCebis gagzavna da miReba, ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebTan xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis dadeba, Statebs Soris traqtatebis dadeba, Tanxmobis gacema, samxedro xomaldebisa da armiis piradi Semadgenlobis im raodenobis gansazRvra, romelic Statebs mSvidobianobis periodSi unda

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SeenaxaT, agreTve `brunvaSi myofi fulis raodenobisa~ da misi kursis gansazRvra. Tumca, am uflebaTa realizaciisaTvis saWiro iyo Statebis mTeli raodenobis ori mesamedis Tanxmoba, rac kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRniSnavda am damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis statuss. konfederaciis kompetenciidan gamoiricxa samxedro moqmedebebze Tanxmobis gacemis ufleba, Tu `Stati mowinaaRmdegis mxridan Tavdasxmas ganicdida, an Tu is gaigebda, romelime indieli tomis mxridan mis teritoriaze SeWris ganzraxvis Sesaxeb~ (m. 6-e). kongresis `gansakuTrebul~ uflebaTa CamonaTvlidan amoiRes, samokavSireo urTierTobebis simtkicis ganmsazRvreli, yvelaze mniSvne-lovani uflebamosilebani. swored am urTierTobebs ewoda `qviSis Toki~. kongresi, rogorc kavSiris sakanonmdeblo organo, moklebuli iyo iseT mniSvnelovan uflebamosilebas, rogoric iyo gadasaxadebisa da baJis damoukidebeli dadgenis ufleba, Statebs Soris vaWrobis regulireba, rac Statebs Soris, SesaZlo, savaWro omis mizezad iqceoda. kongress arc sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebisadmi iZulebis efeqturi saSualebani hqonda, imis miuxedavad, rom is mowodebuli iyo, emsaxura saapelacio instanciad yvela im davasa da gaugebrobaSi, romelic SesaZloa warmoqmniliyo or an met Stats Soris, maTi sazRvrebis iurisdiqciisa da sxva raime sagnis mimarT (m. 9-e). `konfederaciisa da mudmivi kavSiris muxlebi~ ar iTvaliswinebda prezidentis Tanamdebobas, an sxva aRmasrulebeli organos arsebobas. Statebis komiteti, romelSic 13 adamiani Sedioda – yoveli Statidan TiTo delegati _ uflebamosili iyo garkveuli funqciebi Seesrulebina kongresis sxdomaTa Sewyvetis dros, ara umetes 6 Tvis vadisa da mxolod im sakiTxze, romelic mas pirdapir mianiWa kongresma (9-e da 10-e muxlebi). Tumca, `konfederaciis muxlebi~ ar aris mxolod saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis martivi nairsaxeoba. am dokumentiT iqmneboda is saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, romelic sakavSiro saxelmwifoebriobis gardamavali forma iqneboda, da romelSic safuZveli Caeyara momavali amerikuli federaciis ekonomikur, politikur da fsiqologiur kavSirebs.

$5. 1787 wlis aSS-is konstitucia

usaSvelod moZvelebuli `konfederaciis muxlebis~ gadasinjvis aucilebloba imiT iyo nakarnaxevi, rom mkveTrad gauaresda konfederaciis ekonomikuri da politikuri poziciebi, maT Soris saerTaSoriso arenaze. am procesebis garTulebas, kidev ufro, amZafrebda mTavrobis finansuri uZlureba, vinaidan Statebi uars ambobdnen, samxedro xarjebis da `Tavdacvis da saerTo keTildReobisaTvis~ gaRebuli Tanxebis, anazRaurebaze. omis damTavrebam da, 1783 wlis aprilSi, yofil metropoliasTan parizis zavis dadebam, Tval-naTliv daadastura, rom Crdilo-amerikuli Statebis konfederaciulma kavSirma amowura sakuTari SesaZleblobani da is unda daSliliyo. garda amisa, mkveTrad gamwvavda socialuri winaaRmdegobani, risi naTeli dadasturebac iyo 1786-87 wlebis saxalxo ajanyeba. 1787 wlis 6 maiss miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba specialuri damfuZnebeli krebis – konstituciuri konventis mowvevis Sesaxeb, romlis muSaobaSi monawileoba unda mieRoT Statebis mier daniSnul delegatebs, mxolod `konfederaciis muxlebSi~ cvlilebebis Setanisa da maTi daxvewis mizniT. Tumca, misi muSaobis periodSi, Camoyalibebuli iqna axali federaciuli saxelmwifos konstitucia. konventis mowveva ar iqna yvela Statis mier mowonebuli – mis muSaobaSi, Statebis mier arCeuli 74 delegatidan, monawileoba mxolod 55-ma miiRo, romelTa Soris sWarbobdnen amerikuli revoluciis aRiarebuli liderebi. yvela delegati iyo aSS-s TeTrkaniani mamakaci moqalaqe, mdidari da ganaTlebuli adamiani. delegatebi, politikuri mrwamsiT, or jgufad: 1) federalistebad _ erTiani federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxreebi, romelsac eqneboda Zlieri centraluri xelisufleba da 2) antifederalistebi _ maTi mowinaaRmdege demok-ratebi. amitom, axali saxelmwifos konstitucia mxolod kompromisis Sedegi SeiZleba gamxdariyo. 1787 wlis 17 seqtembers mowonebuli da 9 Statis mier ratificirebuli aSS-is konstitucia, ZalaSi Sevida 1789 wlis 4 marts. konstitucia mcire moculobis dokumentia, romelic Sedgeba preambulisa da 7 muxlisagan, romelTagan mxolod pirveli 4 muxli iyofa karebad. konstituciis Seqmnis mizani `aSS-is xalxis mier~ gacxadebuli iyo mis preambulaSi. isini dayvanili iyo `srulyofili kavSiris~ Seqmnis, samarTlianobis dadgenisa da marTlmsajulebis garantirebis, Sinagani simSvidis uzrunvelyofisa da erToblivi Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebis, saerTo keTildReobisadmi Tanadgomis~ gawevamde. konstituciis safuZvelSi Caido, mis teqstSi pirdapiri gziT ar Camoyalibebuli, Tumca nagulisxmevi principebi: saprezidento respublikanizmi, federalizmi (mowyoba), xelisuf-lebaTa danawileba, konstituciuri sasamarTlo kontroli. konstitucia ar Seicavda pollitikur-samarTlebriv principebs, romlebic manamde gamoTqmuli iyo sxva politikur

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dokumentebSi, kerZod, damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi (1776 w.) da Statebis konstituciebSi: adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebi, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoria, xalxis ufleba SeiaraRebul ajanyebaze da sxva. da es ar iyo SemTxveviTi garemoeba, aramed ganpirobebuli iyo rTuli politikuri da socialuri viTarebiT. konstitucia mowodebuli iyo uzrunvelyo socialuri mSvidoba da wesrigi, saimedod daecva TeTrkaniani umciresobis eknomikuri da politikuri interesebi. amrigad, aSS-is konstituciis fuZemdebluri principi gaxda ara saxalxo suvereniteti, aramed xelisuflebaTa danawileba da urierTSejerebisa da gawonasworebis (chek and balances) meqanizmi. xelisuflebaTa danawilebis saprezidento modelis Sesabamisad, saxelisuflebo funqciebi da saxelisuflebo funqciaTa sagnebi mkveTrad iyo ganawilebuli xelisuflebis sami Stos mier: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo. swored am sakiTxebs exeboda aSS-is konstituciis pirveli sami muxli. I-li muxlis pirvel ganyofilebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom `sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebani, aRniSnuliT dadgenilia, ekuTvnoda aSS kongress, romelic Sedgeboda senatisa da warmomadgenelTa palatisagan~. Tu warmomadgenelTa palata iqmneboda im deputatebisagan, romlebsac, or weliwadSi erTxel, irCevda calkeuli Statis xalxi, senatis formireba xdeboda orsafexuriani arCevnebis gziT, `TiToeuli Statidan or-ori senatoris SemadgenlobiT, romlebsac adgilobrivi legislaturebi 6 wlis vadiT irCevdnen. isini rotacias eqvemdebarebodnen 1/3 raodenobiT, yovel or weliwadSi erTxel. amave pirveli muxliT, Camoyalibda sxvadasxva saarCevno cenzebi, romelTa dacva moeTxoveboda kongresis orive palatis deputatebs. kerZod, warmomadgenelTa palatis wevri SeiZleba yofiliyo 25 wlis asakis aSS-is moqalaqe, romelic 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda im StatSi, sadac iyrida kenWs. xolo senatori SeiZleboda gamxdariyo, 30 wlis asaks miRweuli aSS-is moqalaqe, romelic 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda im StatSi, sadac iyrida kenWs. konstituciis II muxlis I karis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ekuTvnoda aSS-is prezidents, romelsac, vice-prezidentTan erTad, 4 wlis vadiT, iribi arCevnebis gziT, faruli kenWisyriT irCevda amomrCevelTa kolegia. am kolegiis wevrebs TiToeuli Stati im wesis mixedviT niSnavda, romelic dadgenili iyo misi legislaturiT. aSS-is prezidentis Tanamdebobaze airCeoda, 35 wlis asaks miRweuli, dabadebiT aSS-is moqalaqe, an is piri, romelic aSS-is moqalaqe iyo konstituciis miRebis momentisaTvis da am qveyanaSi cxovrobda sul mcire 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi. prezidents Zalzed vrceli uflebamosilebani mieniWa, ris gamoc mas demokratebma `arCeviTi monarqi~ uwodes. prezidenti iyo: armiisa da flotis mTavarsardali; calkeuli Statebis policiis meTauri; mas amnistiis da Sewyalebis ufleba mieniWa; mas `senatis TanxmobiT~, xelSekrulebis dadebis ufleba hqonda, im pirobiT, rom xelSekrulebas moiwonebda senatis Semadgenlobis 2/3; Tanamdebobaze niSnavda elCebs, konsulebsa da sxva oficialur warmomadgenlebs, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs da aSS-is sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs. mas, sagangebo mdgomareobisas an sxva saWiroebisas, SeeZlo kongresis orive an erT-erTi palatis mowveva, kavSiris saqmeebze amomwuravi informaciis miReba~ da sxva. aSS-is prezidentis aseTi Zlieri erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb konventis gadawyvetilebaze didi gavlena iqonia im garemoebam, rom prezidentobis yvelaze realuri kandidati swored j. vaSingtoni iyo. konstitucia Zalze mcire adgils uTmobda sasamarTlo sistemis organoTa Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis sakiTxebs. maTi dawesebis ufleba kongress mieniWa, romelic uflebamosili iqneboda Seeqmna nebismieri sasamarTlo, romelic uzenaesi sasamarTlos qvemdgomi instancia iqneboda (kari 8, muxli 1; kari I, m. III). konventSi eWvi gamoiTqva saerTo federaluri sasamarTlo organos Seqmnis mizanSewonilobis Taobaze. Tumca, es eWvi maleve gaifanta, roca gaixsenes, Tu ramdenad araqmediTi iyo konfederacia, romlis sisuste didad ganapiroba saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlo organoebis ararsebobam. konstituciis III muxlis 2 ka-ris ZaliT, federaluri sasamarTlo xelisufleba gavrcelda 5 kategoriis saqmeebze: 1) yvela saqme, romelic TviT aSS-is konstituciis, federaluri kanonebisa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze iyo aRmocenebuli; 2) yvela saqme, romelic elCebs, konsulebs da sxva oficialur warmomadgenlebs exeboda; 3) saadmiralosa da sazRvao iurisdiqciis saqmeebi; 4) yvela davebi, romlis erT-erTi mxare aSS-bi iqneboda; 5) or an met Stats Soris aRmocenebuli davis saqmeebi, romelime Statisa da sxva Statis moqalaqes Soris, sxvadasxva Statebis moqalaqeebs Soris, romlebic uflebebs acxadeben sxva Statebis mier daTmobil miwebze. federaluri sasamarTlos specialur kompetencias, specialurma kanonmdeblobam miakuTvna saqmeebi `sasamarTlos upativcemlobisa~ da is saqmeebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo federaluri sasamarTloebis mier, sxvadasxva sasamarTlo brZanebebis gamocemasTan, sakuTari uflebebis realizaciasTan da maT mier am brZanebis nebismieri Statis qvemdgomi instanciis

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sasamarTloSi wargzavnasTan (brZaneba `habaes corpus~, amkrZalavi brZaneba ìniunction~, mavalebeli brZaneba `mandatus~ da sxva). konstituciaSi pirdapir ar iyo naTqvami mosa-marleTa Seucvlelobasa da daTxovnis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, Tumca miTiTebuli iyo, rom ìsini manam ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas, vidre maTi qceva umwikvlo iyo~. ganmtkicebuli iyo mosamarTleTa materialuri garantiebi, kerZod, mosamarTlis ufleba sakuTari samsaxuris Rirseuli anazRaurebiT, romlis moculobis Semcireba dauSvebeli iyo, misi samsaxurSi yofnis mTel periodSi. xelisufalTa danawilebis amerikuli koncefciaa – ara mxolod xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebs Soris, saxelisuflebo funqciebisa da kompetenciis saganTa gamijvna da maTi damoukidebloba, aramed am kompetenciis udavo da, ufro metic, ZiriTadi nawili ùrTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis~ sistema, Semakavebeli kontroli da xelisuflebaTa dabalanseba im dros, Tu safrTxe Seeqmneba maT Soris urTierTgawonasworebasa da warmoiqmneba saxifaTo disbalansi. nebismier normalurad moqmed saxelmwifo meqanizmSi, xelisuflebis yvela Sto erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobs da urTerTzemoqmedebas axdens. Tumca, aseTi urTierTzemoqmedeba, ZalTa Soris Tanasworobis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSic ki, ar gamoricxavs maT Soris Sinagani daZabulobis SemTxvevebs. swored am daZabulobisa da disbalansis moxsnas, xelisuflebis calkeul Stoebs Soris, unda emsaxurebodes ùrTierT-Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis~ sistema, romlis dros xelisuflebis TiToeul Stos SesaZlebloba eZleva winaaRmdegoba gauwios, meore saxelisuflebo Stos mxridan, uzur-patoruli miswrafebebis ganxorcielebas. es sistema sulac ar niSnavda, rom romelime Sto TviTneburad Caereoda meoris uflebamosilebaSi, aramed axorcielebda da uzrunvelyofda Stoebis urTierT sakonstrolo funqciebs da amisaTvis aniWebda maT garkveul saSualebebsa da xerxebs, romlebic organizaciul-proceduruli da uflebamosilebiTi xasiaTisa iyo. aSS-is konstituciis mixedviT, kongresis Semadgeneli rgoli aSS-is prezidentia, romelic vetos uflebis gamoyenebiT, zemoqmedebs kongresis mier miRebul kanonproeqtebze. sapre-zidento veto SeiZleba daZleuli iqnas, Tu moxdeba imave kanonproeqtis ganmeorebiTi ganxilva da mis damtkiceba warmomadgenelTa palatisa da senatis wevrTa 2/3-is mier. aSS-is prezidentis Semakavebelia senati, romelic am uflebas axorcielebs, `saxelmwifo meTaurisaTvis~ `rCevebisa da Tanxmobis micemis~ meSveobiT. konstituciaSi aRniSnula, rom kongresi, saxelmwifos meTaurTan erTad, monawileobs prezidentis mier sagareo da saSinao politikis umniSvnelovanesi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis procesSi, kerZod: saerTa-Soriso xelSekrulebebis dadebisas, savaldebulo iyo, rom maTi mowoneba-damtkicebaSi monawileoba mieRo, sxdomaze damswre senatorTa 2/3-s mainc. imis miuxedavad, rom prezidenti SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali iyo, mas ar SeeZlo omis gamocxadeba, vinaidan am uflebiT mxolod kongresi iyo aRWurvili. mxolod kongresis saxeliT da misi mxridan arsebiTi kontrolis qveS, prezidents SeeZlo sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoReba qveyanaSi da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyeneba. federaluri kongresi, aSS-is prezidentisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis mimarT, maTi mxridan uxeSi amoraluri saqcielis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, iTxovda maTi Tanamdebobidan vadamde gadayenebas, impiCmentis proceduris wesiT. Tavis mxriv, uzenaesi sasamarTlo axorcielebs kongresis da aSS-is prezidentis Sekavebas, sakuTari konstituciuri kontrolis uflebebis meSveobiT, radgan amowmebs am organoebis mier miRebuli aqtebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs. 1787 wlis aSS-is konstitucia ganamtkicebda aSS-is saxelmwifo wyobilebis federaciul formas, imis miuxedavad, rom konstituciis teqstSi ar iyo gamoyenebuli `federaciis~ cneba. mis safuZvelSi Caido dualizmis (orgvaroba) principi, romelic gansazRvravda kavSiris sagnobriv kompetencias da ara StatebisaTvis mikuTvnebul uflebamosilebaTa sferos. kerZod, konstituciaSi Setanili X Sesworeba (1791) azustebda formulas `Statebis narCeni uflebis Sesaxeb~ da adgenda, rom, aRniSnuli konstituciiT, aSS-is `miuniWebeli ufleba-mosilebani~ da is funqciebi, romelTa Sesruleba ar ekrZalebaT calkeul Statebs, SenarCunebuli aqvT am Statebs an mTlianad amerikis xalxs. konstitucia ganamtkicebda nebismieri tradiciuli saxelmwifosa da konstituciis aucilebel pirobas _ federaluri samarTlis uzenaesobis (supremaciis) princips, romelic aisaxa konstituciis VI muxlSi; aSS-is konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesatanad saWiro iyo StatebSi specialuri konventebis mowveva da maTi mowoneba legislaturebis an Statebis konventebis sul mcire 3/4-is mier. filadelfiis konventis mier damtkicebuli, federaluri konstitucia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Sevidoda ZalaSi, Tu mis ratifikacias moaxdenda 13-dan 9 Stati mainc. konstituciis proeqtis mimarT iyo garkveuli SeniSvnebic: 1) masSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli is principi, romlis mixedviT is Zalaufleba, romelic konstitucias ar miuniWebia aSS-is

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kongresisaTvis, Statebs unda SenarCunebodaT; 2) konstituciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom Statebs unarCundebodaT suvereniteti im farglebSi, romelic ar hqonda mikuTvnebuli federacias; 3) konstitucia ar Seicavda calke kars moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciaSi mainc iyo ganmtkicebuli zogeirTi uflebebi da maTi dacvis konstituciuri garantiebi: a) habeas corpus-s _ brZanebis gacemis ufleba; b) kanonis ukuqceviTi Zalis akrZalva; g) sasamarTlos gareSe, devnisa da dasjis Sesaxeb, bilis gacemis ufleba; d) nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos garantireba; e) raime saxis privilegiebis dawesebis akrZalva, Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis dros; vinaidan aikrZala yovelgvari Tavadaznauruli tituli da wodeba; v) konstituciaSi mkacrad ganisazRvra iseTi danaSaulis definicia, rogoric iyo saxelmwifos Ralati.

$6. 1791 wlis Bill of Rights

axali konstituciis safuZvelze Sekrebil warmomadgenelTa palatis erT-erT pirvel sxdomaze j. medisonma warmoadgina `saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv uflebaTa Sesaxeb bilis~ proeqti. 1789 wlis 21 seqtembers is daamtkices aSS-is konstituciaSi oficialurad Seta-nili X Sesworebis saxiT, Tumca _ ZalaSi Sevida mxolod 1791 wels. bilSi gancxadebuli uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da maTi garantiebi gacilebiT viwro iyo imas-Tan SedarebiT, rac gaiTvaliswines Statebis konstituciebma da deklaraciebma, uflebebis Sesaxeb nawilSi. amis miuxedavad, SeuZlebelia gadafasdes am dokumentis mniSvneloba, romelmac, pirvelad msoflio istoriaSi saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv doneze, daadgina amerikis moqalaqis samarTlebrivi statusis erTgvarovneba, mveTrad gansazRvra moqalaqis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze federaluri kontrolis sfero, aseve, pirvelad konstituciuri kanon-mdeblobis doneze, Camoayaliba moqalaqis is uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, romlebic dauSvebeli iyo ganemartaT, rogorc xalxis mier SenarCunebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudva da damcroba. 1791 wels bilis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, pirobiTad, ori nawilis gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli. I-l nawilSi ganmtkicebuli iyo moqalaqis klasikuri demokratiuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi: aRmsareblobis arCevis Tavisufleba; sityvisa da beWvdiTi sityvis Tavisufleba; xalxis ufleba mSvidobian Sekrebebsa da peticiiT mTavrobisadmi mimarTva; pirovnebis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, qaRaldebisa da qonebis xelSeuxebloba; dausabuTebuli Cxrekisa da dapatimrebis akrZalva. aseve ganmtkicebuli iyo, istoriuli garemoebebiT ganpirobebuli, iaraRis Senaxvisa da tarebis ufleba, Tumca ikrZaleboda mSvidobian periodSi mosaxleobaSi samxedro nawilebis Cayeneba (1, 2, 3, 4 Sesworebebi). bilis meore nawilSi Sevida am uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis garantiebi, romlebsac V SesworebaSi `saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduris~ wesebi ewoda: braldebulis ufleba mieRo informacia misTvis wayenebuli braldebis arsisa da dasabuTebulobis Sesaxeb; ufleba misi saqmis gadaudebeli da sajaro ganxilvis Sesaxeb, miukerZoebeli nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier; ufleba mowmeebTan dapirispirebasa da advokatis daxmarebaze; ufleba sasamarTloSi ar mieca Cveneba sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg da orjer erTsa da imave saqmeze (danaSaulze) ar yofiliyo pasuxisgebaSi micemuli; aragonivrulad didi jarimebisa da giraos Setanis akrZalva; `mkacri da uCveulo sasjelis~ gamoyenebis akrZalva; kerZo sakuTrebis CamorTmeva sazogadoebrivi aucileblobis momizezebiT, samarTliani anazRa-urebis gareSe (V, VI, VII, VIII Sesworebebi). mogvianebiT, federalistebi Seecadnen SeezRudaT `bilis~ moqmedeba da 1798 wels miaRwies `mtrulad ganwyobili ucxoelebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis miRebas (kerZod, frangi imigrantebi), agreTve miiRes naturalizaciis Sesaxeb da ajanyebis waqezebis Sesaxeb kanonebi. mogvianebiT, respublikeli _ T. jefersoni, federalistebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, gaata-rebs rig demokratiul RonisZiebebs: gaauqmebs 1798 wels arademokratiul kanons ucxoelebis Sesaxeb; sruli moqmedebiT aRadgens uflebaTa Sesaxeb bils, kerZod, sityvisa da beWvdiTi sityvis Tavisuflebas; xolo 1801 wels gaauqmebs ajanyebisaTvis wamqezebelTa winaRmdeg mimarTul supresiul kanons.

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Tavi VII. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis evropuli revoluciebis periodis saxelmwifo da samarTali

$1. XVII saukunis inglisis revolucia da saxelmwifos ganviTareba

1) XVII saukunis inglisis revoluciis politikuri da samarTlebrivi winapirobebi

inglisSi Tanamedrove saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba XVII saukunis inglisis revoluciis Sedegad moxda, romelsac ewoda "didi janyi" (1640-1660 ww.), agreTve im saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg, romelsac adgili hqonda 1688 wels da istoriaSi cnobilia "saxelovani revoluciis" saxelwodebiT. inglisis revolucia, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli revoluciuri moZraoba, ganviTarda puritanuli lozungebis qveS da moiTxovda gabatonebuli eklesiis reformirebas da "Zveli Cveulebebisa da Tavisuflebis" aRdgenas, rac xSirad da, arsebiTad, irRveoda samefo administraciis politikis Sedegad. inglisis revoluciam miiRo, mefesa da parlaments Soris, tradiciulad Rrma dapirispirebis forma da am "janys" kidev ufro aRrmavebda arsebuli sistemis ekonomikuri da politikuri krizisis gamwvaveba. inglisSi mZvinvare politikur-samarTlebrivi konfliqti dasrulda mxolod 1688 wels, "saxelovani revoluciis" Sedegad, roca samefo prerogativisa da parlamentis mTavari kompetencia, zogadi saxiT, dadgenili iqna sakanonmdeblo wesiT. amasTanave, konstituciuri konfliqtis garegani formis miRma, unda davinaxoT revoluciur-socialuri moZraoba, romelic mimarTuli iyo Suasaukunoebrivi wyobilebis winaaRmdeg. misi Taviseburebani ganpirobebuli iyo gansakuTrebuli, Tumca inglisisaTvis, istoriulad kanon-zomieri, socialur-politikuri Zalebis gadanawilebiT. XVII saukunis revoluciuri moZraobis warmmaTvel Zalad gvevlineba e.w. "axali inglisuri Tavadaznauroba" _ jentri, romelic gamodioda, inglisuri sazoga-doebis im antiaristokratiul fenebTan kavSirSi, romlebic warmodgenili iyvnen TemTa pala-taSi. swored am kavSiris wyalobiT, inglisurma revoluciam SeiZina zomierad-konservatiuli xasiaTi da ganapiroba qveynis Suasaukunoebrivi politikuri sistemis sakmaod neli trans-formacia da modernizacia. ekonomikur sferoSi, inglisis revoluciis dausrulebloba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom aq SenarCunebuli iqna ingliseli lend-lordebis msxvili miwaTmflobeloba da glexebisaTvis miwebis gadacemaze uaris Tqma, rac gamoricxavda agraruli sakiTxis gadawyvetis SesaZ-leblobas. "axali Tavadaznaurobis" gavlena imaSic mdgomareobda, rom inglisSi Seiqmna konstituciuri monarqiis iseTi forma, romelic, warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis garda, inarCunebda, Sua saukuneebis periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel dawesebulebebs, lordTa palatisa da saidulmo sabWos saxiT, agreTve gvirgvinisaTvis im privilegiis miniWebas, romelic warmoiqmna jer kidev Sua saukuneebis periodSi da kvlav mtkiced ganagrZobda arsebobas. inglisis revoluciis dawyebis momentisaTvis, inglisur sazogadoebaSi mmarTvelobis gabatonebul politikur-samarTlebriv koncefcias warmoadgenda, jer kidev XVI saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli, e.w. "Sereuli monarqiis" Teoria, romelic xelisuflebis aRsrulebisas, gamoricxavda gvirgvinis TviTnebobas da yoveli axali gadasaxadis SemoRebisas, adgenda mxolod gvirgvinisa da parlamentis orive palatis "SeerTebuli" Zalauflebis aucileblobas. Tumca, praqtikulad, eWvis qveS ar damdgara mefis damoukidebeli prero-gativis arseboba, miTumetes, rom is gamomdinareobda samefo xelisuflebis "RvTaebrivi" da samxedro-sabatono bunebidan. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom es prerogativa da misi gamoyenebis farglebi, ar iyo ganmtkicebuli sakanonmdeblo wesiT da mas gaaCnda sxvadasxva saxis samarTlebrivi reglamentaciis wyaroebi, maT Soris "saerTo samarTali" da calkeuli precedentebi. rogorc wesi, samefo sasamarTloebi am aqtebs aZlevdnen, mefis interesebis Sesabamiss, axsna-ganmartebas, gansakuTrebiT iseTi sakiTxebis mimarT, rogoris iyo calkeuli qveSevrdomebis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi (dapatimreba, sapatimroSi moTavseba, qonebis konfiskacia da sxva). isic unda aRiniSnos, rom monarqi iyo iuridiulad xelSeuxebeli da "mas ar SeeZlo araswori moqceva". Tanac, mis nebaze iyo damokidebuli kanonis ZalaSi Sesvla, anu is iyenebda absoluturi vetos uflebas, TviT parlamentis arsebobis pirobebSic ki. mZafri politikur-samarTlebrivi diskusiebi, samefo prerogativisa da parlamentis ufle-bebisa da kompetenciis, agreTve qveSevrdomTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb, mud-mivad Tan sdevda XVII saukunis dasawyisis winarerevoluciur periods. inglisis revoluciis dasawyisSi, qveyanaSi, faqtiurad, Seiqmna ori dapirispirebuli politikuri banaki. TiToeuli

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maTgani cdilobda sakuTari socialur-politikuri interesebis dacvas da ganasaxierebda im ganxeTqilebas, rasac adgili hqonda inglisel erSi, saxelmwifo da saeklesio mowyobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. "Zveli", Sua saukuneebis periodis, inglisur Tavadaznaurobas, anglikanuri da kaTolikuri eklesiis samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebs ewodebodaT roialistebi (anu kavalerebi) da isini warmoadgendnen mefisa da anglikanuri eklesiis dasayrdens. am jgufis yvelaze orTo-doqsaluri nawili mxars uWerda, Camoyalibebuli "konstituciis" konservatiul axsna-ganmartebas, romelic iqneboda kanonebiT SezRuduli da romlis dacva mefis "keTil nebaze" iqneboda damokidebuli. nebismieri pretenzia, monarqisgan damoukidebeli xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, maT mier ganixileboda, rogorc TviT RmerTis mier dadgenili wminda dawesebulebis damxoba da, maSasadame, unda yofiliyo mkacrad dasjili da aRkveTili. roialistebs Soris, yvelaze didi popularobiT sargeblobda, saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnis, patriarqaluri Teoria, romelSic mefe gamodioda eris mamad da mas, sakuTari qveSevrdomebis mimarT, hqonda miniWebuli mamis uflebebi. parlamenti ki, roialistebis azriT, unda yofi-liyo mxolod mefesTan arsebuli saTaTbiro dawesebuleba. arsebuli reJimis opoziciis banakSi, erTi saxelwodebis qveS _ puritanebi gaerTiandnen is Zalebi, romlebsac surdaT burJuaziuli gardaqmnebis ganxorcieleba, anglikanuri eklesiis kaTolicizmisgan "gaTavisuflebis" (ganwmendis) egidiT, revoluciis dasruleba da axali eklesiis Seqmna, romelic damoukidebeli iqneboda mefis xelisuflebisa da episkoposebisgan. puritanizmi, rogorc kalvinizmis adgilobrivi nairsaxeoba, religiuri reformaciis ideebidan gamomdinareobda da asabuTebda xalxis uflebas, winaaRmdegoba gaewia tiranii-saTvis, agreTve mxars uWerda sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis koncefcias da qveynis marTvas kanonebis safuZveze, saerTo sargeblianobis kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT. revoluciis ideuri momzadebis saqmeSi, didi roli iTamaSes inglisel iuristTa da filosofosTa (f. bekoni, T. hobsi, j. loki da sxvebi) naSromebma, romlebSic aramxolod xazgasmuli iyo parlamentis gansakuTrebuli roli Sua saukuneebis inglisur "konsti-tuciaSi" da samarTlebrivi reformebis aucilebloba, aramed dasabuTebuli iyo xelisuf-lebis, rogorc qveSevrdomTa keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebis, uzenaesoba da misi movaleoba, marTos saxelmwifo gamoqveynebuli kanonebis Sesabamisad. XVII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, inglisis parlamentSi, opoziciis gafarTovebas Tan sdevda Zal-zed mniSvnelovani politikur-samarTlebrivi dokumentebis miReba, romlebmac Seqmnes ideuri da samarTlebrivi baza, rogorc momavali revoluciuri, ise Semdgomi periodis kanon-mdeblobisaTvis. 1621 wels, TemTa palatis mier, miRebuli iqna e.w. protestacia, romliTac mefes waredgina miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom parlamentis Tavisuflebebi, privilegiebi da uflebamosilebani arian inglisis mefis qveSevrdomTa uZvelesi da, upirobod, Tandayolili uflebebi. aseTi uflebebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda, parlamentis mier, yvela politikurad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilvis Tavisufleba, gansakuTrebiT _ sityvis Tavisufleba parlamentSi da deputatebis dapatimrebis akrZalva. 1628 wlis 7 ivniss miRebul iqna "peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb" (qveSevrdomTa sxvadasxva uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb peticia). masSi Camoyalibebuli iyo mTeli rigi moTxovnebisa, romlebsac unda daedasturebinaT parlamentis tradiciuli uflebebi, qveSevdromTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi da mefis mxridan maTi pativiscema. peticiaSi CamoTvlili iyo, samefo administraciis mxridan, mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebi da 1215 wlis "TavisuflebaTa did qartiaze", eduard I-is da eduard II-is kanonebze dayrdnobiT, parlamenti mefisgan moiTxovda: 1) aravin iyo, iZulebis wesiT, valdebuli mefis xazinaSi gadaexada sesxi, Sesawiri da sxvagvari gamosaRebi "sayovelTao Tanxmobis gareSe"; 2) arc erTi adamiani agebda pasuxs, ar daeqvemdebareboda raime saxis devnas, maT Soris ar Seefardeboda sapatimro sasjeli da sapatimro dawesebulebaSi ganTavseba, im motiviT, rom pirma uari Tqva gaurkveveli gadasaxadis gadaxdaze; 3) dauSvebeli iyo armiis ganlageba mSvidobiani mosaxleobis binebSi, Tundac samxedro viTarebis dros; 4) araviTari piri aRiWurveboda gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlo uflebamosilebiT, samxedro drois kanonebis Sesabamisad da, am kanonebis safuZvelze, dauSvebeli iyo qveSevrdomTa sikvdiliT dasja, qveynis kanonebisa da TavisuflebaTa Sesabamisad. gansakuTrebiT aRiniSna is moTxovna, rom mefes, yvela uwindeli gadawyvetileba da moqmedeba, romelic "xalxis uflebaTa dasaknineblad" miiReboda, unda gamoecxadebina Zaladakargulad (samomavlod) da, mis safuZ-velze, veRar Camoyalibdeboda precedenti. Carlz I-ma peticias upasuxa sakuTari rezoluciiT, romelSic, zogadi formiT, moisurva, rom samefos kanonebi da Cveulebebi, saTanado wesiT, Sesrulebuliyo da miuTiTa, rom sakuTar Tavs movaled Tvlida daecva qveSevrdomTa samarTliani uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi imave moculobiT da saxiT, rogo-

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riTac is icavda sakuTar prerogativas. miuxedavad amisa, Carlz I-ma daiTxova parlamenti da 11 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1640 wlamde, mas aRar mouwvevia warmomadgenlobiTi organo. politikuri krizisis gamZafrebisa da monarqiis socialuri bazis Seviwroebis Semdeg, mefis opoziciis banakSi sabolood Camoyalibda sami ZiriTadi politikuri mimdinareoba: presviterianelebi, independentebi da levelerebi. a) presviterianelTa politikuri programa, romelsac mxars uWerda, ZiriTadad, "axali Tavadaznaurobis" zedafena da msxvili burJuazia, gulisxmobda inglisuri eklesiis gawmendas kaTolicizmis gadmonaSTebisagan; saeklesio-administraciuli olqebis saTaveSi, arCeviTi uxucesebis _ presviterebis damtkicebas; samefo TviTnebobis SezRudvas; mefesa da parlaments Soris, "saxelisuflo balansis "aRdgenas, rac yvela politikuri Zalis Tanafar-dobis safuZvelze unda momxdariyo. es dajgufeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, garkveulwilad, amarTlebda mefis xelisuflebis SezRudvas, mainc uaryofiTad afasebda tradiciuli "konstituciisa" da saerTo samarTlis farglebs gareT gasvlas da maT mkarc dacvas moiTxovda. presviterianelebma xelT igdes da SeinarCunes Zalaufleba parlamentSi, samoqa-laqo omis damTavrebamde, vidre 1648 wels independentebma ar moaxdines saxelmwifo gadatrialeba. b) independentebi, romelTa politikuri lideri iyo oliver kromveli, ZiriTadad, warmoadgendnen saSualo da wvrili aznaurebisa da qalaqis saSualo burJuaziuli elementebis interesebs. mosaxleobis aRniSnuli fena moiTxovda, saxelmwifo sistemaSi, parlamentis damoukidebeli rolis ganmtkicebas. independentebis programa gulisxmobda, qveSevrdomTa ganusxvisebeli uflebebisa da Taviseflebebis aRiarebasa da dacvas, upirveles yovlisa, protestantebisaTvis _ sindisis Tavisuflebasa da sityvis Tavisuflebas. independentebi gamoTqvamdnen centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi eklesiis gauqmebisa da adgilobrivi religiuri Temebis Seqmnis ideas, romelic damoukidebeli iqneboda administraciuli aparatis gavlenisgan. revoluciis independenturi etapi (1649-1660 ) dakavSirebuli iyo monarqiis gauqmebisa da respublikis damyarebasTan, romelic momavalSi gadaizarda samxedro diqtaturaSi. g) inglisis revoluciis msvlelobisas, independentur mimdinareobas gamoeyvnen e.w. levelerebi, romlebmac moipoves xelosnebisa da glexebis didi mxardaWera. 1647 wels maT gamosces manifesti _ "saxalxo SeTanxmeba", romelSic gamoiTqva levelerTa Sexedulebebi, samarTliani politikuri organizaciis Sesaxeb. es organizacia unda dafuZneboda saxalxo suverenitetis ideas. isini moiTxovdnen demokratiuli respublikis damyarebas, erTpalatiani parlamentiT saTaveSi, xelisuflebaTa danawilebas sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo organoebis saxiT, mamakacebisaTvis sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis miniWebas, dawerili konstituciis SemuSavebas, referendumis institutis SemoRebas, samarTlis radikalur reformirebas. levelerebi moiTxovdnen Semoraguli miwebis TemisaTvis dabrunebas da saeklesio meaTedis gauqmebas. Tumca, maT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqondaT, sayovelTao socialuri Tanasworobis mimarT da maT uyuradRebod datoves inglisuri glexobis mTavari moTxovna, kopiholdis gauqmebisa da lend-lordebis xelisuflebis gauqmebis Taobaze. d) levelerebis yvelaze radikalur frTas Seadgendnen digerebi (mTxrelebi), romlebic gamoxatavdnen qalaqisa da soflis uRaribesi fenebis interesebs. maTi moTxovna iyo miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmeba. digerebi gamodiodnen independentebis respublikis wesebisa da dadgenilebebis mkveTri kritikiT.

2) `xangrZlivi parlamentis~ kanonmdebloba

1640 wlis Semodgomaze mowveuli iqna e.w. xangrZlivi parlamenti (1640-1653), romlis muSaobis dros, mefe waawyda opoziciis organizebul winaaRmdegobas. opozicias xelmZRvanelobdnen zomieri presvitarianelebi. TemTa palatis liderebi mSvenivrad acnobierebdnen, rom parlaments ar gaaCnda mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli uflebebi da privilegiebi da, rom is ver SesZlebda mefis politikisaTvis realuri winaaRmdegobis gawevas, Sua saukuneebis kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT, ris gamoc maT wamoayenes axali kanonebis miRebis moTxovna im sferoebSi, sadac arsebobda "mniSvnelovani gaurkvevloba da bundovani ganmartebebi". amavdroulad, TemTa palatam moiTxova im Zveli samarTlieni kanonebis ganuxreli dacva, romlebic exeboda im pirTa dasjas, romlebic pasuxismgebelni iyvnen am kanonebis darRve-visaTvis. garda amisa, TemTa palatis liderebma, qveyanaSi arsebuli yvela ubedurebis

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mizezad, mefis "ugunuri mrCevlebis" saqmianoba miiCnies da 1641-1642 wlebSi imas miaRwies, rom TemTa palatis iniciativiT, dapatimrebuli da saxelmwifos Ralatis braldebiT iqnen gasamarTlebuli, mefe Carlz I-is mTavari mrCevlebi: T. uenTvorTi, grafi strafordi da kenterberieli mTavarepikoposi _ u. lodi. am aqtiT, kidev erTxel, dadasturda parlamentis ufleba, sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna gaevrcelebina saxelmwifos umaRles Tanamdebobis pirebze, sxvadasxva saparlamento procedurebis gamoyenebis gziT. parlamentisave moTxovniT, mefem cvlileba Seitana mosamarTleTa dapatentebis wesSi da daadgina, rom mosamarTle manam iqneboda Tanamdebobaze, vidre is kargad moiqceoda da ara manam, vidre "is sasurveli iqneboda mefisaTvis". 1641 wlis 15 Tebervals miiRes "samwliani aqti", romlis mixedviT, mefes unda moewvia parlamenti sam weliwadSi erTxel mainc, xolo, Tu mefe ar iqneboda Tanaxma parlamentis mowvevaze, am ukanasknels mainc moiwvevdnen sxva pirTa iniciativiT (lord-kancleri, perebi, Serifebi), an damoukideblad. garda amisa, dadginda, rom parlamentis daTxovna an misi saqmianobis SeCereba dauSvebeli iyo misi sxdomebis dawyebidan, ormocdameaTe dRemde mainc. 1641 wlis maisSi, samwlian aqtSi damatebis Setanis saxiT, miRebuli iqna kanoni, romelic krZalavda parlamentis konkretuli Semadgenlobis sxdomebis Sewyvetas, misi sxdomebis gadavadebas an mis daTxovnas, Tu ara _ am parlamentis Semadgenlobis mier gamocemuli aqtis safuZvelze. amrigad, ikrZaleboda arasaparlamento mmarTvelobis damyarebis SesaZlebloba da izRudeboda gvirgvinis tradiciuli prerogativa, riTac es ukanaskneli axorcielebda parlamentis mowvevasa da daTxovnas, sakuTari aqtebis safuZvelze. 1641 wlis ivlisSi, miRebuli iqna ori aqti, romlebiTac izRudeboda saidumlo sabWos ufleba-mosileba, marTlmsajulebisa da samarTalwarmoebis sferoSi da uqmdeboda sagangebo saxelmwifo tribunalebis sistema, kerZod, "varskvlavT palatisa" da "maRali komisiis" saqmianoba. 1641 wlis ivniss-agvistoSi miRebuli aqtebis seria zRudavda gvirgvinis uflebas, ukontrolod da uvadod, aekrifa zogierTi gadasaxadi (tonobiTi da girvanqobiTi), iZulebis wesiT, raindobaSi Sesvlis, samefo "tyeebis sazRvrebis gafarTovebis", e.w. "gemis fulis" saxiT. xangrZlivma parlamentma daamtkica zogierTi sakuTari procedura _ privilegia, romelTa Soris nagulisxmevi iyo saqmeTa ganxilvis rigiTobis damoukidebeli dadgena, saparlamento angariSebisa da sakuTari rezoluciebis gamoqveynebis uflebamosileba. parlamentSi gansa-kuTrebuli diskusia gamoiwvia iseTi dokumentis miRebam, rogoric iyo, 1641 wlis 1 dekembers gamocemuli, didi remonstracia. mas hqonda xalxisadmi mimarTvis forma da igi Seicavda im antisaxelmwifoebrivi qmedebebis CamonaTvals, romlebsac hqonda adgili samefo administ-raciis mxridan, sagareo da saSinao politikis sferoSi. kerZod, saubari iyo imis Sesaxeb, rom parlamentma gaauqma monopoliebi, gadasaxadebis TviTneburi dadgena, parlamentis saqmianobaSi gaumarTlebeli Sesvenebebi, misi TviTneburi daTxovnis SesaZlebloba, saidumlo sabWos uflebamosilebis SezRudva da sagangebo tribunalebis gauqmeba. ganxorcielda sasamarTloebisa da samarTalwarmoebis mowesrigeba. amavdroulad, dokumenti adgenda axal moTxovnebs imis Sesaxeb, rom mefe, samomavlod, Tanamdebobaze daniSnavda mxolod im pirebs, romlebsac ndobas gamoucxadebda parlamenti, ris gareSec dadebiTad ver gadawydeboda sakiTxi mefisaTvis subsidiebis gamoyofis Sesaxeb. es winadadeba mefem miiCnia misi samefo prerogativis SezRudvad, ris gamoc uari Tqva didi remonstraciis damtkicebaze. 1641 wlis saparlamento aqtebis mizanic mefis xelisuflebis SezRudva iyo da maT unda daefuZnebinaT konstituciuri monarqiis garkveuli forma. Tumca, am periodSi konstituciuri monarqia ver damkvidrda, orxelisuflebianobis damyarebis gamo, rac SemdgomSi gadaizarda, mefisa da parlamentis momxreebs Soris, samoqalaqo omSi. 1642 wlis ianvarSi, mas Semdeg, rac mefem ganaxorciela TemTa palatis liderebis dapatimrebis uSedego mcdeloba, is iZulebuli gaxda dae-tovebina londoni da gadasaxlda oqsfordSi. amis Semdeg inglisSi damkvidrda ori mowinaaRmdege da, faqtiurad, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli xelisufleba, romelic akontrolebda inglisis samefos sxvadasxva teritorias da TiToeulSi sargeb-lobda SeuzRudavi sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli uflebamosilebiT. am dapirispirebam, romelsac ewoda "qaRaldebis omi", gastana TiTqmis 1642 wlis zafxulamde. Tumca, mas ar gamouwvevia SeiaraRebuli konfliqti. orive mxare kvlav ganagrZobda samarTlebrivi davebis reJimSi yofnas da cdilobda molaparakebas, kompromisis miRwevis mizniT. amave dros, xdeboda sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmna da mobilizacia. 1642 wlis Teberval-martSi, parlamentma ramdenjerme daadastura, mefis mier uaryofili ordonansi saxalxo laSqris Sesaxeb, romlis ZaliT, aRniSnuli laSqris meTaurad iniSneboda is piri, vinc moipovebda parlamentis ndobas da pasuxismgebeli iqneboda mxolod parlamentis winaSe. 1642 wlis maisis TveSi, parlamentis mier miRebuli deklaraciis Tanaxmad, parlamenti uaryofda gvirgvinis uflebas absoluturi vetos gamoyenebis Taobaze, parlamentis mier miRebuli bilebis mimarT.

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1642 wlis 2 ivniss miRebuli iqna protestacia, romelSic Sevida, mefisaTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebis maqsimaluri CamonaTvali da romelic cnobilia "19 winadadebis" saxelwodebiT. es CamonaTvali Seicavs Semdeg moTxovnebs: yvela umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirisa da mefis Svilebis aRmzrdelTa daniSvna unda moxdes mxolod parlamentis TanxmobiT; yvela saqmis gadawyveta unda ganxorcieldes mxolod im mrCevlebTan SeTanxmebiT, romlebic daniSnulia parlamentis mier; Tanamdebobebi mxolod im pirebs unarCundebaT, romlebic "kargad iqcevian"; dacvisa da jaris yola SesaZlebelia mxolod kanonis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad. mas Semdeg, rac mefem uari ganacxada am winadadebis miRebaze, daiwyo pirveli samoqalaqo omi. ukve omis msvlelobisas, 1645 wels, parlamentma miiRo "aqti jaris axali modelis Sesaxeb", romelic gulisxmobda axali profesiuli mudmivi armiis Semqnas, nacvlad saxalxo laSqrisa. misi Senaxva evaleboda saxelmwifos. jaris rigiTi Semadgenloba ikribeboda glexebisa da xelosnebis xarjze. oficerTa Tanamdebobis dakaveba xdeboda mxolod sakuTari SesaZleb-lobebis da ara warmomavlobis mixedviT. am RonisZiebebis Sedegad, parlamentis armia iqca brZolisunarian da politikurad organizebul Zalad, romelmac daamarcxa jer mefis armia, xolo Semdeg _ gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa, revoluciis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. samoqalaqo omis periodSi, xangrZlivi parlamentis mier, gatarebuli iqna ramdenime mniSvnelovani, socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis, reforma. vinaidan 1643 wels gauqmda episkopati da SemoRebuli iqna eklesiis presviterianuli mowyoba, moxda saxelmwifos mier, episkoposebisa da roialistebis kuTvnili miwebis, konfiskacia da maTi sajaro gasxviseba, ris Sedegad miwebis didi nawili gadavida burJuaziisa da jentris xelSi. yvela feodi iqca saerTo samarTlis Tavisufal pyrobad, anu, faqtiurad, feodaluri gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufal, kerZo sakuTrebad. Tumca, kopiholdi, rogorc damokidebuli saglexo pyrobis forma, kvlav ganagrZobda arsebobas. glexebis didi nawili ver iZenda miwas, vinaidan maT uwevdaT Zalzed maRali fasis gadaxda. parlamentma daadastura da SeinarCuna saglexo miwebis Semoragvis kanoniereba. 1647 wels, xuTwliani samoqalaqo omis damTavrebam da mefis datyvevebam, daZaba urTierToba presviterianelebsa da saparlamento independenturi armiis warmomadgenlebs Soris. mas Semdeg, rac presviterianelebi Seecadnen mefesTan gaemarTaT molaparakebebi da mieRwiaT kompromisisaTvis, gaCaRda meore samoqalaqo omi da moxda armiis revoluciuri moTxovnebis radikalizacia. 1648 wlis dekemberSi, xangrZlivi parlamentis daTxovnis moTxovnam, gamoiwvia misi "gawmenda" yvelaze aqtiuri presviterianelebisagan. "xangrZlivi parlamentidan" "monar-qistebis" gandevnis Semdeg, mis SemadgenlobaSi darCa mxolod oTxmoc wevramde, "mdabioTa" deputaciis saxiT. politikuri Zalaufleba gadavida independentebis xelSi. 1649 wlis 4 ian-vars gamoica TemTa palatis dadgenileba, romliTac is sakuTar Tavs uwodebda inglisis saxelmwifos uzenaes xelisuflebas. yvela kanonieri xelisuflebis wyarod gamocxadda mxolod ingliseli xalxi, xolo is, rac kanonad iyo dadgenili an gamocxadebuli, miiCneoda (TemTa palatis mier) kanonis Zalis mqoned da xalxisaTvis savaldebulod, "mefisa da lordebis Tanxmobis gareSe". mefis gasamarTlebisa da 1649 wlis 30 ianvars sikvdiliT dasjis Semdeg (rac aramxolod yovelgvari iuridiuli formalobis dacvis gareSe, aramed monarqis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb saerTo samarTlis principebis sruli ugulebelyofiT ganxorcielda), 1649 wlis martSi, parlamentis aqtebis safuZvelze, gauqmda samefo tituli da lordTa palata. saxelmwifos respublikuri marTva-gamgeobis formis konstituciuri gaformeba dasrulda, 1649 wlis 19 maiss gamoqveynebuli, inglisis Tavisufal saxelmwifod gamocxadebis Sesaxeb aqtiT, romelSic inglisi cxaddeboda respublikad da Tavisufal saxelmwifod, xolo uzenaesi xelisuflebis aRmsruleblad iqcnen, parlamentSi warmod-genili, xalxis rCeulni. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo iyo saxelmwifo sabWo, romelic pasuxismgeblobas ixsnida parlamentis winaSe. Tumca, saxelmwifo sabWos faqtiur meTaurobas axorcielebda samxedro sabWo, romlis saTaveSic idga oliver kromveli. 1649-1652 wlebis revoluciuri kanonmdebloba kidev erTxel adasturebda, saadgilmamulo urTierTobebSi momxdar cvlilebebs da xels uwyobda mewarmeobis ganviTarebas. kerZod, 1651 wels miRebuli iqna sanavigacio aqti (savaWro flotis gadidebisa da ingliseli eris zRva-osnobis waxalisebis Sesaxeb aqti), romelic gulisxmobda proteqcionisturi RonisZiebebis gatarebas, inglisis koloniebidan saqonlis Semotanis mimarT. Tumca, politikur da reli-giur cxovrebaSi, respublika amkvidrebda mkacr da radikalur puritanul msofl-mxedvelobas. 1650 wlidan samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeboda mxolod inglisur enaze. 1652 wels miRebuli iqna aqti irlandiis mowyobis Sesaxeb, romelic gulisxmobda yvela im piris sikvdiliT dasjas an gaZevebas, qonebis konfiskaciiT, vinc gamovidoda inglisis parlamentis winaaRmdeg, xolo im kaTolikeebis mimarT, vinc "inglisis saxelmwifos interesebis mimarT, Tavdadebuli erTguleba ver daadastures", revoluciis periodSi, gamoiyeneboda qonebis

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mesamedis konfiskacia. respublikis damkvidrebam ver Seasusta gamwvavebuli socialuri brZola. roialistebis miwe-bis axalma konfiskaciam, samefo miwebis gayidvam da irlandiis winaaRmdeg, 1649-1653 wlebSi, parlamentis armiis monawileobiT gamarTulma omma, gamdidrebuli independentebis didi nawili miwis msxvil mesakuTreebad aqcia, romlebsac aRar surdaT revoluciis gagrZeleba da isini gamodiodnen revoluciis Sewyvetis moTxovniT. meore mxriv, gaRrmavda, axla ukve dauZlurebuli, xangrZlivi parlamentis e.w. "mefis kudebad" qceuli, deputatebis ukmayofileba, independenturi respublikis mier gatarebuli socialuri da konfesiuri politikiT, ris gamoc 1653 wlis gazafxulze oliver kromvelma, armiis zedafenis daxmarebiT, gareka xangrZlivi parlamentis aRniSnuli deputacia da daamyara proteqtorati _ piradi Zalauflebis reJimi.

3) oliver kromvelis proteqtorati da 1653 wlis `mmarTvelobis iaraRi~

1653 wlis bolos, oficerTa sabWo amzedebs mmarTvelobis axali, droebiTi formis Sesaxeb aqts, romelsac ewoda "mmarTvelobis iaraRi". aqtis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, inglisSi, Sotlandiasa da irlandiaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba Tavmoyrili iyo xalxisa da lord-proteqtoris xelSi. xalxi warmodgenili iyo erTian saerTo-britanul parlamentSi. parlamentis wevrTa arCevis ufleba (aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba) eniWebodaT, 21 wlis asaks miRweul, "RvTismoSiS da keTilad aRzrdil" mamakacebs, romelTac sakuTrebis uflebiT ekuTvnodaT 200 girvanqa sterlingis Rirebulebis uZravi da moZravi qoneba, rac, faqtiurad, niSnavda Zveli, revoluciamdeli qonebrivi cenzis aRdgenas. saarCevno uflebas moklebuli iyvnen kaTolikeebi da is pirebi, romlebic ibrZodnen mefis mxareze, revoluciis periodSi. proteqtoratis periodis erTpalatiani parlamenti unda mowveuliyo sam weliwadSi erTxel mainc. misi daTxovna dauSvebeli iyo parlamentis wevrTa Tanxmobis gareSe, pirveli sxdomidan xuTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. parlamentis mier miRebuli da lord-proteqtoris mier uaryofili bilebi ZalaSi Sevidoda, Tu 20 dRis ganmavlobaSi lord-proteqtori ar daadasturebda sakuTar mosazrebas, bilis uaryofis Sesaxeb. aseT bils aRar esaWiroeboda lord-proteqtoris Tanxmoba. Tumca, araferi iyo naTqvami im kanonproeqtebis Sesaxeb, rom-lebic dasabuTebulad iqneboda uaryofili proteqtoris mier. savaraudod, am SemTxvevaSi lord-proteqtoris veto miiCneoda absoluturad. dadginda, rom kanonebis Secvla, SeCereba an gauqmeba, parlamentSi xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe, iseve rogorc axali kanonebis miReba da axali gadasaxadebis dadgena yovlad dauSvebeli iyo. am wesidan mniSvnelovan gamonakliss warmoadgenda is yovelwliuri mosakrebeli, romelic daadgina mmarTvelobis iaraRma. es mo-sakrebeli gankuTvnili iyo armiisa da flotis Sesanaxad. garda amisa, am gadasaxads iyenebdnen im xarjebis dasafarad, romlebic esaWiroeboda samTavrobo da sasamarTlo organoebis saqmianobas. Sesabamisad, am gadasaxadis zoma gansazRvruli iyo da misi gauqmeba an Secvla dauSvebeli iyo, lord-proteqtoris Tanxmobis gareSe. mmarTvelobis iaraRSi aisaxa revoluciuri kanonmdeblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna: umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvna (kancleri, xazinadari da sxva) xdeboda mxolod parlamentis TanxmobiT. mmarTvelobis iaraRi xSirad ganixileba, rogorc, inglisis istoriaSi pirveli da erTaderTi, Tanac respublikuri, dawerili konstitucia. man asaxa independentebis zedafenis mier, ZalTa "Tanafardobis" optimaluri formis moZiebis mcdeloba, romelic SesZlebda parlamentis SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis Sesustebas da, amavdroulad, xels ar SeuSlida Zlieri, erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis ganxorcielebas. Tanac, proteqtoratis periodis politikuri rejimi iyo samxero diqtatura. samxedro meTaurebi axorcielebdnen sazoga-doebrivi cxovrebis mkacr reglamentacias; maT aRadgines cenzura, SemoiRes sanqciebi urwmu-noTa da RvTismgmobelTa winaaRmdeg. mas Semdeg, rac 1657 wels, lord-proteqtori aRiWurva memkvidris daniSvnis uflebiT, aRdga parlamentis bikameraluri struqtura, Tanac e.w. sxva palatis wevrebs niSnavda TviT lord-proteqtori. kromvelis vaJiSvilis _ riCardis mmarTve-lobis periodSi (1658-1660 ww. gazafxuli) mefis "kudebma" (deputatebma) miiRes gadawyvetileba parlamentis TviTdaTxovnisa da taxtze, sikvdiliT dasjili mefis _ Carlz I-is vaJiSvilis _ Carlz II-e stuartis mefed mowvevis Sesaxeb.

4) konstituciuri monarqiis damyareba da misi evolucia XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi

jentrisa da burJuaziis zedafenis CanafiqriT, stuartebis "restavrirebuli" monarqia unda

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yofiliyo SezRuduli (konstituciuri) monarqiuli mmarTveloba da mas unda mieca revoluciis mTavari monapovarisaTvis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi. marTlac, 1660 wlis 1 aprilis e.w. bredis deklaraciis Tanaxmad, mefe Carlz II-e pirobas debda, rom armiis Senaxvis, roialistTa miwebis, revoluciis monawileTa partiebis, rjulSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb sakiTxebis gadawyveta, moxdeboda mxolod parlamentis TanxmobiT. momdevno ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, marTlac, miRebuli iqna aRniSnul moTxovnaTa damadasturebeli aqti. Tumca, qveyanaSi, politikur ZalTa gadanawilebam, xeli Seuwyo monarqiuli reaqciis gamwvavebas. daiwyo revoluciis monawileTa devna, likvidirebuli iqna presviterianelebisa da independentebis organizaciebi. anulirebuli iqna xangrZlivi parlamentis mier miRebuli is aqtebi, romlebmac, Tavis droze, ver moipoves mefis mowoneba, agreTve respublikisa da proteqtoratis periodis kanonmdebloba. amavdroulad, aRdga anglikanuri eklesia, Zveli saarCevno sistema, saidumlo sabWo da sxva revoluciamdeli saxelmwifo organoebi da maTi formirebis Zveli wesebi. Tumca, ar ganxorcielda, mefis momxreTa sasargeblod, miwebis xelaxali masobrivi gadanawileba, risac yvelaze metad eSinoda opozicias. Tanac, Tu Carlz II-is mefoba iyo Zalzed moqnili da kompromisuli, misi memkvidre _ jeims II-e Riad da daufaravad miemxro kaTolicizms da gaamwvava, isedac mZime sagareo da saSinao politikuri viTareba, ramac qveyanaSi gamoiwvia sayovelTao ukmayofileba. 1680 wlis dasawyisSi, sam-wliani aqtis darRvevam, umaRlesi komisiis aRdgenam da opoziciis warmomadgenelTa sikvdiliT dasjam, parlamenti kvlav aqcia politikuri brZolis arenad da erTmaneTs daupirispira mefisa da opoziciis momxreebi. am periodSi parlamentSi Camoyalibda ori politikuri dajgufeba: mefis momxreTa _ Tori da opoziciuri _ vigebi; miuxedavad imisa, rom orive dajgufeba jer kidev, organizaciulad, ar iyo Camoyalibebuli, maTi politikuri urTierTobebi, samomavlod, didad ganapirobebdnen qveynis Semdgom ganviTarebas.

5) konstituciuri mniSvnelobis ZiriTadi aqtebi

a) samefo TviTnebobasTan brZolis, kidev erT warmatebul gamovlinebad, iTvleboda "qveSevrdomTa Tavisuflebis ukeTesad uzrunvelyofisa da maTi zRvebis miRma dapatimrebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb" aqtis _ Habeas corpus Act miReba, 1679 wlis 26 maiss. es kanoni mowodebuli iyo aRekveTa an SeezRuda, mefis mxridan sakuTar mowinaaRmdegeebTan saparlamento opoziciis rigebSi, saidumlo gasworebis SesaZlebloba. Tumca, am aqtma SeiZina ufro didi mniSvneloba da misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli gaxda yvela ukanonod dakavebulis mimarT. am kanonma gaamartiva da moawesriga, dakavebuli piris sasamarTloSi winaswari moyvanis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo brZanebis miRebis arsebuli procedura. aseTi brZaneba gadawyvetda sakiTxs, dapatimrebuli pirisaTvis sapatimro aRmkveTi RonisZiebis Sefardebis Sesaxeb. nebismieri qveSevrdomi, romelic dakavebuli iqneba "sisxlis samarTlis an amgvarad miCneuli danaSau-lis" CadenisaTvis (qmedeba, romelic gamoricxavda saxelmwifo Ralats da mZime danaSauls), iZenda uflebas, piradad an sakuTari warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, miemarTa sasamarTlosaTvis werilobiTi TxovniT, gaecaT mis saxelze brZaneba "habeas corpus", romlis adresati iqneboda is Tanamdebobis piri (Serifi, sapatimros ufrosi), romlis gankargulebaSic iqneboda dapatimrebuli piri. Habeas corpus brZanebis miRebis Semdeg, Serifi da sapatimros ufrosi valdebuli iyo, kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi, dapatimrebuli piri mieyvanaT lord-kanclerTan, an samefo beWdis mcvel lordTan, an sxva (saxelobiT) aqtSi miTiTebul inglisis umaRles mosamarTlesTan, piris dapatimrebis WeSmariti mizezebis miTiTebiT. dapatimrebis Sesaxeb brZanebis aslis ganxilvis da dakavebis motivebis gamokvlevis Semdeg, mosamarTles moeTxo-veboda (fuladi giraos gadaxdisa da TavdebSi gaSvebisas, dapatimrebuli valdebulebas iRebda, rom gamocxaddeboda sasamarTlos uaxloes sesiaze, saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisaTvis) dakavebulis gaTavisufleba. Tu piri dapatimrebuli iyo saxelmwifo Ralatisa an sxva mZime danaSaulisaTvis, mas ar miecemoda habeas corpus brZaneba. am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebda, saqmis ganxilvisa da giraos sanacvlod gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, peticiis wardgenis zogadi procedura. aseTi danaSaulis Camdeni pirebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo swrafi marTlmsajulebis garantia. xolo, Tu adgili eqneboda saqmis gaWianurebas (braldebis dagvianebas an saqmis mosmenis gadavadebas), dapatimrebuli piri unda gaTavisuflebuliyo sapatimro aRmkveTi RonisZiebisgan. Habeas corpus brZanebis safuZvelze gaTavisuflebuli piris xelmeored dapatimreba dauSvebeli iyo, sasamarTlos sxdomis Catarebamde (erTi da igive danaSaulisaTvis). ikrZaleboda dakavebuli piris, erTi sapyrobiledan meoreSi gadayvana, an sasamarTlos gareSe dakaveba da gamoZiebis Catareba inglisis sazRvao samflobeloebis sapyrobileebSi. kanoni iTvaliswinebda Tanamdebobis pirTa, mosamarTleebis

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pasuxismgeblobas habeas corpus brZanebis moTxovnaTa SeusruleblobisaTvis: maRal jarimebsa, dapatimrebulis sasargeblod da Tanamdebobidan daTxovnas. 1679 wlis Habeas corpus Act-i, 1215 wlis Magna Carta Libertatum-s garda, inglisSi iZenda erT-erTi konstituciuri dokumentis mniSvnelobas, romelic ASeicavda samarTliani da demokratiuli marTlmsajulebis mTel rig principebs: arabraleulobis prezumpcia, eWvmitanilis dakavebisas kanonierebis dacva, swrafi da operatiuli sasamarTlo procesis Catareba, "saTanado sasamarTlo proceduris" safuZvelze, samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis adgilis mixedviT (sasamarTlo qvemdebareba). Tumca, kanonis moqmedeba SesaZlebeli iyo parlamentis dadgenilebiT. jeims II-is politikam, romelic hqmnida burJuaziisa da jentris mier mitacebuli miwebis gadanawilebis axal safrTxes, gamoiwvia vigebisa da Toris droebiTi gaerTianeba, ris Sedegad, 1688 wels, moxda saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, romelic miznad isaxavda jeims II-is Secvlas ufro "sasurveli" monarqiT. es saxelmwifo gadatrialeba istoriaSi Sevida "saxe-lovani revoluciis" saxelwodebiT. man, ZiriTadSi, daasrula kompromisis damkvidreba, ekonomikurad gabatonebul burJuaziasa da, oficialurad mmarTvel, saadgilmamulo aristo-kratias Soris. safuZveli Caeyara myar konsensuss mowinave politikur Zalebs Soris, qveynis socialur-politikuri ganviTarebis fuZemdebluri sakiTxebis mimarT, rac iqca inglisuri politikuri kulturis umniSvnelovanes niSnad. amieridan, aRniSnul Zalebs Soris, uTanxmoeba aRar unda atarebdes principul xasiaTs, ris gamoc, SesaZloa, inglisur sazogadoebaSi darRveuliyo arsebuli Tanxmoba da politikuri stabi-luroba. vigizmis politikuri ideologiis mizani iyo SezRuduli monarqiis Seqmna da misi dacva, rac SesaZlebeli iqneboda kanonierebis safuZvelze da iarsebebda sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis uzenaesobis pirobiT da xelisuflebaTa urTierTSekavebis sistemis safuZvelze. 1688 wlis gadatrialebis kompromisuli xasiaTi aisaxa jon lokis (1632-1704) klasikur liberalur doqtrinaSi, sadac dasabuTebuli iqna inglisSi, XVIII saukunis mijnaze, Seqmnili konsti-tuciur-monarqiuli mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi niSnebi. inglisSi, konstituciuri monarqiis damkvidreba gaformda, parlamentis mier miRebuli, ori aqtis safuZvelze: 1689 wlis Bill of rights da 1701 wlis aqti mowyobis Sesaxeb (taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb). xelisuflebaTa danawilebis ZiriTadi principebis safuZvlebi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 1689 wlis 13 Tebervals miRebul bilSi uflebaTa Sesaxeb (Bill of rights), romelmac gansazRvra parlamentis mdgomareoba saxelmwifo organoTa sistemaSi da mefis xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis farglebi, warmomadgenlobiT organosTan urTierTobis aspeqtSi. am kanonSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo tradiciuli miTiTebebi lordTa da TemTa palatis Zvel uflebebze da mTeli rigi debulebebisa, romlebic daadgina, jer kidev, 1628 wlis peticiam uflebaTa Sesaxeb. garda amisa, dadginda, rom samefo taxtis dakaveba SeuTavsebeli iyo kaTolikur sarwmunoebasTan. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisa da safinanso politikis sferoSi parlamentis uzenaesobis aRiarebasTan erTad, bili miiCnvda arakano-nierad: 1) mefis xelisuflebis mxridan, kanonebis SeCerebas an maTi Sesrulebis moTxovnas (e.w. suspenziuri xelisufleba), parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe; 2) mefis xelisuflebis mxridan, kanonebis Secvlas an maTi debulebebis gauqmebas, mefis brZanebiT (e.w. dispensiuri xelisufleba); 3) gadasaxadebis akrefas, gvirgvinis sasargeblod da gankargulebaSi, TiTqos da prerogativis momizezebiT, parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe an sxva raime wesiT, romelic ar iqneboda parlamentis mier dadgenili; 4) mefisadmi TxovniT mimarTvis gamo, piris dakavebas da devnas; 5) mSvidobianobis pirobebSi, mudmivi jaris Sekrebas da rCenas samefos teritoriis farglebSi, parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe; 6) bili acxadebda, parlamentis wevrTa arCevis Tavisuflebas, parlamentSi sityviT gamosvlisa da kamaTSi monawileobis Tavisuflebas; 7) is adgenda, rom yvelaferi, rac xdeba parlamentSi, ar unda gaxdes sababi parlamentis wevris devnisa an sasamarTloSi dabarebisa aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilvisaTvis, garda TviT parlamentisa; 8) dauSvebeli iyo usazRvrod gaberili gadasaxadebis dadgena, aragonivrulad gazrdili jarimebis dakisreba, odiozuri da uCveulod mkacri sasjelis Sefardeba; 9) bili Seicavda specialur miTiTebas, rom parlamenti, sakmaod xSirad, unda moiwveodes. Tumca, mogvianebiT, es debuleba dazustda da parlamentis uflebamosilebaTa vada ganisazRvra jer "samwliani aqtiT" (1694 w.) _ sami wliT, xolo Semdeg "Svidwliani

aqtiT" (1716 w.) _ Svidi wliT. mowyobis Sesaxeb aqti (qveSevrdomTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ukeT uzrunvelyofisa da Semdgomi SezRudvebis Sesaxeb aqti) miRebuli iqna 1701 wlis 12 ivniss. igi cnobilia taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb aqtis saxelwodebiT. mis safuZvelze dadginda taxtis memkvidreobis wesi da dazustda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis prerogativa. kanoni pirdapir miuTiTebda, rom samefo xelisufleba valdebuli iyo emoqmeda mxolod (mkacrad) kanonis Sesabamisad da

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damorCileboda mxolod kanonis moTxovnebs. inglisis samefo taxtze abrZanebuli piri aucileblad unda yofiliyo anglikanuri eklesiis mimdevari. samefo prerogativis Semdgomi SezRudva gamoixata mosamarTleTa, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisgan, damoukideblobis principis ganmtkicebaSi: mefis mier daniSnuli mosamarTleebi, sakuTar Tanamdebobas inarCunebdnen manam, vidre "kargad iqceodnen" da Tanamdebobidan maTi gadayeneba dasaSvebi iyo mxolod parlamentis orive palatis wardginebis safuZvelze. imisaTvis, rom Seemci-rebinaT gvirgvinis gavlena parlamentis saqmianobaze, parlamentis wevrebs aekrZalaT, TemTa palatis wevrobasTan, samefo ministris Tanamdebobis SeTavseba. mniSvnelovan dadgenilebad miiCneva mefisaTvis, sakuTari ministrebis mimarT, Sewyalebis uflebis CamorTmeva, Tu ministrebis dadanaSauleba momdinareobda TemTa palatis mxridan, impiCmentis wesiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom ramdenime wlis Semdeg miRebuli mTeli rigi aqtebis mixedviT (1705-1707 w.w.), taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb aqtis ramdenime muxli gauqmda, kerZod: daiSveboda parlamentis wevrobasTan ministris Tanamdebobis SeTavseba, ris gareSec inglisSi ver damkvidrdeboda "pasuxismgebeli mTavrobis" sistema. 1716 wls miRebuli Svidwliani aqti adgenda parlamentis mowvevisa da daTxovnis, agreTve misi sasesio muSaobis principebsa da wesebs. Sedegad, dasrulda parlamentis, rogorc mudmivmoqmedi organos mowvevis proceduris sakanonmdeblo regulireba. ufro adre, 1670-an wlebSi, TemTa palatam miiRo ramdenime rezolucia, romelTa Tanaxmad, lordTa palatas ar SeeZlo gadasaxadebis gaweris moculobisa da wesis Secvla, Tu isini miRebuli iyo TemTa palatis mier, agreTve _ sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebis ganxorcieleba, safinanso

bilebis mimarT. amrigad, ganmtkicda arCeviTi TemTa palatis upiratesi ufleba, araarCeviTi lordTa palatis mimarT, safinanso sakiTxebis regulirebis sferoSi. ZiriTadSi, dadginda da gaimijna mefisa da parlamentis, parlamentis qveda da zeda palatebis prerogativebi safinanso sakiTxebSi. maSasadame, XVII-XVIII s.s. mijnaze, inglisSi gaformda parlamentis uzenaesoba (TemTa palatis liderobiT) sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis sferoSi, aRiarebuli iqna parlamentis gansakuTrebuli ufleba, votireba moexdina armiis formirebis sakiTxze da misi biujetis SemuSavebis sferoSi, agreTve mosamarTleTa Seucvlelobis principTan dakavSirebiT. SenarCunebuli iqna xelisuflebaTa dualizmi. amitom, XVII-XVIII saukuneebis inglisis saxelmwifo wyobileba ganisazRvra rogorc dualisturi monarqia. mefe inarCunebda absoluturi vetos uflebas im kanonproeqtebis mimarT, romlebsac iRebda parlamenti. amavdroulad, is flobda SeuzRudav uflebas mTavrobis Seqmnis da misi politikis ganxor-cielebis mimarT. ucvleli rCeboda parlamentisa (orive palatiTurT) da mefis erTianobis Sesaxeb warmoadgena. mefe ar iyo parlamentis winaSe pasuxismgebeli, iseve rogorc misi "udidebulesobis mTavroba" (saidumlo sabWo) da e.w. kabineti (romelic gamoeyo saidumlo sabWos), romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda xuTi an Svidi yvelaze gavleniani ministri.

$2. XVIII saukunis safrangeTis didi revolucia da konstituciuri wyobilebis damyareba

1) XVIII saukunis safrangeTis didi revolucia da absolutizmis damxoba

konstituciuri wyobilebisa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mowyobis axali, demokratiuli principebis damkvidrebis saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula 1789 wlis safrangeTis didma revoluciam. mas, WeSmaritad, udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda ara mxolod misi mamoZra-vebeli Zalebis simravlisa da mravalferovnebis gamo, aramed _ Sors mimavali socialur-politikuri Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT. XVIII saukunis safrangeTis didi revoluciis mniSvneloba ar Semoifargleba mxolod erTi qveynis da erTi aTwleulis CarCoebiT. man mZlavri impulsi misca, maSindel samyaroSi ganxorcielebul, socialur progress, ganapiroba dedamiwis zurgze kapitalizmis triumfa-luri svla da, amavdorulad, gaxda msoflio civilizaciis periodizaciis axali safexuri, anu dasabami misca e.w. axali xanis periods. safrangeTis revoluciam, misi winamorbedi revoluciebisgan gansxvavebiT (niderlandebis, inglisis, amerikis), Zirfesvianad Searyia da, faqtiurad, damxobis piramde miiyvana, saukuneebis manZilze gabatonebuli, baton-ymuri urTierTobebi, romlebic iyo Sua sau-kuneebis periodis mTavari Tanmdevi socialur-politikuri movlena. man daamxo "Zveli reJimis" ekonomikuri da politikuri danawesebi, maT Soris, absoluturi monarqia, romelic iyo Suasaukunoebrivi saxelmwifoebriobis mTavari simbolo da misi mravalsaukunovani

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evoluciis Sedegi. safrangeTis revolucia, arsebiTad, iyo gardauvali, vinaidan franguli sazogadoebis Semdgomi ganviTareba, baton-ymuri warmodgenebisa da institutebis arsebobis pirobebSi, CixSi Sevida da ganicdida regress. burbonebis samefo dinastiam, romelic ukve veRar gamoxatavda saerTo-erovnul interesebs, veRar SesZlo, ganuxrelad mzardi, ekono-mikuri, socilauri da politikuri krizisis Tavidan acileba. XVIII saukunis bolosaTvis franguli absolutizmi, romelmac, erT dros, mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa qveynis ekonomikur, kulturul da socialur ganviTarebaSi, axla iqca Suasaukunoebrivi reaqciis mTavar politikur damcvelad. am droisaTvis saxelmwifos samoxeleo da samxedro-sapolicio aparati, rogorc absoluturi saxelmwifos safuZveli, sul ufro xSirad da Tanac daufaravad, gamoiyeneboda gaxSirebuli saglexo ajanyebebisa da, mefis xelisuflebis winaaR-mdeg mebrZoli, burJuaziis gamosvlebis CasaxSobad. TviT Tavadaznauroba da samRvdeloebac ukmayofilo iyo samefo saxlis avtoritaruli politikiT, vinaidan absolutizmi niSnavda, maTTvis sasurveli da tradiciuli ufleba-privilegiebis dakargvas (duelebis, Sinaomebis akrZalva, sakuTari samxedro amalis yolaze uaris Tqma). XVIII saukunis bolo mesamedSi, sul ufro naTeli gaxda absolutizmis krizisuli mdgomareoba, rac gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT gamovlinda mefis mTavrobis safinanso politi-kaSi. saxelmwifo xazinidan uzarmazari Tanxebi miedineboda, TviT samefo ojaxis grandio-zuli xarjebis dasafarad, Tavadaznaurobisa da samRvdeloebis zedafenis gamosakvebad, same-fo karis garegnuli brwyinvalebis SesanarCuneblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame wodebidan akrefili gadasaxadebi da gamosaRebi ganuxrelad izrdeboda, samefo xazina iyo mudmivad carieli, xolo saxelmwifo vali aRwevda astronomiul Tanxebs. amrigad, XVIII saukunis safrangeTis didi revolucia yalibdeboda da mimdinareobda, misi winamorbedi revoluciebisgan principulad gansxvavebul pirobebSi. mesame wodebis konfrontaciam absolutizmTan, Tavadaznaurobasa da gabatonebul kaTolikur eklesiasTan, SeiZina gacilebiT ufro mkveTri formebi, vidre amas hqonda adgili, saukunenaxevris win, britaneTis kunZulebze, inglisis revoluciis periodSi. franguli burJuazia, acnobierebda ra sakuTar mzard ekonomikur Zalas, ufro mtkivneulad reagirebda sakuTar Cagvrasa da politikur uuflebobaze. mas aRar surda Serigeboda baton-ymur da absolutistur wyobas, romlis pirobebSi mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebi Camocilebuli iyvnen, saxelmwifo saqmeeb-Si monawileobas da samarTlebrivadac daucvelobas ganicdidnen, qonebis ukanono konfis-kaciis dros da mefis moxeleTa TviTnebobis pirobebSi. franguli burJuaziis ganwyoba didad iyo ganmtkicebuli axali ideologiuri mrwamsiT, romelic cnobilia XVIII saukunis franguli ganmanaTleblobis saxelwodebiT. didi frangi ganmanaTleblebi (volteri, monteskie, ruso, didro, enciklopedistebi, holbaxi da helveciusi), sakuTar naSromebSi mkveTrad akritikebdnen "Zveli reJimis" naklovanebebs. "bune-biTi samarTlis" skolis poziciebidan gamomdinare, maT damajereblad daamtkices am reJimis "ugunuroba". garda amisa, frang revolucionerebs SeeZloT gaeziarebinaT ingliseli da amerikeli Tanamoazreebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli gamocdileba. maT gankargulebaSi arsebobda, sakmaod kargad gaazrebuli, konstituciuri saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigis mowyobis programa. revolucionerebma aitaces is politikuri lozungebic ("Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba"), romlebic aamoZravebdnen mesame wodebas, anu, praqtikulad, franguli sazogadoebis farTo masebs da CarTavdnen maT absolutizmis winaaRmdeg ukompromiso brZolaSi. mesame wodebis politikuri programa aisaxa abati sieiesis cnobil broSuraSi _ "ra aris mesame wodeba?" absolutizmis winaaRmdeg gamosulma sieiesma, darwmunebiT da amomwuravad, gasca mkiTxvels pasuxi erTi sityviT: "yvelaferi". aranakleb kategoriuli iyo avtoris pasuxi kidev erT kiTxvaze, romelic exeboda, mesame wodebis monawileobas, qveynis saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi: "ra iyo is aqamde, politikur wyobaSi? _ araferi". sieiesi da mesame wodebis sxva politikuri liderebi upirispirdebodnen samRvdeloebisa da Tavadaznaurobis wodebriv privilegiebs da qadagebdnen erovnuli erTobisa da erovnuli suverenitetis ideas. 1780-ian wlebSi Seqmnili revoluciuri viTareba pirdapir ukavSirdeboda franguli saxelmwi-fos finansur kraxs, im samrewvelo-savaWro da sasoflo-sameurneo kriziss, damSeuli mosaxleobis ajanyebebs, romlebic aiZulebdnen mefis xelisuflebas gaetarebina arsebiTi xasiaTis reformatoruli RonisZiebani. mefe iZulebuli gaxda, mTavrobaSi moexdina gark-veuli gadaadgilebani (Seicvala finansebis ramdenime generaluri kontroliori) da moewvia generaluri Statebi, romelTa arseboba ar gaxsenebiaT 1614 wlidan moyolebuli. mefe da qveynis uzenaesi aristokratia sabolood daSordnen frangul sazogadoebas. isini, TiTqmis, veRar aRiqvamdnen qveyanaSi Seqmnil Sida da sagareo-politikur viTarebas da maT ar icodnen sakuTari qveSevrdomebis WeSmariti mdgomareoba. mefe da misi garemocva, finansuri da politikuri krizisidan gamosvlis erTaderT imedad, miiCnevdnen generaluri Statebis mowvevas. Tanac, maT dasaSvebad miiCnies mesame wodebis warmomadgenlobis gazrda (600-mde

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deputati) generalur StatebSi, maSin, roca mosaxleobis ori procentis ideebisa da intere-sebis gamomxatveli deputatebis ricxvi (Tavadaznauroba da samRvdeloeba), kvlavindeburad, 300-300 wevrs Seadgenda. deputatebis raodenobriv SemadgenlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis neitralizeba, SesaZlebeli iqneboda xmis micemis Zveli wesis SenarCunebis gziT (TiToeuli wodeba cal-calke uyrida kenWs, wamoyenebul winadadebas). Tumca, 1789 wlis maisSi, generaluri Statebis gaxsnis Semdeg, mesame wodebis deputaciam, romelTa rigebSi Sevidnen sxva wodebis warmomadgenlebic, mefes gamoucxada daumorCilebloba. maT moiTxoves ara wodebrivi, aramed erToblivi sxdomebis Catareba da generaluri Statebis yvela deputatis mier gadawyvetilebis miReba, xmaTa umravlesobiT. am proceduruli konfliqtis miRma, rom-lis drosac mesame wodebis deputatebma uari Tqves daTmobaze wasuliyvnen, mefis xelisuf-lebis mimarT, imaleboda, absolutizmisadmi, mkveTri da Seurigebeli winaaRmdegoba. jer kidev, sieiesis broSuraSi iyo saubari safrangeTSi konstituciuri (ZiriTadi) kanonebis miRebis aucileblobaze. abuntebulma deputatebma, romlebic sakuTar Tavs Tvlidnen mTeli eris warmomadgenlebad, jer erovnul krebad (1789 wlis 17 ivnisi), xolo Semdeg _ damfuZnebel krebad (1789 wlis 9 ivlisi) gamoyofa da mowyoba gadawyvites, riTac xazi gaesva saerToerovnuli da arawodebrivi organos dafuZnebis aucileblobas, romlis mizani iyo, safrangeTSi, axali konstituciuri wyobis Seqmna. mesame wodebis beladTa gadamwyveti moqme-debebi warmatebiT dasrulda, radgan isini gamoxatavdnen qveynis mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesobis interesebs da, kritikul momentSi, xalxma daxmareba gauwia sakuTar winamZRo-lebs. mefe lui XVI-m gadawyvita damfuZnebeli krebis garekva, ramac gamoiwvia parizis mosaxleobis sayovelTao ajanyeba 1789 wlis 12-14 ivliss, romlis Sedegad ajanyebulebma gaanadgures, franguli absolutizmis mTavari simbolo da burji _ bastiliis cixe-simagre. 14 ivlisis ajanyeba iyo revoluciis dasawyisi da, amavdroulad, mravalsaukunovani monar-qiuli mmarTvelobis dasasruli. mTeli qveynis masStabiT, ajanyebuli xalxi auqmebda samefo administraciis organoebs da maT nacvlad hqmnida axal arCeviT instituciebs _ municipalitetebs, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen mesame wodebis yvelaze avtoritetuli warmomadgenlebi. revoluciis pirvel etapze (14 ivlisi 1789 weli _ 10 agvisto 1792 weli) safrangeTSi, mTeli Zalaufleba, faqtiurad, gadavida yvelaze aqtiuri da, liberalurad ganwyobili, deputatebis _ o. mirabo, a. lameTi, a. diupori, J. - J. munie, S. taleirani, generali m. lafaieti, abati sieiesi _ xelSi, romlebic gamodiodnen, jer generalur StatebSi, xolo Semdeg _ erovnul (damfuZnebel) krebaSi mTeli frangi xalxis da revoluciis saxeliT. obieqturad, isini gamoxatavdnen msxvili burJuaziis (mewarmeebisa da bankirebis) da, liberalurad ganwyobili, Tavadaznaurobis interesebs da cdilobdnen monarqiis SenarCunebas, risTvisac Zveli da saZirkvelgamoclili saxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmis safuZvelSi, surdaT axali konstituciuri wyobis damyareba. aRniSnuli moTxovnebis gamo, mesame wodebis am beladebs, damfuZnebel krebaSi ewodaT konstitucionalistebi. maTi mTavari mizani iyo mefis xelisuflebasTan kompromisis miRweva. Tumca, amavdroulad, isini mudmivad ganicdidnen "quCis" _ revolu-ciurad ganwyobili, masebis zemoqmedebas. maSasadame, revoluciis pirveli periodis mTavari Sinaarsi iyo, damfuZnebeli krebis daZabuli da xangrZlivi brZola mefis xelisuflebasTan, konstituciuri wyobis dasamyareblad da tradiciuli samefo prerogativis Sesakvecad. mosaxleobis revoluciurad ganwyobili, farTo masebis zemoqmedebiT, kontitucionalistebma, damfuZnebeli krebis meSveobiT, ganaxorcieles mTeli rigi antibaton-ymuri gardaqmnebisa da SeimuSaves demokratiuli doqumentebi.

2) 1789 wlis 26 agvistos "adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia"

revoluciis pirvelive dReebSi, jer erovnulma, Semdeg _ damfuZnebelma krebam, miznad daisaxa axali saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mowyobis principebis SemuSaveba, ris gamoc Seiqmna specialuri sakonstitucio komisiebi. momavali franguli konstituciis calkeul muxlebze muSaoba grZeldeboda 1789 wlis seqtembramde. franguli konstitucionalizmis ganviTarebis gzaze, umniSvnelovanes movlenad, iTvleba 1789 wlis 26 agvistos "adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciis" sazeimo gamocxadeba. am dokumentSi Camoyalibda saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis umniSvnelovanesi moTxovnebi, romlebic gamoxatavdnen, revoluciurad ganwyobili, mesame wodebis ideebs, miTumetes, rom mosaxleobis es kategoria, erTdroulad, ebZoda mefesac da mTel Zvel reJimsac. deklara-ciis Sinaarsze, romelic efuZneboda bunebiTi samarTlis koncefciebs, didi gavlena iqonia

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XVIII saukunis frangulma ganmanaTleblobam, aSS-is "damoukideblobis deklaraciam" da "virjiniis Statis uflebaTa deklaraciam". franguli deklaraciis avtorebi (mirabo, lafaieti da diupori) adamians ganixilavdnen im pirad, romelic bunebisgan iyo dajildoebuli bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebiT da amtkicebdnen, rom "yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da uflebebSi Tanaswori" (muxli I). swored, "adamianis uflebebis miviwyeba da maTi ugulebelyofa", deklaraciis avtorTa azriT, iyo "yovelgvari sazogadoebrivi ubedurebisa da mTavrobaTa mankierebis mizezi". adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis CamonaTvalSi (aSS-is damoukideblobis deklaraciis gaTvaliswinebiT) Setanili iqna: Tavisufleba, kerZo sakuTreba, usafrTxoeba, Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufleba (muxli II). deklaracia pirvel adgilze ayenebda Tavisuflebasa da kerZo sakuTrebas da amiT man cxovrebaSi gaatara, volteris cnobili gamonaTqvami: "Tavisufleba da sakuTreba _ ai, bunebis kivili". bunebiTi uflebebis koncefciaSi, romlebsac pretenzia hqondaT adamianis bunebis universalur gamovlinebaze, realizebuli iqna, ara mxolod frangi xalxis zogaddemokratiuli miswrafebani, aramed burJuaziis specifikuri interesebi (masSi ganmtkicda, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi, kapitalisturi sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi urTierTobebi). kerZod, Tavisuflebis cneba, romelic Camoyalibda IV muxlSi, im dros gabatonebuli individualisturi koncefciis Sesabamisad, gagebuli da aRqmuli iqna, rogorc im “yvelafris keTeba, rac ar miayenebs sxvas zians”. Tavisuflebis idea, deklaraciaSi, udaod, iyo yvelaze mTavari demokratiuli monapovari. is ar iyo dayvanili, mxolod politikuri Tavisuflebis donemde. praqtikaSi, Tavisuflebis cnebaSi Setanili iqna misi iseTi gamovlinebac, rogoric iyo mewarmeobis Tavisufleba, gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba, religiuri mrwamsis Tavisufleba da sxva. deklaraciis avtorebi, abstraqtul-individua-listuri sulikveTebiT, ganixilavdnen sakuTrebis cnebasac. maTi azriT, sakuTreba _ is erTaderTi bunebiTi uflebaa, romelic am dokumentSi cxaddeba "xeluxlebel da wminda" uflebad. kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba iyo garantirebuli: aravis SeiZleba is CamoerTvas, Tu ara kanoniT dadgenili, utyuari sazogadoebrivi aucileblobiT, Tanac "mxolod samarTliani da winaswaranazRaurebadi" pirobebis dacviT (muxli 17). moqalaqeTa qonebrivi interesebis dacvis miswrafeba aisaxa me-13 da me-14 muxlebSi, romlebic krZa-lavdnen samefo gadasaxadebis TviTnebur SemoRebas (maT Soris, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesanaxad) da adgendnen sagadasaxado sistemis zogad principebs (zogadi mosakreblis Tanabari gadanawileba da misi akrefa, mxolod TviT mosaxleobis, an misi warmomadgenlis TanxmobiT). deklaraciaSi ganxorcielda "saxelmwifo xelisuflebis," Taviseburi, naciona-lizacia, romelic axla ganixileboda "ara mefis pirad uflebaze damyarebulad", aramed is ganimarta, rogorc im erovnuli suverenitetis gamovlineba, romlis wyaroc efuZneba "eris arsebobas" (muxli 3). saxelmwifoSi nebismieri xelisufleba, maT Soris mefisac, mxolod am wyarodan unda momdinareobdes da ganixilebodes, rogorc mxolod eris nebidan nawarmoebi. sazogadoebas mieniWa ufleba, moeTxova pasuxi TiToeuli Tanamdebobis pirisagan, misTvis "mindobili mmarTvelobis nawilis" ganxorcielebis Taobaze (muxli 15). kanoni ganixileboda saerTo nebis gamovlinebad (muxli 6), da moqalaqeebs ufleba hqondaT, piradad an warmomad-genlebis meSveobiT, monawileoba mieRoT mis dadgenaSi. aqve gamocxadda, rom yvela moqalaqes, "misi unaris Sesabamisad", Tanabar pirobebSi, SeeZlo yvela saxelmwifo Tanam-debobis dakaveba. arsebiTad, es niSnavda, rom saxelmwifom uari Tqva, saxelmwifo aparatis aristokratiul, Caketil principze da gza gauxsna mesame wodebis warmomadgenlebsac, radgan dasabuTebuli iyo, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis dakavebis SesaZlebloba yvela moqalaqisaTvis, "maTi kanonis winaSe, Tanasworobis" principis Sesabamisad. deklaraciam gamoacxada, demokratiuli wyobis Sesabamisi, moqalaqis upirvelesi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi: azris Tavisuflad gamoTqma, weriTi da beWvdiTi sityvis Tavisufleba (muxli 11); "sakuTari mosazrebebis, maT Soris, religiuri mrwamsis Tavisufleba"(muxli 10). 1789 wlis deklaraciis yvelaze mniSvnelovan da, dRemde fasdaudebel, idead iTvleba kanonierebis principi. samefo xelisuflebis TviTnebobis winaaRmdeg brZolisas, konstitucionalistebi sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen valdebulebas, aeSenebinaT is axali wesrigi, romelic "mkacrad daefuZneboda kanonis moTxovnebs". absolutizmis epoqaSi moqmedebda principi, romelsac SeeZlo pirovnebis daTrgunva da damorCileba, anu "mxolod is aris dasaSvebi, rac nebadarTulia". deklaraciis me-5 muxli adgenda: "dasaSvebia yvelaferi, rac ar ikrZaleba kanoniT". aravin SeiZleba daisajos imisaTvis, rac ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT. damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebs naTlad hqondaT warmodgenili, rom Tu ar iqneboda Semu-Savebuli pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi, saubari usafrTxoebaze _ adamianis erT-erT ZiriTad bunebiT uflebasa da, maSasadame, sakuTari qonebiTa da politikuri uflebebis Tavisuflad sargeblobaze, fuWi da usargeblo iqneboda. swored amitom, me-8 muxlSi mkveT-rad Camoyalibda axali sisxlissamarTlebrivi politiks ZiriTadi principebi: "kanons

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SeuZlia daadginos mxolod ukiduresad saWiro da udaod aucilebeli sasjeli da aravin SeiZleba daisajos im kanonis moTxovnis gareSe, romelic, saTanado wesiT, iqna gamocemuli da gamoqveynebuli, samarTaldarRvevis Cadenamde". es principebi, mogvianebiT, ganmtkicda klasikur formulebSi: "ar aris danaSauli da sasjeli, amis Sesaxeb kanonSi miTiTebis gareSe" (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege) da "kanons ar aqvs ukuZala". saxelmwifos movaleoba, uzrunvelyos sakuTari moqalaqeebis usafrTxoeba, gansazRvravda pirovnebis procesualuri dacvis formebsac. "aravin SeiZleba iqnas braldebuli an dapatimrebuli, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli formebisa da SemTxvevis, mkacri dacvis gareSe" (muxli 7). me-9 muxlSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom nebismieri piri arabraleulad iTvleba manam, vidre ar dadgindeba sapirispiro ram. amrigad, deklaraciam daadgina arabraleulobis prezumpcia imis sawinaaRmdegod, rac ASua saukuneebSi moqmedebda, eWvmitanilis codvilobisa da braleu-lobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis saxiT. meore mxriv, yvela moqalaqe, romelic "dakavebuli iqneboda kanonis Sesabamisad valdebuli iyo, usityvod, damorCileboda kanonis moTxovnebs". am SemTxvevaSi mkacrad isjeboda winaaRmdegobis gaweva, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis mimarT. kanonierebis idea ganmtkicda im zogadi principebis saxiT, romlebic exeboda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organizebasa da, pirvelyovlisa _ xelisuflebaTa danawilebis princips: "sazogadoeba, romelSic ar aris uzrunvelyofili uflebebiT sargebloba da ar momxdara xelisuflebaTa danawileba, ar flobs konstitucias" (muxli 16). 1789 wlis adamianis da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracias didi mniSvneloba hqonda ara mxolod safrangeTisaTvis, aramed man udidesi gavlena iqonia msoflios Semdgom ganviTa-rebaze. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom mas ar mieniWa normatiuli aqtis Zala. is ganixileboda rogorc, mxolod im revoluciuri xelisuflebis sawyisi dokumenti, romelsac surda konstituciuri wyobis damyareba. deklaraciis debulebebze dayrdnobiT, konstitu-cionalistebma, mas Semdeg, rac xelT igdes saxelmwifo xelisufleba, frangi xalxis gavleniT, ganaxorcieles mTeli rigi antibaton-ymuri, demokratiuli gardaqmnebi. damfuZnebelma krebam, saglexo revoluciis zemoqmedebiT, 1789 wlis 4-11 agvistos dekretebis safuZvelze, sazeimod ganacxada, rom "sabolood auqmebda Suasaukunoebriv wyobas". Tumca, usasyidlod gauqmda mxolod glexebis piradi da batonymuri valdebulebebi da meorexarisxovani Tavadaznauruli institutebi, kerZod: nadirobisa da glexebis miwebze bocverebis gaSenebis senioraluri ufleba. sabatono valdebulebebis ZiriTadi nawili glexebs unda gamoesyidaT (mudmivi saadgilmamulo rentebi, naturaluri da fuladi gadasaxadebi). deklaraciis miRebis Semdeg dadgenili sakanonmdeblo aqtebis safuZvelze (1789 wlis 24 dekembris dekretiT), damfuZnebelma krebam moaxdina saeklesio qonebis da samRvde-loebis miwebis nacionalizacia, ris Sedegad maTi didi nawili Seisyida qalaqisa da soflis burJuaziam. franguli kaTolikuri eklesia gamoeyo vatikans da axali samoqalaqo mowyoba SeiZina. samRvdeloebam erTgulebis fici dado franguli saxelmwifos winaSe da mis kmayofaze gadavida. eklesiam dakarga samoqalaqo mdgomareobis aqtebis registraciis tradiciuli ufleba. damfuZnebelma krebam gaauqma wodebrivi dayofa da amqruli sistema, agreTve memkvidreobis Suasaukunoebrivi wesi (maioratis principi). manve gaauqma Zveli aristokratiuli sazRvrebi da, safrangeTis masStabiT, daadgina ergvarovani administ-raciul-teritoriuli mowyoba, departamentebis, distriqtebis, kantonebis, komunebis saxiT. konstitucionalistebi, romelTa mizani iyo mefe lui XVI-esa da TavadaznaurobasTan kompro-misis miRweva da politikuri zomierebis dacva, ar eridebodnen mkacri sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebas, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen, revoluciurad ganwyobili masebis dasjas. kerZod, maT gamoaqveynes ramdenime dekreti "uwesrigobisa da anarqiis" Sesaxeb, agreTve kanonebis mimarT daumorCileblobis wamqezebelTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqti (1791 w. 18 ivnisis dekreti). 1791 w. seqtemberSi maT miiRes dekreti, romelic iTvaliswinebda im Tanamdebobis pirTa dasjas, romlebic gamoscemdnen, raime saxis, antikonstituciur peticias, agreTve moqalaqeTa da maTi qonebis usafrTxoebis damcveli specialuri saqalaqo policiis Seqmnas. gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia, 1789 w. 22 dekembris dekretma, romelic, Tanasworobis ideis sapirispirod, adgenda frangebis dayofas " aqtiur da pasiur" moqalaqeebad. mxolod" aqtiur " moqalaqeebs eniWebodaT arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba, " pasiurebi " ki _ moklebulni iyvnen aRniSnul statuss. Tanac, " aqtiuri " moqalaqeebisaTvis dadgenili iyo Semdegi cenzebi: 1. moqalaqeoba _ frangoba; 2. asakobrivi qveda zRvari _ 25 weli; 3. binad-robis cenzi, minimum 1 weli, garkveuli kantonis teritoriaze; 4. pirdapiri gadasaxadis gadaxda, mocemul adgilze, sami dRis xelfasis odenobiT; 5. "gasamrjelos miRebiT", mosamsaxured yofnis akrZalva. frangebis absoluturi umravlesoba ver akmayofilebda aRniSnul kvalificiur moTxovnebs, ris gamoc Sedioda "pasiuri" moqalaqeebis kategoriaSi. konstitucionalistebis mmarTvelobis periodSi, miRebuli iqna Zalzed arademokratiuli kanonebic, kerZod: 1791 w. 14 ivniss,

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deputati le Sapelies mier warmodgenili da damfuZnebeli krebis mier maSinve damtkicebuli, dekreti, romelic mimarTuli iyo, formalurad, Suasaukunoebrivi korporaciebisa da amqrebis, xolo, faqtiurad ki, muSaTa kavSirebisa da mewarmeTa gaerTianebebis, agreTve nebismieri formiT, saqmianobos ganmaxorcielebeli politikuri klubebis winaaRmdeg. le Sapelies kanonis damrRvevT emuqreboda mkacri sasjeli _ jarima, erTi aTasi livris odenobiT, "aqtiuri" samoqalaqo uflebis CamorTmeva, erTi wlis vadiT da sapatimroSi gamweseba.

3) 1791 wlis safrangeTis konstitucia

revoluciis pirveli etapisa da damfuZnebeli krebis saqmianobis mTavari Sedegi iyo 1791 wlis konstituciis miReba. misi saboloo teqsti Sedgenili iyo im mravalricxovani sakanon-mdeblo aqtebis safuZvelze, romlebic miRebuli iqna 1789-1791 wlebSi da romlebsac hqondaT konstituciuri mniSvneloba. 1791 wlis zafxulSi, varenis krizisis pirobebSi, konstituciuri komitetis muSaobisas, warmoiqmna azrTa sxvaoba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mowyobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, vinaidan, mefisa da misi ojaxis dedaqalaqidan faruli gaqcevis gamo, komitetis wevrebma es SemTxveva Seafases, rogorc Ralati revoluciis saqmisadmi da aucileblobad miiCnies mmarTvelobis respublikuri formis damyareba. agvistos Tvis boboqari debatebis periodSi, konstituciis proeqtSi Setanili iqna mTeli rigi, arsebiTi xasiaTis, Sesworebebisa. kerZod, damfuZnebeli kreba daTanxmda, Sesworeba Seetana qonebrivi cenzis sakiTxSi. mefes mieniWa armiis sardlobis ufleba da, mis mimarT aRiarebuli iqna eris winamZRolis memkvidreobiTi statusi, romelic ar eqvemdebareboda gadayenebas da sasamarTlo gansjadobas. konstituciis farglebs gareT, gatanili iqna eklesiis samoqalaqo mowyobisa da samRvdeloebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis sakiTxebi. mefis mxdridan mkveTri winaaRmdegobis gamo, pirveli franguli konstitucia damtkicebuli iqna mxolod 1791 wlis 3 seqtembers. ramdenime dRis Semdeg, mis erTgulebaze daifica safrangeTis mefem. konstitucia gamoqveynda, 1789 wlis adamianis da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciasTan erTad. Tumca, es ukanaskneli ar ganixileboda rogorc, sakuTriv, konstituciuri teqsti. imgvari praqtika, roca konstituciis Tanmdevad gamodis uflebaTa deklaracia, Cveulebad iqca aramxolod franguli, aramed msoflio konstitucionalizmisTvisac. amavdroulad, sakuTriv konsti-tuciis teqsts, win uswrebda mokle Sesavali _ preambula. preambulaSi dakonkretebuli iqna da Semdgomi ganviTareba pova ramdenime antibaton-ymurma debulebam, romlebsac iTvalis-winebda 1789 wlis deklaracia. kerZod, gauqmda wodebrivi gansxvavebani da Tavadaznauruli titulebi, amqrebi da xelosanTa korporaciebi, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis yidvisa da memkvidreobiT gadacemis sistema da sxva Suasaukunovani institutebi. preambulaSi asaxva pova "Tanasworobis" ideamac: "eris arc erTi nawilisaTvis, arc erTi individisaTvis ar daiSveba raime gansakuTrebuli ufleba, an samarTlebrivi gamonaklisis miniWeba, romelic sayovelTaoa yvela frangisaTvis". konstituciaSi, 1789 wlis deklaraciisgan gansxvavebiT, gafarTovda piradi da politikuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis wre. kerZod, konstituciam daadgina, qveynis SigniT, gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba, iaraRis gareSe da sapolicio moTxovnaTa dacviT, Sekrebebis Tavisufleba, saxelmwifo xelisuflebisadmi individualuri peticiebiT mimarTvis ufleba. konstitucia iTvaliswinebda ramdenime socialuri uflebis arsebobas, rac Seesabameboda, revoluciis wlebSi, safrangeTSi farTod gavrcelebuli egalitarul (socialistur) ideologias. kerZod, deklarirebuli iyo sayovelTao, nawilobriv ufaso, saxalxo ganaTleba, specialuri mmarTvelobis Seqmna, romelic uzrunvelyofda "upatronod mitovebuli bavSvebis aRzrdas da maTze zrunvas, umuSevarTaTvis da upovarTaTvis samuSaosa da daxmarebis gacemas". Semdgomi ganviTareba pova erovnuli suverenitetis koncefciam, romelic "iyo erTiani, ganuyofeli da ganusxvisebeli". xazi gaesva ideas, rom eri iyo yoveli xelisuflebis erTaderTi wyaro da xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba unda momxdariyo mxolod warmomadgenlobis meSveobiT, riTac, konstituciis safuZvelze, praqtikaSi ganxorcielda, imdroisaTvis mowinave, xelisufelbis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis Seqmnis idea. konstituciis kompromisuli xasiaTi, romelSic aisaxa axali burJuaziuli da Zveli baton-ymuri Zalebis politikuri kavSiris tendenciebi, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixata mmarTvelobis monarqiuli formis SenarCunebaSi. xelisuflebaTa danawilebis doqtrina, romelic jer kidev 1789 wlis deklaraciaSi gamocxadda da, sakmaod Tanmimdevrulad, gatarda cxovrebaSi 1791 wlis konstituciis mier, SesaZleblobas hqmnida, raTa organizaciulad momxdariyo, ori

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politikurad gabatonebuli, jgufis interesebis gamijvna da maTi monawileobis uzrun-velyofa saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi; kerZod, erTi jgufi gamoxatavda franguli sazogadoebis umravlesobis, xolo meore _ Tavadaznaurobis politikur interess. arCeviTi sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisufleba gadavida, gamarjvebuli mesame wodebis, warmomadgenelTa xelSi, xolo, konstituciis Tanaxmad, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas axorcielebdnen mefe da, mis mier, daniSnuli ministrebi, rac miiCneoda Tavadaznauruli wreebis politikur dasayrdenad. amrigad, 1791 wlis konstituciiT, safrangeTSi sabolood damarcxda absolutizmi da Seiqmna kontituciuri monarqia. konstituciam xazi gausva debulebas, rom mefe mefobda mxolod "kanonis ZaliT", ris gamoc nagulisxmevi iyo, mefis mxridan, "erisa da kanonis winaSe" erTgulebis ficis, savaldebulo wesiT, dadeba, romlis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi dadgeboda sakiTxi mefis taxtidan gadayenebis Taobaze. SedarebiT mokrZalebulad JRerda TviT mefis titulatura: "frangTa mefe" da ara "RvTis wyalobiT, mefe". samefo xarjebi izRudeboda e.w. civiluri baraTiT, romelsac amtkicebda sakanon-mdeblo xelisufleba. Tumca, konstituciis Tanaxmad, mefis pirovneba cxaddeboda "xel-Seuxebel da wmidaTa-wmindad" da mas mieniWa mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebani. mefe ganixileboda saxelmwifos uzenaes meTaurad da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Tavad, masve ekisreboda valdebuleba sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis sferoSi. mefe iyo SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali, is niSnavda umaRles samxedro, diplomatiur da sxva maRalCinosnebs, awarmoebda diplomatiur molaparakebebs, wyvetda omisa da zavis sakiTxebs. mefe, erTpirovnulad, niSnavda da aTavisuflebda ministrebs da xelmZRvanelobda maT saqmianobas. Tavis mxriv, mefis brZanebulebebis namdvilobisaTvis, saWiro iyo, Sesabamisi ministris mxridan, kontrasignaciis (xelmowera-dadastureba) ganxorcieleba, rac xels uwyobda mefis gaTavisuflebas politikuri pasuxismgeblobisgan da aseTi pasuxixmgeblobis dakisrebas mTavrobisaTvis. mefe aRiWurva vetos uflebiT, rac aZlevda mas saSualebas ar daTanxmeboda sakanonmdeblo korpusis gadawyvetilebebs. Tumca, es ar iyo absoluturi vetos ufleba da misi daZleva, SesaZlebeli iyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakanonmdeblo korpusis ori momdevno Semadgenloba mxars dauWerda imave Sinaarsis kanonproeqts. mefis veto ar vrceldeboda, safinanso da konstituciuri xasiaTis, sakanonmdeblo aqtebze. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xorcieldeboda, ori wlis vadiT arCeuli, nacionaluri sakanonmdeblo krebis mier. xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principidan gamomdinare, mefes ar hqonda misi daTxovnis an garekvis ufleba. konstitucia Seicavda iseT debulebebs, romlebiTac garantirebuli iyo deputatebis mowveva da krebis muSaobis dawyeba. sakanonmdeblo krebis deputatebs unda exelmZRvanelaT Semdegi principiT: "an vicxovroT Tavisuflebma, an davixocoT". dauSvebeli iyo maTi devna, zepiri an werilobiTi azris, an moqmedebis gamo, vidre isini imyofebodnen Tanamdebobaze da axorcielebdnen warmomad-genlobiT funqciebs. konstitucia Seicavda sakanonmdeblo krebis uflebamosilebaTa da movaleobaTa vrcel CamonaTvals. gansakuTrebulad aRiniSna, misi uflebamosileba, saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis dadgenisa da, ministrebis mxridan, saxelmwifo xarjebis gankargvis Semowmebis sakiTxSi, riTac ministrebi, garkveulwilad, daeqvemdebaren sakanonmdeblo xelisufelabs. krebas SeeZlo, ministrebis samarTalSi micemis mizniT, maT winaaRmdeg aReZraT sisxlis samarTlis saqme, "sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da konstituciis darRvevis" danaSaulis gamo. mxolod sakanonmdeblo kreba aRiWurva sakanonmdeblo iniciativisa da omis gamocxadebis uflebiT. konstituciis safuZvelze, ganisazRvra sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mowyobis ZiriTadi

principebi, romelTa "ganxorcieleba ar SeeZlo arc sakanonmdeblo, arc aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas da arc mefes". dadginda, rom marTlmsajulebas axorcielebdnen, baJis gadaxdis gareSe, mxolod garkveuli vadiT xalxis mier arCeuli da mefis mier damtkicebuli, mosamarTleebi. mosamarTleTa gadayeneba an daTxovna SesaZlebeli iyo, mxolod kanoniT mkacrad gansazRvruli, wesis Sesabamisad, maT mier danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi. Tavis mxriv, sasamarTloebsac ekrZaleboda sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis saqmianobaSi Careva, kanonis moqmedebis SeCereba, mmarTvelobis organoTa saqmianobis sferoSi SeWra. konstituciam gaiTvaliswina, safrangeTSi manamde ucnobi, nafic msajulTa institutis SemoReba. nafic msajulTa monawileoba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ara mxolod braldebisa da samarTalSi micemis, aramed qmedebis faqtobrivi Semadgenlobisa da, mis irgvliv, ganaCenis gamotanis stadiazec. dauSvebeli iyo nafic msajulTa, kanonieri SemadgenlobiT, gamarTlebuli piris "kvlav, erTi da imave saqmis gamo, ganmeorebiT pasuxisgebaSi micema". konstituciam sabolood ganamtkica, revoluciis periodSi Seqmnili, safrangeTis axali administraciul-teritoriuli mowyoba, departamentebis, distriqtebis (olqebis), kantonebis

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saxiT. adgilobrivi administracia iqmneboda arCevnebis gziT. Tumca, samefo xelisuflebam SeinarCuna, adgilobrivi organoebis gakontrolebis, mniSvnelovani ufleba, kerZod: departamentebis administraciis gankargulebebis gauqmebisa da misi moxeleebis Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis uflebamosileba. miuxedavad aRniSnuli progresuli RonisZiebebisa, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mowyobis sakiTxSi, konstituciam SeinarCuna mTeli rigi konservatiuli institutebi, romlebic Camoya-libda, jer kidev, damfuZnebeli krebis muSaobis pirvel TveebSi. misi liderebis politikuri zomierebis naTeli dadasturebaa is debuleba, romelmac ganamtkica, jer kidev 1789 wlis 22 dekembers miRebuli, dekretis dadgenileba, safrangeTis moqalaqeebis "aqtiur" da "pasiur" moqalaqeebad dayofis Sesaxeb. konstituciam mxolod "aqtiur" moqalaqeebs mianiWa umniSvnelovanesi politikuri ufleba _ monawileoba mieRoT sakanonmdeblo krebis arCevnebSi. garda am dekretiT gaTvaliswinebuli kvalificiuri moTxovnebis SenarCunebisa, konstituciam "aqtiuri" moqalaqeebisaTvis SemoiRo ori damatebiTi moTxovna: a) munici-palitetis erovnuli gvardiis rigebSi Caricxva da b) samoqalaqo ficis dadeba. "aqtiuri" moqalaqeebis pirveladi krebebi irCevdnen amomrCevlebs, romlebic monawileobas iRebdnen departamentis krebebSi, sadac xdeboda sakanonmdeblo krebis deputatTa arCeva. amrigad, arCevnebi atarebda orsafexurian xasiaTs. amomrCevlebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kidev ufro maRali qonebrivi cenzis dadgena. simdidris privilegia gansazRvravda sadeputato adgilebis gadanawilebasac. sakanonmdeblo krebis deputatebis erTi mesamedi airCeoda, teritoriis moculobis Sesabamisad, meore mesamedi _ "aqtiuri" moqalaqeebis raodenobis proporciulad, mesame mesamedi ki _ gadaxdili gadasaxadebis moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT, anu sakuTrebisa da Semosavlebis mixedviT. konstituciis araTanmimdevruli xasiaTi imaSic gamoixata, rom miuxedavad Tanasworobis ideis gamocxadebisa, is ver vrceldeboda safrangeTis koloniebze, sadac arsebobas ganagrZobda monoba. 1791 wlis konstituciaSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom "eri flobs sakuTari konstituciis Secvlis ganusxvisebel uflebas". amavdroulad, masSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis, Zalzed rTuli procedura, rac konstitucias xdida metad mtkice da, swrafad mimdinare, cvlilebebisadmi rTulad adaptirebad dokumentad.

4) pirveli respublika safrangeTSi

1791 wlis konstituciis Sesabamisad Seqmnili, safrangeTis saxelmwifo organoTa axali sistema pirdapir asaxavda, mowinaaRmdege politikur ZalTa, droebiT Tanafardobas. saboloo jamSi, aRniSnulma konstituciam ver daakmayofila verc burJuaziis interesebi, romlebic, arsebiTad, ilaxeboda monarqiuli mmarTvelobis SenarCunebis pirobebSi da verc lui XVI-isa da Tavadaznaurobis moTxovnebi, radgan Zveli politikuri Zalebi kargavdnen tradiciul privilegiebs, ris gamoc gamudmebiT cdilobdnen Zveli didebis restavracias. erTi SexedviT, sakanonmdeblo krebis Semadgenloba mefisaTvis iyo ufro xelsayreli, radgan masSi umravlesoba daikaves felianebma _ msxvili savaWro da samrewvelo burJuaziis, liberalurad ganwyobili Tavadaznaurobis da sxva konservatiuli Zalebis warmomadgenlebma, romelTa mizani iyo revoluciis Semdgomi gaRrmavebisaTvis xelis SeSla. felianebis mowinaaRmdege Zalas warmoadgendnen: Jirondistebi (liderebi: briso, vernio, kondorse), romlebic gamoxatavdnen radikalurad ganwyobili samrewvelo da savaWro wreebis interesebs da iakobinelebi (liderebi: dantoni, Zmebi robespierebi, marati da sxvebi) _ memarcxene-radikaluri da yvelaze revoluciurad ganwyobili politikuri Zalebi. miuxedavad sakanonmdeblo krebaSi umciresobis statusisa, Jirondistebi da iakobinelebi sargeblobdnen udidesi avtoritetiT parizis TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi _ seqciebsa da parizis komunis generalur sabWoSi, agreTve iakobinelTa klubSi, romelic iqca revoluciuri parizis politikur centrad. swored ZalTa aRniSnulma gadanawilebam, gamoiwvia, sakanonmdeblo da samefo xelisuflebas Soris, politikuri daZabulobis daCqareba, romelic gadaizarda Ria dapirispirebaSi. mefis xelisuflebis irgvliv gaerTia-nebisa da monarqistuli evropis mxardaWeris imediT, Tavadaznaurulma reaqciam moamzada politikuri SeTqmuleba, revoluciis CaxSobis da konstituciuri wyobilebis damxobis mizniT. Tumca, mefis xelisuflebasa da 1791 wlis monarqiul konstitucias saboloo ganaCeni gamoutana TviT frangma xalxma. mefis mier SeTqmulebis momzadebis Sesaxeb moaruli xmebi, Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenes iakobinelebma, romlebsac didi gavlena hqondaT parizis mosaxleobaze da romlebic gamodiodnen revoluciis gaRrmavebis moTxovniT. komunisa da

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iakobinelTa klubis mowodebiT, gamxnevebuli parizis mosaxleoba ajanyda 1792 wlis 10 agvistos da daamxo mefis xelisufleba. am movleniT daiwyo revoluciis meore etapi (1792 wlis 10 agvisto - 1793 wlis 2 ivnisi), romelic xasiaTdeboda masebis politikuri aqtiurobiT

da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gadasvliT Jirondistebis xelSi. revoluciurad ganwyobili xalxis zewoliT, sakanonmdeblo krebam, romelSic umravlesoba ekuTvnoda Jirondistebs, gaauqma "aqtiur" da "pasiur" moqalaqeebad dayofa da daniSna erov-nuli damfuZnebeli konventis arCevnebi, romelsac unda SeemuSavebina safrangeTis axali konstitucia. 1792 wlis 22 seqtembers gamocemuli dekretiT, konventma gaauqma mefis xelisufleba da safuZveli Cauyara safrangeTSi respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas. konventis Semadgenloba asaxavda, qveyanaSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri Zalebis im rTul sistemas, romelmac gansazRvra franguli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTareba revoluciis meore etapze. am periodSi mowinave poziciebi xelT igdes Jirondistebma, romlebic, miuxedavad sadeputato mandatebis umciresobisa, sargeblobdnen e.w. "Waobis" _ centristi daputatebis _ mniSvnelovani mxarda-WeriT da axorcielebdnen aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, konventis aRmasrulebeli komitetis meSveobiT. "Waobis" frTa flobda Sualedur mdgomareobas, Jirondistebsa da iakobinelTa Soris, romlebic, revoluciis dawyebis Semdeg, ufro metad gaemijnen erTmaneTs. Jirondistebi gamoxatavdnen burJuaziis zomierad-radikaluri sazogadoebis interesebs, agreTve franguli sazogadoebis im nawilis Sexedulebebs, romlebic daiRalen revolu-ciisgan da aRar surdaT misi Semdgomi gaRrmaveba. Jirondistebi cdilobdnen SeeCerebinaT xalxis masebis mRelvareba. amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom 1792 wlis zamTarSi, parizis revoluciur banakSi kvlav gaZlierda daZabuloba, romlis Sedegad Jirondistebi gairicxes iakobinelTa klubidan. masSi ganmtkicda montaniarTa _ "WeSmariti" iakobinelebis (dantonis, robenspieris, maratis) gavlena, romlebic sargeblobdnen parizis qveda fenebis farTo mxardaWeriT. iakobinelTa zewoliT, Jirondistebma miiRes mTeli rigi radikaluri zomebisa: 1792 wlis seqtemberSi miRebul iqna dekreti axali revoluciuri welTaRricxvis Sesaxeb, romelic saTaves iRebda safrangeTSi respublikuri mmarTvelobis damyarebis Sedegad; saerTaSoriso intervenciisa da monarqistuli amboxis safrTxis gamo, romlebic respublikis arsebobas pirdapir emuqrebodnen, Jirondistulma konventma daafuZna sazogadoebrivi usafr-Txoebis komiteti (1792 wlis 2 oqtombers, parizis sisxlis samarTlis sagangebo tribunali (1793 wlis 10 marts) da sazogadoebrivi xsnis komiteti (1793 wlis 6 aprils). 1792 wlis 10 dekembers, monarqiuli reJimis mimarT politikuri emociebis da dagrovili siZulvilis gavleniT, konventma inicireba gaukeTa, mefe lui XVI-is winaaRmdeg gamarTul sasamarTlo process. sasamarTlos Catarebis dros, damxobili monarqis winaaRmdeg inkrimi-nirebuli iyo revoluciis moRvaweTa da erovnuli krebis deputatebis mosyidva, emigrant-tebTan saidumlo kavSirebi, avstriisa da prusiisaTvis samxedro saidumlos gadacema. 1793 wlis 14 ianvars is damnaSaved cnes, eris Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmu-lebasa da saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis xelyofaSi. 21 ianvars mefe sajaroT iqna gilioti-nirebuli revoluciis moedanze. 1792 wlis 25 agvistos, konventis mowvevamde, Jirondistulma mTavrobam sakanonmdeblo krebas miaRebina kanoni, Tavadaznauruli reJimis narCenebis mospobis Sesaxeb, romelmac gaauqma glexebis mier sabatono gadasaxadebis gamosyidvis wesebi. faqtiurad, am kanonma daadgina is mdgomareoba, romelic ukve Camoyalibda agraruli revoluciis Sedegad. agreTve, miRebuli iqna dekreti, emigrantebisaTvis CamorTmeuli miwebis gadanawilebis da glexebisaTvis maTi gadacemis Sesaxeb, uvado ijaris an miyidvis gziT. Tumca, am miwebis udidesi nawili aRmoCnda ara glexebis, aramed soflis burJuaziis xelSi. 1793 wlis maisSi, iakobinelTa moTxovniT, konventma daadgina marcvleulze myari fasebis SemoReba. Tumca, Jirondistebis mTavari mizani iyo politikuri mdgomareobis stabilizacia da revo-luciis periodSi, Camoyalibebuli mesakuTruli urTierTobebisa da axali ekonomikuri, wes-rigis SenarCuneba. miuxedavad aRniSnuli RonisZiebebisa, Jirondistulma mTavrobam ver SesZlo parizis mosax-leobis revoluciuri ganwyobis SeCereba da misi gakontroleba. 1793 wlis gazafxulisaTvis Jirondistebis gavlena xalxis masebze daeca da maT mier ganxor-cielebuli demokratiuli reformebis nusxac amoiwura. meore mxriv, swored maT ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba, revoluciis periodSi, parizSi mosaxleobis gaRatakebul mdgomareobaze, sagareopolitikur krizisa da marcxze, vinaidan isini gadagebdnen konventSi xelisuflebas. Jirondistebis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gauaresda ekonomikuri krizisis gamwvavebis piro-bebSi. maTi politikuri poziciebic arsebiTad Seirya, gansakuTrebiT, qalaqis qvedafenebis beladis _ J.-p. maratis winaaRmdeg arSemdgari sasamarTlo procesis mowyobisa da misi 1793

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wlis ivlisSi veraguli mkvlelobis, agreTve Jirondistebis liderebsa da parizis komunas (iakobinelTa dasayrdeni) Soris gamwvavebuli konfliqtis Sedegad. Jirondistebis avtoritetis Selaxvas imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom 1791 wlis konsituciis gauqmebis Semdeg, maT safrangeTs ver Seuqmnes axali respublikuri konstituciuri doqumenti. 1792 wlis 11 oq-tombers Seqmnilma konventis konstituciurma komisiam, ver ikisra mkveTri da gadamwyveti RonisZiebebis gatareba. aRniSnul mdgomareobas, kidev ufro, amwvavebda roialisturi revan-Sis safrTxe, riTac respublika, faqtiurad, daRupvis piras aRmoCnda.

5) iakobinelTa diqtatura

1793 wlis 31 maisis _ 2 ivnisis saxalxo ajanyebis Sedegad, romelsac parizis komunis ajanyebis komiteti meTaurobda, konventidan ganidevnen Jirondistebi da damyarda iakobi-nelTa mmarTvelobis periodi. am droidan iwyeba revoluciis mesame etapi: 1793 wlis 2 ivnisi _ 1794 wlis 27 ivlisi. saxelmwifo xelisufleba konventSi gadavida iakobinelTa xelSi. iakobinelebi iyvnen axalgazrda da pativmoyvare politikuri moRvaweebis mcirericxovani jgufi, romlebic moiTxovdnen revoluciis mkveTr da ukompromiso ganviTarebas. iakobinelTa zurgs ukan idga revoluciur-demokratiuli Zalebis farTo wre (wvrili vaWrebi, xelosnebi, soflisa da qalaqis uRaribesi fenebi). am jgufebSi wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen montaniarebi (robespieri, sen-Jiusti, dantoni da sxvebi), romelTa gamosvlebi asaxavdnen xalxis masebis egalitarul da mSfoTvare ganwyobas. revoluciis iakobinelTa etapze, kulminacias aRwevs politikur brZolebSi mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebis monawileoba. swored iakobinelTa moRvaweobis Sedegad, safrangeTSi aRmoifxvra Tavadaznauruli sistemis bolo gadmonaSTebi, gatarda radikaluri politikuri reformebi, Tavidan iqna acilebuli saerTaSoriso intervencia da monarqiis restavraciis safrTxe. mciremiwianma glexobam, SeRavaTian fasebSi, Seisyida emigrantebisaTvis CamorTmeuli miwebi da sxva. safrangeTis revoluciisa da saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi, am periodma gaiTqva saxeli Semdegi Taviseburebebis gamo: a) iakobinelebi ar gamoirCeodnen, politikur mowinaaRm-degeebTan brZolaSi, patiosani xerxebisa da saSualebebis SerCeviT da b) xSirad, gamarjvebis mopovebas cdilobdnen, Zveli "reJimis" momxreebisa da sakuTari "mtrebis" winaaRmdeg, gaumarTlebeli ZaladobiT. kerZod, zogierTi cnobiT, iakobinelebis mier ganxorcielebuli teroris Sedegad, daiRupa an dazaralda 35-40 aTasi udanaSaulo adamiani, maT Soris revoluciuri tribunalebisa da sagangebo sasamarTloebis ganaCeniT, sikvdiliT daisaja daaxloebiT 17 aTasi, xolo yovelgvari gasamarTlebis gareSe, vandeaSi, lionsa da tulonSi daixvrita daaxloebiT 12 aTasi adamiani. anu iakobinelTa mmarTvelobis periodi iyo Ria samxedro-politikuri diqtatura, romelic sakuTar Zalauflebas inarCunebda, mxolod terorisa da mowinaaRmdegeTa daSineba-iZulebis gziT. iakobinelTa diqtaturis periodSi ganadgurda da daingra kulturisa da xelovnebis uamravi Zegli, sasaxle, eklesia, muzeumi, ramdenime sofeli da qalaqic ki. miuxedavad imisa, rom iakobinelebi, romlebic gamodiodnen sakuTrebis arsebuli urTierTobebis SenarCunebis momxreebad, isini ver akmayofilebdnen glexebis yvela moTxovnebs (TavadaznaurTa miwebis konfiskaciis, maTi gaTanabrebadi da usas-yidlod gadanawilebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli aqtebi), konventis agraruli kanonmdebloba mainc gamoirCeoda yvelaze meti radikalurobiT da mas, Tavisi droisaTvis, hqonda Sors mimavali socialur-politikuri Sedegebi, radgan is xels uwyobda im samarTlebrivi bazis, romelic glexebis farTo masas gadaaqcevda, mebatoneebisgan Tavisufal, wvril mesakuTreebad. 1793 wlis 7 seqtembers gamoica konventis dekreti, romelmac daadgina, rom "verc erTi frangi isargeblebda mebatonis uflebiT, romelime sferoSi, radgan mas emuqreboda moqalaqis yvela uflebis dakargva". erT-erTi Tavisebureba iyo isic, rom, qalaqis proletariatTan mWidro kavSiris gamo, iakobinelebs xSirad uwevdaT, Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis principis darRveva, gansakuTrebiT _ sagangebo mdgomareobis gamo, radgan, arc Tu iSviaTad, adgili hqonda fasebis zrdasa da, qalaqis sursaTiT momaragebaSi, xelovnurad Seqmnil sirTules. 1793 wlis ivlisSi konventma sikvdiliT dasja SemoiRo im pirTa mimarT, vinc iqneboda braldebuli pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebiT spekulaciur gasaRebaSi. 1794 wlis Teberval-martis TveSi miRebul iqna e.w. vantozis dekretebi, romlebic gulisxmobdnen, uqo-neli patriotebisaTvis, im qonebis usasyidlod gadacemas, romelic CamoerTvaT revoluciis mtrebs. Tumca, vantozis dekretebi, romlebsac enTuziazmiT Sexvda qalaqis lumpen-perole-taliati, ver ganxorcielda, radgan maT winaaRmdeg gamovidnen is politikuri Zalebi, rom-

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lebic Tvlidnen, rom Tanasworobis idea ar unda ganxorcieldes radikaluri RonisZiebebiT. 1794 wlis maisSi iakobinelTa konventma SemoiRo RatakTa, invalidebis, oblebisa da moxu-cebis saxelmwifo finansirebis sistema da koloniebSi gaauqma monoba.

6) adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia da 1793 wlis safrangeTis konstitucia

iakobinelTa politikuri radikalizmi aisaxa adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa axal dekla-raciaSi, romelic 1793 wlis aprilSi, iakobinelTa jgufs warudgina robespierma. Ddekla-raciis teqsti gadaamuSava specialurma komisiam. momzadda agreTve iakobinelTa konstitucia, romelic konventma miiRo 1793 wlis 24 ivliss. es konstitucia mowonebuli iqna saerTo-saxalxo plebiscitis Sedegad. am dokumentebma, arsebiTad, ganicades J-J rusoseuli ideebis gavlena. kerZod, 1) sazogadoebis mizani iyo "sayovelTao bedniereba"; 2) mTavrobis (saxelmwifos) mTavari amocana iyo adamianisaTvis, sakuTari "bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebiT SeuzRudavi" sargeblobis uzrunvelyofa. am uflebebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda: Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba, usafrTxoeba, kerZo sakuTreba. egalitarizmis gavleniT, iakobinelebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobdnen Tanasworobas. deklaraciaSi naTqvamia: yvela xalxi "bunebis da kanonis winaSe aris Tanaswori". kerZo sakuTrebis uflebis ganmartebisas, iakobinelebma daadgines, rom sakuTrebis ufleba aris SesaZlebloba "isargeblo da gankargo qoneba, sakuTari Semosavlebi, Sromisa da rewvis nayofi, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr" (muxli 16). Tumca, sxva sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, kerZod, moqalaqis piradi da qonebrivi uflebebis mimarT, iakobinelebma SemoiRes mniSvnelovani siaxle. konstituciis 122-e muxlis Tanaxmad, TiToeul frangs hqonda garantirebuli: umaRlesi ganaTleba, saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofa, beWvdiTi sityvis SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba, peticiis Tavisufleba, saxalxo sazogadoebebSi gaerTianebis ufleba. deklaraciis 7-e muxlis Tanaxmad, moqalaqis pirad uflebebs miekuTvneboda Sekrebis ufleba "mSvidobianad" da religiuri wesebis Tavisufali ganxorcieleba. iakobinelTa deklaraciaSi gansakuTrebuli yuredReba eqceoda, despotizmisa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan, TviTnebobis aRmofxvras, kerZod iyo naTqvami: "kanonma unda daicvas sazogadoebrivi da individualuri Tavisufleba, mmarTveli wreebis mxridan yovelgvari Cargvrisagan" (muxli 9). yoveli piri, romlis mimarT Cadenili iqna ukanonoba, anu TviTneburi da tiranuli aqti, uflebamosilia gauwios mCagvrels SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegoba (muxli 11). vinaidan Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegoba ganixileboda, rogorc is Sedegi, romelic 1793 wlis deklaraciis mixedviT, gamomdinareobda adamianis sxva uflebebidan, gakeTda revoluciuri daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom mTavrobis mxridan, adamianis uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, "xalxis an misi yoveli nawilis ajanyeba, iyo xalxis wmidaTawmida ufleba da gadaudebeli movaleoba" (muxli 35). amrigad, 1789 wlis dekla-raciisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac saubari iyo mxolod erovnul suverenitetze, iakobinelTa deklaraciam da konstituciam, rusos ideebis mixedviT, gaatares saxalxo suverenitetis idea. iakobinelTa konstituciam auryo xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principi, romelic, isev rusos azriT, ewinaaRmdegeboda saxalxo suverenitets, rogorc erTiani mTlianisa da ganuyofelis ideas. konstitucia gulisxmobda, drois Sesabamiss, saxelwmifos martiv, demokratiul mowyobas. revoluciam xeli Seuwyo, regionalizmis principis sapirispiro, saxelmwifo wyobi-lebis formis Camoyalibebas, romelic ganmtkicda konstituciis pirveli muxliT: "safran-geTis respublika aris erTiani da ganuyofeli". konstituciam gaauqma, moqalaqeTa dayofa "aqtiur" da "pasiur" amomrCevlebad, rac Seufe-rebeli iyo Tanasworobis ideisaTvis da, praqtikulad, daakanona, 21 wlis asaks miRweuli mamakacebisaTvis, sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba. iakobinelTa Taviseburma miswrafebam, erTma-neTisaTvis SeeTavsebina warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi da uSualo demokratiis principi (rusos gavleniT), asaxva pova imaSi, rom erTi wlis vadiTYarCeuli sakanonmdeblo korpusi anu erovnuli kreba, mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis irgvliv (samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba, respublikis mimdinare Semosavlebisa da xarjebis saerTo kontroli, omis gamocxadeba), mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iRebda kanonis Zalis mqone, gadawyvetilebas, Tu departamentebSi dagzavnis Semdeg (maT umravlesobaSi moqmedi), pirve-ladi krebebis erTi meaTedi mainc, ar uaryofda aRniSnul kanonproeqts, departamentSi am ukanasknelis gagzavnidan ormoci dRis Semdeg. aseTi procedura gulisxmobda, saxalxo suverenitetis ideis cxovrebaSi gatarebis mcdelobas, rac am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobda Semdegs: "xalxi ixilavs da adgens kanonebs" (konst., muxli 10). mTel rig sakiTxebSi, erovnuli kreba iyo uflebamosili gamoeca dekretbi, romlebsac hqondaT savaldebulo Zala damatebiTi damtkicebis gareSe. konstituciis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaR-lesi organo respublikaSi iyo aRmasrulebeli sabWo. is unda Semdgariyo 24 wevrisagan. maT

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irCevdnen erovnuli krebis deputatebi im kandidatebidan, romlebmac miiRes rekomendacia pirveladi krebebisa da departamentebisgan. aRmasrulebeli sabWo valdebuli iyo "ganexorcielebina saerTo mmarTvelobis xelmZRvaneloba da maszed zedamxedveloba" (konst., muxli 65). kreba pasuxismgebeli da angariSvaldebuli iyo erovnuli krebis winaSe, "kanone-bisa da dekretebis Seusruleblobis da agreTve borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi" (konst., muxli 72).

7) saxelwmifo xelisuflebis organizacia iakobinelTa diqtaturis periodSi

iakobinelTa diqtaturis periodSi, revoluciuri mTavrobis mowyobis safuZvlebi, ganisaz-Rvra konventis mier, mTeli rigi dekretebis ZaliT. kerZod, 1793 wlis 4 dekembers miRebuli iqna "mmarTvelobis revoluciuri wesis Sesaxeb" damfuZnebeli dekreti, romelic gulis-xmobda Semdegs: "respublikaSi mmarTvelobis erTaderTi centri iyo nacionaluri konventi, romelic aRiWurva dekretebis miRebisa da ganmartebis gansakuTrebuli uflebiT". konventis xelmZRvaneli rolis ganmtkiceba, revoluciuri diqtaturis organoTa sistemaSi, ganpiro-bebuli iyo TviT politikuri brZolis mimdinareobiT. Jirondistebis gandevnis Semdeg, konventSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moipoves iakobinelebma. konventi mWidrod iyo dakavSi-rebuli parizis komunasTan, saxalxo kavSirebTan da igi aRiares revoluciur ZalTa im moqmed centrad, romelic operatiulad reagirebda cvalebad politikur viTarebaze, ganixi-lavda sakiTxTa umravlesobas. man moaswro, Zalzed xanmokle periodSi, damfuZnebeli da sxvagvari kanonebis (dekretebis) gansakuTrebiT didi odenobiT miReba. iakobinelTa revolu-ciuri diqtaturis sistemaSi, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas axorcielebda sazogadoebrivi xsnis komiteti. mas, konventis sxva komitetebs Soris, mieniWa upiratesoba da mas, uSualod, daevala revoluciuri teroris ganxorcieleba. am komitetis roli gansakuTrebiT gaizarda 1793 wlis ivlisis Tvis Semdeg, roca mis saTaveSi, uprincipo da kompromisebis mimdevari dantonis nacvlad, Cadga iakobinelTa pativmoyvare lideri maqsimilian robespieri. komitetis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen robespieris uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi: l. sen-Jiusti, J. kutoni da sxvebi. 1793 wlis 10 oqtombris dekretis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebrivi xsnis komitets daeqvem-debaren droebiTi aRmasrulebeli sabWo, ministrebi, generlebi. mis movaleobaSi Sedioda, nacionaluri konventisaTvis jer yoveldRiuri, xolo 1793 wlis dekembridan _ yovelTviuri, angariSis Cabareba, gaweuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb. konventisa da samTavrobo dawesebulebebis kavSirs adgilobriv departamentebsa da armiasTan, amyarebdnen da axorcielebdnen komisrebi, romlebsac niSnavdnen konventis deputatTa rigebidan. komisrebi aRiWurven farTo uflebamosilebiT. isini axorcielebdnen kontrols revoluciur mTavrobaze, dekretebis Sesrulebaze da, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, maT SeeZloT, departamentebSi, Tanamdebobis pirTa da, armiaSi, generlebis Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba. rTuli politikuri viTareba (kontrrevoluciuri amboxi, Ralati armiaSi) aiZu-lebda konventis komisrebs, sakuTar Tavze aeRoT, pirdapiri administraciuli da saorga-nizacio funqciebi: savaldebulo gankargulebebis gamocema, samxedro nawilebis meTauroba da sxva. iakobinelTa diqtaturis amocanebs Seesabameboda adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sistemac. 1793 wlis 4 dekembris dekretis ZaliT, departamentebis administraciis gamgeblobidan gamoi-yo sakiTxTa umniSvnelovanesi wre, romelic "miekuTvneboda revoluciur kanonebs, mmarTve-lobisa da sazogadoebrivi xsnis sferos". am sakiTxebis irgvliv, distriqtebi da municipalitetebi amyarebdnen kavSirs uSualod revoluciur mTavrobasTan. adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi, yvelaze did aqtiurobas iCendnen is municipalitetebi, saidanac gandevnes Jirondistebi. komunebisa da maTi seqciebis, agreTve generaluri sabWoebis muSaobaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis qveda fenebi. iakobinelTa diqtaturis sistemaSi, mniSvnelovani adgili ekavaT saxalxo sazogadoebebsa da klubebs, kerZod: parizis iakobinelTa klubs, romelic asrulebda, revoluciis Taviseburi politikuri Stabis, rols, xolo misi ganyofilebebi Seiqmna mTeli qveynis masStabiT. Tavadaznaurul-monarqistuli koaliciis im jarebis ganadgurebis organizaciaSi, romlebic SemoiWren respublikur safrangeTSi, gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa iakobinelTa mier gar-daqmnilma armiam. 1793 wlis agvistoSi konventma gamosca dekreti "sayovelTao mobilizaciis Sesaxeb", romlis Tanaxmad armiis rigebSi xorcieldeboda, nebayoflobiTi Caricxvidan, savaldebulo gawvevis principze gadasvla. iakobinelTa diqtaturis erT-erTi arsebiTi niSani iyo, sagareo mtrebisa da Sinagani

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kontrrevoluciis winaaRmdeg brZolisas, specialuri organoebis Seqmna, romlebic sakuTar saqmianobaSi iyenebdnen revoluciuri teroris meTodebs. iakobinelTa reJimis mowinaaRmdegeebTan brZolis organizebaSi, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti. 1793 wlis 4 dekembris dekretiT, mas daevala gansakuTrebuli zeda-mxedvelobis ganxocieleba yvela im sakiTxze, rac exeboda "pirovnebasa da policias". is ar emorCileboda sazogadoebrivi xsnis komitets da yvela moxseneba da angariSi unda Caebarebina, uSualod, konventisaTvis. "respublikis mtrebis saqmeTa "da kontrrevoluciuri saqmianobis gamoZiebis, dapatimrebisa da samarTalSi micemis uflebiT aRWurvili, sazoga-doebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti, xSirad, borotad sargeblobda sakuTari ZalauflebiT da iakobinelTa diqtaturis sadamsjelo organoTa sistemaSi, is iqca erT-erT mniSvnelovan dawesebulebad. distriqtebsa da komunebSi, sadamsjelo politikis ganxorcielebaSi, gansa-kuTrebul rols TamaSobdnen aRniSnuli revoluciuri komitetebi, romlebsac uSualo kavSiri hqondaT sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komitetTan, romelic maT avalebda dapatim-rebuli pirebis siebisa da mopovebuli mtkicebulebebis gadagzavnas. revoluciuri komite-tebis funqciebi arsebiTad gafarTovda, 1793 wlis 17 seqtembers miRebuli "saeWvo pirebis Sesaxeb" dekretis safuZvelze, romlis mixedviT, Zalzed gafarTovda im pirTa wre, rom-lebic miiCneodnen eWvmitanilad da eqvemdebarebodnen dapatimrebas. iakobinelTa diqtaturis organoTa sistemaSi, sagangebod, aqtiuri rolis Sesruleba daevala revoluciur tribunals, romelic, Tavdapirvelad, iakobinelTa moTxovniT, Seqmna Jirondis-tulma konventma. Tumca, is iakobinelTa xelSi iqca revoluciuri teroris qmediT iaraRad, swored 1793 wlis 5 seqtembers Catarebuli, reorganizaciis Sedegad. konventi niSnavda revoluciuri tribunalis mosamarTleebsa da damcvelebs. TviT sasamarTlo procedura, iyo Zalzed swrafi da gamartivebuli, rac saSualebas aZlevda tribunals, mizanmimarTulad ebr-Zola revoluciuri mTavrobis politikur mowinaaRmdegeebTan _ roialistebTan, Jiron-distebTan, ucxo qveynis jaSuSebTan. revoluciuri armiis samxedro warmatebebma da respublikis mdgomareobis ganmtkicebam, iakobinelTa blokis SigniT, gamoiwvia yofili erTianobis daSla da Sinagani ganxeTqilebis gaZliereba. socialur-ekonomikurma kanonmdeblobam, romelic xels uwyobda Suasaukunovani CamorCenilobis saboloo aRmofxvras, obieqturad, xeli Seuwyo kapitalisturi urTi-erTobebis ganviTarebas, axali mdidrebisa da socialuri uTanasworobis warmoSobas, riTac gauaresda qalaqisa da soflis Rataki mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareoba. iakobinelTa terori Seexo aramxolod im memarjvene Zalebs, romlebic ar iziarebdnen iako-binelTa beladebis maqsimalizms, aramed iakobinelTa memarcxene frTis liderebs, romlebic gamoxatavdnen qalaqisa da soflis uRaribesi fenebis interesebs ("cofianebi", ebertistebi). iakobinelTa Ria politikuri represiebi aSinebda maT yofil momxreebs, rac iwvevda maTi avtoritetis dacemas da aviwroebda maTi xelisuflebis socialur bazas. faqtiurad, iakobinelTa beladebi, reJimisa da sakuTari mdgomareobis gadarCenis, erTaderT gzad miiCnevdnen Ria Zaladobasa da terors. amitom, brZola demokratiuli idealebisaTvis, gamZafrebuli teroris pirobebSi, sul ufro emsgavseboda piradi ZalauflebisaTvis trivialur brZolas. robespieri da sxva beladebi swrafad kargavdnen popularobas, mosax-leobis TiTqmis yvela fenebSi. 1794 wlis zafxulisaTvis, iakobinelTa reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Sinagani winaaRmdegobani gaxda imdenad mkveTri da gadauWreli, rom safrTxe daemuqra TviT safrangeTis saxelmwifos arsebobas. im pirobebSi, roca mmarTveli bloki TiTqmis daiSala, konventSi momwifda, "Waobisa" da montaniarTa jgufis mier, momzadebuli SeTqmuleba (barasi, fuSe, karno, bilo-vareni). SeTqmulebi, TviTgadarCenis mizniT, gamodiodnen iakobinelTa teroris da Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan iakobinalTa beladebma amowures sakuTari revoluciuri aqtiurobis maragi da maT aRar SeeZloT xalxis masebze dayrdnoba. iakobinelTa mmarTveloba, sul ufro metad, iZenda politikuri TviT-mkvlelobis xasiaTs. SeTqmulTa gegmebi, SedarebiT advilad da swrafad, ganxorcielda 1794 wlis 27 ivliss, (respublikuri kalendris welTaRricxviT _ meore wlis 9 Termidors), radgan maT miemxro orive samTavrobo komitetis ramdenime wevri. konventis mier, kanon-gareSed gamocxadebuli da, danarCeni deputatebis Tvalwin, dapatimrebuli iakobinelTa liderebi, robespierisa da sen-Jiustis meTaurobiT, gadasces revoluciur tribunals da sikvdiliT dasajes.

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Tavi VIII. direqtoriisa da I-li imperiis saxelmwifo da samarTali safrangeTSi

$1. Termidorianuli gadatrialeba da 1795 wlis safrangeTis konstitucia

1794 wlis 27 ivliss (revoluciuri kalendris mixedviT, meore wlis 9 Termidori) moxda saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, romlis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi movida konventis zomier depu-tatTa jgufi. es jgufi gamoxatavda franguli burJuaziis im nawilis interesebs, romelic iziarebda respublikur ideebs. aRniSnuli saxelmwifo gadatrialeba istoriaSi Sevida Termidorianuli gadatrialebis saxelwodebiT. TermidorianelebisaTvis, romlebmac, Tavis droze, monawileoba miiRes mefe lui XVI-is mkvlelobaSi (sikvdiliT dasjaSi), absoluturad miuRebeli iyo monarqiis aRdgena. Tumca, maTTvis aseve miuRebeli iyo revoluciuri teroris reJimi, romelic safrangeTSi mZvinvarebda 1793-1794 wlebSi, e.w. iakobinelTa diqtaturis periodSi. pirvel etapze Termidorianelebi inarCunebdnen, iakobinelebis mier Seqmnili, saxelmwifo organoebis sistemas. amavdroulad, TandaTanobiT imsxvreoda revoluciuri diqtaturis meqanizmi; gauqmda iakobinelTa sagangebo socialur-ekonomikuri kanonmdebloba; kargavs samTavrobo organos mniSvnelobas sazogadoebrivi xsnis komiteti, romelSic axla sxdomebs atarebdnen antiiakobinelTa SeTqmulebis monawileebi. reorganizacia ganicada revoluciurma tribunalma, gauqmda parizis komuna da adgilobrivi revoluciuri komitetebi. Tumca, Termidorianelebis mier reformirebuli politikuri sistema kvlav asocirdeboda revoluciur tradiciebTan, ris gamoc, mkveTrad dadga sakiTxi, safrangeTSi konstituciuri wyobis aRdgenis Taobaze. formalurad, iTvleboda, rom moqmedeba unda SeenarCunebina 1793 wlis iakobinelTa konstitucias, romelic miiRo iakobinelTa konventma da daadastura amomrCevelTa pirveladma krebebma. miuxedavad imisa, rom am konstitucias, faqtiurad, arc ki umoqmedia (axali revoluciuri mRelvarebis gamo), memarjvene Termidorianelebi am konstitu-ciaSi xedavdnen "organizebul anarqias", ris gamoc gadawyda axali konstituciuri dokumentis momzadebis aucilebloba. Termidorianelebi Cqarobdnen axali xelisuflebis legitimacias, vinaidan maT kvlav Seaxsena Tavi im politikurma safrTxem, romelic momdi-nareobda roialistebisa da e.w. felianebis (msxvili savaWro da safinanso kapitalis warmomadgenlebi) mxridan. 1795 wlis agvistoSi, konventma miiRo safrangeTis kidev erTi konstitucia _ respublikis III wlis konstitucia. revoluciis periodSi damkvidrebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, Termido-rianelebma konstituciis teqsti gamoitanes plebiscitze _ sayovelTao-saxalxo ganxilvaze da am dokuments mxari dauWira amomrCevelTa pirveladi organizaciebis udidesma umravlesobam, vinaidan xalxi imedovnebda, rom konstituciis meSveobiT, is SesZlebda respublikis dacvas da gadarCenas, Tavidan aicilebda monarqiis restavraciis safTxesa da SeinarCunebda demokratiul monapovars, romelic man miiRo revoluciis Sedegad. axali konstituciis avtorebi uars ambobdnen iakobinelTa beladebis politikur ugunurobasa da revoluciur ukiduresobaze, Tumca, mTlianad inarCunebdnen ara mxolod revoluciis devizs _ "Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba", aramed mis yvela monapovars: respublikanizms, saxalxo suverenitetis ideis cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebas, warmomad-genlobiT organoebs, demokratiul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. 1795 wlis konstituciis teqsti gamoirCeoda sitya-kazmulobiTa da mravalfrazianobiT (masSi Sevida 372 muxli). Tumca, amavdroulad, politikuri Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, is gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli zomierebiT. konstituciis Tavisebur preambulad iqca "adamianis da moqalaqis uflebebisa da movaleobebis deklaracia", romelic ukve aRar iyo gamsWvaluli radikaluri suliskveTebiT (masSi veRar vxvdebiT xalxis uflebas ajanyebaze, Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevaze da sxva) da aqcents akeTebda sazogadoebis ekonomikuri, zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi mowyobis SenarCunebaze. konstituciam gaauqma sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba da aRadgina qonebrivi cenzi. 1791-1792 wlebSi miRebuli gamocdilebis wyalobiT da am periodis politikuri modelis gavleniT, axali konstituciis 22-e muxlis Tanaxmad, respublikuri wyobilebis safuZvelSi Caido xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principi. Tumca, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis axali organizacia gamoirCeoda uzomod gaberili biurokratiuli sistemiT, doqtriniorobisadmi ltolviT, antikuri demokratiisadmi wminda garegnuli mibaZviT. 1. xelisuflebaTa danawilebis sistemaSi wamyvani adgili ekava sakanonmdeblo korpuss. konstituciis avtorebma gamoiCines sifrTxile da gadadges politikurad windaxeduli nabiji _ maT uari Tqves, nacionaluri konventis msgavsi, yovlisSemZle sakanonmdeblo organos Seqmnaze. 1795 wlis Semodgomaze, konventma miiRo gadawyvetileba TviTdaTxovnis Sesaxeb da mis nacvlad, pirvelad, franguli konstitucionalizmis istoriaSi, Seiqmna orpa-

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latiani sakanonmdeblo korpusi. is Sedgeboda: a) uxucesTa sabWosa (aranakleb 40 wlis asaks miRweuli, 250 wevri) da b) xuTasTa sabWosagan (aranakleb 30 wlis asaks miRweuli wevrebi), romlebic eqvemdebarebodnen yovelwliur rotacias, wevrTa erTi mesamedis raodenobiT. konstituciis mixedviT, sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba eniWeboda 500-Ta sabWos. Tumca, misi gadawyvetileba mxolod maSin iZenda kanonis Zalas, Tu mowonebuli iqneboda uxucesTa sabWos mier. Tu uxucesTa sabWo uaryofda kanonproeqts, misi ganmeorebiTi warmodgena dasaSvebi iyo mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg. amrigad, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba, apriori, iqca politikuri konfrontaciis wyarod da, maSasadame, iyo araqmediTi da sicocxlis uunaro. 1795 wlis konstituciiT dadgenili fsevdodemokratiuli saxelmwifoebrivi formebi ar iTvalis-winebdnen politikur ZalTa realur Tanafardobas da ver uzrunvelyofdnen ekonomikur da politikur stabilurobas. politikuri ryevebi damaxasiaTebeli iyo aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-lebisaTvis, romelic, aseve apriori, ganwiruli iyo araefeqturobisaTvis. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba daevala 5 wevrisagan Semdgar direqtorias, romlis wevrebsac irCevda sakanonmdeblo korpusi, faruli kenWisyriT. direqtoria eqvemdebareboda yovelwliur ganaxlebas, misi TiTo wevris rotaciis gziT. wminda aRmasrulebeli funqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis, direqtoria niSnavda ministrebs, romlebic ar qmnidnen mTavrobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia dauSveblad miiCnevda, erTi piris xelSi, sakanonmdeblo da mmarTvelobiTi berketebis Tavmoyras, direqtoriaSi wamyvani roli ekuTvneda TermidorianelTa erT-erT liders, uprincipo karierists _ barass. iseve, rogorc mmarTveli zedafenis sxva warmomadgenlebi, direqtoriis wevrebic saxelwmifo xazinis Semosavlebs iyenebdnen piradi keTildReobisaTvis. direqtoriis reJimis samTavrobo wreebi aRmoCndnen Cabmuli Ria korufciaSi, ramac kidev ufro daamZima respublikis isedac mZime safinanso mdgomareoba. direqtorias aRar SeeZlo im problemebis gadaWra, romlebic idga axlad-Camoyalibebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winaSe, revoluciis periodis ganmavlobaSi. jerjerobiT, aqtualuri iyo monarqiuli da sabatono urTierTobebis restavraciis, agreTve masebis axali revoluciuri afeTqebis safrTxe, miTumetes, rom qalaqSi, lumpen-proletariatis fena imyofeboda umZimes socialur mdgomareobaSi da amis gamo xSirad imeo-rebda iakobinelTa revoluciur ideebs. direqtoriis reJimis araTanmimdevruloba, mis mier ganxorcielebuli politikis mkveTri ryevebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT (iakobinelTa sastiki devna, emigrant-Tavadaznaurobasa da gandgomil samRvdeloebasTan brZola, finansistebisa da spekulantebis mZime saSemosavlo gadasaxadebiT dabegvra), safrangeTis politikur viTarebas xdida Zalzed arastabilursa da Znelad ganmsazRvrels. direqtoriis mTavrobis arasai-medoobam, romelic misdevda "saqanelas" politikas, dasca 1795 wlis konstituciuri reJimis popularoba da realobad aqcia misi damxobis saSiSroeba.

$2. general napoleon bonapartes gadatrialeba da 1799 wlis konstitucia

respublikis III wlis konstituciis usaxelo dasasruli gardauvali iyo, radgan swored is iqca safrangeTSi "yvela ubedurebis mTvar mizezad". direqtoriis mier gatarebuli "saqanelas politika", romelic iqca mmarTveli reJimis gankerZoebisa da uprincipobis simbolod, saboloo jamSi, kargavs yvela Tavis mimdevarsa da 1799 wlis 18 ivniss (respub-likis VII wlis 30 preriali), direqtoriis erT-erTma wevrma _ sieiesma moawyo kidev erTi saxelwmifo gadatrialeba, romelic dasrulda ramdenime direqtorisa da TiTqmis yvela ministris SecvliT. TviT sieiesi miznad isaxavda III wlis konstituciis Secvlas, riTac cdilobda sakuTari rolis amaRlebas. Tumca, aRniSnuli "legaluri" gza aRmoCnda ganuxor-cielebeli, radgan konstituciis gadasinjvis rTuli procedura, romelic dasaSvebad miiCevda mis Secvlas an Sesworebas mxolod 9 wlis Semdeg (misi ZalaSi Sesvlidan), SeuZ-lebels xdida konstituciis gauqmebas. amitom misi gauqmebis organizatorebma mimarTes kargad aprobirebul xerxs _ saxelwmifo gadatrialebis mosawyobad, maT gamoiyenes armiis generaliteti. miTumetes, rom 1799 wlis SemodgomisaTvis, direqtoriam sabolood dakarga sakuTari avtoriteti ara mxolod demokratiuli ideebiT gamsWvaluli respublikelebis, ara-med axali burJuaziuli aristokratiis wreebSic, radgan es ukanaskneli ocnebobda mtkice xelisuflebaze da frangul sazogadoebaSi revoluciuri ganwyobis aRmofxvraze. 1799 wlis 9 noembers (respublikis VIII wlis 18 briumeri) ganxorcielda saxelwmifo gadatrialeba, romelic moawyo, napoleon bonapartes irgvliv gaerTianebulma, SeTqmulTa jgufma. SeTqmulebma daamxes direqtoria da gaauqmes yvela konstituciuri organo. axali saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Tavisebureba iyo is, rom: 1) misi ganxorcieleba moxda, ara mxolod zedafenaSi momzadebuli antisamTavrobo gadatrialebis Sedegad, aramed 2) SeTq-

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mulTa daxmareba ikisra swored armiam, romelic, n. bonapartes avtoritetis wyalobiT, aRmoCnda Taviseburi politikuri arbitris rolSi. im pirobebSi, roca konstituciur orga-noTa sistema, politikurad, metad arasaimedo da araefeqturi iyo, armiam ikisra saxelmwifo organoTa sayrdeni elementis da dedaboZis roli. revoluciis Semdgomi periodis wlebSi, armiam, uricxvi sazRvargareTuli laSqrobebis Sedegad, sabolood dakarga revoluciuri suliskveTeba da didi siamovnebiT miiRo cezarizmis politikis damcvelis funqcia. 19 briumers, bonapartes zewoliT, sakanonmdeblo korpusis deputatebma miiRes dekreti, direqtoriis gauqmebisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis, droebiT, sami konsulisagan Semdgari, kolegiisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb. konsulTa kolegiaSi Sediodnen: n. bonaparte da gauqmebuli direqtoriis ori wevri _ SeTqmulebaSi monawile sieiesi da roJe-diuko. faqtiurad, qveyanaSi mimdinare yvela politikur movlenas akontrolebda generali bonaparte, romelmac gamoamJRavna ganusazRvreli energiuloba, windaxeduloba da saxelmwi-foebrivi alRo. bonapartes mmarTveloba, mis mier xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis meTodebiTa da socialuri baziT (dasayrdeniT), mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda direqtoriis reJimisagan. es iyo franguli sazogadoebis konsolidaciis axali forma, romelic ganxorcielda avtori-taruli, Riad arademokratiuli reJimis damyarebis gziT. piradi Zalauflebis damyarebis mosurne generalma bonapartem, realobad aqcia franguli sazogadoebis konservatiuli Zalebis survili, raTa sabolood aRmofxvriliyo revoluciuri ideebi da maTi cxovrebaSi gamtarebeli dawesebulebebis narCenebi. man sworad gaacnobiera aRniSnul ZalTa survili, Seqmniliyo stabiluri saxelmwifo sistema, romelic ar iqneboda dakavSirebuli ideologiur dogmebTan, Tumca uzrunvelyofda maT samewarmeo saqmianobas. swored aman ganapiroba bonapartizmis politikis aqtiuri mxardaWera, franguli sazogadoebis farTo masebSi: rogorc burJuaziis, ise mesakuTre-glexebis mxridan, radgan yvela maTgani, Tanabrad, ewinaaRmdegeboda sabatono-monarqiuli wyobis restavracias da revoluciuri eqstremiszmis axali talRis agorebas. bonaparte iyo, sakmaod saRad moazrovne politikuri moRvawe. man swrafadve gaacnobiera, rom, armiaze damkvidrebuli politikuri reJimi, SeZlebisdagvarad, unda moqceuliyo konstitu-ciur formebSi. is aseve xvdeboda, rom kolegialuri respublikuri dawesebulebebis Secvla erTpirovnuli xelisuflebiT moiTxovda, garkveuli Sualeduri, safexurebis gavlas da politikur-iuridiuli SeniRbvis gamoyenebas. man sakuTar Tavze aiRo axali konstituciis dadgenis iniciativa da am saqmes Camoacila sieiesi, romelic cdilobda frangi konstitu-cionalistebis "mamis" titulis miTvisebas, Tumca am saqmeSic gamoamJRavna araTan-mimdevruloba da mouqneloba. generalma bonapartem _"pirvelma konsulma" _ Semoitana wina-dadeba, iseTi "respublikuri" saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic gzas gauxsnida misi pativmoyvareobis dakmayofilebas, politikuri zraxvebis ganxorcielebis aspeqtSi. morigi, respublikis VIII wlis, franguli konstitucia, romelsac, Tavdapirvelad, xeli moaweres mcirericxovani sakonstitucio komisiis wevrebma, damtkicda 1799 wlis 13 de-kembers, umkacresi saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS Catarebuli plebiscitis Sedegebis gaTva-liswinebiT. frangi xalxis "nebis gamovlena" xdeboda ara pirvelad krebebSi, amomrCevelTa xmis micemis, aramed, momrigebeli mosamarTleebisa da notariusebis mier nawarmoeb reestrebSi, xelmowerebis Segrovebis gziT. axal konstituciaSi, miuxedavad respublikuri wyobis garegnuli saxis SenarCunebisa, ganmtkicda general bonapartes diqtatura, romelic axla SeiniRba samoqalaqo niSnebiT. yvela winamorbedi ZiriTadi kanonisgan gansxvavebiT, am konstituciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami adamianis da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciis Sesaxeb, radgan "moqalaqe bonaparte" ar miiCnevda mizanSewonilad am dokumentSi, "Tavisuflebisa da Zmobis Sesaxeb", raime frazis xsenebasac ki. konstitucia garantias aZlevda burJuaziasa da glexobas im sakuTrebis SenarCunebis Taobaze, romelic maT revoluciis periodSi moipoves, TavadaznaurTa qonebis konfiskaciis Sedegad da adgenda, rom "erovnuli qoneba, miuxedavad misi warmomavlobisa, kanonieri gayidvis Semdeg, gadadioda myidvelis xelSi da dauSvebeli iyo misi CamorTmeva" (konst., muxli 94). konstituciaSi aisaxa cezarizmic, armiaze dayrdnobac, radgan es ukanaskneli miiCneoda saSinao da sagareo politikis burjad. bonapartem konstituciaSi daadgina sapensio anazRaurebis aucilebloba im obladdarCenili Svilebisa da qvrivi meuRleebisaTvis, romlebmac dakarges marCenali, brZolis velze daRupvis Sedegad (konst., muxli 86). 1799 wlis konstituciam, formalurad, SeinarCuna erovnuli suverenitetis idea, Tumca Camoyalibda, saxelmwifo saqmeebSi, moaqalaqeTa monawileobis metad rTuli da fsevdo-demokratiuli sistema. wminda politikuri miznebiT, bonapartem gaauqma, aSkarad antidemokratiuli da plutokratiuli, qonebrivi cenzi da mis nacvlad SemoiRo, Taviseburi, "sayovelTao" saarCevno ufleba. konstituciis Tanaxmad, 21 wlis asaks miRweuli yvela mamakaci, vinc erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mainc cxovrobda garkveul olqSi, monawileobda e.w. komunaluri siis (olqSi mcxovrebi

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moqalaqeebis erTi meaTedi) arCevaSi. komunalur siebSi Setanili pirebi, Tavis mxriv, amave proporciulobiT, adgendnen departamentis siebs. da bolos, tardeboda arCevnebis mesame safexuri, departamentis doneze, sadac airCeoda moqalaqeTa erTi meaTedi, erovnuli funqciis Sesasruleblad. Tumca, konstituciis mixedviT, erovnuli siis wevrebs ar SeeZloT umaRlesi saxelwmifo organoebis arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba. maT miiCnevdnen, mxolod, umaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze asarCev kandidatebad. TviT saxelwmifo organoebis formireba xdeboda rTuli kooptaciis sistemis _ arCevisa da daniSvnis _ gziT. amrigad, sakmaod rTuli da eSmakurad mofiqrebuli proceduris meSveobiT, bonapartem, faqtiurad, gaauqma, respublikuri wyobilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, saxel-mwifo organoTa arCeviToba. konstituciuri sistemis ZiriTad RerZs Seadgenda mTavroba, romelic warmodgenili iyo, sami konsulisagan Semdgari kolegiis saxiT. faqtiurad, mTvaroba sulac ar iyo kolegialuri organo, vinaidan misi pirvali konsuli aRiWurva gansakuTrebuli statusiT. konstitucia Seicavda, sami konsulis aTi wlis vadiT arCevis Sesaxeb zogad debulebas (xelaxali arCevis uflebiT). Tumca, is uSualod gansazRvravda, rom pirveli konsuli iyo "moqalaqe bonaparte". es ukanaskneli aRiWurva gansakuTrebuli funqciiT (kanonis promulgireba). amitom, pirvel konsuls eniWeboda saxelmwifo sabWos wevrTa daniSvnisa da gadayenebis ufelba. aseve xdeboda ministrebis, elCebis da samxedro maRalCinosnebis mimarT. masve SeeZlo mosamarTleTa daniSvna (Tumca, gadayenebis uflebis gareSe), dawyebuli momrigebeli mosamarTleebiT, damTavrebuli _ sakasacio sasamarTlos wevrebiT. konstituciis Tanaxmad, pirvel konsuls sakuTari uflebamosilebis Sesruleba "saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SeeZlo sakuTari kolegebis daxmarebiT" (igulisxmeboda meore da mesame konsuli). amrigad, konsti-tuciam, praqtikulad, uari Tqva xelisufelbaTa danawilebis koncefciaze da, legalurad, respublikanizmis niadagze daamyara piradi xelisuflebis reJimi. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mxridan, SesaZlo opoziciurobis Sesustebis mizniT, napoleonma konstitu-ciaSive gaiTvaliswina sakanonmdeblo procesis Taviseburi danawevreba da am procesis ganxorcieleba daavala ramdenime organos. saxelmwifo sabWo, mTvarobis miTiTebiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT, qmnida kanonproeqtebs da sTavazobda maT tribunats. tribunebi aRiWurven kanonproeqtis ganxilvis uflebiT, xolo, ganxilvis da sakuTari mosazrebebis dafiqsirebis Semdeg, isini kanonproeqts gadascemdnen sakanonmdeblo korpuss. sakanonmdeblo korpusis wevrebs aRar SeeZloT kanonproeqtis ganxilva (ris gamoc maT ewodaT "samasi munji") da isini mas an usityvod iRebdnen, an uaryofdnen mTlianad. pirveli konsulis mier damtkicebuli kanonproeqti gadaegzavneboda senats, romelic an iwonebda mas, an uaryofda _ rogorc arakonstituciurs. da bolos, kanonproeqti kvlav brundeboda pirvel konsulTan, romelic xels awerda da aqveynebda mas. es Zalzed rTuli procedura, faqtiurad, ganapiro-bebda sakanonmdeblo organoebis politikur ususurobasa da pirveli konsulisadmi maT damokidebulebas. amavdroulad, 1799 wlis konstituciam, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aqcia avtoritaruli sistemis morCil danamatad, radgan man, kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesis mimarT, aqtiuri zemoqmedebis saSualeba mianiWa pirvel konsuls. bonapartem, Cveuli energiulobiT, dauyovnebliv gaSala kanonSemoqmedebiTi da sakodifikacio saqmianoba da TviTonac aqtiurad monawileobda am procesSi. swored bonapartes saqmianobis wyalobiT (romelic, faqtiurad, mogvevlina kanonmdeblis saxiT), mokle vadaSi, safrangeTma SeiZina axali samarTlis sistema, romelic iqca ekonomikuri da socialuri gardaqmnebis iuridiul bazad. 1799 wlis konstituciam, winamorbedi konstituciebisagan gansxvavebiT, uari Tqva departamentebisa da komunebis administraciaTa arCeviTobaze. yvela adgilobrivi Cinosani mTlianad emorCi-leboda centralur administracias: departamentebSi pirveli konsuli niSnavda prefeqtebs, xolo olqebsa da TemebSi _ suprefeqtebsa da merebs. arCeviTi adgilobrivi sabWoebi (municipaluri, saTemo da generaluri) aRiWurven mxolod saTaTbiro funqciiT da maTi gadawyvetileba aucileblad saWiroebda damtkicebas, Sesabamisi administraciis mxridan. bonapartem, windaxedulad, gaiziara is safrTxe, romelsac mudmivad warmoSobda mZlavri biurokratiuli sistema, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli TviTnebobiTa da despotizmisaken ltolviT. yovlisSemZle administraciis mxridan sakuTari mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebis "garantad", konstituciam gaiTvaliswina saxelmwifo sabWos mier iseTi gankargu-lebebis gamocema, romlebic mimarTuli iqneboda sajaro administraciis saqmianobisaken da advilad "gadawyvetdnen" im garTulebebs, romlebic axasiaTebs administraciul saqmianobas. bonaparte xelmZRvanelobda principiT _ "veravin iqneba mosamarTle, sakuTar saqmeSi" da amitom man, prefeqtis gverdiT (adgilobrivi administraciis yovlisSemZle meTauri), daadgina prefeqturebis specialuri sabWoebi da aRWurva isini administraciuli da mmarTvelobiTi davebis ganxilvis uflebiT. amrigad, safuZveli Caeyara administraciuli iusticiis instituts, romelic damaxasiaTebel movlenad iqca Semdgomi periodis safrangeTis saxelmwifo wyobilebisaTvis.

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$3. pirveli imperia da saxelmwifo aparatis biurokratizacia

1799 wlis konstituciis safuZvelze, n. bonapartes xelSi gaerTianda mTeli Zalaufleba, ramac xeli Seuwyo iakobinelTa moZraobis narCenebis saboloo aRmofxvras da roialistTa moqmedebebis ganeitralebas; amiT safrangeTs Tavidan aaciles axali politikuri krizisis warmoqmnis safrTxe. es RonisZiebebi ganxorcielda Zalzed mokle droSi. bonapartem, frangu-li sazogadoebis respeqtabelur wreebs _ msxvil burJuaziasa da mesakuTre-glexobas _ uCvena mZlavri mTavrobis upiratesoba da warmatebuli samxedro operaciebis sasurveli Sedegi, riTac xeli Seewyo mrewvelobis ganviTarebas da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, momzadda niadagi respublikuri wyobis narCenebis saboloo aRmofxvrisa da axali politi-kuri gadatrialebisaTvis. axali plebiscitis Sedegad, romelic Catarda iseTive antidemok-ratiuli formiT, rogorc es moxda 1799 wels, bonapartem SemoiRo axali konstitucia _ 1802 wlis organuli senatuskonsulta (Senatusconsulta), romlis ZaliT is gamocxadda samudamo konsulad, xolo 1804 wels miRebuli organuli senatuskonsulta (Senatusconsulta) _

bonapartes aniWebda imperator napoleon I-is tituls. kvlav gamoyenebuli iqna plebiscitis Catarebis nacadi xerxi da napoleonis axali mesame konstitucia mowonebuli iqna mTeli "frangi xalxis mier". masSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eqceoda ara saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organizaciis sakiTxs (ris mimarTac imperatorma TiTqmis dakarga interesi), aramed dawvrilebiT iqna SemuSavebuli Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1) taxtis memkvidreoba; 2) imperatoris ojaxis statusi; 3) imperatoris winaSe erTgulebis ficis dadeba; 4) regentoba. napoleonis pativmoyvareobam da politikurma gaTvlam maleve aRadgina taxtze abrZanebis revolucia-mdeli procedura, rac momavalSi ganxorcielda kidec, romis papis aqtiuri monawileobiT. amrigad, napoleonis piradi Zalauflebis permanentuli gaZliereba, aucileblad gamoiwvevda safrangeTis saxelmwifo wyobilebis xarisxobriv cvlilebas, romelic iqca Tavisebur monarqiad ara mxolod faqtiurad (SinaarsiT), aramed _ iuridiuladac (formiT). saxelmwifo xelisuflebis personificirebam mwvervals miaRwia. napoleonis pirovneba, frangebis TvalSi, asocirdeboda mTavrobasTan, armiasTan, zogadad _ saxelmwifosTan. mis nebaze (zogjer TviTnebobaze) iyo damokidebuli franguli saxelmwifos politikuri kursi da bedic ki. monarqiuli wyobilebis Seqmnas Tan sdevda saimperatoro karis formirebac. napoleonis naTesavebi da misi uaxloesi TanamebrZolni, senatis specialuri aqtiT an imperatoris nebiT, iZendnen princis, Tavadis, grafis titulebs. iqmneboda saimperatoro karis Tanamdebobebic: didi kancleri, uzenaesi amomrCeveli. imperiis dadgenasTan erTad, TandaTanobiT, mniSv-neloba dakarga konstituciamac, vinaidan napoleoni, sakuTari gegmebis ganxorcielebisas, saerTod ar cnobda raime formalur-iuridiul winaaRmdegobebs da Tavs ayenebda kanonze maRla. moxda saxelmwifo organoTa konstituciuri sistemis demontaJi, kerZod: Seicvala saxelmwifo sabWos da senatis struqtura da kompetencia. umaRlesi moxeleebi Sevidnen imperatoris maRal sabWoSi; maTve Seqmnes saidumlo sabWo, romelsac gadaeca saxelmwifo sabWosa da senatis funqciebi. safrangeTis imperiul mmarTvelobaze gadasvliT, ganviTarebadi kapitalizmis safuZvelze Seqmnili samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, iZens sasurvel stabilurobasa da wesrigs, Tumca, kargavs revoluciis ZiriTad demokratiul monapovars. mTavroba sastikad sdevnida Tavisuflebis nebismier gamovlinebas: aikrZala sajaro Sekrebebi da manifestaciebi, presas dauwesda umkacresi cenzura. pirveli imperiis periodSi, safrangeTSi, ZiriTadSi, dasrulda Tanamed-rove racionalistur sawyisebze Seqmnili saxelmwifos mSenebloba, romelic gaTavisuflda religiuri da wodebrivi memkvidreobisagan. Tumca, saxelmwifo xelisufleba, avtoritaruli reJimis pirobebSi, dascilda sazogadoebas, gadaiqca TviTganviTarebad umZlavress meqanizmad, romelic akontrolebda ara mxolod sajaro, aramed frangebis kerZo cxovrebis yvela sferos. napoleonis saxelmwifos Riaproteqcionisturi ekonomikuri politika, xels uwyobda kapitalizmis swraf ganviTarebas da, Tavdapirvelad, sargeblobda mewarmeTa farTo wreebis mxardaWeriT. es saxelmwifo napoleonma Seqmna biurokratiuli centralizaciis safuZvelze, samoqalaqo samsaxurisa da imperatorisadmi moxeleTa erTgulebis principebis mkacri dacviT. napoleonis dros, mmarTvelobis ZiriTad organoebad iqcnen saministoebi, romlebic iqmnebodnen, erTpirovnulobisa da mkacri aRmasrulebeli vertikalis principebis safuZvelze. napoleonis mmarTvelobis bolos, safrangeTSi moqmedebda 12 saministro, romelTa didi nawili dakavSirebuli iyo savaWro-samrewvelo, fiskaluri, samxedro da sadamsjelo politikis ganxorcielebasTan. napoleonma, saxelmwifo aparatis sistemaSi,

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faqtiurad, CarTo kaTolikuri eklesiac, romelic, revoluciuri brZolis Semdeg, kvlav aRdga sakuTar uflebebSi. 1801 wels napoleonma romis papTan gaaforma konkordati, romlis ZaliT, kaTolicizmi cxaddeboda "frangi xalxis udidesi umravlesobis" religiad. saxelmwifom sakuTar Tavze aiRo samRvdeloebis Senaxva, xolo romis papma mianiWa napoleons, umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvnis ufleba. samRvdeloeba erTgulebis fics debda jer pirveli konsulis, Semdeg _ imperatoris winaSe. konsulobisa da imperiis periodSi, Semdgomi ganviTareba ganicada samxedro organizaciamac. biujetis mniSvnelovani nawili xmardeboda samxedro saWiroebas. 1800 wlis sarekruto mobilizaciis ganxorcielebis dros, mdidari wreebisaTvis SemoiRes moadgilis daqiravebis sistema, romelic saSualebas aZlevda, mdidari ojaxis vaJiSvilebs, Tavi daeRwiaT "gadasaxa-disaTvis sakuTari sisxliT". samxedro valdebulebamoxdili jariskacebi, gasamrjelos miRebis safuZvelze, Tanaxmani iyvnen gaegrZelebinaT samxedro samsaxuri, rac xels uwyobda, SeiaraRebul ZalebSi kasturobisa da profesionalizaciis ganviTarebas. imperiis periodSi izrdeboda oficerTa Semadgenloba axali, napoleonis mier, Camoyalibebuli aristokratiis xarjze. napoleoni, sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRlebis mizniT, wavida saimperatoro gvardiisa da sxva privilegirebuli qvedanayofebis (grenaderebi, dragunebi) Seqmnaze. imperatori gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda sapolicio sistemis ganviTarebasa da ganmtkicebas, risTvisac gamoiyofoda didi asignaciebi. policiis saministroSi, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga gamocdili profesionali da veragi intrigani _ fuSe, Seiqmna politikuri gamoZiebisa da jaSuSobis ganStoebuli sistema. fuSem miaRwia sapolicio sistemis umkacres centralizacias. generaluri komisrebi da policiis komisrebi, olqebsa da qalaqebSi, formalurad, emorCilebodnen prefeqts, xolo, faqtiurad, maT niSnavda ministri da isini moqmedebdnen ministris meTaurobiT. parizSi Seiqmna policiis gansakuTrebuli prefeqtura. imperiis sadamsjelo politikis ganmaxorcielebeli organo iyo gasamxedroebuli sapolicio

SenaerTebi _ JandarmTa korpusi (romelic emorCileboda samxedro ministrs).

$4. franguli samarTalganviTareba XVIII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XIX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi

1) franguli samarTali XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi

XVIII saukunis franguli revolucia Rrmad SeiWra samarTlis sferoSic, ramac gamoiwvia franguli samarTlis saerTo krizisi, miTumetes, rom am movlenas isedac axasiaTebda arqauloba-konservatizmi da, faqtiurad, is aRar Seesabameboda drois moTxovnebs. mesame wodebis ukmayofileba, revoluciamdeli samarTlis sistemiT, kidev ufro gamwvavda, radgan qveyanaSi saerTod aRar arsebobda erTiani nacionaluri samarTlebrivi veli da, TiTqmis mTeli qveynis masStabiT, gabatonda samarTlebrivi partikularizmi. samarTlis Zireuli reformis moTxovna da XVIII saukunis racionalisturi filosofiis postulatebi (rwmena abstraqtuli adamianisadmi, romelic imyofeba sazogadoebisa da drois miRma), revoluciis ideologebs saSualebas aZlevda, daesaxaT universaluri samarTlis sistemis Seqmnis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da CamoeyalibebinaT axali samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi principebi. XVIII saukunis franguli revoluciuri sakonstitucio da mimdinare kanonmdebloba, romelic efuZneboda mkveTrad gansazRvrul principebs, aqtiurad SeiWra sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi da gaaTavisufla is Suasaukunovani samarTalganviTarebis gavlenisagan. revoluciis periodis radikaluri kanonmdebloba, mniSvnelovanwilad, iyo xangrZlivi da mwvave brZolis Sedegi, im gadmonaSTebTan, romlebic axasiaTebda Sua saukuneebis epoqas da miuRebeli iyo mesame wodebisaTvis, kerZod glexobisaTvis.

2) franguli samarTlis sistemis evolucia XIX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi

revoluciurma epoqam ar Seuwyo xeli safrangeTSi erTiani da dasrulebuli samarTlis sistemis Seqmnas da gamoiwvia, sakmaod gancalkevebuli da SeuTanxmebeli, samarTlis Camoyalibeba. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom revoluciuri kanonmdebloba Zalzed nihilis-turad iyo ganwyobili revoluciamdeli samarTlis mimarT, imas mainc Caeyara safuZveli, rom momavalSi, safrangeTSi amaRlda kanonis avtoriteti da is iqca samarTlis umTavres wyarod, romelSic aisaxa "bunebiTi samarTlis" da "bunebis moTxovnaTa" ZiriTadi postulatebi.

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XVIII saukunis safrangeTis revoluciam sasurveli niadagi Seuqmna imas, rom "Zlieri xeli-suflebis" damyarebisTanave, kerZod napoleon bonapartes dros, gatarda franguli samarTlis farTomasStabiani kodifikacia, romelmac gamoxata mTeli sazogadoebis, gansakuT-rebiT ki, axali samerwameo wreebisa da mesakuTre-glexebis interesebi. mokle droSi (1804-1810 ww.), TviT napoleonis energiuli saqmianobis wyalobiT, gamoica 5 kodeqsi _ samoqalaqo (1804), samoqalaqo-saproceso (1806), savaWro (1807), sisxlis samarTlis saproceso (1808) da sisxlis samarTlis (1810) kodeqsebi. iuristebis frTosani gamoTqmiT, napoleonis kodifikacia xasiaTdeboda "geometriuli sistemis sicxadiT"; mas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda mewarmeobis Tavisuflebisa da frangul samarTlSi sxva mowinave principebis damkvidrebisaTvis. momzadebul kodeqsebs, ra Tqma unda, hqondaT revoluciuri Sinaarsi; maT asaxes revolu-ciuri gardaqmnebi. Tumca, kodeqsebSi aisaxa samarTlis is memkvidreobiToba, romelic Sewyda revoluciis dros da romelSic aisaxa aramxolod revoluciuri sasamarTlo praqtika, aramed revoluciamdeli samarTali: kutiumebi, kanonikuri da romis samarTali. franguli samarTlis arqiteqtonika (misi dayofa sajaro da kerZo samarTlad), misi ZiriTadi konst-ruqciebi da cnebebi, mravali iuridiuli ganmartebebi saTaves iRebdnen romis samarTlidan, romelic gadaamuSaves franguli sinamdvilis Sesabamisad, jer kidev, revoluciamdel epoqaSi iseTma gamoCenilma iuristebma, rogorebic iyvnen doma, potie, burJoni.

a) napoleonis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (Code Civil de Napoleone) _ 1804 weli

1800 wlis 13 agvistos pirvelma konsulma _ n. bonapartem gamosca dadgenileba im sakanonmdeblo komisiis Sesaqmnelad, romelsac unda SeemuSavebina safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi. napoleonis mier daniSnuli, am kamisiis 4 wevri gamoCenili da Zalzed avtori-tetuli iuristebi iyvnen, romisa da kutiumuri samarTlis mcodneebi: tronSe, portalis, bigo de priamne da melvili. TviT pirveli konsuli xSirad monawileobda komisiis sxdomebSi da maTTan erTad ixilavda kodeqsis sxvadasxva muxlebs. napoleonma am kodeqsis mimarT gamoTqva gansakuTrebuli fraza: "me 40 brZola movige, Tumca vaterloos brZolam yvela Cemi warmateba gadaxaza. samagierod, verasodes daiviwyeben imas, rac mudmivad icocxlebs da es iqneba Cemi samoqalaqo kodeqsi". samoqalaqo samarTlis calkeuli insitutebis Taobaze, SemuSavebuli iqna 36 kanonproeqti, romlebic 1804 wlis 21 marts gaaerTianes da gamosces, "frangebis samoqalaqo kodeqsis" saxelwodebiT. kodeqsi gamoirCeoda iuridiuli formulirebisa da definiciebis logikuri wyobiT, kompaqturobiT, ganmartebebis sicxadiTa da sizustiT, ZiriTadi cnebebisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis calkeuli institutebis mimarT. sk-i Sedgeboda Sesavali titulisa da 3 wig-nisagan, romlebSic Sevida 2281 muxli. misi struqtura asaxavda romis samarTlis institu-ciebis wyobas: pirebi, nivTebi, memkvidreoba da valdebulebebi. kodeqsis am struqturam, samoqalaqo samarTalSi, SeiZina instituciuris saxelwodeba. Tumca, sk-is mesame wingis agebuloba, valdebulebaTa pandeqturi sistematizaciis gaTvaliswinebiT ganxorcielda. wigni pirveli, "pirebis Sesaxeb" (mm. 7- 515), samoqalaqo samarTlis konkretul enaze ayalibebda, Tavisi epoqis iseT zogad cnebebs, rogoric iyo Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba. 8 muxlis Tanaxmad, "yvela frangi sargeblobs samoqalaqo uflebebiT". ufleba- da qmedunarianobis amsaxveli kanonebi, ar vrceldeboda ucxoelebze. napoleonis kodeqsis erT-erTi Tavisebureba iyo iuridiuli piris cnebis ararseboba. es imiT aixsneba, rom XIX saukunis dasawyisSi kapitalizmi ver gascda individualistur warmodgenebs da amitom, nebismieri moqalaqe, qonebriv brunvaSi, rogorc wesi, monawilebda damoukideblad, fizikuri piris saxiT. ufro metic, TviT kanonmdebelic, garkveulwilad, undoblobas ucxadebda yvela saxis gaerTianebas, radgan eSinoda, rom maTi saxiT ar aRorZinebuliyo amqrebi da sxva sabatono korporaciebi. sk-ma, revoluciur kanonmdeblobasTan SedarebiT, asaxa erTi ukangadadgmuli nabijic: man SemoiRo "samoqalaqo sikvdili", rogorc sisxlis samarTlis sasjelis saxe da daadgina qalebis, samoqalaqo uflebebSi, SezRudvis ramdenime wesi (qali ver iqneboda mowme samoqalaqo mdgomareobis aqtebis Sedgenisas). sk-is pirvel wignSi ganmtkicda saojaxo samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi. kodeqsi, am sferoSic, asrebiTad, CamorCeboda revoluciuri periodis kanonmdeblobas: man gaauqma qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba, piradi da qonebrivi uflebebis sferoSi; Svilebis mimarT, mamis xelisuflebis Sesusteba. qorwinebis namdvilobisaTvis saWiro iyo meqorwineTa urTi-erTTanxmoba, romelic nebayoflobiTi unda iyos da mxolod, qorwinebaunariani pirebis mier unda iqnas gamoTqmuli. mniSvneloba eniWeboda zogierTi socialuri Cveulebis dacvas, romlebic aisaxa sk-Si: mravalcolianobis da sisxlisaRrevis akrZalva, qalis qvrivobis

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savaldebulo vadis dacva, sul mcire 300 dRis ganmavlobaSi, uwindeli qorwinebis Sewyvetis Semdeg. qmars ojaxSi ekava gabatonebuli mdgomareoba: is gansazRvravda ojaxis sacxovrebel adgils, xolo coli unda gahyoloda qmars. sk-i adgenda colisa da qmris uflebaTa uTanasworobas, Svilebis mimarTac. mamis ufleba Svilebze sakanonmdeblo doneze iyo dadgenili. mas SeeZlo Svilebis arsebiTi SezRudva. sk-is meore wigni "qonebisa da sakuTrebis sxvadasxva saxecvlilebis Sesaxeb" (516-710) mieZRvna sanivTo uflebebis regla-mentacias da aseve amodioda klasikuri romauli klasifikaciidan: sakuTrebis ufleba, mflobeloba, servituti, uzufruqti, uzus, cxovrebis ufleba. kodeqsma gaauqma, qonebis revoluciamdeli, dayofa: sagvareulo da keTilmonagebi da pirvel adgilze gadmoitana qonebis dayofa moZrav da uZrav nivTebad (Sesabamisad, maTi bunebisa da kanoniT gansazRvris ZaliT da maTi bunebis (daniSnulebis) an im sagnis mixedviT, romlis kuTvnilebasac isini Seadgendnen). sk-is II wignSi centraluri adgili ekava kerZo sakuTrebis instituts. sk-Si gamoyenebul iqna romauli definicia, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebis cnebis Sesaxeb da is ganisazRvra abstraqtul da absolutur uflebad (sk-s, mux. 544): "sakuTreba aris nivTebiT sargeblobis da gankargvis ufleba, yvelaze absoluturi wesiT, raTa sargebloba ar iyos iseTi, romelic akrZalulia kanoniT an reglamentebiT". kodeqsi gamohyofda sakuTrebis sam nairsaxeobas, subieqtis mixedviT: individualuri, saxel-mwifo da saTemo-komunaluri. upiratesoba eniWeboda individualur kerZo sakuTrebas. Tumca, iyo daTqma, rom zogierTi obieqti mxolod saxelmwifo (navsadguri, cixesimagre), an mxolod municipalur sakuTrebaSi rCeboda. mflobelobis qveS sk-is III wigni gulisxmobda: "nivTis an uflebis flobisa da sargeblobis uflebas, romelic Cven gagvaCnia an vaxorcielebT uSua-lod, an sxva piris meSveobiT, romelic Cveni saxeliT moqmedebs".. imisaTvis, rom mflobe-lobam sakanonmdeblo dacva moipovos, mas unda hqonoda Semdegi makvalificirebeli niSnebi: mudmivi da uwyveti mflobeloba, mSvidobiani, sajaro (Ria), araorazrovani da, piris mier mesakuTris saxiT, ganxorcielebuli. 1804 wlis sk-i ganamtkicebda debulebas, sakuTrebis uflebis SeuzRudaobis Sesaxeb da, amav-droulad, adgenda wesebs servitutebis Sesaxeb (II wignis 4 tituli), romlebic SeimuSava jer kidev romis samarTalma. servitutebi, maTi dawesebis an mizezis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, iyofoda: sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis da kerZo interesis servitutebad; nakveTebis bunebriv ganlagebaze dafuZnebuli; agreTve erT nakveTze, meore nakveTis sasargeblod, gabatonebuli nakveTis mier, dadgenili servitutebi. sk-i aseve awesrigebda iseT sanivTo-samarTlebriv instituts, rogoric iyo uzufruqti (578-624 mm). uzufruqti SeiZleba dadgenili iyos "moZrav" da "uZrav" nivTze, kanonis moTxovnidan, adamianis nebis safuZvelze. uzufruqti iyo samisdReSio wminda saxiT, an garkveuli vadiT, an pirobiTi sanivTo ufleba, romlis mflobeli sargeblobda sxva piris kuTvnili nivTiT da SeZlo mieRi misgan sargebeli, am nivTis uwindeli arsis SenarCunebis pirobiT. kodeqsSi ganmtkicda kidev ori sanivTo-samarTlebrivi instituti _ sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis ufleba da sxvis saxlSi cxovrebis ufleba (625-636 mm), romlebic atarebdnen mkacrad pirad xasiaTs da ekuTvnodnen mxolod uflebamosil pirs, an mis ojaxs da dauSvebeli iyo maTi gasxviseba, gadacema an, Semosavlis miRebis mizniT, gamoyeneba. mesame wigni “sxvadasxva xerxebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels uwyobdnen sakuTrebis SeZenas” (711-2281 mm) _ moculobiT yvelaze vrceli iyo. igi Seexeboda memkvidreobis, saqorwino xelSek-rulebis, meuRleTa urTierTsanacvlo uflebebs, sxvadasxva valdebulebebs; xelSekrulebebs _ zogadad da maT calkeul saxeebs: yidva-gayidvas, qiravnobas, sesxs, Cuqebas, amxanagobas, Senaxvas, davalebas; xandazmulobis vada. miTiTebuli iyo, rom qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xdeboda memkvidreobiT (kanonismieri, anderZiT), valdebulebis ZaliT, kerZod: Cuqebis an yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebiT, qonebis gazrdiT (gadidebiT), xandazmulobis vadiT, upatrono qonebis (beilTamanis) miTvisebiT, maT Soris nadirobiT, TevzaobiT, Semgroveb-lobiT, napovariT, ganZis aRmoCeniT, gadamuSavebiTa da specifikaciiT. gansakuTrebuli adgi-li miekuTvna memkvidreobas. gardacvlilis (mamkvidreblis) memkvidreebi iyvnen: daRmavali xazis naTesavebi _ Svilebi, SviliSvilebi (pirveli rigi); privilegirebuli aRmavali xazis naTesavebi (meore rigi) da gverdiTi xazis naTesavebi, naTesaobis me-12 xarisxis CaTvliT. Tu mamkvidrebels ar darCeboda sisxliT naTesavebi, memkvidred cxaddeboda misi cocxlad darCenili meuRle da misi memkvidreobaSi Seyvanda SeeZlo samoqalaqo tribunalis Tavmjdomares; xolo, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gardacvlils arc meuRle hyavda cocxali, maSin qoneba cxaddeboda beiTalmanad da gadaecemoda saxelmwifos. kodeqsma gaafarTova anderZisa da Cuqebis Tavisufleba, romlebsac xSirad, iyenebdnen memkvidreobis kanonieri rigis gverdis avliT. Cuqeba an anderZiT memkvidreoba ar unda aRematebodes, gardacvlili piris qonebis, naxevars, Tu mas erTi kanonieri Svili darCa, erT mesameds _ Tu ori, da mxolod erTi

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meoTxeds _ Tu sami da meti kanonieri Svili. memkvidreobis aseTi wesis dadgena ganapi-robebda, kanonieri Svilebis xelSi, qonebis didi nawilis gadasvlas, romelic, maT Soris, Tanabrad nawildeboda, maTi asakis an sqesis ganurCevlad. amrigad, sk-is muxlebi, memkvid-reobis Sesaxeb, xels uwyobda saojaxo qonebis danawevrebas. samoqalaqo kodeqsis III wignis didi nawili kanonmdebels daTmobili hqonda valdebulebiTi urTerTobebisadmi da maTSi ganmtkicebuli iyo, valdebulebebis tradiciuli dayofa saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo (kanonismieri) valdebulebebad. sk-is muxlebSi, romlebic eZRvneba saxelSekrulebo samarTals, naTlad ikveTeba romis samarTlisa da romaeli iuristebis cnobili debulebebis mniSvnelovani gavlena. kerZod, kontraqti ganixileboda, rogorc xelSekruleba, romlis meSveobiT, erTi an ramdenime piri, sakuTar Tavze iRebda valdebulebas, erTi an ramdenime piris mimarT, Seesrulebina an ar Seesrulebina raime. frangma kanonmdebelma gaiziara da ganaviTara, kodeqsSi, romaeli iuristebis azri, xelSekrulebebSi mxareTa Tanasworobis, misi nebayoflobiT dadebisa da Sesasruleblad savaldebuloobis Sesaxeb. xelSekrulebis namdvilobisaTvis ganisazRvra 4 aucilebeli piroba: mxareTa Tanxmoba, maTi unari dadon xelSekruleba, garkveuli sagani (xelSekrulebis), rac movaleobis Sinaars Seadgenda da valdebulebis dasaSvebi safuZvelebi, anu is uSualo mizani, rac mxareebs hqondaT mxedvelobaSi, xelSekrulebis dadebis dros (1108 m). kanonmdebeli ar adgenda raime pirobas, romelic Seexeboda xelSekrulebis Sinaars, mis momgebianobas an wamgebianobas. saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis garda, sk-i ganamtkicebda deliqtebidan warmoSobil valdebulebebs anu iseTs, romelic ar warmoiSveba mxareTa SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. 1382-e muxli adgenda im wess, rom adamianis nebismieri qmedeba, romelic zians ayenebda meore pirs, avaldebulebda im pirs, visi braleuli qmedebiT meores miadga ziani, miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas. sk-s mixedviT, samoqalaqo deliqtisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTadi safuZveli subieqtis braleuloba unda yofiliyo _ pirdapiri ganzraxi, an daudevrobiT, an windauxe-daobis formiT, Cadenili qmedeba. 1807 wels safrangeTSi gamoica specialuri savaWro kodeqsi, romelmac Seavso sk-is (1804 w.) is debulebebi, iuridiuli moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac ganaxorcielebdnen komersantebi. savaWro kodeqsi, iuridiuli cnebebisa da moculobis TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTad CamorCeboda 1804 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqss. am ori kodeqsis paraleluri moqmedeba, franguli samarTlis sistemaSi, ganamtkicebda kerZo samarTlis dualizms, anu mis samoqalaqo da savaWro kodeqsebad (samarTlad) dayofas. savaWro kodeqsis I-l wignSi ("vaWrobis Sesaxeb zogadad") ganmtkicebuli iyo zogadi debulebebi, romlebic exeboda komersantebs, savaWro wignebs, amxanagobebs, qonebis gayofas, savaWro birJebs, sabirJo agentebsa da maklerebs, sakomisio garigebebsa da Tamasuqebs. savaWro kodeqsis meore wigni mieZRvna saerTaSoriso da sazRvao vaWrobis sakiTxebs. is adgenda sazRvao xomaldis statuss, Seicavda im wesebs, romlebic aregulirebda sazRvao gadazidvebsa da maT dazRvevas, sazRvao deliqtebisa da avariuli viTarebis mogvarebis sakiTxebs. mesame wigni awesrigebda gakotrebis wesebs, IV wigni dakavSirebuli iyo savaWro iurisdiqciasTan, gansakuTrebul savaWro xomaldebTan da, savaWro saqmeebis irgvliv, arsebul samarTalwarmoebasTan.

b) napoleonis sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis kodeqsebi

inglisisagan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTSi revoluciuri periodis kanonmdeblobam radikaluri cvlilebebi Seitana sisxlis samarTlaSi da misi gardaqmna moaxdina, danaSaulisa da sasje-lis Sesaxeb axali warmodgenebis Sesabamisad. Tumca, revoluciur viTarebaSi miRebuli pirveli franguli _ 1791 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi dRegrZeli ar gamodga. sisxlis-samarTlebrivma programam, romelic asaxavda klasikuri skolis azrs, mwyobri gamoxatuleba pova, 1810 wels Sedgenil, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, romlis SemuSaveba kvlav napoleonis saxelTan iyo dakavSirebuli. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ZalaSi Sevida 1811 wlis 1 ianvridan. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierT sakiTxSi es kodeqsi ukan gadagmuli nabiji iyo, revoluciuri periodis kanonmdeblobasTan SedarebiT, mTlianobaSi, is, Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze progresuli dokumenti iyo. masSi gatarebuli iqna, sisxlis samarT-lis kanonmdeblobis winaSe, yvelas Tanasworobis idea; Camoyalibda danaSualis naTeli da mkveTrad gamoxatuli kriteriumebi; mkveTrad Semoifargla sasjelis wre; ganmtkicda sasje-lis Tanafardoba, Cadenili danaSaulis simZimesTan. 1810 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sturqtura miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod rTuli iyo, principSi, imeorebda 1791 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sturqturas. kodeqsi logikurad iyofoda zogad da kerZo nawilebad,

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romlebic aerTianebdnen oTx wigns, muxlebis gamWoli numeraciiT, rac amartivebda am dokumentiT sargeblobis amocanas (zogadi nawili Sedgeboda 74, kerZo _ 40 muxlisagan). sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogad nawils, romelSic Camoyalibebuli iyo sisxlis samarT-lis ZiriTadi cnebebi da principebi, miekuTvneboda `winaswari debulebebi~ da pirveli ori wigni _ `sisxlis samarTlisa da gamasworebeli sasjelisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb~ da `im pirTa Sesaxeb, romlebic isjebian, Tavisufldebian pasuxismgeblobisagan an pasuxs ageben danaSaulis an gadacdomisaTvis~. sisxlis samarTlis klasikuri skolis Sesabamisad, 1810 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT, mocemuli iyo danaSaulis cneba. danaSauli iyo is qmedeba, rome-lic kanoniT iyo akrZaluli (muxli 1); sisxlis samarTlis kanons ukuZala ar gaaCnia (muxli 4). kodeqsSi saubari iyo danaSaulSi TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, igulisx-meboda im pirTa pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisufleba, vinc Wkuasustobis an sxva pirTa iZulebiT, vis maior _ dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT, an 16 wlis asakis miRwevamde Caidina danaSauli, Tu isini ver asaxavdnen sakuTari qmedebis arss da ar SeeZloT am qmedebis srulfasovani xelmZRvaneloba da misi gakontroleba. Tumca, frangma kanonmdebelma am periodSi jer kidev ver SeimuSava sisxlis samarTlis mravali zogadi instituti. kerZod: ar iyo gansazRvruli bralis formebi, araferi iyo naTqvami danaSaulis erTobliobaze, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis xandazmulobaze. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi naxsenebi iyo danaSaulis mcdeloba, Tumca is mTlianad iyo gaTanabrebuli damTavrebul danaSaulTan, Tu danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sewyveta xdeboda xelmyofis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, an misi neba-survilis gareSe. 1810 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsma Semoitana danaSaulebrivi qmedebis axali klasi-fikacia, romelic sasjelis xasiaTis Sesabamisad, sam jgufad iyofoda: 1) yvelaze mZime qmedebebi _ danaSauli (crimen), romlebic mowamebrivi an gamawbilebeli sasjeliT isjeboda; 2) gadacdomebi (delicts), romlebic gamasworebeli RonisZiebebiT isjeboda; 3) sapolicio samarTaldarRvevebi (contraventions), romelTaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sapolicio xasiaTis sasjeli. kodeqsSi mkveTrad ganisazRvra, yvela SesaZlo, sisxlis-samarTlebrivi sanqciis wre, ganmtkicda Suasaukunovani sasjelis umkacresi saxeebis gamoyenebis akrZalva. Tumca, sasjelis sferoSi 1810 welis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ukan gadadgmuli nabijia, 1791 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsTan SedarebiT. masSi aRdgenili iqna: samudamo katorRa (galerebze) da maRaroebSi (koloniebSi); sikvdiliT dasja, romelsac win uswrebda xelebis mokveTa; koloniebSi deportacia; cixe-simagreebSi moTavseba (sapyrobiled qceulSi). damatebiTi sasjelis saxiT, gamoiyeneboda damRis dasma da qonebis konfiskacia. gamasworebeli sasjeli, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 9 muxlis Tanaxmad, iyo: sapatimro sas-jeli gamasworebel dawesebulebaSi moTavsebiT, zogierTi politikuri, samoqalaqo da saoja-xo uflebis droebiTi CamorTmeviT, an dajarimebiT. sisxlis-samarTlebrivi sanqciebis garda, SemoRebuli iqna sapolicio zemoqmedebis RonisZiebani (sapolicio zedamxedvelobis daweseba). 1810 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilSi, pirvel adgilze gadmotanili iyo sajaro interesebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSauli: Ralatis, jaSuSobis, safrangeTis saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis garegnuli xelyofis mcdelobis garda, SemoRebuli iqna specifikuri muxlebi, romlebic sasjels iTvaliswinebdnen imperatoris pirovnebis an misi ojaxis wevrebis xelyofis mcdelobis, xelisuflebis damxobis an Secvlis mcdelobs SemTxvevaSi. is piri, vinc eWvmitanili iqneboda saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg, moqalaqeTa waqezebaSi, afiSebis gakvris an sxva mowodebis ganxorcielebaSi, ganixileboda danaSaulebriv SeTqmulebaSi braleulad. kerZo pirTa winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulisa da gadacdomis Sesaxeb, I karis muxlebis naxevarze meti eZRvneba kerZo sakuT-rebis dacvas. mkacrad isjeboda qurdoba, romlis mimarT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, katorRuli samuSaoebis Sefardebas iyenebdnen. kodeqsi krZalavda muSaTa koaliciebis Seqmnasa da maT mier gaficvebis mowyobas, adgenda moxeleTa da maTxovrebis mimarT, mkacri represiebis gamoyenebas, Tu maT ar eqneboda mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili da saarsebo minimumi. 1810 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsTan, suliskveTebiT, axlos dgas 1808 wlis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, romelic Tavisebur daskvnas akeTebda sisxlissamarTlebriv samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb. 1808 wlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsma safrangeTSi SemoiRo e.w. Sereuli procesi. preiudiciuri gamoZiebis (winaswari) dros (etapze), SenarCunebuli iyo saqmis saidumlo da werilobiTi warmoeba, romelic jer kidev revoluciamdel periodSi iyo cnobili. sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis Sesruleba daevela gansakuTrebul gamomZiebel mosamarT-

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leebs, romelTa uflebamosilebani, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, sakma-od farTo iyo. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi iTvalisiwnebda gamoZiebisa da braldebis gamijvnas. braldebas sasamarTloSi mxars uWerda ara gamomZiebeli, aramed prokurori. sasamarTloSi, prokuroris gamosvlis Semdeg, sityva advokats eZleobda. prokuroris mxridan, replikis warmoTqmis SemTxvevaSi, advokats sapasuxo gamosvlis ufleba eniWeboda. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsma daadastura, jer kidev, revoluciis periodSi SemoRebuli (inglisis sasamarTlo sistemis gavleniT) nafic msajulTa instituti, romelsac verdiqti gamohqonda gansasjelis braleulobis an arabraleulobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi ar moiTxovda nafic msajulTa erTsulovnebas: gadawyvetileba xmebis ubralo umravlesobiT miiReboda. 1808 wlis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo sxdomis Tavmjdo-mares SeeZlo nafis msajulebze zewolis moxdena: verdiqtis gamotanamde is sityviT mimar-Tavda naficebs. sityvaSi reziumirebuli iyo sasjelis Sinaarsi, dafiqsirebuli iyo yvela mtkicebuleba, Camoyalibebuli iyo is SekiTxvebi, romlebzec pasuxi unda gaecaT.

Tavi IX. islamuri samarTali

$1. islamuri samarTlis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebani

Sua saukuneebis periodis aRmosavluri civilizaciis erT-erTi udidesi movlena iyo islamuri samarTali (SariaTi). aRniSnulma samarTlebrivma sistemam, mogvianebiT, SeiZina msoflio mniSvneloba. islamuri samarTali Camoyalibda da ganviTarda arabTa saxalifos farglebSi da misi evoluciis procesi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli arabuli saxelmwi-foebriobis ganviTarebis procesTan, roca, mcire zomis patriarqalur-religiuri Temidan, VII saukunis dasawyisSi (winaswarmetyveli muhamedis dros) is omeadebisa da abasidebis dinas-tiebis mefobaSi (VIII-X ss.), Tavisi drois, erT-erT udides imperiad iqca. arabTa saxalifos dacemis Semdeg, islamurma samarTalma ara Tu dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, piruku, "meore sicocxle" SeiZina (evropaSi, romis samarTlis msgavsad) da aziisa da afrikis mTel rig qveynebSi, Sua saukuneebSi, samarTlis moqmed sistemad iqca (iq, sadac islamis religia gabatonebul oficialur sarwmunoebad gamocxadda _ egvipte, indoeTi, osmanTa imperia). islamurma samarTalma SeiTvisa wina periodis aRmosavluri samarTlebrivi kulturis mravali elementi, kerZod: CveulebiTi samarTlis is normebi da tradiciebi, romlebic arabeTis naxevarkunZulze mcxovrebi tomebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli islamuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebamde da agreTve iyo cnobili arabebis mier dapyrobili teritoriebisaTvis. magaliTad, omeadebis dinastiis periodSi, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, moqmedebas ganagrZobda sasaniduri iranisa da bizantiis samarTlis sistemebi da, nawilobriv, romis samarTali. yvela aRniSnulma wyarom garkveuli, Tumca mxolod garegnuli da naklebadmniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina SariaTis Camoyalibebis procesze, rac imis dastu-ria, rom am epoqaSi jer kidev mWidro kavSiri arsebobda aRmosavlursa da evropul civili-zaciebs Soris. Tumca, am wyaroebma, saboloo jamSi, ver gansazRvres islamuri samarTlis ganumeorebloba da Tavisebureba, rac islamur samarTals _ damoukidebel da originalur samarTlebriv sistemas _ gamoarCevs sxva Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi ojaxebidan (anglo-saqsonuri samarTlis ojaxi, romaul-germanuli samarTlis ojaxi). SariaTis Camoyalibebis procesSi, ganusazRvreli roli Seasrula muhamedisa da pirveli oTxi, e.w. marTlmorwmune xalifas moRvaweobam. swored maTi zeobis xanaSi, muhamedis mcnebebis, gamonaTqvamebisa da moqmedebebis ganmartebis gziT, Seiqmna yvela muslimisaTvis _ islamis mimdevarTa _ wminda wignebi: yurani da suna. SariaTi Tavidanve Camoyalibda da ganviTarda (gansakuTrebiT, misi arsebobis pirveli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi), rogorc mkacrad konfesiuri (religiuri, religiaze dafuZnebuli) samarTali. is organulad Seerwya islamis RvTismetyvelebas da misi religiuri warmod-genebiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. islamis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi debulebebi ganixileba erTiani RvTaebrivi wesrigisa da kanonis saxiT da samyaroc maTi meSveobiT imarTeba. gansakuTrebiT pirvel etapze, mTlianad SariaTma da, sakuTriv, misma normatiul-doqtrinulma nawilma (fiqhi), SeiTvisa ara mxolod samarTlebrivi debulebebi, aramed religiuri dogmatika da eTika. SariaTis aseTi Serwymuloba (sinkretizmi da mTlianoba) asaxvas poulobs im sfeci-

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fikurobaSi, rom misi normebi (wesebi, moTxovnebi), erTi mxriv, awesrigebdnen sazogadoebriv ("adamianur") urTierTobebs, xolo, meore mxriv, _ gansazRvravdnen muslimis (islamis mimdevari) damokidebulebas alahisadmi (islamuri religiiT _ RmerTi) _ anu ibadaTi. SariaTSi, RvTaebrivi winaswarmetyvelebisa da religiur-zneobrivi sawyisis Seyvanam, Taviseburad, gansazRvra islamuri samarTalgageba da marTlzomieri da marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis aRqma da Sefaseba. kerZod, samarTlisa da RvTismetyvelebis mWidro urTierT-kavSiris Sedegi iyo, SariaTSi, muslimis moqmedebaTa im xuTi nairsaxeobis Semoyvana, rom-lebsac, Tanabrad mieniWa samarTlebrivi da religiur-zneobrivi Sinaarsi: 1)savaldebulo; 2) sarekomendacio (sasurveli); 3) nebadarTuli; 4) gasakicxi (Tumca, aradasjadi moqmdeba) da 5) akrZaluli da dasjadi qmedeba. SariaTSi, RvTaebrivi winaswargansazRvrulobis aRiarebam, muslimis nebis Tavisulfebis arsebobisa da am Tavisuflebis farglebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs didi mniSvneloba mianiWa, ris gamoc, ramdenime religiur-filosofiur skolas Soris, azrTa sxvaoba gaCnda. magaliTad, jabaritebis skolam saerTod uaryo adamianis nebis Tavisufleba. SariaTis arsebobis pirvel stadiaze, saerTod ar iyo saubari muslimis uflebebis Sesaxeb da dadginda, rom mas mxolod movaleobebi ekisreba alahis winaSe. movaleobebis Semcveli normebis raodenoba, SariaTSi, Zalzed didia da isini mTlianad gansazRvraven marTl-morwmune muslimis cxovrebis wesebs, yvela sferoSi (yoveldRiuri xuTjeradi locvis aRsruleba, marxvis dacva da jansaRi cxovreba). amitom, SemTxveviTi rodia, rom aRniSnuli normebi gamoiyeneba mxolod muslimTa mimarT da muslimTa Soris urTierTobebis mosawes-rigeblad. islamis da SariaTis arsebobis adreul etapze, jer kidev gvxvdeba iseTi normebi (wesebi), romlebic saTaves iRebdnen gvarovnuli wyobilebidan da koleqtivizmis, mowyalebis, davrdomilTa mimarT mzrunvelobis elementebs Seicavdnen. Tumca, SariaTSi aisaxa, RvTis winaSe, adamianis uZlurobis idea da, aqedan gamomdinare, damkvidrda morCilebisa da gasaWiris Tmenis aucilebloba (movaleoba). yuranSi pirdapir weria, rom yvela muslimis valia moTmineba da morCileba. SariaTis mistikur-religiurma garsma ganapiroba, misi Semadgeneli samarTlebrivi cnebebisa da konstruqciebis Tavisebureba da, amavdroulad, manve Seaferxa SariaTSi racionaluri sawyisebisa da, logikurad dasabuTebuli, Sinagani sistemis Camoyalibeba (rogorc es romis samarTalSi moxda). Tumca, VIII-IX ss. SariaTma dasZlia samyaros patriarqalur-Temuri da separatistul-tomobrivi aRqmis sazRvrebi da is, iZulebuli gaxda, dapirispireboda, swrafi tempebiT ganviTarebad antagonistur sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs. swored am periodSi moRvaweobdnen yvelaze avtoritetuli muslimi samarTalmcodneebi, romelTa saqmianobis wyalobiT, SariaTi, RvTaebrivi samarTalgagebidan ufro racionalisturSi gadaizarda, xolo samarTlis normebis dadgenis logikur-sistematurma meTodma Secvala, moZvelebuli da anaqronizmad qceuli, kazuistika. muslimma mecnier-iuristebma, SariaTis fuZemdebluri da tradiciuli sawyisebis gaTvaliswinebiT, daadgines, wminda iuridiuli bunebis, axali samarT-lebrivi doqtrinebisa da normebis (fiqhi) mTel seria. islamur samyaroSi yvelaze cnobili da avtoritetuli mecnieri-iuristebi iyvnen: abu xanifa, romelsac "didi maswavleblis" tituli (767 w. gardaicvala) mieniWa, maliq ibn anasi (795 wels gardaicvala), muhamed ibn idris Safii (820 wels gardaicvala), axmad ibn hanbali (855 wels gardaicvala). islamuri samarTali xasiaTdeba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT: 1)Sua saukuneebis islamuri samarTlis erT-erTi niSani iyo misi SedarebiTi mTlianoba. erTi RmerTis (alahi) Sesaxeb warmodgenasTan erTad, Camoyalibda erTiani samarTlebrivi wesrigis idea, romelsac aqvs universaluri xasiaTi. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom islamuri samarTali, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod arabeTis naxevarkunZulze Camoyalibda, xalifatis teri-toriis gafarTovebasTan erTad, man sakuTari normebis moqmedeba gaavrcela yvela dapyrobil teritoriaze. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebic regulirdeboda mxolod islamuri samarTlis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. 2) SariaTi, ganviTarebis pirvel etapze, adgenda ara terotoriul, aramed konfesiur princips. muslimi, miuxedavad misi adgilsamyofelisa, (mag., savaWro mizniT mogzaurobisas), movale iyo daecva SariaTi da SeenarCunebina islamisadmi erTguleba. TandaTanobiT, islamis gavrcelebisa da samyaros erT-erT ZiriTad religiad gadaqcevasTan erTad, SariaTi iqca msoflio samarTlebriv sistemad. aRniSnuli garemoeba mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebda mas dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis periodis samarTalganviTarebisagan, romelsac iseTi niSnebi axasiaTebda, rogoric iyo partikularizmi, moqmedebis SezRuduli sferoebi, Sinagani SeuTanxmebloba. 3) SariaTi, rogorc konfesiuri samarTali, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba dasavleT evropis kanonikuri samarTlisgan im aspeqtSi, rom is awesrigebda ara mxolod mkacrad gansazRvrul, sazogadoebrivi da saeklesio cxovrebis sferoebs, aramed gamodioda im yovlismomcveli normatiuli sistemis saxiT, romelic damkvidrda da usazRvrod gabatonda aziisa da afrikis

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mTel rig qveynebSi. mogvianebiT, SariaTis normebi gascdnen axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis farglebs da sakuTari moqmedeba gaavrceles Sua aziisa da amierkavkasiis nawilze, Crdi-loeT da, nawilobriv, aRmosavleT da dasavleT afrikaze, agreTve samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis vrcel teritoriaze. Tumca, islamisa da SariaTis Zalzed swrafi gavrceleba, iwvevda, gansakuTrebiT ama Tu im samarTlebrivi institutis ganmartebisa da, calkeuli, konkretuli davis gadawyvetis dros, adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebas. amis gamo, mogvia-nebiT, erT dros, erTiani religiur-eTikuri da samarTlebrivi sistema, or dapirispirebul mimarTulebad gaiyo: 1) orTodoqsaluri mimarTulebis _ sunizmis gverdiT, Camoyalibda kidev erTi, 2) mimdevroba _ Siizmi, romelic Cven dromde dominirebs iranSi, agreTve, nawilobriv, libansa da iemenSi. aRniSnul mimdinareobebs Soris mkveTri winaaRmdegoba aisaxa im samarTlis normebSi, romlebic awesrigebdnen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos. kerZod, Siizmis mixedviT, gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis memkvidreobiTobis, samarTlebrivad dadgenili wesi da misi, saero da sasuliero avtoritetis mqone, sasuliero pirTa _ imamebis xelSi Tavmoyra. ufro metic, Siitebi aRiarebdnen da savaldebulod miiCnevdnen, muhamedis Sesaxeb arsebul mxolod im gadmocemebsa da Tqmulebebs, romelTa Sedgena moxda ukanaskneli marTlmorwmune xalifas _ alis dros. TandaTanobiT, SariaTis orTodoqsaluri mimarTulebis _ sunizmis mimdevrebic dajgufdnen oTx ZiriTad skolad (mazhaba). TiToeuli skola, arsebiTad, damoukidebuli mimdinareoba iyo da maTi saqmianoba ukavSirdeba oTxi gamoCenili muslimi samarTalmcodnes saxels: 1) xani-fitebi (abu xanifa), 2) maliqitebi (maliq ibn anasi), 3) Safiitebi (muhamed ibn idris Safii), 4) xanbalitebi (ahmad ibn xanbali). maT Soris yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo xanifitebis mazhaba (skola), romlis mimdevrebi moRvaweobdnen egviptesa da indoeTSi. damoukidebeli skolebi Camoyalibda Siizmis safuZvelzec: 1) ismailitebi, 2) jafaritebi, 3) zeiditebi da sxva. amrigad, Sua saukuneebis bolos, SariaTi, romlis doqtrinuli da normatiuli safuZvlebi garTulda da arsebiTi cvlilebebi ganicada, iqca urTules da uCveulo samarTlebriv movlenad.

$2. islamuri samarTlis wyaroebi

1) SariaTis umniSvnelovanesi wyaro iyo yurani _ muslimTa wminda wigni, romelic Sedgeboda im locvebidan, Tqmulebebidan, moZRvrebebidan, romlebsac miaweren winaswarmetyvel muhameds. yuranSi mkvlevarebi pouloben, aRmosavluri civilizaciis ufro adreuli periodis samarT-lis wyaroebidan da winareislamuri arabeTis Cveulebebidan amokrebil debulebebs. yuranis Sedgena ramdenime aTwleuliT gaiwela. misi Sinaarsis kanonizireba da saboloo redaqciis Sedgena xalifa omaris dros (644-656 ww) moxda. yurani Sedgeba 114 Tvisa (sura) da 6219 leqsisagan (aiaTi). am leqsebis umravlesobas miTologiuri xasiaTi aqvs da mxolod 500 aiaTi Tu DSeicavs, muslimTaTvis samarTlebrivad savaldebulo, qcevis wesebs (mecnierTa erTi jgufis azriT, xolo meore jgufis Sexedu-lebiT _ mxolod 80 leqsia aseTi daniSnulebis mqone). danarCeni leqsebi exeba religiuri movaleobebis Sesrulebas. yuranis debulebaTa didi nawili atarebs kazuistur xasiaTs da warmoadgens im konkretul axsna-ganmartebebs, romlebic winaswarmetyvel muhameds aqvs gamoTqmuli, kerZo SemTxvevebTan dakavSi-rebiT. Tumca, yuranis mravali debuleba gaurkve-veli saxisaa da imis mixedviT iZens Sinaars, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben mas konkretuli urTierTobis mowesrigebisas. 2) yvela muslimisaTvis meore avtoritetuli da savaldebulo wyaro iyo suna ("wminda Tqmuleba"), romelic Sedgeba, TviT muhamedis mosazrebebisa da moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, mravalricxovani moTxrobebisgan (qadisebi). qadisebSi gvxvdeba sxvadasxva saxis samarT-lebrivi danamatebic, romlebSic asaxulia arabul samyaroSi mimdinare socialuri Zvrebi. qadisebis saboloo redaqtireba IX saukuneSi moxda, roca Seadgines sunas eqvsi orTodoqsaluri krebuli, romelTa Soris yvelaze cnobili iyo buqaris krebuli (870 wels gardaicvala). sunas efuZneba saojaxo-saqorwino, memkvidreobiTi, mtkicebulebiTi da samosamarTlo samarTlis normebi, wesebi monobis Sesaxeb da sxva. sunas qadisebi, miuxedavad maTi gadamuSavebisa, Seicaven erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego debulebebs. maT Soris yvelaze "sarwmuno" mxolod is normebi iyo, romlebic mTlianad Seadgines RvTismetyveli-iuristebisa da mosamarTleebis Sexedulebebisamebr. iTvleboda, rom samarT-lebrivad-savaldebulo Zala mxolod im qadisebs eniWeboda, romlebic gamosces muhamedis mowafeebma. Tanac, sunitebisgan gansxvavebiT, Siitebi mxolod im qadisebis namdvilobas cnobdnen, romlebic ekuTvnoda xalifa alisa da mis Tanamoazreebs.

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3) islamuri samarTlis wyaroTa ierarqiaSi mesame adgili ekava ijmas, romelic ganixileba "muslimuri Temis saerTo Tanxmobad". yuranisa da sunas gverdiT, ijmac miekuTvneboda SariaTis avtoritetul wyaroTa gjufs. praqtikulad, ijma Camoyalibda muhamedis mimdevarTa (daaxloebiT 100 kaci) mier gamoTqmuli, identuri Sinaarsis, religiuri da samarTlebrivi debulebebisa da, Semdgomi periodis, yvelaze gavleniani muslimi Teologi da samarTal-mcodne mecnierebis SexebulebaTa safuZvelze. ijma viTardeboda ara mxolod yuranisa da sunas interpretaciis saxiT, aramed im axali normebis dadgenis gziT, romlebic ar iyo dakavSirebuli muhamedis saxelTan. ijma gulisxmobda damoukidebeli qcevis wesebs arsebobas da savaldebulo xdeboda imis gamo, rom mas erTsulovnad eTanxmebodnen mufTebi da mujTaxidebi. islamuri samarTlis ganviTarebis aseT xerxs ewodeboda "ijTixadi". ijmas, rogorc islamuri samarTlis erT-erTi wyaros marTlzomiereba, muhamedis cnobili gamonaTqvamidan gamomdinareobda: "Tu Tqven ar iciT, hkiTxeT imas, vinc icis". 4) SariaTis gavrcobas emsaxureboda, ijmasTan axlos mdgomi, islamuri samarTlis kidev erTi wyaro _ fetva, anu calkeuli mufTebis mier, samarTlebriv sakiTxze gamoTqmuli mosaz-rebebi da gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi. VIII-IX saukuneebSi, ijTixadis meTodis farTod gavrcelebis gamo, islamuri samarTali aqtiurad viTardeboda zemoxsenebuli, ZiriTadi, samarTlebrivi skolebis (mazxaba) meTaurTa naSromebSi, doqtrinuli gziT. X saukuneSi yvelaze avtoritetuli Teologi-iuristebi stiqiurad saqmianobdnen, am droisaTvis dagrovili vrceli samarTlebrivi masalis sistema-tizaciis TvalsazrisiT. XI saukuneSi, islamis SigniT arsebul ZiriTad mimdinareobebsa da sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi skolebs Soris, urToerTobebis daZabvis Sedegad, islamuri samar-Tali, rogorc erTiani sistema, TiTqmis, aRar arsebobda da masSi arsebuli Sinagani Taviseburebebi, faqtiurad, iZenen arsebiT xasiaTs. 5) islamuri samarTlis yvelaze sadao wyaros warmoadgenda kiasi, anu samarTlebrivi davis analogiiT gadawyvetis gza, romelic iwvevda mkveTr dapirispirebas sxvadasxva mimdi-nareobebis warmomadgenelTa Soris. kiasis Tanaxmad, yuranSi, sunasa da ijmaSi dadgenili wesi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas konkretuli saqmis mimarT, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli xasiaTis saqme am samarTlis wyaroebSi pirdapir ar iyo gaTvaliwinebuli. kiasi aramxolod xels uwyobda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis swraf da efeqtur regulirebas, aramed mniSvnelovnad aTavisuflebda SariaTs Teologiis gavlenisagan. Tumca, muslimi mosamarTleebis xelSi, kiasi xSirad xdeboda daufaravi TviTnebobis iaraRad. yvelaze farTo dasabuTeba am meTodma moipova abu xanifasa da misi mimdevrebis _ xanifitebis SromebSi. kiasis winaaRmdeg mkveTrad gailaSqrnen xanbalitebi da, gansakuTrebiT, aqtiurobdnen Siitebi, romlebic saerTod ar Tvlian mas islamuri samarTlis wyarod. 6) SariaTis damatebiT wyaros warmoadgenen is adgilobrivi Cveulebebi, romlebic, Tumca ki, uSualod ar Sevidnen islamur samarTalSi, misi Camoyalibebis etapze, magram pirdapir ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen mis principebsa da normebs. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom SariaTi aRiarebda CveulebiTi samarTlis im normebs, romlebic Camoyalibda TviT arabul samyaroSi (urfi) da im normebsac, romlebic arabma dampyroblebma sxva xalxisgan gadaiRes da maT, mogvianebiT, islamuri samarTlis gavlena ganicades (adaTebi). 7) daskvnisaTvis, aRsaniSnavia islamuri samarTlis is ori wyaro, romelic SariaTidan gamomdinareobda da, arabuli saxelisuflo struqturebis xelSi, mZlavr samarTlebriv iaraRad iqca _ firmani (xalifebis brZanebulebebi da gankargulebebi) da kanunebi. firmanebisa da kanunebis mimarT, gamoTqmuli iyo moTxovnebi, rom isini ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen SariaTis principebs da avsebdnen mas im normebiT, romlebic moawes-rigebdnen, saxelmwifo organoTa saqminobas da saxelmwifosa da mosaxleobas Soris, administraciul-samarTlebriv urTierTobebs.

$3. qonebrivi da saojaxo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulireba

miuxedavad imisa, rom islamuri samarTali ar cnobda samarTlis sistemis dayofas calkeul dargebad, masSi mainc SesamCnevad ganviTarda kerZo samarTlis calkeuli institutebi, ker-Zod: mniSvnelovani evolucia ganicada kerZo sakuTrebis institutma, saxelSekrulebo da deliqturma samarTalma. SariaTSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo “piradi statusis uflebas”. arabTa saxalifoSi, iseve rogorc Suasaukunovani aRmosavluri samyaros sxva saxelmwifoebSi, ar Camoyalibebula gansakuTrebuli wodebrivi wyoba, romelic Sedgeboda, uflebrivad uTanasworo, wodebriv-korporciuli jgufebisagan. islamuri samarTlis mixedviT, piris iuridiuli mdgomareoba

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ganisazRvreboda misi aRmsareblobiT. sruluflebiani piradi statusi, SariaTis mixedviT, mxolod muslims hqonda. qristianebi da iudevelebi imyofebodnen uflebrivad damcrobil mdgomareobaSi da valdebuli iyvnen exadaT mZime saxelmwifo gadasaxadi _ jizia. pirTa aRniSnuli kategoriis mimarT, SariaTis normebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moqmedebdnen, rodesac aramuslimebi debdnen muslimebTan garigebebs, an sCadiodnen danaSauls. socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebam gavlena iqonia monebis mdgomareobazec.Mmona ar miiCneoda samarTlis subieqtad, Tumca sakuTari mepatronis TanxmobiT, SeeZlo savaWro operaciebSi monawileoba da qonebis SeZena. muslimi-monebis gaazateba RvTiur saqmed iTvleboda. SariaTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, piris samarTlebrivi statusis erT-erTi niSani iyo qalisa da mamakacis uTanasworo mdgomareoba. vinaidan SariaTis religiuri warmodgenis Tanaxmad, samarTlis subieqti aris mxolod RmerTi – alahi, muslimi (adamiani) ganixileboda, RvTis mier dadgenili, movaleobebis matarebel pirad. mxolod imis mixedviT, Tu rogor asrulebda muslimi sakuTar religiur movaleobas, icavda islamis debulebebs, Mmas, SariaTiT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebidan da sxva iuridiuli SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare, eniWeboda garkveuli uflebebi. amitom muslimi samarTalmcodneebi muSaobdnen ara piris uflebaunarianobis, aramed misi qmed-unarianobis sakiTxis dadgenaze da imas arkvevdnen, Tu rodis SeuZlia pirs monawileoba miiRos garigebebsa da sxva samarTlebrivi aqtebis gadawyvetaSi. samoqalaqo qmedunarianoba iyo aucilebeli piroba imisaTvis, rom pirs SeeZina qonebrivi uflebebi. sruli moculobiT qmedunariani iyo mxolod srulwlovani da Seracxadi (jansaRi gonebis mqone) piri. TiToeuli, calke aRebuli SemTxvevis dros, mosamarTle, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, adgenda srulwlovanebis miRwevis faqts. islamuri samarTali icnobda mcirewlovanTa, Wkuasustebis, nasvam mdgomareobaSi myofi pirebis SezRuduli qmedunarianobis cnebas. islamuri samarTlebrivi doqtrinis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili iyo samarTlis is normebi, rom-lebic gamoiyeneboda qonebrivi urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad. upirveles yovlisa, samarT-lis doqtrinaSi ganmtkicda qonebis, rogorc sanivTo uflebis obieqtis, Sesaxeb warmodgena: 1) gansakuTrebuli kategoria iyo is nivTebi, romlebic an ar Sedioda, an ar SeiZleba Sesuliyo muslimis sakuTrebaSi, kerZod: haeri, zRva, udabno, meCeTi, sanaosno gzebi; 2) muslimis sakuTrebaSi ver Sevidoda e.w. “uwminduri nivTebi” – Rvino, Roris xorci, islamis debulebebis uarmyofeli wignebi; 3) islamuri samarTali icnobda nivTebis moZrav da uZrav kategoriad dayofas, agreTve 4) gvarobiT da individualurad gansazRvrul nivTebs, romlebic xasiaTdebodnen individualuri niSnebiT da iyvnen ganumeorebelni. muslimi samarTalmcodneebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen saadgilmamulo urTierTobebis mogvarebas; 5) gansakuTrebul jgufs Seadgenda saxelmwifos qoneba; 6) kerZo pirebis xelSi arsebuli miwebi; 7) mitovebuli miwebi; 8) damuSavebisaTvis uvargisi miwebi. SariaTSi dawvrilebiT ar iyo aRwerili sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis saSualebebi, Tanac, zogierTi maTganis mimarT, sxvadasxva mazxabis warmomadgeneli samarTalmcodneebi gamoTqvam-dnen gansxvavebul mosazrebebs. arabTa dapyrobiTi omebis Sedegad mitacebuli qoneba moiTxovda samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvras da aseT qonebaze, sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis wesis dadgenas. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, dapyrobili miwebi gadadioda saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi da maT gankargavdnen xalifa da amirebi. sxva qonebis samarTlebrivi statusi imis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda, iyo Tu ara is mopovebuli Zaladobis gziT an Zaladobis gamoyenebis gareSe. Zaladobis gziT mopovebuli qoneba iyofoda ramdenime wilad, xolo TiToeuli nawilis odenobas, sxvadasxva mazxaba, araerTgvarovnad wyvetda. qonebis erTi nawili ekuTvnoda mis mompovebels, meore _ saxelmwifos, mesame – meCeTs. SariaTi icnobda sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis sxva saSualebebsac; 1) memkvidreobiT miReba, 2) xelSekrulebis dadebis safuZvelze nivTis SeZena, 3) nivTis povna – am saSualebis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom im miwis mflobeli, romelSic aRmoaCines sxvisi nivTi, xdeboda am nivTis

mesakuTre. islamur saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli sanivTo urTierTobebis wyoba, zedmiwevniT iyo daculi da mowesrigebuli SariaTis normebiT, kerZod: kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba gaRmer-Tebuli iyo da iTvleboda mudmivmoqmed da SeuzRudav institutad, xolo mesakuTres abso-luturi Tavisufleba eniWeboda, sakuTari qonebis gankargvis TvalsazrisiT. kerZo sakuT-rebis xelSeuxebloba ganisazRvreboda TviT yuraniT: “Tvals nu daadgam imas, rac Cven zogierT wyvilebs mivaniWeT.” gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi reJimi dadginda im Temebis mimarT, romlebic Tavidanve Seadgendnen muslimTa Temis teritorias (meqa da misi mimdebare teritoria) da maT ewodeboda xijazi. Aam miwebze dasaxlebis ufleba mieniWa mxolod muslimebs.Aaq dauSvebeli iyo xis moWra, nadiroba. dapyrobili miwebis mosaxleobas, Cveulebriv, arTmevdnen mesakuTris uflebas da am uflebas gankargavda arabuli saxelwmifo. xolo yofili miwaTmflobeli, axal viTarebaSi, xdeboda miwis moijare da mas evaleboda

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mZime gadasaxadis (xaraji) gadaxda. arabTa saxalifoSi, kerZo sabatono sakuTreba (mulqi), saxelmwifo da saTemo miwaTmflo-belobasTan SedarebiT, imyofeboda daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi da man ver moipova farTo gavrceleba.Eevropis qveynebSi gavrcelebuli sabatono sakuTrebis uflebisgan gansxvavebiT, mas arc ierarqiuli struqtura hqonda da arc, gaweuli samsaxuris pirobasTan, yofila dakavSirebuli. saxelmwifo miwis fondis da sabatono urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, damkvidrda da gavrcelda pirobiTi miwaTmflobelobis formebi. Mmitacebuli miwebis nawili gaxda arabuli aristokratiis zedafenis kuTvnileba, maT mier gaweuli samxedro an saxelmwifo samsaxuris safasurad (iqta). aseTi miwebis mflobels (iqtadars) mieniWa, dapyro-bili mosaxleobidan, gadasaxadebis akrefis ufeleba. vinaidan, droTa ganmavlobaSi, iqta memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda, aRniSnuli uZravi qoneba, faqtiurad, gauTanabrda im miwebis samarTlebriv reJims, romlebzec gavrcelebuli iyo sakuTrebis ufleba. yuranis Tavdapirveli ganmartebis Sesabamisad, haeri da mtknari wyali Sediodnen saerTo sakuT-rebaSi. Tumca, mogvianebiT, Webi, wyalsatevebi da mcire tbebi gadavidnen msxvili miwaTmflobelebis sakuTrebaSi. Mxolo mniSvnelovani mdinareebi da tbebi kvlav rCebodnen saTemo da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis saerTo sistemaSi, rac erToblivi sairigacio samuSaoebis Catarebis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli da aseTi samuSaoebis Catarebaze zeda-mxedvelobas axorcielebednen saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirebi.

sanivTo uflebebTan dakavSirebuli, SariaTis Taviseburi institutი iyo e.w. vakufi (Cveulebriv, iseTi uZravi qoneba, romelsac mesakuTre, religiuri an saqvelmoqmedo miznebiT (meCeTsa da medreses), gadascemda xolme arabul administracias). vakufis damdgeni piri, aRniSnul qonebaze, kargavda sakuTrebis uflebas, Tumca inarCunebda vakufis marTvas da, sakuTari memkvidreebisaTvis, vakufidan miRebuli garkveuli Semosavlebis, rezervirebis uflebas. vakufis Semadgeneli qoneba amoRebuli iyo savaWro brunvidan da dauSvebeli iyo misi yidva-gayidva, dagiraveba, Tumca SesaZlebeli iyo misi ijariT gacema da sxva, Tanabari Rirebulebis, saadgilmamulo qonebaze gacvla. vakufis instituts aqtiurad iyenebda aristok-ratiuli zedafena, raTa Tavi aeridebina maRali gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan, vinaidan vakufSi Sesuli qoneba gaTavisuflebuli iyo, saxelmwifos sasargeblod, dabegvrisgan. romis samarTalisgan gansxvavebiT, SariaTSi ar Camoyalibebula valdebulebis zogadi koncefcia. Tumca, saxelSekrulebo samarTlis praqtikuli sakiTxebi, romlebic sasaqonlo-

fuladi urTierTo-bebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, yovelmxriv iqna damuSavebuli. valdebuleba

iyofoda Semdeg nairsa-xeobad: 1) sasyidliani da usasyidlo; 2) ormxrivi da calmxrivi; 3) va-diani da uvado. islamuri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo specifikuri calmxrivi valdebulebis – aRTqmis gavrceleba.

SariaTis mixedviT, xelSekruleba iyo is kavSiri, romelic warmoiSveboda mxareTa urTierTSe-Tanxmebis Sedegad da, romelsac, qonebrivi uTanasworobis pirobebSi, hqonda wminda formaluri xasiaTi. xelSekrulebis pirobebis gamoxatva SesaZlebeli iyo nebismieri saxiT: 1) dokumenturad, 2) araoficialuri weriliT, 3) zepiri formiT. Ddadebuli xelSekruleba iyo xelSeuxebeli da misi dacva, yuranis mixedviT, iTvleboda wminda movaleobad. baTili iyo is xelSekruleba, romelic ideboda uzneo miznebisaTvis, “uwminduri” an brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebis gamoyenebiT. muslimi samarTalmcodneebi mkacr pirobebs ar ayenebdnen, xelSekrulebaSi monawile, mxareTa nebis gamoxatvis formasTan dakavSirebiT. xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis, mxareTa Tanxmoba da xelSekrulebis pirobebi unda yofiliyo dokumenturad, zepirad an araoficialuri werilis saxiT gamoxatuli. SariaTi dawvrilebiT awesrigebda xelSekrulebis sxvadasxva saxes: yidva-gayidva, qiravnoba, Cuqeba, sesxi, Senaxva, amxanagoba, kavSiri da sxva. vaWrobis farTod ganviTarebasTan erTad, xelSekrulebis yvelaze damuSavebuli saxeoba iyo yidva-gayidva “urTierTTanxmobiT”; vaWrobis marTlzomierebis Sesaxeb, jer kidev yuranSi iyo naTqvami. yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba daiSveboda mxolod realurad arsebuli nivTebis mimarT. xolo xanifitebis mazxaba aRiarebda momavalSi warmoebuli nivTebis yidva-gayidvas. Ggayidul nivTebSi faruli naklis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi (avadmyofi mona, pirutyvi), myidvels SeeZlo xelSekrulebis moSla. SariaTi Seicavda iseT debulebas, romelic, formalurad, krZalavda mevaxSeobas, ris Sesaxeb naTqvamia yuranis aiaTSi: “alahma dauSva vaWroba da mevaxSeoba akrZala”. Tumca, praqtikaSi, es akrZalva xSirad irRveoda. ikrZaleboda valauvali movalis savalo kabalaSi gayidva, Tumca SesaZlebeli iyo misi iZulebiTi muSaoba, kreditoris sasargeblod, valis anazRaurebis mizniT. islamur samarTalSi didi yuradReba eTmoboda qonebis qiravnobis sakiTxebs da, gansakuT-rebiT, miwis ijaras. cnobili iyo qiravnobis ramdenime nairsaxeoba, Tanac pirvelxarisxovani

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mniSvneloba eniWeboda, mesakuTris sasargeblod, saijaro gadasaxadis moculobasa da ijari gadaxdis wess. arabul samyaroSi farTod gavrcelda kavSirisa da amxanagobis xelSekruleba. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi forma gamoiyeneboda miwebis erToblivi morwyvisa da savaWro qarvaslebis mowyobisaTvis. islamuri religia da SariaTi dauqorwineblobas miiCnevda arasasurvel movlenad, xolo qorwinebas Tvlida muslimis religiur movaleobad. Tumca, realobaSi, saqorwino xelSekruleba xSirad iTvleboda, Tavisebur, savaWro garigebad. qorwinebis namdvilobis pirobebi iyo: 1) formalurad, qorwinebis dasadebad savaldebulo iyo mxareTa, maT Soris, sapatarZlos Tanxmoba (mxolod Safiitebi ar Tvlidnen saWirod sapatarZlos Tanxmobas), magram vinaidan, sapatarZlos nebis gamoxatvis uflebas, iTvisebdnen misi mSoblebi, saqorwino xelSekruleba warmoadgenda, qaliSvilis gayidvis dafarul formas _ faqtiurad, mama gankargavda sakuTari qaliSvilebis saqorwino beds da amiT cdilobda, maqsimalurad, maRali gamosasyidis miRebas; 2) qalisaTvis saqorwino asakad aRiarebuli iyo 9 weli. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, muhamedi Tavis usayvarles meuRleze – aiSaze maSin daqorwinebula, roca qaliSvils Seusrulda 9 weli. Siitebi dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen e.w. droebiT qorwinebas, romelic ideboda garkveuli vadiT; 3) SariaTi krZalavda muslimis urwmunosTan an rjulisuarmyofelTan qorwinebaSi Sesvlas. aRniSnuli pirobebis darRveva iwvevda qorwinebis Sewyvetas. Tumca, muslimi mamakacisaTvis nebadarTuli iyo sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevar qalze qorwineba, radgan ivaraudeboda, rom am qals qmari moaqcevda islamze. muslim qals sastikad ekrZaleboda urwmunoze gaTxoveba; 4) yurani dasaSvebad miiCnevda, muslimisaTvis, erTdroulad, oTxi colis yolis uflebas.Ggarda amisa, yurani aZlevda muslims mxevalTa yolis uflebas, monaTa wridan. Tumca, qmari valdebuli iyo yvela colisaTvis mieca, misi mdgomareobis Sesabamisi, sacxovrebeli, qoneba, samosi da sakvebi. praqtikaSi ki, ramdenime colis Senaxva da, miTumetes, specialuri haramxanebis mowyoba, romlebSic mxevalTa didi raodenoba iyo Tavmoyrili, SeeZlo mxolod gabatonebul aristok-ratiul zedafenas. islamuri religia asabuTebda qalis damokidebul mdgomareobas ojaxSi. qmris upiratesoba yuranis Semdegi debulebiT iyo dadgenili: “qmrebi colebze maRla dganan imitom, rom RmerTma pirvelT upiratesoba mianiWa meoreebze, da imitom, rom pirvelni sakuTari qonebis da colebis mimarT xarjebs gaweven”. coli ar monawilebda saojaxo xarjebSi. maTi warmoeba evaleboda qmars. Tumca, qali (coli) movale iyo ewarmoebina saojaxo meurneoba da aRezarda Svilebi. mas, TiTqmis ar hqonda ufleba damoukideblad mieRo monawileoba qonebriv brunvaSi. mag., maliqitebi Tvlidnen, rom cols, qmris daukiTxavad, qonebis mxolod mesamedis gankargva SeeZlo. yurani qmars nebas aZlevda, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, daesaja colebi, maT Soris sxeulebrivi sasjeliT. islamuri samarTali dawvrilebiT gansazRvravda ganqorwinebis sababsa da misi warmoebis proceduras. nebismier dros, SesaZlebeli iyo oTxive qorwinebis Sewyveta, xolo momdevno qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis reglamentacia ar xdeboda. SariaTi icnobda ganqorwinebis uflebis ramdenime saxeobas, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda rogorc maTi ganxorcielebis wesis, ise iuridiuli Sedegebis mixedviT. mag., SesaZlebeli iyo e.w. droebiTi ganqorwineba, romelic gulisxmobda, Taviseburi, gamosacdeli vadis dawesebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganqorwinebis sababi zustad iyo gansazRvruli (islamisgan gandgoma), qmars SeeZlo colTan ganqorwineba mizezebis axsnis gareSe, Zalzed martivi formiT (talaq) da mxolod erTi frazis warmoTqmis Sedegad: “Sen gandevnili xar” an “Sens gvars SeuerTdi”. ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, qmars unda gamoeyo colisaTvis aucilebeli qoneba, “Cveulebis Tanaxmad”. ganqorwinebuli coli sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi rCeboda qmris saxlSi, raTa

daedginaT, iyo Tu ara is fexmZimed. bavSvis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, axalSobili rCeboda mamis saxlSi. cols ganqorwinebis moTxovna SeeZlo mxolod sasamarTlos meSveobiT da isic mkacrad gansazRvruli safuZvliT: qmars fizikuri nakli hqonda; is sakuTar col-qmrul movaleobebs ar asrulebda; sastikad epyroboda cols, an mis sarCenad saxsrebs ar gamohyofda. Zalzed rTuli da TiTqmis gaurkveveli iyo islamuri memkvidreobiTi samarTali, romelic araerTgvarovnad iyo gansazRvruli sxvadasxva skolebSi (mazxaba). islamuri samarTali aRiarebda memkvidreobis or wess: kanoniT memkvidreobas da anderZiT memkvidreobas. anderZiT memkvidreobis namdvilobisaTvis dadgenili iyo ramdenime piroba: 1) dauSvebeli iyo anderZis datoveba kanonieri memkvidreebis sasargeblod; 2) anderZi baTili iyo, Tu is mamkvidreblis qonebis erT mesameds aRemateboda; 3) anderZis Sedgenda moiTxovda, sul mcire, ori mowmis

daswrebas. gansakuTrebiT dawvrilebiT iyo SemuSavebuli kanoniT memkvidreobis wesi.

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gardacvlilis qonebidan, upirveles yovlisa, daifareboda misi valebi da is xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo mis dakrZalvasTan. SariaTis Taviseburebas isic warmoadgenda, rom memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda, mamkvidreblis mxolod qonebrivi uflebebi da ara gardaclilis movaleobebi, radgan iTvleboda, rom memkvidre ar iyo valdebuli pasuxi ego mamkvidreblis movaleobebze. darCenili qoneba gadadioda gardacvlilis kanonier memkvidreebze; kanonismier memkvidreTa wre iyofoda ramdenime kategoriad _ memkvidreTa Tavisebur rigad, kerZod: pirveli rigis memkvidreebad iTvlebodnen gardacvlilis Svilebi, meore rigisa – misi Zmebi, xolo mesame rigisa _ iyvnen misi biZebi. qalis samkvidro wili iyo, kacis wilze, orjer naklebi. samkvidros miRebaze uflebas kargavdnen: rjulis uarmyofelni, ganqorwinebuli meuRleebi, is pirebi, romelTa, Tundac, gaufrTxileblobiTma qmedebam, gamoiwvia mamkvidreblis sikvdili. mxolod maliqitebi aRiarebdnen mkvlelis samemkvidreo uflebebs, gardacvlilis qonebaze, Tu damnaSave xelmZRvanelobda samarTliani motiviT.

$4. danaSauli da sasjeli, islamuri samarTlis mixedviT

sisxlis samarTlis normebi SariaTis yvelaze naklebad damuSavebuli nawilia. sisxlis samarTlis normebs axasiaTebda arqauloba; isini asaxavdnen, iuridiuli teqnikis, SedarebiT, dabal dones. SariaTi ar icnobda danaSaulis zogad cnebas, masSi sustad iyo gansazRvruli danaSaulis mcdeloba, Tanamonawileoba, pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebi da sxva. jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi, muslimi samarTalmcodneebi gamohyofdnen danaSaulis sam did jgufs. pirvel jgufSi iseTi danaSauli Sedioda, romelic, islamuri doqtrinis Tanaxmad, jer kidev muhamedis mier iyo gansazRvruli. isini “alahis uflebebis” xelyofad miiCneoda da amitom dauSvebeli iyo maTi patieba. danaSaulis am jgufSi Sedioda: 1) islamisgan gandgoma, rac sikvdiliT isjeboda; 2) mmarTvelobis dadgenili wesis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yvelaze Tavxeduri gamosvlebi – janyi da saxelmwifo xelisuflebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva; 3) agreTve, iseTi danaSauli, romelic miiCneoda mZime religiur codvad, kerZod: qurdoba, spirtiani sasmelebis moxmareba, mruSoba da mruSobaSi cru braldeba. danaSaulis meore jgufSi Sedioda iseTi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, romelic mimarTuli iyo, ara mTeli muslimuri Temis winaaRmdeg, aramed xelyofda kerZo pirebis uflebebs. aRniSnuli qmedebis momwesrigebeli normebi saTaves iRebdnen gvarovnuli wyobilebidan da, dazaralebulis mxridan, xelmyofis mimarT, inarCunebdnen uSualo gasworebis kvals. kerZod, ganzrax mkvleloba an sasikvdilo Wrilobis miyeneba, moklulis naTesavebis mxridan, isjeboda SurisZiebiT (sisxlis aRebiT). Tumca, SariaTi ukve iTvaliswinebda sisxlis aRebis Secvlas fuladi gamosasyidiT, Tu moklulis naTesavebi mkvlels apatiebdnen da Seurigdebodnen. gaufrTxileblobiT mkvlelobisaTvis dadgenili iyo gamosasyidi, romelsac Tan axlda orTviani marxva da muslimi monis gaazateba. aRniSnuli jgufis sxva danaSau-lisTvis kvlav gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pasuxismgebloba (sxeulebrivi zianis SemTxvevaSi) SurisZiebis principiT – talioniT. talionis principi mkveTrad iyo ganmtkicebuli yuranSi: “suli-sulisaTvis, Tvali-TvalisaTvis, cxviri-cxvirisaTvis, yuri-yurisaTvis, kbili-kbilisaTvis da WrilobisaTvis – SurisZieba”. da bolos, danaSaulis mesame jgufs is qmedeba Seadgenda, romelic ar iyo dasjadi saxalifos Camoyalibebis periodSi da, Sesabamisad, ver aisaxa SariaTis ZiriTad wyaroebSi. samarTlebrivi doqtrinis ganviTarebasa da, qonebrivad dawinaurebuli zedafenis mier, arsebuli wesrigis ganmtkicebasTan erTad, danaSaulad aRiarebul iqna da, Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos gziT dasjad qmedebad dadginda iseTi saxis danaSauli, rogoric iyo zakiaTis gadaxdaze da marxvis dacvaze uaris Tqma, msubuqi sxeulebrivi zianis miyeneba, Seuracxyofa, xulignoba, zoma-wonaSi motyueba, TaRliToba, meqrTameoba, saxelmwifo saxsrebis ganiaveba-gaflangva, azartuli TamaSebi da sxva. aseTi qmedebisaTvis sasjelis zoma damokidebuli iyo mujTaxidebis mosazrebasa da calkeuli mosamarTlis Sexedulebaze. islamuri samarTlis mixedviT, sasjelSi aisaxa rogorc winaresaxelmwifoebrivi da arqauli SurisZiebis xerxebi, ise mizanmimarTuli sisxlis-samarTlebrivi represiis, sakmaod damuSavebuli, RonisZiebani. pirveli da meore jgufis danaSauli iwvevda mkacradfiqsirebuli da sastiki sasjelis gamoyenebas (hadi da yisasi). mesame jgufis danaSaulisaTvis gankuTvnili sasjeli (Taziri) gamoirCeoda didi mravalferovnebiTa da moqnilobiT (aseTi sasjeli 4-dan 11 saxeobamde meryeobda). Tumca, aRniSnuli sasjelic atarebda, mkveTrad gamoxatul, sadamsjelo xasiaTs.

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maSasadame, SariaTi, dasaSvebad miiCnevda da akanonebda kidec, sisxlis aRebas (Tumca, winareislamuri periodisgan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT SezRuduli saxiT) – talions da nivTier an fulad gamosasyids (100 aqlemis odenobidan 1 aTas dinaramde) – anu kompensacias dazaralebulis, an misi naTesavebis sasargeblod, Tu isini uars ityodnen sisxlis aRebis uflebaze. SariaTi gulisxmobda, Sua saukuneebisaTvis tipiur, mkacr sasjels, romlis mizani iyo daSineba (zogadi prevencia), kerZod, mTeli rigi danaSaulisaTvis Sefardebuli sikvdiliT dasja, sajarod xdeboda (CamoxrCobisa an danawevrebis gziT) da Semdeg dasjilis gvamis dagdeba, sayovelTao SeuarcxyofisaTvis, xalxmraval adgilas. xSirad iyenebdnen sikvdiliT dasjis iseT saxeebs, rogoric iyo wyalSi daxrCoba an miwaSi cocxlad damarxva. SariaTi xSirad mimarTavda asoTmimRebi da sxeulebrivi sasjelis Sefardebas: TiTebis, xelebis, fexebis mokveTa, cema, gvema, qvebiT Caqolva; sapatimro sasjels. arabTa saxalifoSi, Cveulebriv, damnaSaves sasjels manam ufardebdnen, vidre saqme sasamarTloSi Sevidoda gansaxilvad. Tumca, sapatimro sasjels, TandaTanobiT, erT-erT zomad iyenebdnen, Tanac, cal-keul SemTxvevaSi damnaSaves ufardebdnen uvado patimrobas. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa Sinapatimrobasa an meCeTSi gamomwyvdevaSi mdgomareobda. islamuri samarTali icnobda qonebriv sanqciebs (qonebis konfiskacia da jarima) da gamawbilebel sasjels (wveris gaparsva, Calmis tarebis uflebis CamorTmeva, sajaro braldeba), agreTve _ gasaxlebasa da gadasaxlebas (mcire danaSaulisaTvis).

$5. islamuri samarTlo procesi

islamuri sasamarTlo procesi, Cveulebriv, atarebda sabraldebo xasiaTs. saqmis aRZvra xdeboda ara saxelmwifo organoebis saxeliT, aramed dainteresebuli pirebis mier (garda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulisa). praqtikulad, ar arsebobda gansxvaveba samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs Soris (TviT sasamarTlo-saproceso wesSic). sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilva xdeboda sajarod, Cveulebriv, meCeTSi, anu xalxmraval adgilas. mxareebs TviTon unda ewarmoebinaT saqme, advokatebis daxmarebis gareSe. procesi zepiri formiT tardeboda. mxolod abasidebis mmarTvelobis periodidan moyolebuli, samoqalaqo saqmeebze samarTalwarmoeba werilobiTi formiT xorcieldeboda da dgeboda sasamarTlo oqmebi. ZiriTad mtkicebulebad iTvleboda mxareTa aRiareba, mowmeTa Cveneba da fici. saqme erT sxdomaze unda gadawyvetiliyo da dauSvebeli iyo misi meore dRisaTvis gadatana. arsebiTad, sasamarTlo procesi, mxareTa Tavisebur, SejibrSi gadaiqceoda, sadac, bunebrivia, Raribi da mdidari warmomavlobis pirebi Tanabar mdgomareobaSi ver iqnebodnen. Ggadawyvetilebis gamotanis dros, SedarebiT mcire kategoriis saqmeebis gamoklebiT, mosamarTle didi TavisuflebiT sargeblobda da mas, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, gamohqonda gadawyvetileba, mxareTa mimarT piradi simpaTia-antipaTiis gaTvaliswinebiT da maTi socialuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisad. SariaTis procesualuri samarTlis Taviseburebad is iTvleba, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ar iyo saboloo da uapelacio da, saqmis irgvliv, axali faqtebisa da garemoebebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTles SeeZlo sakuTari gadawyvetilebis gadasinjva, rac TviTnebobisa da Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis safrTxes hqmnida. sasamarTloSi, mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis dros, batonobda formalizmi. kerZod, srulfasovan mtkicebulebad iTvleboda mxolod ori Rirseuli muslimi mamakacis mowmeoba. qalis mowmeoba naxevarmtkicebulebad miiCneoda, da Tanac, sando da safuZvliani mtkicebulebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo dasaSvebad miiCnevda ficis dadebas, rac evaleboda mopasuxes an braldebul mxares. ficis dadeba xdeboda, gansakuTrebiT, sazeimo formaSi da alahis saxeliT, ris gamo sasamarTlo procesSi, fici saimedo mtkicebulebad iyo aRiarebuli. fici braldebuls aTavisuflebda pasuxismgeblobidan an umsubuqebda sasjelis zomas. braldebulis aRiarebiTi Cveneba, Tu is srulwlovani da Seracxadi piris mier iqna micemuli, yovelgvari zewolisa da iZulebis gareSe, sakmariss mtkicebulebad miiCneoda da sasamarTlos SeeZlo gadawyvetilebis gamotana mis safuZvelze.

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sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlis istoria · 2012-11-16 · 6 Sesavali nawili: winareistoriuli...

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