By: H. Karimian1504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 1 Word Synonym Antonym abandon ,sharp, eager, intenseحساس desert, quit, give up, leave keep, retain, continue keen .... رهاsensitive blunt, dull, apathetic jealous حسودwanting what someone else has tact .......ability to say the right thing tactlessness, indiscretion oath قسمa promise that something is true, a curse vacant خاليempty, not filled full, occupied hardship سختيdifficulty, something that is hard to bear ease, comfort, prosperity gallant شجاعbrave, showing respect for women cowardly, rude data اطالعاتfacts, information unaccustomed نامأنوسnot used to something bachelor توانايي a man who has not married qualifyمجرد دادن become fit, show that you are able نشانLesson 2 Word Synonym Antonym corpse جنازهa dead body, usually of a person conceal پنهان .... hide, disguise reveal dismal گرفته و ,dark and depressing cheerful تاريکbright frigid سرد withoutبيحس live in numb .... زندگي very cold hot, passionate inhabit خيليpower of feeling, deadened sensitive, responsive peril خطرdanger safety , securi ty recline ,evil, wickedشرور scream sinisterفرياد lie down, stretch out, lean back shriek .... تکيهdishonest, frightening good, innocent temp اغفال .... try to get someone to do something wager شرطbet2Lessons 1-2 Word Synonym Antonym anecdote حكايت tale, story battle نبرد fight, conflict break in شدن نسل get in breed وارد رفيق type, kind buddy نژاد، cemetery آبدارچي friend butler دوست،زدن graveyard cheat قبرستان گول خرقه singing group cloak .. گروه deceive, defraud chorus تقلب،

پوشاندن‘ cover, coat reveal closet گنجه secret, private open coffin تابوت sarcophagus, tomb contest مسابقه راهزناچاق، ق competition, fight contraband, bandit نزاع، thief, outlaw cot برانكار crib,

cradle couch ،تختنيمكت settee court دادگاه disobey سرپيچي .... defy, challenge obey fire .... زدن run away, escape flirt .... فرار let off flee گذاشتن السgenerous بخشنده rent, employ hunter .... اجير tomb hire گور big-hearted tight-fisted grave سخي،سرايدار seeker, huntsman janitor شکارچي ,owner مالک gatekeeper, caretaker landlord دربان،proprietor tenant lean تکيه .... incline, bend lot ناحيه جوان batch, s e t maid بخش، زن يا دوشيزهmarched out شدن خارج سرعت بهoffer پيشنهاد proposal, suggestion puddle چاله revenge انتقام vengeance slum محله ....spirit روح soul, ghost split شکافتن separate, break up unite spotlight تمرکز‘ توجه attention, focus on stair پله step swear خوردن قلمرو cashier, bank clerk territory تحويلدار promise, curse teller قسمregion, terrain terror ترس fear, dread security tombstone قبر حقه gravestone, headstone trick سنگ

فريب‘ deception, cheat trouble زحمت problem, difficulty ease upbringing پرورش تربيت،education, rearing widow بيوه زنwitness شاهد observer, s p ectatorjealous of take an oath let out an oath build on give up qualify for put on/over treat in recline in/on/by bet on Abandon: "To put under another's control", "to give up" Sinister: "On the left" (in Latin)3504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 3 Word Synonym Antonym typical usual, of a kind exceptional minimum ......the lowest amount maximum scarce .....hardمعمولto get, rare plentiful, abundant, frequent annual ساالنهonce a year persuade متقاعد .... win over, convince, make willing dissuade, discourage essential ضروريnecessary, very important

unnecessary, non-essential blend مخلوطmix together thoroughly, a mixture visible رؤيت قابلable to be seen invisible, hidden expensive گرانقيمتcostly, high-priced cheap, economical talent استعدادnatural ability devise طرحthink out, plan, invent wholesale عمدهin large quantity, less than retail in price partial, selective Lesson 4 Word Synonym Antonym vapor بخارfog, mist eliminate حذف .... get ride of, remove, omit villain شرورa very wicked person dense متراکمclosely packed together, thick sparse, thin, light, clever utilize ... به hypothesis, thesisنظريه moist, damp dry, arid theoryمرطوب make use of humid گرفتنdescend آمدن go around enormousچرخش come down ascend, climb circulate پايين anticipate, foretell, tell beforehand .... پيشبيني extremely large, huge minute, tiny predictعظيمvanish شدن disappear appear , materiali ze ناپديد4Lessons 3-4 Word Synonym Antonym aggravate بدتر .... make worse, exaggerate alleviate altitude ارتفاعheight, elevation anger عصباني .... rage, irritation calm, pacify batter زدن , beat ضربهh it beau خاطرخواه breeze باد زيرزمين thief, robber cellar دزد gentle wind, puff of air burglar وزشbasement complain شکايت .... make a complaint praise contrary خالف opposite similar convention بر fall to pieces, crush, grind deserve .... خرد crumble خرچنگ meet ing, conf erence crab همايش

بودن خوردن merit, be worthy of dine سزاوار qua rrel, clas h executive نزاع eat dinner dispute شام exaggerated restrained foretell نامعقول admi nistrative, ma nagerial extravagant اجرائي شايعه huge, giga ntic miniature gossip عظيم microbe giant ميکروب predict, forecast germپيشگوييrumour grant اعطا .... gift, give labor ..... leftover پسماندهresidual, enduring, lasting quarrel نزاع dispute, fight agreement rainbow رنگينکمان reputation شهرت fame rid .... از پاکroam سفر‘ گردش travel, journey row زدن پاروshack .... ....slaughter قتلkill, massacre, murder sleet برفابهfrozen rain, hail somehow طريقي in some way, by بهsome means strange عجيبodd, bizarre, extraordinary normal, familiar strike اعتصاب work stopp age string طنابcord, filament, rope, twine swamp باتالق tie ...... track مسيرpath, roadway, trail trail محاکمه‘ قضاوت path , trajec tory trial دنباله judgment, court case, tribunal vacate تخليه .... leave, check out of, evacuate take up wage دستمزد salary , earni ngs weapon سالحmissile, warhead wand هرزه baton, stick, rod weedعصا eliminate, remove .... محو wild plant, wild flower wipe out علفwitch ساحره withheld مضايقه .... withdrawn, pendin g ongoing set a wage put out look on Expensive: "Costly, dear, valuable, precious, invaluable, priceless, exorbitant, excessive, immoderate" Villain: "A person who lives on a farm, evil"5504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 5 Word Synonym Antonym tradition شهر beliefs, opinions, customs ruralرسوم in the country urban, city, town burden حومهدانشگاه load, what is carried campusبار grounds of a college, university or school محوطهmajority اکثريتgreater part, more than half minority assemble گردآوريget together, bring together disperse, demolish explore تحقيق .... go over carefully, examine topic موضوعsubject that people think, write… debate مناظرهcontroversy, discussion evade رفتن get away طفرهfrom by trickery or cleverness face, confront probe تحقيق .... investigate, search into reform improve, make better worsen Lesson 6 Word Synonym Antonym approach .... بهتر

شدن find out, discover, perceive .... پيدا come near or nearer to leave, avoid detect نزديکdefect نقصfault, that which is wrong employee .....wage-earner, member of staff neglect mislead .... گمراه give too little care or attention to care for, attend to deceive .... صرفنظر

undoubtedly ًمطمئناcertainly, beyond doubt popular مردميliked by most people unpopular, unknown thorough ....complete, deep superficial client مشتريcustomer comprehensive cheat, take money,… away by .... تقلب including much, covering completely defraudجامعcheating6Lessons 5-6 Word Synonym Antonym accused متهم appliance وسيله machine, de vice appreciate .... خليج be grateful for bay .... تقديرbeard ريش bracelet النگو دوره office career اداره brake pe dal bureau ترمز armlet brake دستبند،شدن .... ) ) livelihood catch زندگي دستگيرclerk ...... convict مجرم criminal, vi llain council شورا committee county استان region, province customer مشتري client, consumer custom رسم‘ گمرک trade, business decent آراسته نجيب،polite, moral discourteous, decadent deprive محروم .... take away provide distract اغفال .... sidetrack, divert doubt ترديد نام entitle دام hesitation, uncertainty dragnet شک، بودن، مستحقانداختن give the right, name debar expel نهادن بازي drive out, eject favoritism بيرون پارتيpartiality, pr eference impartiality finery دار ‘ زيور برق و زرق لباسgang گروه‘ دسته team, squad hint اشاره .... clue, intimate, imply innocent بيگناه blameless, guiltless guilty inspection بازرسي check , a ssessment limp لنگيدن walk lamely, hobble merchandise ريخته .... forgiveness, pity cruelty messy بخشش goods, commodities mercy جنس ..... بهم , chaotic وd i sordered neat miniskirt دامن ..... sarong, kilt nobleman نجيبزاده polite, gallant pilgrim مسافر praise تحسين admi ration, tr ibute criticism pretend وانمود .... make believe, feign reckless بيدقت careless, hasty, rash cautious rescuer نجاتدهنده savior, liberator rioter آشوبگر rebel, protester ruin خطير irony, ridicule respect serious ريشخند destroy, wreck sarcasm .... خراب ,severe جدي،important funny, trivial silent بيصدا ناچيز quiet, still, hushed noisy, talkative slight ساکت، مقدارsmall, trivial considerable spade بيل shovel spine فقرات -direction فرمان backbone steering ستونfinding suspect شدن محاکمه blessing trial شکرگذاري doubt, m istrust trust thanksgiving مظنونjudgment trickery حيلهگري deception, fraud honesty take on set rules get up stay up look into Silent majority: "Dead people" Defect: "Fault; to quit a country, a political party, or a cause" Double Duty Words 1. abandon (v., n.) 2. hardship (n., adj.) 3. wager (n., v.) 4. annual (n., adj.) 5. blend (n., v.) 6. burden (n., v.) 7. debate (n., v.) 8. probe (n., v.) 9. reform (v., adj.) 10. neglect (n., v.) 11. gallant (n., adj.) Opposites 1. approach =.leave 2. expensive =.cheap 3. visible =.unseen 4. popular =.hated 5. vacant =.filled 6. keen =.dull 7. descend =.climb 8. humid =.dry 9. vanish =.be seen 10. essential =.not needed7504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 7 Word Synonym Antonym postpone تأخيرdelay, put off a later time bring forward, advance consent موافقتagree to, accept dissent, disagree , refusal massive حجيمbulky, immense tiny, minute, compact capsule .....a small case or covering preserve محفظت .... keep safe, protect, continue destroy, end denounce محکوم .... express strong disapproval of, condemn support unique any violent, rushingسيل rare, having no like or equal ordinary, common, usual torrentيکتاstream, flood trickle resent رنجيدنfeel injured and angered at (something) accept, like molest dark, dim, in low spiritsغمگين disturb, interfere with and trouble, bother gloomyمزاحمتbright, happy, cheerful unforeseen نشده unexpected, not known beforehand Lesson پيشبيني8 Word Synonym Antonym exaggerate اغراق .... overstate understate amateur ordinary, average varietyمتوسط not professional professional, expert mediocreآماتور sound, true, supported byدرست lack of sameness, a number of different things validگوناگون

facts or authority invalid, null, illegal survive ماندن live longer than, remain alive after زندهweird مرموزmysterious, unearthly, very strange ordinary, conventional prominent freedom fromامن well-known, celebrated, renowned inconspicuous, obscure securityمشهورdanger, care or fear bulky حجيمtaking up much space, large reluctant نااميدunwilling, hesitant eager, willing, ready obvious واضحeasily seen or understood, plain8Lessons 7-8 Word Synonym Antonym attic شيرواني زير ,lawyerوکيل upper floor attorney اتاقadvocate clue مدرک فاتح، denounce commend conqueror .... محکوم evidence, sign condemn سرنخ،اساسي defeater, victorious constitution پيروز وصل‘ زوج instrument of government couple قانون .... pair, combine separate cousin دايي و عمو دختر يا پسرcrew خدمهteam, squad, troop district ناحيه ,diversionسرگرمي region, area entertainment بخش،hobby, amusement feature لحاظ سرکارگر influenza foremanآنفوالنزا aspect, characteristic flu جنبه،give up ..... دادن دست از impressive, excellent poorباشکوه quit, abandon continue grand رهاhaunted جنزدهghostly, worried horrible مهيب dreadful, terrible pleasant illness مخوف، ,tripسفر not curable, untreatable journeyعالجناپذير sickness, disease good health incurableبيماريvoyage, travel lumberjack چوببر measures اقدامات miss خطا دادن، دست lose take pleasure .... از

خوشي يورش give up take up rush .... رها enjoyment, delight displeasure quit لذت، شديد، حرکتslaughter قتل ‘ ..... kill, murder sound درست secretجاسوس unfailing, good unsound spy سالم،agent, emissary, mole squad تيم‘ دسته group, team stamp نقش محکم، stomp strict مهر، سخت،شديد wagon, articulated vehicle violentواگن severe, rigorous lenient truck اکيد صبعانه‘ سخت، brutal, vicious friendly, peaceful violet بنفشbluish-purple put off take on Preserve: "In ancient times: man preserved woman from slaughter in order to work for the conqueror" Obvious: "Something that met you on the way"9504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 9 Word Synonym Antonym vicinity 100قرن neighborhood, region near a place centuryهمسايگي years rage شديد عصبانيتviolent anger document پروندهtext, manuscript conclude پايانend, finish, decide start, commence, extend undeniable شک ,act against .... مقاومت not to be denied resist بدونstrive against, oppose lack .....have not enough abundance, sufficiency ignore نکردن pay توجهno attention to, disregard pay attention to challenge چالشcall to fight, dare miniature place from which something comes Lessonمنبع small scale gigantic, enormous sourceمينياتور10 Word Synonym Antonym excel بودن be better than, do better than feminine بهتررفتن of women or girls mannish, manly mountزنانه .... رقابت get up on descend compete باالbe a rival or contestant dread ترسيدنfear greatly, causing great fear masculine مردانهof man, male feminine menace تهديدthreat, warning tendency تمايلleaning, movement in a certain direction underestimate .. گرفتن misjudge, miscalculate, see too low دستvictorious پيروزconquering unsuccessful , losi ng numerous متعددvery many, several few flexible منعطفeasily bent, willing to yield rigid, stiff, inflexible10Lessons 9-10 Word Synonym Antonym antic مسخره مضحک،arouse ..... برانگيختن approach , ma nner banish نگرش stimulate, rouse dampen attitude تحريکدادن deport, send away beat .... تبعيد ,act .... رفتار overcome, get the better of behave شکستperform, work boredom مالل دادن monotony, tediousness bother خستگي، go to the trouble دردسرof crisis بحران disast er, catastr ophe critic منتقد detractor , evalua tor crop محصول برداشت

harvest, gather debater مذاکره .....debtor بدهکار nonpaye r, defa ulter decree فرمان , isolated متروک command, rule deserted حکم،uninhab ited doll عروسکtoy dungaree دار بند شلوارenthusiasm اشتياقeagerness, interest apathy eventually عاقبتfinally, ultimately fair ..... نمايشگاهتقلبي‘ نادرست exhibition, just fake منصفانه false, phony genuine flabby شل unfit, out of سست،condition firm, fit frame هيکلbody, physique giant عظيمالجثهenormous, gigantic, monster miniature guilty گناهکارblameworthy, at fault innocent honestly صادقانهtruthfully, frankly, sincerely untruthfully interrupt قطع .... break up, break off jockeys حرفهاي سوارکارjuggling سريع ‘ تردستي حرکتjury منصفه داستان adjudicators, judges legend هيات شهردار myth, fairy tale mayor افسانه،mustache سبيل nephew برادر پسر خواهر، پسرonlooker ناظرviewer, observer opportunity مجال‘ فرصت chance, occasion pastime دادن trick, hoax genuine poke تقلبي amusement, hobby, diversion phonyسرگرمي push, thrust هلpony اسب ...... horse poodle پشمالو سگquack شيادpretender, fraud, impostor remedy عالج حل ‘ دارو، راه cure, solution residential shy گروهبان opponent, adversary sergeantرقيب housing, inhabited, suburban business rivalمسکونيسرسخت strive ......struggle, try hard stubborn عاميانه introvert extrovert slang خجالتي ..... ، ..... imm ovable, tenacious flexible sundae ميوهاي بستنيwise زيرکastute, clever foolish worthless بيارزشvalueless valuablesent into a rage count on cry at Century: "C-note stands for $100. fin ($5), sawbuck ($10) and grand ($1,000)" Mountebank: "Quack or fake"11504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 11 Word Synonym Antonym evidence مدرکproof, affirmation solitary تنهاalone, single, only sociable, busy vision easily broken, delicate sturdy glimpseمکرر power of seeing, sense of sight frequentبينايي

گذرا دهه current, new, latest old, former decadeحاضر a short, quick view; glance recent نگاه10 years hesitate بودن ridiculous, foolishمزخرف be doubtful, fail to act quickly absurd مرددconflict نبردdisagreement, direct opposition agreement, peace, harmony minority اقليتless than half, smaller part majority fiction افسانهlegend ftruth act, Lesson 12 Word Synonym Antonym ignite زدن ,put an end to keep, retain .... تمام set on fire extinguish abolish آتشmaintain urban شهريcity, town rural population جمعيتpeople of a city or country frank make dirty clean, purify .... آلوده truthful, not hiding what’s in one’s mind evasive polluteرکreveal دادن ,forbid by law or authority .... منع make known, show, display hide prohibit نشانban allow, authorize, facilitate urgent مهمimportant, necessary causal, trivial, unimportant adequate ....sufficient, enough inadequate, insufficient decrease .... دادن make or become less increase audible شنيدن heard, hearable inaudible, faint, indistinct قابل12Lessons 11-12 Word Synonym Antonym alien بيگانهunfamiliar, foreign barely ندرت به ‘ بهشکاري hardly, scarcely easily binoculars سختي دوربينblaze درخشان رنگ يا دنبالهدار shine, flash comet نور ستارهcommand دستور دانستن decree convict فرمان، unable to ناشنوا ... condemn acquit deaf مقصرhear hearing diet غذايي سالخورده regime elderly رژيم old, aged , ma ture fiery مسن،بخار blazing, burning fumeآتشين دود،

fund سرمايهfinance, account gear لباس‘ وسيله device, clothes harbor پناهگاه shelter, protec t harsh خشن بهشت، cure, make well worsen heaven .... درمان cruel, severe gentle, mild heal سخت،آتشين paradise hell igneous آسمان آذرين،inference نتيجه‘ استنباط deduction juror منصفه هيات عضوknot متصل‘ بستن .... join, tie untie loaf ولگردي نان، beunoccupied luminous .... قرصقرون intervention provocation medieval ميانجيگري shining, brilliant dull mediationدرخشانوسطاييmerely فقط بيانگشت mitten شهابسنگ just, only meteor صرفاً، دستکشmonster هيوال huge, fiend small nearsighted نزديکبين short-sighted penalty مجازات تنبيه،punishment pill حب ,chief مدير clearly , evidentl y principal صريحاً tablet, medication plainly قرص،major property ملک confidence اعتماد maxim, adage reliance ضربالمثل possessions proverb دارايي،, trustrent اجاره ، ..... hire, paym ent rough خشن وسيله coarse, uneven smooth, gentle scuba سخت،غواصيshelter حفاظ ساحلي ha rbor, protec t shoreline پناهگاه، plant silly بوته beach , seashor e shrub خط

ابله amazingly, wonderfully mildly sublimeتماشايي stupid, ridiculous sensible spectacularly نادان،مبادله ..... magnificent, uplifting ridiculous swapبلندپايه داستان، exchange , chan ge tale عوضمالي story, lege nd treasurer افسانه امور مسئولvote گرفتن درگوشي ballot, poll whisper راي soft voice, undertone go into a rage cheat نجوا،on like …better than … go on a diet hardly ever rather than turn out Absurd: "Quite deaf", "silly or senseless" Double Duty Words 1. consent (v., n.) 2. security (n., adj.) 3. preserve (n., v.) 4. rage (v., n.) 5. document (v., n.) 6. challenge (v., n.) 7. menace (v., n.) 8. frequent (v., adj.) 9. conflict (v., n.) 10. dread (v., adj.) Opposites 1. consent =.refuse 2. valid =.untrue 3. ignite =.get off 4. reveal =.hide 5. urgent =.not important 6. victorious =.beaten 7. survive =.die 8. mount =.put out 9. prohibit =.allow 10. miniature =.large13504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 13 Word Synonym Antonym journalist روزنامهنگارnewspaperman famine قحطيstarvation, great shortage revive احيا .... bring back or come back to life commence شروعbegin, start finish, end, conclude observant

هوشيار‘ تيزبين quick to notice, watchful inattentive, dreamy identify دادن ,recognize تشخيصdistinguish migrate مهاجرت .... emigrate, relocate vessel .... ‘ رگ a ship, vein persist misty, fogy, unclear clearمهآلود continue firmly, preserve give up, desist, stop hazyپافشاريgleam بارقهa flash or beam of light editor سردبير Lesson 14 Word Synonym Antonym unruly قانونشکنlawless well-behaved rival رقيبopponent, contestant violent خشنdone with strong, rough force brutal وحشيsavage, cruel gentle, human, civilized opponent a noisy quarrel or fight duplicateدرگيري rival, contestant ally, partner, colleague brawlرقيب... .... an exact copy, repeat exactly vicious شرورevil, wicked, savage gentle, kindly whirling push with force bewildered .... فرو loser thrustستمديده spinning underdogچرخانconfused completely, puzzledمبهوت14Lessons 13-14 Word Synonym Antonym adaptation اصالح .... alteration, modification affairs امور ، ..... dealings, associations audience بينندگان و ساحل ..... listeners and viewers bank شنوندگانside, shore banked track مسابقه پيستbill صورتحسابdemand for payment bitter طعنهآميز sour, resentful sweet, resigned brute تلخ،

پاشيدن ..... beast, animal burst حيوانصفت هم از درشت rupture, fracture coarse قطع خشن،rough, stiff smooth completion اتمام conclusion, end consciousness آگاهي ,awareness هوشياري،perception unconsciousness crime جنايت offence, sin cruel بيرحم unkind, brutal, vicious kind dozen

عدد دوازده جين، دوelbowing دادن handy فارغالتحصيلي spirit, phantom graduation روح ghost ناخن push fingernail هل

استفاده پوک useful, usable hollow قابل document, text نوشته void, empty solid manuscript ميانتهي،pit جنگ fight proud سربلند نبرد overconfident humble, modest quarrel مغرور، dispute, fight نزاع،ram قوچ نر، گوسفندrumour شايعه gossip fact saucer بشقاب .... plate, bowl savage وحشي skinny, slim و پوست الغر،اصطالح ...... thin, skeletal fat so-called استخوان شدن alleged spoil به شدن ‘ فاسد خراب ruin, destroy improve starvation گرسنگي hunger, malnourishment struggle تقال .... make a great effort, strive swing نوسان سارق fluctuate, oscillate thief .... چرخيدن، اگرچه burglar, robber though دزد،although, even if turf همسايگيneighborhood twin دوقلو double, look-alike victim قرباني fatality, wounded wondered شگفتزده surprised come in interest in throw out get into thrust into Commence: "Begin, start" Rival: "Probably comes from the Latin rivus (stream), who lives across the river"15504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 15 Word Synonym Antonym expand دادن make .... اصالح increase in size, enlarge, swell contract, condense alter گسترشdifferent, change, vary mature بالغripe, grown-up young, immature sacred مقدسholy, blessed, worthy of respect secular, temporal, profane revise نظر change, alter, bring up تجديدto date pledge دادن happening by chance, not planned pursueتصادفي promise casual قول in complete agreement, consentموافق follow, proceed along flee, avoid unanimous .... تعقيبfortunate خوششانسlucky, having good luck pioneer پيشروdeveloper, innovator innovative خالقfresh, clever, having new idea Lesson 16 Word Synonym Antonym slender الغرlong and thin, slim fat surpass بودن do better than, go beyond follow vast بهتر hesitation, uncertainty certainty capacityشک enormous, huge small doubtعظيم penetrate, go .... رسوخ pierce, go through pierce .... نفوذ volume, ability penetrateظرفيتthrough accurate دقيقprecise, exact inaccurate microscope ميکروسکوپ grateful careful, wary reckless confidentمحتاط feeling gratitude, thankful ungrateful cautiousقدردانcertain, sure of oneself unsureمطمئن16Lessons 15-16 Word Synonym Antonym ad تبليغاتي advertisement, trailer aboveboard آگهي

پوست .... و درست‘ رک correct shady bartender ( بار .... ) متصديbleeding خونريزيblood loss blind ...sightless, unsighted confidentially محرمانهin secret, in private openly dig up آشکار .... reveal, find hide eardrum گوش پردهfaithful وفادارloyal, reliable gratitude قدردانيthanks, appreciation hall راهروpassageway honor attack, enter by force .... حمله investigation invadeتحقيق respect, admiration dishonor inquiry احترامlead سرب loyalty صداقتfaithfulness disloyalty pound زدن خاموش hit, strike quiet ضربه ساکت،calm, silent loud quite ......completely slightly retina چشم شبکيهripe بالغ‘ رسيده mature, fully grown unripe salute درود نشان greeting, acknowledgment scar سالم،

زخم ‘ اثر mark, wound slight ... اندک small, unimportant considerable strip باريک نوار narrow برهنه،piece, ribbon tame اهلي‘ رام domestic wild tear down .... دريدن هم از و demolish, destroy متالشي

temple شقيقه سينما ..... shrine, place of worship usher معبد، يا guide, attendant vex راهنما trouble, displease pacify, placatedig up walk away come out so far move .... ناخوشايندout clear up write on Pioneer: "Origin: French word for a foot soldier, peonier" Confident: "Route: Fidere meant "trust" in17504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 17 Word Synonym Antonym appeal جاذبهattraction, interest, to urge repel addict معتادdevotee wary محتاطcautious, careful unwary, careless aware آگاهknowing, realizing unconscious misfortune بدشانسيbad luck luck avoid جلوگيري .... keep away from, avert encourage wretched بيچارهmiserable happy keg سطلbarrel nourish تغذيه .... feed, nurture harsh شديد‘ سخت cruel, severe gentle quantity مقدارamount opt انتخاب .... choose or favor, select Lesson 18 Word Synonym Antonym tragedy تراژديdisaster, a sad play joy pedestrian پيادهwalker, person on foot glance اجمالي financial plan nimbleبودجه glimpse, a quick look perusal budget نگاه ,carelessبيدقت direct, control reckless .... مديريت agile, quick awkward manipulateچاالکhasty, rash cautious, careful horrid ترسناکhorrible, terrible, frightful pleasant rave ديوانهوار

زدن not wasting time or money wasteful lubricateاقتصادي talk wildly economical حرفclever, inventiveباهوش oil, grease ingeniousروغنکاري18Lessons 17-18 Word Synonym Antonym agent خاص مسئوليت يک manager aware عهدهداردرگيري‘ نزاع sink its teeth into brawlگزيدگي bitten نانوايي conscious unaware bakeryآگاه fight, clash brilliant درخشان‘ باهوش luminous, talented dull, mediocre career زندگي livelihood دورهcarpenter نجار carve قسمت .... slice, cut in slices commonplace معموليordinary, usual extraordinary complementary تکميليharmonizing convenience راحتي ease inconvenience counselor condemn, accuse support dull ....stupid bright .... متهم infer denounce .... استنتاج deduce مشاورessay مقاله‘ رساله thesis, treatise gambling قمارmaking a bet greedy حريصhungry, stingy generous heedless بيدقت‘ بيفکر neglectful, careless careful inhale .... دم‘ تنفس breathe in exhale junk آشغالrubbish, garbage leap پريدنjump, rise drop lunge حمله .... attack neat مرتبtidy, in order untidy, disorganized ought بايدmust, should pedantic .......... pep انرژيزاenergy, activeness pledge

دادن خوردن ‘ قول قسم promise, oath puppet نشانده ‘ عروسک دست doll, marionette relieve آسان‘ آزاد .... .... ease exacerbate revive احيا .... revitalize, renew kill skinny, slim الغرthin, skeletal

fat stare زدن شدن ‘ زل خيره look intently, gaze glance stranger غريبهunfamiliar person, alien strike برخورد‘ تصادف .... attack suffering مشقت‘ رنج pain, torment, misery swift سريعfast, quick slow

utensil ابزار‘ وسيله tool, appliance wary محتاطcautious unwary, careless wounded مجروح ‘بيچاره‘ بدبخت injured, hurt wretched مصدوم miserable, despondent happy break away keep away/out get into opt for draw up set aside take off Keg: "Came from the Icelandic word: kaggi" Pedestrian: "When it is use as adjective means very dull and commonplace"Double Duty Words 1. brawl (v., n.) 2. rival (n., adj.) 3. thrust (v., n.) 4. duplicate (v., n.) 5. pledge (v., n.) 6. appeal (v., n.) 7. budget (v., n.) 8. rave (v., adj.) 9. mature (v., adj.) 10. pedestrian (n., adj.) Opposites 1. ingenious =.stupid 2. nourish =.starve 3. commence =.finish 4. hazy =.clear 5. slender =.thick 6. expand =.make smaller 7. misfortune =.good luck 8. harsh =.smooth 9. migrate =.stay at home 10. pedestrian =.driver19504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 19 Word Synonym Antonym harvest محصول very plentiful scarce uneasyاضافي gather, collect abundant جمعآوري

نگران‘ ناراحت restless, anxious untroubled calculate حساب .... estimate, figure absorb زدن take in or suck up, interest greatly exude estimate .... جذب guess, estimation تخمين

morsel لقمهa small bite, mouthful chunk quota سهمshare threat تهديدmenace ban منع .... forbid, prohibit allow panic آشفتگيunreasoning fear, dread calm appropriate مناسبfit, proper inappropriate Lesson 20 Word Synonym Antonym emerge آمدن come out بيرونjagged دندانهدارuneven, toothed smooth linger طول ..... stay on, delay leaving leave ambush دامtrap crafty حيلهگرtrickery, sly defiant مقاوم‘ جسور open resisting, challenging vigor قويactive strength or force perish مردنdie, be destroyed survive fragile شکنندهeasily broken, frail sturdy, strong captive زندانيprisoner free prosper موفقbe successful devour با

خوردن eat greedily حرص20Lessons 19-20 Word Synonym Antonym abacus چرتکه anxious مشتاق‘ نگران nervous, eager unconcerned appeal جذب‘ درخواست .... petition, request, attract repel arrest دستگير .... seize, capture release barn علوفه ‘ طويله انبار storage place, hangar bison گاو ........bite لقمهmouthful, morsel bug ساسinsect charge جرم‘ هزينه cost, accuse commence شروع .... begin, initiate terminate complaint شکايت .... criticism praise conflict مبارزهclash, dispute, fight peace crowd جمعيتgroup, assembly deem تصور .... think, believe, regard evasive طفرهآميزelusive, vague direct exclude خارج .... leave out include foul ناخوشايند‘ .... ‘ آلوده polluted, unpleasant clean, pleasant hunt شکار ....indeed بيگمان ‘ً مطمئنا certainly, undeniably lamb برهred meat, beef lawn چمنgrass lobster چرخنگ درياييmystical عرفانيspiritual, supernatural obey پيروي .... follow disobey odor بو peach هلو pebble اطمينان reliable گاوچران insect killer rancherآفتکش stone, small rock pesticideشن موثق‘ قابل loyal, trustworthy unreliable reluctant نااميدunwilling, unenthusiastic eager revive احيا .... revitalize, renew kill roam گردشjourney, travel settle ruin نابود .... destroy, devastate shrewd زيرکastute, crafty naive sly حيلهگرcrafty, tricky, furtive honest strive تقال .... struggle, effort sturdy نيرومندstrong, powerful frail, weak tax مالياتduty, tariff terrier سگ .... نوعيtreasurer خزانهدار vulgar بداخالق‘ زشت bad, bad-mannered decent, polite wither شدن dry خشکup suck up take in grow up come up/out/into stay on linger on Calculate: "Charge customers by figuring out" Ambush: "A place for protect a person made out of bushes or woods"21504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 21 Word Synonym Antonym plea crash, come together .... برخورد tired refreshed collideخسته request, appeal wearyدرخواستwith force confirm تاييد .... make certain, prove refute verify تاييد .... confirm, prove to be true disprove anticipate پيشبيني .... predict, expect dilemma حاد problem, a difficult مشکلchoice detour فرعي goodness, worth, valueشايستگي a roundabout way merit راهdisadvantage transmit فرستادنsend over, pass on relieve آسان .... make less, release, ease, replace exacerbate baffle پيچيدهpuzzle, confuse Lesson 22 Word Synonym Antonym warden نگهبانkeeper, guard acknowledge اقرار .... admit to be true deny justice عادالنهfair dealing, impartiality injustice delinquent مجرمan offender, criminal law-abiding reject رد .... refuse accept deprive محروم .... take away from by force spouse شوهر يا wife or husband زنvocation حرفهoccupation, profession unstable ناپايدارnot firmly fixed steady homicide recipientذينفع punish, set a penalty for beneficiary .... تنبيه murder, slaughter penalizeقتلbenefactor22Lessons 21-22 Word Synonym Antonym abound داشتن وفور be plentiful, thrive beneath به

بخشنده‘ مهربان under, below above benevolentزير generous, kind malevolent benign مهربان ‘قلب مبهوت‘ گيج benevolent, kind malignant bewildered خوش confused, baffled brand گونه ‘ نوع ‘

نر kind, type bull .... لکهدار گاوburglar سارق‘ دزد thief, robber clerk ...... collision برخورد‘ تصادف crash, accident commit انجام

شدن ‘ دادن مرتکب perform, carry out consent موافقت .... approval, permit refusal defiant جسور ‘آمدن disobedient, rebellious obedient emerge مقاوم شدن come out face بيرون stand in front روبروof fair dealing منصفانه هراس‘ ترس just conduct biased fright رفتار fear, terror, panic bravery guilty .......blameworthy, at fault innocent harshly خشونت inmate شاخ unkindly, strictly gently horn بارفتار prison just conductingزندان assurance jailبيمه prisoner, convict insuranceزنداني fair .... عادالنهdealing liberty آزاديfreedom, autonomy suppression mayor شهردار multitude زياد large تعدادnumber nephew برادر يا خواهر پسرniece برادر يا خواهر دخترpolicy مشي استراتژي‘ خط plan, strategy promotion پشتيباني‘ حمايت endorsement, help pursue شهر follow rural .... دنبال مجازات country, rustic urban sentence حومه judgment, punishment تعيينstrange غريب‘ عجيب odd, bizarre, peculiar normal thorough عميق ‘ .... complete, deep partial unpleasant ناخوشايندunlikable pleasant villain شرورcriminal, outlaw vivid ملون‘ رنگارنگ colorful dull weird مرموزstrange normal wound جراحت‘ آسيب injury, cut yell زدن shout, shriek turn فريادin weary of take off pass on/along deprive of set up Dilemma: "Facing with two choices, each equally unpleasant" Beneficiary: "All words beginning with bene speak only of good, for that is what this prefix means"23504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 23 Word Synonym Antonym reptile ندرت snakes, lizards, turtles, alligators,… rarelyخزنده hardly ever, seldom, not often not بهoften forbid منع .... prohibit, ban, make a rule against allow logical منطقيreasonable, rational illogical exhibit دادن رفتن show, display proceed نشان go on, move forward, progress پيشrecede precaution حفاظتي pull .... استخراج preventative measure, foresight extract اقداماتout, elicit, draw out prior مقدمearlier, former embrace گرفتن آغوش hug, hold in your arms درvaliant شجاعbrave, courageous cowardly partial جزئيincomplete, fractional complete Lesson 24 Word Synonym Antonym fierce وحشيsavage, wild gentle detest نفرت .... اخم scorn, contempt admiration scowl .... مسخره hate, dislike intensely love sneer داشتنfrown, look angry by lowering eyebrows frown encourage تشويق .... give confidence, inspire consider گرفتن نظر موذي think about, regard as, take into account vermin در small حشراتanimal such as rats, bugs,… wail .... بلند صداي با cry loud and long because of pain or grief گريهsymbol نشانه‘ سمبل sign, icon authority قدرتpower, right powerlessness neutral little bit ناچيز ‘ .. unbiased, impartial, not taking sides biased trifleبيطرف24Lessons 23-24 Word Synonym Antonym afford داشتن ‘ دادن مالي قدرت give, have the funds for agile چاالک و دادن nimb le, swif t clumsy arise فرز يافتن occur, take place attend رخ be حضورpresen t at miss audacious شجاعbrave cowardly bargain زدن ‘ معامله چانه good buybeef گاو شکايت‘ گوشت .... complain chivalrous شجاع gallant boorish claw زدن scratch, tear چنگcontempt اهانتscorn, dislike admiration crawl خزيدنcreep cuddle بغل .... embrace curious ......probing apathetic dauntless بيباک fearless timid delegate دادن ‘ نماينده وکالت representative, entrust retain delinquent مجرم crim inal, offe nding law-abiding deprive محروم .... takeaway provide

dime سنتي ده سکهdrab دلگير‘ بيروح dull, uninteresting interesting dweller ساکن inhabitant, reside nt entrust واگذار .... hand over, delegate fang مار نيشflea .. fond مايلtender, caring uncaring frown اخم .... scowl smile grief غصه sorrow , miser y joy groom داماد hug بغل .... em brace, cuddleindomitable قوي strong, stubbo rn feeble intrepid بيباک‘ شجاع fearless, brave cowardly invasion opposition, protestationمخالفت disorder , ch aos order objection بينظم attack muddle تهاجمapproval obedience پيروي‘ اطاعت agreement disobedience olive زيتون owe بدهکارbe in debt repay perplex پيچيدهpuzzle, baffle poisonous سمي toxic, fa tal slip out شدن exit, leave stay spitting خارج

انداختن تفsplinter تکه‘ ذره particle , pi ece statue مجسمه figurine supreme عالي highest, top worst surpass

گذاشتن work turtle فعاليت ‘ ... toil انعام filament, yarn, strand tipريسمان go beyond follow thread جا Valliant: "Refers to famous Prince Valiant who appeared in the comics for many الکپشتyears as the ideal knight" Symbol: "Symbols are used in language, writing, logic, mathematics, science, religion, trade and sports" Double Duty Words 1. exhibit (v., n.) 2. harvest (v., n.) 3. panic (v., n.) 4. ambush (v., n.) 5. plea (v., n.) 6. delinquent (n., adj.) 7. reject (v., n.) 8. detour (v., n.) 9. sneer (v., n.) 10. scowl (v., n.) Opposites 1. detest =.be fond of 2. perish =.live 3. valiant =.afraid 4. emerge =.hide 5. unstable =.steady 6. weary =.wide awake 7. scowl =.smile 8. prior =.afterwards 9. morsel =.huge piece 10. rarely =.often25504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 25 Word Synonym Antonym architect معمارdesigner, a maker, creator matrimony زناشويي marriage life زندگيbaggage چمدانbags, suitcases, gear squander ولخرجيwaste, spend foolishly save abroad

از و a runaway, escapee calamityفراري overseas, out of the country fugitive .... خارج بال a very poor person rich envyفقير a great misfortune, serious trouble pauper بدبختيريختن jealousy, be jealous of collapseحسادت fall down, breakdown, ruin prosecute فروهمسر bring to court, follow up, carry on bigamy .... تعقيب دو having two wives or two داشتنhusbands at same time Lesson 26 Word Synonym Antonym possible ممکنable to be, be done, or happen, feasible impossible compel مجبور .... force, get by force, oblige awkward ,dare .... خطر clumsy, embarrassing, not easily managed graceful, relaxed ventureنامطلوبundertake, expose to risk awesome شگفتانگيزastounding, amazing, breath-taking guide دادن direct, manage quench .... راهنمايي تسليم put an end to, drawn or put out betray پايان.... give up, deceive, mislead, show protect, withhold utter گفتن ‘ .... say, speak, make known; complete partial pacify آرام .... calm down, placate aggravate respond دادن ,react پاسخanswer, take action ignore beckon اشاره .... signal, make a gesture, attract dismiss26Lessons 25-26 Word Synonym Antonym acquaintances آشنايانfriends befall دادن ,happen رخoccur blink زدن section, partition .... ‘ قسمت open and close the eye compartment چشمکembarrassing نامطلوبawkward, uncomfortable relaxed fate سرنوشتdestiny, fortune fine جريمه .... penalize, punish fold گردآوريgather fort نظامي ‘ دژ قلعه castle fur پوست‘ خزglazier شيشهبر graceful داشتني ‘ جذاب دوست attractive, lovely awkward heel پاشنه ignorant

جاهل‘ مودب impolite, unaware polite infant نوزادbaby, newborn inheritance ميراثheritage jaywalking بيمباالت عابرlather تراشکار mason سنگتراش medic پزشکي دانشجويmob جمعيتcrowd needy نيازمندpoor, in need rich plasterer اندودگر plumber لولهکش realm قلمرو ‘

.... territory, country serpent خزندهreptile sigh عميق resentful sweetترش exhale noisily sour نفسsuspicious بدگمان‘ شکاک dubious, suspect trustworthy thirst تشنگيneed for liquids trunk چمدان possessions, funds poverty willثروت cruelty, totalitarianism wealthستمگري box tyranny بزرگgive up slow up catch up in favor of turn out وصيتنامه27504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 27 Word Synonym Antonym despite عليرغمin spite of, regardless of disrupt گسيختنupset, cause to break down, disturb rash شتابزده‘ جوش hasty, careless careful rapid سريعvery quick, swift slow exhaust ...... وضوح‘ سختي empty completely, use up, tire out refresh severity خالي strictness, plainness, violence gentleness, warmth feeble ضعيفweak, frail strong unite شدن ,join together متحدbecome one separate cease متوقف .... stop, end, finish commence thrifty stingy, like a miser generousخسيس economical, saving, thriving spendthrift miserlyصرفهجوmonarch پادشاه يا king, queen, ruler Lesson 28 Word Synonym Antonym outlaw ملکه

ياغي‘ منع .... an exile, an outcast, a criminal, to declare unlawful promote دادن help to ترقيgrow and develop, advance undernourished تغذيه سوء not sufficiently fed, starved دارايhealthy illustrate دادن دادن show, demonstrate hide, conceal disclose نشان ,reveal نشانuncover, make known conceal excessive زياد ‘بال too much, extreme moderate disaster خيلي ,offenderمجرم edit culpritسانسور calamity, great misfortune, tragedy success censor بدبختيcriminal, delinquent innocent juvenile نابالغ‘ جوان young, youthful mature, adult bait be resolute, be firm .... پافشاري temptation insistطعمه28Lessons 27-28 Word Synonym Antonym annoy at stake خطر آزار at risk, in danger bother درحبوبات‘ غله annoy cereal دادنclown دلقکjoker, comic coastal ساحلي common مشترکshared private curtain پرده decay بين ازفرستادن‘ توزيع decompose, perish delivery رفتن distribution, sending descendant نسل‘ وارث heir, inheritor exhausted وامانده و banishment, deportation frugalتبعيدي tired refreshed exile خستهنيت thrifty spendthrift good willصرفهجو stingy generousحريص kindness malice greedy حسنharshness خشونتseverity gentleness hasty شتابزدهspeedy, swift fast ivy پيچک miserly .....miserable, stingy generous ought بايستيhave to, must outcast مطرودexile, pariah Plague طاعون plainness وضوحnakedness principal مديرchief, major regret تاسف عقب be sorry retreat .... اظهاردانستن monarch take for grantedحکمران back away advance ruler نشيني بديهي و مسلمpresuppose, assume appreciate torment عذابpain, suffering pleasure trait روال‘ شيوه ‘ ..... mannerism, quality trifles .. ‘ گرفتن بازي little, bit use up tire out Disaster: "Under the بهinfluence of an evil star (dis-aster)"29504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 29 Word Synonym Antonym toil ...

حرکت ‘ سخت سختي به .... hard work, move with difficulty relaxation blunder احمقانه ‘ اشتباهرفتن خوران مغشوش‘ گيج .... stupid mistake, stumble, say clumsily daze تلوتلو .... confuse

mourn تأسف become .... فروکش grieve, feel or show sorrow for rejoice subside .... اظهارless, decrease build up maim ناتوان‘ معلول disable, cripple heal comprehend درک .... understand, know commend توصيه و praise, acclaim, hand over for safekeeping .... تشويقdenigrate final پايانيcoming last, deciding first exempt آزاد .... make free from, freed from vain بيجا ‘ ناموفق غرور unsuccessful successful repetition تکرارreiteration, doing or saying again Lesson 30 Word Synonym Antonym depict دادن portray, show, describe نشان

mortal مردني‘ فاني deadly, earthly immortal novel رمان‘ جديد new, long story occupant choose for a position, equip or furnish reject quarter .... منصوب tenant, dweller appointمالک

ناحيه‘ بخش district, region site مکانposition, location quote .... قيمتگذاري‘ روخواني repeat, quotation verse شعر خوبي‘ اخالق poems prose morality قطعه goodness, honesty wickedness roam برنامه بدون wander, go about with no special plan settle attract گردشdraw to oneself, magnetize repel .... جذب30Lessons 29-30 Word Synonym Antonym ape ميمونmonkey beckon اشاره .... signal dismiss bill شلخته fight, struggle clumsyمبارزه knock campaignضربه proposed law blowپشنهاد و زشتawkward conscience شعور‘ وجدان sense of right and wrong cram دادن پر‘ جا .... fill up cripple saver, investor drownسرمايهگذار conquest, loss victory depositorمغلوب maim defeatمعلولملک‘ زمين die estateمردن land ethnic فرهنگي‘ ملي national, cultural fever تب foe دشمنenemy friend freed آزادfree secure Grapes of Wrath خشم خوشههايgrief غصهsorrow, sadness joy hill بلنديmount valley hunger گرسنگيstarvation ladder پلهsteps lodge يادبود small house monument .... خانه مجروح robber mutilateسارق memorial, tribute mugger بناي.... maim penniless فقيرimpoverished rich pertain بودن relate, be relevant ponderous مربوطدادن heavy light portrayسنگين carelessبيدقت self-respect rashغرور s how, de pict hide pride نشانcareful razor اصالح شدن shaver sink تيغ grief joy stumbleتاسف be submerged float sorrow غرق

خوردن excitement bore thyselfهيجان evidence, verification thrillمدرک slip testament تلوتلوو ‘ سرگرداني torrent, shower wanderرگبار good feature vice volleyحسن yourself virtueخودت تاخت lose concentration تازMaim: "Suggests the loss or destruction of an arm or leg or both" Mortal: "mort comes from Latin and means "to die" "Double Duty Words 1. outlaw (v., n.) 2. venture (v., n.) 3. guide (v., n.) 4. censor (v., n.) 5. bait (v., n.) 6. toil (v., n.) 7. blunder (v., n.) 8. rash (n., adj.) 9. novel (n., adj.) 10. quarter (v., n.) Opposites 1. roam =.stay at home 2. undernourished =.well-fed 3. disclose =.hide 4. rapid =.slow 5. pauper =.rich person 6. possible =.could not happen 7. feeble =.strong 8. cease =.start 9. excessive =.not enough 10. rash =.careful31504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 31 Word Synonym Antonym commuter مسافرtraveler, person along for the ride confine محبوس .... keep in, hold in release idle بياساس‘ غيرفعال inactive, lazy, without any good reason working, diligent idol بت

قهرمان‘ statue, hero jest خنداندن‘ مضحک joke, fun patriotic ميهنپرستloyal, loving one's country disloyal dispute مقاومت‘ نزاع ‘ مخالفت .... disagreement, quarrel agreement valor روحي crazy, foolish, insane sensible veinديوانه bravery, courage lunaticشجاعت ‘ حالت

رگه‘ سياهرگ mood, blood vessel uneventful مهم و برجسته اتفاق without important or بدونstriking happening eventful fertile غنيproductive, rich, fruitful infertile Lesson 32 Word Synonym Antonym refer دادن hand over, direct for information, help or action ارجاعdistress خطرناک ‘ بدشانسي موقعيت misfortune, dangerous or difficult situation fortune diminish .... يافتن reduce, decrease increase maximum بيشينهgreatest possible or amount minimum flee فرار .... run away, go quickly, escape vulnerable آسيبپذيرcapable of being injured impervious signify .... اهميت ‘ معني با mean, be a sign of, have importance mythology اسطورهشناسيmyths, folklore, tradition colleague همکارco-worker, associate torment عذابcause very great pain to, annoy pleasure, comfort provide فراهم .... supply, give withhold loyalty وفاداري‘ صداقت faithfulness, honesty disloyalty, dishonesty

32Lessons 31-32 Word Synonym Antonym alibi دفاعيه‘ توضيح ‘ دليل reason, explanation, defense argue آوردن presence, attending attitudeحضور reason, make a case attendance دليل inter commendation .... دفن rubbish buryآشغال blood loss bunkخونريزي viewpoint bleedنگرش

تحسين‘ تشويق praise, recommendation contest مخالفت‘ رقابت .... competition, accept cooperate درسي collaborate curriculum .... همکاري defendant رييس syllabus, set of courses dean برنامه

عليه ‘ خوانده مدعيdeserve بودن تاريک‘ گرفته merit, be worthy of dull سزاوار dark, dim bright fate سرنوشتdestiny frontier مرزborder generation نسلage group hatch .... آمدن ‘ توليد بيرون produce, emerge mockery

استهزا‘ ريشخند ridicule, scorn respect outing تورday trip, tour pitch بازي playing field زمينprimitive نخستين‘ باستاني prehistoric, ancient modern rescue دادن free, liberate abandon نجاتrumor شايعهgossip rush يورش schedule برنامهtimetable seam اليه‘ رگه layer, vein soil خاکearth spot جا‘ نقطه place, site striking برجستهnoticeable inconspicuous veteran حرفهايexperienced, expert novice warrior جنگجو‘ سرباز soldier, fighter willingly داوطلبانهvoluntarily reluctantly worship دست package unwrap wrist .... بستهبندي adoration, veneration wrap .... عبادت مچLunatic: "The Romans believed that our minds are affected by the moon- luna means "moon" in Latin- and that lunatics grew more crazy as the moon become fuller"33504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 33 Word Synonym Antonym volunteer داوطلبunpaid helper prejudice زدن ‘ پيشداوري لطمه bias, prejudgment, to harm or injure impartiality shrill بلند نافذ‘ صداي piercing, high and sharp in sound low jolly بذلهگو‘ شوخ merry, full of fun sad wittyسرخوش amusing, humorous dull hinder ممانعت .... hold back, obstruct lecture سخنرانيspeech, scold abuse استفاده من misuse mumble سوءالل‘ خاموش speak unclearly (indistinctly) mute .... من silent, unable to speak wad .... و جرماستخدام‘ نگهداشتن small and soft mass retain نرم .... keep, employ let go Lesson 34 Word Synonym Antonym candidate .......applicant precede گرفتن head, go before, come پيشيfirst follow adolescent نوجوانyouthful, between 13 to 22 years of age adult coeducational

مختلط بنيادي‘ اساسي educating both sexes in the same school radical مدرسه fundamental, extreme minor, conservative spontaneous خود به بياختيار‘ خود unplanned, natural skim ‘ سر

گرفتن را چيزيسطحي و سرسري نگاه

remove from the top, read quickly, glide along vaccinate واکسينه .... inoculate, immunize untidy نامرتبmessy, not neat, not in order neat utensil ابزار‘ وسيله instrument, appliance sensitive حساسeasily affected or influenced indifferent temperate معتدلmoderate intemperateمقدمه ‘ suddenly deliberately the moment orphanage بدون34Lessons 33-34 Word Synonym Antonym banquet مهمانيfeast, formal meal burst شدن منفجرerupt campaign مبارزه‘ جنبش movement, fight chimney دودکش با vent, smokestac k chuckle لوله

خنديدن بسته داشتن laugh quietly consent دهان brutal kindبيرحم agree refuse cruel رضايتdesperate خطير‘ مايوس hopeless, serious hopeful, harmless distinct مشخصclear unclear fierce .... واکسينه terror inoculateترس unclear distinct horrorمبهم savage, wild gentle hazyوحشيvaccinate insult فحش‘ توهينmayor شهرداري merry شادhappy, cheery miserable mud گلsludge, dirt on the spur of ناگهاني

يتيمان پرورشگاه

pan تاوه انتقاد‘ ماهي .... pot, criticize praise, applaud pirate دريايي soundصدا bandit, thief pitch دزدpolio اطفال فلجprivilege ويژه دادن practice performance resignتمرين right rehearsal امتياز واگذار‘ استعفا .... leave your job scold گرفتن ‘ انتقاد ايراد tell off praise soothe آرام .... calm, pacify excite stuff .... پر ‘زدن melody, song twinkleلحن fill tune چپاندن نگاه ‘ چشمک برق gleam, shine vicious شرورcruel good-natured whistle فرياد‘ سوت shriek linger on grow up Prejudice: "A person who decides before thinking-out a problem is prejudiced"35504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 35 Word Synonym Antonym vague بردن ambiguous definite elevateمبهم gamble, game ofبختآزمايي raise, lift up lottery باالchance certainty finance سرمايهmoney obtain آوردن بودن ‘ بدست استفاده مورد gain, attain, be in use lose cinema سينماmoving picture event رخدادhappening, result or outcome discard

ريختن گرفتن throw away, shed keep soar دور aspire, fly upward or at a great height drop اوجsubsequent بعديfollowing, later preceding relate .... داشتن ‘ نقل ربط tell, connect in thought or meaning stationary ثابتmotionless, still moving Lesson 36 Word Synonym Antonym prompt موقع وادار‘ سريع ‘ به .... quick, on time slow, late hasty شتابزده و سريعquick, hurried slow scorch سوزاندن را چيزي burn slightly, dry up, criticize sharply سطحtempest مزاحمت‘ طوفان storm, disturbance serenity soothe آرام .... calm, pacify excite sympathetic دلسوز‘ همدرد kind, kind-hearted unfeeling redeem .... شدن ‘ آزاد ‘ انجامآغاز release, carry out, pay off resume بازخريد recommence, take up again stop .... دوبارهharmony هماهنگيsynchronization discord refrain خودداري .... hold back persist illegal غيرtranquillizerمخدر unlawful, against the law legal narcotic قانوني36Lessons 35-36 Word Synonym Antonym ache دردpain acquisition آوردن خريد‘ بدست attainment, purchase loss ambition بلندپروازي‘ هدف goal, aspiration avail فايدهbenefit boast الف

ادعا‘ زدن .... claim brew آماده .... prepare curse اذيت و annoyance, bother discount آزارزدن money off drowseتخفيف گرفتن be sleepy wake embrace چرت آغوش hug erosion دربهانه‘ عذر corrosion, wearing down excuseسايش reason firearm اسلحهgun, weapon frustration بدتر .... aggravation satisfaction hum زير شتابزده low sound hurried صداي و hasty leisurely سريعincident تصادف‘ درگيري fight, clash insane ديوانهlunatic intermission استراحت‘ وقفه rest jest سرمايه‘ گرو forgiveness mortgageبخشش joke lessen .. .... diminish, reduce increase mercyشوخي finance opium ترياک platform سکوstage precious ارزش .... تجويز valuable worthless prescribe باrecommend prompting اصرار‘ پافشاريproperty دارايي‘ ملک land, belongings resort چاره ‘ انتخاب راه option, remedy sentence حکم ‘انداختن condemn, decree shed .... محکوم بيفايده‘ غيرمؤثر discard vain دور ineffective successful wheat گندم Double Duty Words 1. jest (v., n.) 2. volunteer (v., n.) 3. refrain (v., n.) 4. finance (v., n.) 5. mute (v., n.) 6. torment (v., n.) 7. abuse (v., n.) 8. idle (n., adj., v.) 9. lunatic (n., adj.) 10. prompt (v., adj.) Opposites 1. hasty =.slow 2. idle =.busy 3. flee =.remain 4. mumble =.speak clearly 5. jolly =.sad 6. elevate =.lower 7. discard =.keep 8. mute =.talkative 9. diminish =.grow larger 10. untidy =.neat37504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 37 Word Synonym Antonym heir شکوه inheritor majesticوارث شدن .. .... grand, noble, dignified, kingly humble dwindle با ياdecrease, shrink increase surplus اضافيexcess, extra traitor سازشکارbetrayer loyalist deliberate هدفمندintentional, to consider carefully accidental vandal خرابکارdelinquent drought خشکساليlack of rain, dryness wetness abide .... ماندن ‘ قبول وفادار accept, remain

faithful to, dwell, endure unify يکي و unite, make or form into one separate summit .... متحدنقطه جلسه‘ باالترين apex, zenith, meeting bottom heed دقيق attention, notice disregard توجه

Lesson 38 Word Synonym Antonym biography بيوگرافيlife story drench شدن خيسsoak, wet thoroughly dry out swarm زياد خوردن crowd or great number wobble تعداد تلوتلوmove unsteadily from side to side tumult بلند نويز‘ صداي uproar, noise, violent disturbance or disorder kneel تعظيم .... go down on your knees dejected غمگينin low spirit, sad cheerful obedient مطيعwilling to obey disobedient recede رفتن go back, withdraw advance عقبtyrant ستمگر خيريه cruel ruler charity حاکم .... قضاوت aid organization verdict موسسهjudgment, decision of a jury38Lessons 37-38 Word Synonym Antonym accuse متهم .... blame, charge appoint منصوب .... assign, choose dismiss, reject arsonist آتشافروز betray خيانت .... be disloyal to, give up protect charge هزينه‘ جريمه cost, accusation chin چانه clown دلقکjoker comment انتقادcriticism courteous زياد distinguished undignified downpourشاخص polite rude dignifiedمؤدب heavy shower بارندگيdwell گزيدن و furious برادري navy fraternityناوگان mark fleetپرچم reside, inhabit flag سکني سخت

آتشين‘ شديد irate calm generous بخشندهkind, giving tight-fisted grumble مخالفت‘ شکايت complaint, protest hand .....worker handful چندتا‘ مشتhowl فرياد‘ گريه wail, scream, cry ignorant آگاه informantخبررسان unaware, uninformed informer ناintend داشتن مدارا lenient زانو aim, mean knee قصد easy-going, moderate severe march into با

آوردن ماالندوز‘ خسيس attack, invade miser هجوم stingy, collector generous overlook چشمپوشياغماض‘ ignore, neglect parachute نجات چتر

peg وصل‘ ميخ .... nail, attach detach precious ارزشمندvaluable worthless reassure دلگرم .... encourage rebel ياغيradical recruit استخدام .... ‘ ..... employ, employee lay off regiment لشکرtroop reminder يادداشتremembrance rip پاره .... tear shrink ...... شدن get smal ler grow summon

احضار‘ دعوت .... call dismiss surrender .... واگذاري‘ تسليم give up retain swamp باتالق throne سرير‘ تخت

uproar آشوب‘ غوغا chaos, tumult peace get on go on pay off make up39504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 39 Word Synonym Antonym unearth ... .... dig up, discover, find out cover up, bury depart .... دادن ‘ ترک تغيير leave, go away, change, die arrive coincide .... شدن ‘ موافقت منطبق agree, correspond exactly, overlap cancel .... .... call off, withdraw, wipe out debtor بدهکارperson who owes something to another legible شفاف ‘ خوانا و واضح able to be read, plain and clear illegible placard پالکاردposter, advertisement contagious واگيردار‘ مسري infectious, transmittable clergy مذهبي ‘ مبلغان usual exceptional transparentمعمول persons prepared for religious work customary روحاني

واضح‘ شفاف see-through, clear opaque, unclear scald گرم آب با آب ‘ شتشو با سوختنداغ بخار يا burn with hot liquid or steam ‘Lesson 40 Word Synonym Antonym جوش

epidemic همهگيرwidespread obesity حد از بيش extreme fatness slenderness magnify چاقي cause to make larger than it really is, enlarge shrink chiropractor .... بزرگنماييبرمال‘ تهويه .... obstruction, impediment ventilateمانع massager obstacleماساژور .... change the air in, discuss openly jeopardize انداختن خطر ,saying noمنفي risk, endanger negative بهminus, showing the lights and shadows reversed pension بازنشستگي retirement fund حقوقvital مهم ‘ حياتي مهلک‘ بسيار very important, necessary to life unimportant municipal

spoken, by word of mouth, verbalشفاهي of a city or state, urban country, rural oralشهريwritten40Lessons 39-40 Word Synonym Antonym absenteeism غيبت absence attendance applicant kill, murder assist ... .... help hinderترور assassinate آرتروز candidate, interv iew ee arthritis متقاضيbarbed مضر‘ خاردار pointed, hurtful blindfold بستن چشمborrow قرض .... have a loan of lend buried مخفيhidden, concealed overt chubby چاق fat slim convention انجمن meeting corpulent چاق fat slim ditch گودال ‘ ..... channel drowning شده غرقgoing under floating embarrassment ناراحتي unease calm envoy نماينده representative execution آگاهي ignorance تب destiny fever سرنوشت killing fate اعدام unawareness knowledge interview ناآوردن land نردبان put questions to ladderمصاحبه ,molten rockگدازه gain, acquire lose lava بدستmagma literal حقيقي factual fictional loan دادن ‘ قرض قرض lend borrow lung شش mutton گوشت beef , lamb گوسفندobese چاقfat, stout, corpulent slim parade ديدن سان ‘ سان ميدان show off, exhibit possession نشاندن put down مالکيت فروrid پاک .... clear, do away with riot آشوب disturbance roast .... .... bake rye سياه چاودار‘ گندمscald tears حسرت اشکscroll طومار roll shipment محموله batch, load slim الغر slender fat stamp نقش‘ مهرstoutness تنومنديfirmness, strength superstition خرافهپرستي falseno tion swelter شدن عرق خيسoverheat, roast, boil testify دادن رأيدهندکان‘ جمعيت give evidence, confirm turnout گواهي cr owd, votersvase گلدان vertebrae فقرات ستون مهلک backbone vital wound مهرههاي جراحتweight watcher غذايي رژيم diet er, slimmer دارايyawning خميازه .....41504 Absolutely Essential Words Lesson 41 Word Synonym Antonym complacent مغرور‘ خودخواه self-satisfied wasp زنبور rehabilitate كردن restore to احياgood condition, revitalize parole شرف مشروط ‘ قول آزادي conditional freedom, word of honor vertical عموديstraight up and down with reference to horizon horizontal multitude جمعيت ‘

زياد appoint to an office potential .... منصوب a great number, a crowd nominate تعدادبايگاني‘ سردخانه capability of coming into being or action morgueپتانسيلpreoccupied مشغول‘ مجذوب took up all attention upholstery مبل coverings and روکشcushion for furniture indifference بياعتنايي Lesson 42 Word Synonym Antonym maintain ماندن ‘ نگهداشتن باقي keep, keep up, uphold snub كردن ,treat coldly تحقيرscornfully or with contempt endure تحمل .... bear, last, keep on, stand wrath شديد عصبانيتvery great anger, rage expose گرفتن قرار چيزي معرض lay open, uncover, show openly درlegend يادداشت‘ داستان tale, myth ponder دقيق ‘ واگذار .... consider carefully resign توجه

دادن قوي‘ مؤثر give up, yield, submit drastic استعفا acting with force or violence wharf لنگرگاه‘ بارانداز pier, dock amend اصالح .... alter, modify, change worsen ballot رأي برگه

vote, secret ballot42Lessons 41-42 Word Synonym Antonym afresh ً ا friend enemyدوست again ally مجددannihilation انهدامtotal destruction protection assign دادن .... احاطه allocate beset اختصاصblame .. دن متهم و فکري accuse brainchild سرزنش اهلي idea cattle محصول عوامالناس‘ حيوان domestic animals contempt توهينscorn admiration cushion پوشش‘ بالش pillow, shield deed كردار‘

وامانده‘ خسته upsetting exhausted ..... ناراحت give embarrassing .... اهدا action donate عمل tired refreshed flame زبانه ..... burn, light up forgery جعليimitation original grave گورtomb heave آه ..... haul henchman حرفهاي آدمکشin the interest of نفع بهincredible شگفتانگيزastonishing unremarkable inmate زندانيprisoner, convict lever اهرمhandle literal حقيقيfactual fictional measures اقدامات mound بلنديhill notorious گمنامinfamous famous parasol چترumbrella pig خوك porch بالکن‘ ايوان terrace, balcony poverty .....scarcity surplus put up .... آشناrhyme شعرpoem roundup جمع .... collect disperse rude بيادبimpolite polite scornfully exhale noisily ..... آه condemn sigh .... محکوم contemptuously respectfully sentenceتمسخرآميزskeptic انگيز ‘ شکاک شک dubious slayer قاتلkiller sofa مبلsettee sprinkler آبفشان stain لکدادن torment trembleعذاب torture نيش blemish sting انداختن family, ethnicقبيله shake tribe تکانgroup urge .... اصرار يا شديد ‘ درخواست تمايل insist on velvet مخمل weakling .. ضعيف‘ بنيهDouble Duty Words 1. surplus (n., adj.) 2. deliberate (v., adj.) 3. summit (adj., n.) 4. swarm (v., n.) 5. wobble (v., n.) 6. pension (v., n.) 7. parole (v., n.) 8. ballot (n., v.) 9. negative (n., adj.) 10. snub (v., n.) Opposites 1. surplus =.shortage 2. heed =.refuse to listen 3. unearth =.bury 4. magnify =.make smaller 5. amend =.leave the same 6. oral =.written 7. depart =.arrive 8. unify =.split up 9. wrath =.happiness 10. kneel =.stand up straightTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 1 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb1abroad overseas . abrupt sudden gradual abruptness . abruptly acceptable permissible unacceptable accept acceptability . acceptably acclaim praise criticize . acclamation acclaimed actually truly actual . adverse unfavorable favorable . adversely advice suggestion warning advise . advisable attractive appealing repellent attract attraction . attractively autonomous independent dependent . autonomously disapproval objection approval disapprove . disapprovingly disruptive disturbing disrupt disruption . disruptively haphazardly arbitrarily systematically haphazardness haphazard . ideal perfect ideal . ideally persistent constant feeble persist persistence . persistently wide broad narrow wideness . widely Lesson 2 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb advanced progressive traditional advance advancement . advantage benefit disadvantage . advantageous advantageously advent arrival departure . agile nimble clumsy agility, agileness . agilely albeit although allow permit forbid . allowance allowable allowably appealing alluring repulsive appeal appeal . appealingly celebrated renowned unknown . contemporary current old . distribute dispense . distribution . encourage inspire . encouragement encouraging encouragingly energetic vigorous energy . energetically frail fragile strong frailty . refine perfect contaminate . refinement refined worthwhile rewarding worthless .Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 1 Word Synonym Antonym2allotted يافته جنسي selected aphrodisiac اختصاص برانگيزانندهapplause تشويقclapping jeering applicant متقاضيcandidate artistic هنريarty assignment قدرت‘ مسئوليت dress authorityلباس project attireقرارداد power powerlessness cognitive mysterious straightforwardمرموز imagine cryptic .... تصور conceive مستعمره colony شناختيdevastating ويرانکنندهdestructive displeasing ناخوشايندdistressing pleasing distract اغفال .... sidetrack enthusiastic مشتاقeager factual حقيقيrealistic fictional gland غده incident تصادف

رويداد‘ clash, event irrational نامعقولillogical rational native بومي‘ اهلي inhabitant foreigner negotiate مذاکره .... talk perception ادراکinsight perfume عطرaroma plain identification recruitشناخت recognition رواندرماني clear ambiguous psychotherapyواضحارزش abandon retain rewarding .... رها employ relinquish .... استخدام worthwhile باdisappointing tariff تعرفهtax territory قلمروregion, terrain therapy درمانcure, treatment virtually و vulnerable آسيبپذيرin dangerTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 2 Word Synonym Antonym3abominable زشتawful carnivorous گوشتخوار consequence اهميت‘ نتيجه result, importance contemptuous اهانتآميزscornful admiring convince متقاعد .... persuade dissuade curious غذايي peculiar ordinary dietعجيب محل regime dweller رژيم يک inhabitant ساکنentertainment سرگرميhobby evolve .... شدن develop, progress facilitate تسهيل .... ease impede interfere مداخله .... get in the way involvement گرفتاري‘ درگيري contribution jogging دويدن دسترس ballot remoteرأي idleness energy pollتنبلي run laziness آهسته از دورinaccessible nearby shrimp ميگو spectacular تماشاييwonderful humdrum splendor زيبايي swallow پرستو tadpole قورباغه نوزادtheme موضوعtopic tidal مدي و جزرtrait مشخصه‘ ويژگي attribute, feature valley دره vegetarian گياهخوار wilderness wastelandبيابانTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 3 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb alter modify maintain .4alteration alterable alterably analyze examine . analysis ancient old contemporary . annoying bothersome pleasing annoy annoyance . annoyingly anticipate predict . anticipation anticipatory conform adapt contradict . conformity detect notice . detection enrich enhance . enrichment enriching intensify heighten weaken . intensity intensive intensively intolerable unbearable bearable intolerance . intolerantly observe notice . observer observant ongoing current finished . propose suggest . proposal proposed restore revitalize . restoration restored vital indispensable unimportant vitality . vitally Lesson 4 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb ambiguous vague clear ambiguity . ambiguously apparent visible unclear . apparently arbitrary haphazard logical arbitrariness . arbitrarily assert declare deny . assertiveness assertive assertively astounding astonishing astound . astoundingly astute perceptive stupid astuteness . astutely authorize empower forbid . authority authorized deceptively misleadingly honestly deceive deception deceptive . determined resolute irresolute determine determination elicit extract . elicitation forbid ban allow . forbidden forbiddingly petition appeal . petition relinquish abdicate retain . relinquishment resilient tenacious weak resilience . resiliently tempt entice . temptation tempting temptinglyTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 3 Word Synonym Antonym5archaeologist باستانشناس attribute مشخصهtrait, characteristic celestial آسمانيheavenly earthly compensation بازپرداختrepayment course الگو‘ جهت direction, pattern dairy لبني deficiency نقص ‘ ..... defect, shortage perfection, excess diverse متفاوتdifferent similar dubious مشکوکuncertain certain generation نسلage group interstellar بينستارهاي mask

مهم‘ خطير fail to attend attend momentousنرسيدن cover missپوشاندن important trivial mosquito پشه nutritional مغذيdietary promotional تبليغاتي restoration ترميمrepair seriousness خطير‘ اهميت importance triviality stoical بردبارenduring strict ثابت‘ محکم firm lenient tardiness تأخيرdelay punctuality threshold آستانهlimit tutoring خصوصي تدريسteaching Lesson 4 Word Synonym Antonym forbid داشتن بد bad feeling grace احساس از combination on behalf ofالحاق group juxtapositionجمعيت beauty awkwardness herdزيباييقطعنامه‘ عزم condition resolutionشرايط in support of provision طرف decision, declaration seek طلب .... ask for subsidize مالي رأي support financially suffrage حمايت vote tenure حق

تصدي pact wanderمعاهده walk on treaty .... لگد occupancy, permanent status trample مدتگير‘ سرگرداني .... lose concentration withdraw حذف .... remove put in witty شوخhumorous

dullTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 5 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb6amaze astonish . amazement amazing amazingly baffle puzzle . bafflement baffling bear yield . bearable bearably block obstruct . blockage blocked blur cloud clear . blur blurred brilliant radiant dull, mediocre brilliance . brilliantly caution warn . caution cautious cautiously challenge dare challenge . challenging delicate fragile robust . delicately enhance strengthen . enhancement enhanced intrigue fascinate . intrigue intriguing intriguingly persuade convince discourage . persuasion persuasive persuasively replace substitute . replacement replaceable shed discard . unique rare common uniqueness . uniquely Lesson 6 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb chiefly mostly chief . coarse rough smooth coarseness . coarsely commonplace frequent, standard extraordinary . comparatively relatively absolutely compare comparison comparative . complex complicated simple complexity . conventional traditional unconventional convention . conventionally curious peculiar ordinary curiosity . curiously exceedingly extremely exceed excess excessive . exclusively restrictively partially exclude exclusion exclusive . immense massive tiny immensity . immensely indeed truly . rigid stiff floppy . rigidly routinely ordinarily unusually routine routine . sufficiently adequately inadequately suffice sufficiency sufficient . Visibly noticeably view vision visionary, visible .Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 5 Word Synonym Antonym7orchard ميوه باغadvocacy طرفداريsupport, promotion constellation فلکي صورتcontroversial بحثانگيزdebatable crab خرچنگ critic منتقدdetractor, opponent fan, supporter denture مصنوعي دندانflint چخماق سنگhatching جوجهکشي imitation بدلي‘ تقلبي mock, artificial real meandering مارپيچtwisty direct ornamental تزييني‘ آرايشي decorative, attractive outsider خارجيforeigner native perennial چندساله ‘ دائمي گياه permanent, lasting occasional Perseus برساوش porcelain

چيني شکسته .... ceramic shipwrecked خاکsolicit تقاضا .... ask for, petition for grant status جايگاهrank, level tattooing خالکوبي tropical گرفتن .. hot temperate underestimateگرمسير undervalue, miscalculate overestimate دستLesson 6 Word Synonym Antonym adhere هواخواهي‘ چسبيدن stick attendance

تعصب‘ تمايل presence biasحضور partiality, favoritism impartiality comprehend جلسه‘ رسم competition conventionمسابقه understand contestفهميدن tradition, meeting covet طمع ....domestic اهلي‘ خانگي home public durable بادوامrobust, resilient flimsy gravel hospital ingeniousبيمارستان nostalgic infirmaryدلتنگ stony, pebbly homesickسنگريزهً modest تردستي inventive jugglingخالق فروتن‘ نسبتا .. fairly small excessive peculiar قبلي strange normal preconceptionعجيب match, compete with .... رقابت bias rival تصورtrigonometry مثلثات tumbling زدن باالرونده dropping rising vine معلق climbing plant گياهTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 7 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb8appropriate proper inappropriate appropriateness . appropriately clarify explain confuse . clarification conceal hide reveal . concealment confirm prove refute . confirmation confirmed constantly continually intermittently constant . convenient practical, suitable, near inconvenient . convenience conveniently core chief core . critical dangerous stable critique critic, criticism . critically distort deform straighten . distortion distorted diverse different similar diversify diversity . diversely prosperous thriving, wealthy poor prosper prosperity . prosperously purposefully deliberately purpose purposeful . reveal disclose conceal . revelation revealing revealingly scarcely hardly scarcity scarce . theoretically hypothetically theorize theory theoretical . Lesson 8 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb accelerate hasten slow down . acceleration crack fracture crack . create produce destroy . creativeness creative creatively creep crawl . creeping crush grind . crush crushing cultivate grow . cultivation cultivated dictate impose . dictator dictatorial distinguish discriminate . distinguishing flaw defect . flawed harvest gather harvest . harvested mirror reflect . mirror obtain gain lose . obtainable particle fragment . settle colonize take off . settlement settled transport carry . transportation transportableTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 7 Word Synonym Antonym9accuse متهم .... charge, blame adopt قبول .... accept reject continent قاره convenient نزديک‘ مرکب syllabus cuttlefishسيالبس suitable, near inconvenient curriculum مناسب ماهيdeliberately هدفمندانهintentionally, purposely accidentally deserve بودن merit, be سزاوارworthy of dugout سوراخhollow embryonic جنيني eventually سرانجامfinally, ultimately evolution تدريجي shine, brightness dullnessدرخشندگي glare آبشش development gill تکاملhusbandry دام jump dropپرش lighting kidney .... leapروشنايي farming illumination پرورشmollusk حلزون rationing سهميهبنديshare out, distribute sever شدن cut, separate شکستهunite sod قلمرو‘ چمن grass, Lesson 8 Word Synonym Antonym abide by به ماندن ‘ وفادارشدن obey defy accomplish .... پيروي supporter opponent anteaterطرفدار do advocate انجامرساندن blemish مورچهخوار sign up hobby .... نامنويسي damage enlist (enroll) آسيب lineage قانونگذاري shining legislationدرخشان pastime, diversion iridescentسرگرميدادن ‘ بال plague عقيق family tree opalشجرهنامه آزار trouble, bother precedent روال‘ مقدم pattern resemble داشتن اختالف look like differ settle شباهت سقوط become calm slump حل‘ .... fall, drop riseTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 9 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb accurate precise inaccurate accuracy .

10accurately classify arrange . classification classified currency money . deep thorough shallow deepen depth . deeply dense thick density . densely depend on trust mistrust . dependent dependable dependably dim faint light dim dimness . dimly display exhibit conceal . display exports foreign sales import export . exported gigantic enormous tiny . gigantically impressive imposing unimpressive impress impression . impressively lasting enduring temporary last . treasury bank treasure . treasured uniform consistent inconsistent uniformity . uniformly vibrant brilliant dull vibrance . vibrantly Lesson 10 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb distinct definite indistinct distinction . distinctly dominant major minor dominate domination . dominantly dormant inactive active dormitory . drab colorless interesting drabness . drably dramatic emotional dull dramatize drama . dramatically elaborate complex straightforward elaborate elaboration . elaborately exceptional phenomenal ordinary . exceptionally hazardous dangerous safe hazard . hazardously minuscule tiny gigantic minutia minute. prime prepare . prime prime, primed rudimentary basic rudiment . sensitive delicate impervious sensitivity . sensitively superficial shallow deep . superficially terrifying frightening terrify . terrifyingly vigorous strong sluggish vigor . vigorouslyTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 9 Word Synonym Antonym11address خطابهspeak to addressee گيرنده‘ مخاطب receiver donor aspiration هدف‘ تنفس goal chasm شکافopening conservative محافظهکارcautious speculative context مشخصه‘ برجسته background featuredزمينه characteristic genius نبوغbrilliance glowing گشايشي‘ افتتاحي bright dull inauguralتابان opening interest بهرهbenefit intuitive سحابي domination nebulaeانحصار monopoly وجه perceptive obtuse modalityشهوديoutstanding استثناييexceptional ordinary pact پيمانtreaty persuasion متقاعد .... point of view postulate فرض .... assume prevailing متداولpopular, general prevalent متداول‘ غالب common rare privileged امتياز ممتاز ‘ داراي طبقهravine تنگ وسعت‘ حوزه narrow valley scope دره range, scale Scotch اسکاتلندي thistle بوتهخارTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 10 Word Synonym Antonym12adapt دادن اقتباس‘ قبول .... become accustomed adopt وفق .... accept reject adopted son خوش aroma پسرخوانده طرفه perfume bilateral بوي two-sided unilateral dart away دو

سريع و تند حرکتdemise مرگ‘ واگذاري death birth dormitory خوابگاهstudent house elaboration شدن clarification elapseشفافسازي pass entrepreneurs ........... eruption منقضي بدنه plume hullپر side featherرويه develop, progress facet .... پيشرفت explosion evolveفوران....involvement گرفتاري‘ درگيري taking part majestic شکوه grand, splendid humble باmythology اسطورهشناسيfolklore pass away مردنdie plumage بال و پرplunge رفتن افق back front skylineعقب sink, dive rear شيرجه خطskyscraper آسمانخراش slither خوردن ‘عهدهداري frightening trustترسناک slide terrifying سر عوارضي responsibility turnpike مسئوليتTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 11 Word Synonym

Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb13amenity convenience inconvenience . destroy ruin build . destruction destructive destructively disperse circulate . dispersed dwelling house dwell dweller. element component, environment . elemental elementary primary . eliminate delete . elimination eliminated emphasize highlight . emphasis emphatic emphatically encircle surround . encircled erratic inconsistent consistent . erratically exaggerate overstate understate . exaggeration exaggerated mention remark conceal . mention mentioned pier dock . prevalent common rare prevalence . release free hold . release Lesson 12 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb benefit assist suffer . beneficiary beneficial beneficially blind unaware aware blindness . blindly broaden enlarge narrow . breadth broad broadly burgeon thrive dwindle . burgeoning conspicuously noticeably inconspicuously conspicuous . demand insist request . demand demanding demandingly endorse support . endorsement enormous tremendous tiny enormity . enormously entirely thoroughly partly entirety entire . erode deteriorate . erosion evaporate disappear . evaporation recover retrieve lose . recovery recoverable, recovered reportedly rumored report report reported . shift switch shift . shifting shifty suffer endure . suffering, sufferer sufferingTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 11 Word Synonym Antonym14abode مسکنhome belonging دارايي burrow سوراخhole clutter بينظمdisorder conifers اعزامي expedition مخروطيان سفر‘ هيئت team, journey grocery بقالي hand-out proposed intentنامزد tornado intendedتندباد witty hurricaneشوخ brochure humorousاطالعيه

نيت‘ قصد intention, aim latter آخري‘ دومي last, second former mat حصيرpad, wad mediocre متوسطaverage, ordinary excellent objective هدفgoal pad درز fill گرفتنperseverance پشتکارdetermination feebleness pier اسکلهdock, wharf prairie امکانات rough smooth sanitationزمخت scorn ruggedمسخره grassland, plain ridiculeچمنزار

پاکيزگي‘ بهداشتي cleanliness dirtiness satirical طنزhumorous ward ناحيه‘ بخش region waterspout دريايي گردبادwhirlwind گردبادhurricane, tornadoTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 12 Word Synonym Antonym15aggressive خشن‘ تجاوزکارانه forceful, violent allege ادعا .... assert, declare deny bitter تلخ ‘ resist .... مقاومت aid organization defyخيريه unpleasant sweet, pleasa nt charity ناخوشايندobey disband منحل .... break up fault شدگي جابجاformer اولي‘ قبلي previous fund سرمايهfinance harbor بندر infectious مسري‘ عفوني transmittable inland از ‘ داخلي دور inner exterior intrusion تهاجم‘ تجاوز invasion invade

بردن فراموشکار‘ بيخبر design obliviousطراحي floppy tight motifگشاد attack loose هجوم unaware, unconscious conscious pace گام retrieve بازگرداندنrecover lose sailor ملوان train abrasion, deteriorationسايش educate wear .... تربيتTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 13 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb dignitary notable nobody . crucial critical trivial16. critically elude evade . elusiveness elusive evident apparent unclear evidence . evidently exhaust

deplete, thorough renew . exhaustion exhaustive exhaustively extensive comprehensive, to offer, make longer narrow extend extension . extensively extremely highly somewhat extreme extreme . face confront . facet aspect . faceted hero idol heroic, heroine heroic. heroically inaccessible remote accessible inaccessibility . inaccessibly obviously evidently ambiguously obvious . predictably expectedly surprisingly predict prediction predictable . solve resolve . solution suitable appropriate inappropriate suit . suitably Lesson 14 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb ample sufficient insufficient . amply arid dry humid . avoid avert encourage . avoidance avoidable defy resist obey . defying defyingly enact legislate . enactment enacted even equitable uneven evenness . evenly feign simulate . feignedfertilizerfertile rich infertile fertilize fertility, . freshly recently freshen freshness fresh . function role function . functional functionally fundamental essential secondary . fundamentally indiscriminate arbitrary . indiscriminately selective discriminating selectivityselect selection, . selectivelyspaciousnessspacious . expansive cramped space, spaciously withstand survive perish .Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 13 Word Synonym Antonym17cherish .... توجه پروردن‘ خوب appreciate, nourish cliff صخرهrock commemorative ياد به convict, villain deedمجرم interpret criminal .... تفسير memorial, celebratory construe ماندني

انجام‘ واکنش action, accomplishment exemplary برانگيز admirable exhaustive تحسيناحمقانه‘ بيفکرانه thorough shallow frivolousعميق thoughtless, silly responsible frustrate آزار

جلوگيري‘ دادن .... annoy, prevent encourage, promote grave شديد‘ سخت serious, severe minor implement دادن تصور perform inconceivable انجام قابل unthinkable, unbelievable غيرmood خو و خشم‘ خلق frame of mind, anger equanimity avail هدف‘ فايده advantage, purpose offensive تهاجميattacking peaceful offer تعارف‘ عرضه suggestion ore .... portray

دادن شديد‘ سخت train, education rigorous .... تربيت depict rearing نشان hard, severe ritual رسمي‘ سنتي traditional, formal innovative sprawl .... رشد و حساب .... بي

suit دادن temporary permanentموقتي meeting transitoryجلسه be fitting clash summit وفقtricky حيلهگرانهcrafty straight tyrant ستمگر dictator Lesson 14 Word Synonym حاکمAntonym catastrophe بدبختي و منتقد‘ مخالف detractor غار disaster, calamity cave بال critic, enemy supporter fatal ..... ‘ مهم‘ مخرب deadly, important flourish رشد .... thrive, grow deteriorate glacier غلتان يخ تودهinalienable انکار قابل جانور invasion, swarm opossumهجوم undeniable infestation غير نوعي.......penance توبهself-punishment, apology penitential ندامتآميز rot شدن ‘ پوسيدن خراب decay, deteriorate sustain دادن تغذيه‘ ادامه .... continue, nourish quit, sap terrain قلمروterritory tribe قبيلهfamilyTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 15 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb durable sturdy flimsy durability,advantageous .18duration . favor support, favor favorable, favorite favorably gain attain, increase lose . gain gainful generate create . generation, generator generated halt stop begin . halt halting haltingly handle

manage . handling harbor shelter . harmful unhealthy harmless harm harm . harmfully insignificant meaningless significant insignificance . insignificantlymysteriousnessmysterious baffling clear mystery, . mysteriously perilous dangerous safe peril . perilously postpone delay . postponement promote boost . promoter, promotion reject refuse accept . rejection substantial significant insignificant substantive. substantially Lesson 16 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb conscientious meticulous careless . conscientiously convey communicate . encompass include . expansion growth contraction expand expansion. expandable heighten intensify lessen . height heightened highlight emphasize . highlight inadvertently carelessly purposely inadvertent . inevitable unavoidable avoidable inevitability . inevitably infancy beginning infant. infantile miraculously astonishingly unremarkably miracle miraculous . retrieve recover lose . retrieval retrieved systematically methodically haphazardly system systematic . unlikely doubtful likely . unwarranted unjustified justified . zenith apex nadir .Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 15 Word Synonym Antonym19arbitration داوري‘ حکميت adjudication, mediation reassure دلگرم .... encourage undermine blackout خاموش .... shutdown bleach ) ( بيرنگ و remove the color, lighten dye .... سفيدrespirator اکسيژن شرايط‘ وضعيت oxygen mask circumstance ماسک condition, situation cosmos .....universe cue سيگنال‘ نشانه signal, sign eloquent گويا‘ شيوا well-expressed, articulate inarticulate extinction انقراض‘ مرگ death survival lure كردن tempt, entice اغفالrefugee سياسي ‘ تبعيدي پناهنده person in exile reschedule تأخير .... postpone bring forwardsewage فاضالبmanure, dirt smallpox آبله speculate زدن فکر‘ حدس .... guess, think struggle ‘ گروه lateness, delay punctuality troupe تأخير make a great effort tardiness ...... ‘ .... تقال unpaid helper Lesson 16 Word Synonym Antonymداوطلب group, band volunteer دستهaccomplishment پيروزي‘ عمل deed, triumph assess اندازهگيري .... measure career دورهاهلي livelihood cattle زندگي formal informalرسمي domestic animals certified حيواناتcongestion ازدحام‘ انسداد overcrowding, blocking emptiness conscious آکاهaware unaware displeasure ناخرسنديunhappiness pleasure disposal انداختن throwing away retention دورenvelope پوششcover hurricane تندباد tempest, tornado impersonal رسمي و سرد برخوردcold, formal, unfriendly friendly inadvertently تصادفيaccidentally purposely indoor پيشگيري interior outdoor inevitableداخلي قابل نقض ) unavoidable avoidable infraction غير

قانون) breaking (law) pace سرعت‘ گام step, swiftness pharmaceutical داروسازي slavery أرام unsettled بردهداري disquiet soothed ناTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 17 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb agitate disturb calm . confidential secret unrestricted confide confidant .20confidentially delighted elated unhappy delight delightful. delightfully discreetly cautiously indiscreetly discreet . documented proven unknown document documentation documentary. gradually steadily rapidly gradual . influence affect . influence influential inordinate excessive moderate . inordinately instantly immediatelyinstantinstant instantaneous, . intentionally deliberately accidentally intention, intent intentional . intrinsic

inherent . intrinsically inundate overwhelm . inundation involve include exclude . involvement involved nominal moderate great . nominally presumably supposedly presume presumption presumable . Lesson 18 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb absurd ridiculous reasonable absurdity . absurdly abuse misuse abuse . abusive abusively allocation distribution allocate . allocated balanced equalized balance balance . conservation preservation destruction conserve Conservationist, conservative, conservatism. fallacious incorrect correct fallacy . fallaciously feasible possible impossible feasibility . feasibly lack shortage have lack . lacking limber flexible stiff . means methods . narrow thin wide narrowness . narrowly preconception bias impartiality preconceive . preconceived robust energetic weak robustness . robustly steady constant intermittent steady steadiness . steadily swift fast slow swiftness . swiftlyTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 17 Word Synonym Antonym21alleviate كردن سبک‘ تسهيل .... ease, lighten aggravate ambition بلندپروازيaspiration cite refuse accept .... امتناع trade declineبازرگاني mention, refer to commerce .... ذکرdocumentation مدرک‘ سند certification, documents foundation خيريه charity موسسهimpression اثر‘ عقيده ‘ احساس feeling, notion, effect in order درست‘ مرتب tidy, correct untidy ingot شمش intuitive شهوديsensitive, insightful obtuse inundated with reports غرقخبرleft on their own رها خود امان .... بهnomination انتصاب‘ پيشنهاد proposal, appointment panic وحشتزدگي‘ سراسيمگي fright, horror calm permissiveness مسامحهliberalism projective شده طراحيratification تأييد‘ تصويب confirmation, agreement stimuli, stimulate برانگيختن‘ محرک arouse suggestion نظريه‘ اشاره ‘ پيشنهاد proposal, hint, plan underlie بودن چيزي be زمينهthe cause of unduly بيجهت‘ بياندازه excessively justifiably vanity غرور‘ تکبر pride humility verbal شفاهيoral written weaning گرفتن شير ازLesson 18 Word Synonym Antonym assignment تخصيص‘ تعيين appointment beneath زدن below above clampزير traditional avant-garde contraryسنتي fasten conservative بند

معکوس‘ مخالف opposing, reverse similar convene دادن جلسه call together تشکيلcorruption صداقت ‘ تحريف عدم dishonesty honesty grave خطبر‘ وخيم serious, important minor irate خشمگين منطقي‘ قانوني legitimate چرم very angry, furious calm leather بسيار lawful, reasonable unlawful, unreasonable misconception غلط fallacy, mistaken belief تصورfact momentarily آني طور موقتي‘ به for a moment, temporarily permanently notion piece ofالوار result, conclusion plankنتيجه responsibility outcomeتعهد idea obligationعقيدهwood reliable پاياsteady unreliable stalk ساقه straw حصير strut گيره‘ بستTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 19 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb antiquated old-fashioned modern antique . coherent logical, sticking22together cohesionillogical cohere coherence, cohesive. coherently develop evolve contract . development, developer developing fabricate invent . fabrication fabricated investigation probe investigate investigator. investigativenorm

normally typically rarely normalize normalization, normal . notice observe . notice noticeable noticeably notion concept . novel original unoriginal . opposition resistance friendliness oppose . opposed record register . record, recording, recorder recorded relate communicate . relation, relationship related suspect speculate trust . suspect, suspicion suspected unbiased objective partial . varied diverse similar vary variety, variation, variant various, variable. variably Lesson 20 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb accentuate emphasize play down . accentuation accentuated disguise conceal reveal . disguise disguised finance fund . finance, finances financial, financed financially initiate launch finish . initiation, initiative initiated innovative creative innovator, innovation . narrate relate . narrative, narration narrative nevertheless nonetheless occasionally sometimes frequently occasion occasional . omit neglect care for . omission omitted outlandish bizarre ordinary . outlandishly overcome conquer surrender . partially somewhat completely part partial partly. pass approve . passage passable portray depict . portrayal submit propose . submissionTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 19 Word Synonym Antonym23abbreviation اختصارacronym, contraction alibi دليلreason appendage ضميمهattachment catastrophe بالdisaster, calamity clenched fist گره .... مشتcompensate كردن جبرانfabricated دروغينuntrue hereditary موروثيinherited, genetic implement دادن به ... ‘ انجامبنيادي‘ اساسي lifeless, dead animate intimateبيجان apply inanimate بستنmalfunction بد ... .... go wrong marginal بياهميت‘ حاشيهاي trivial, unimportant crucial merger

يکپارچگي‘ ادغام combination separation oar پارو primitive بدويancient, prehistoric modern prospect چشمانداز‘ دورنما view, vision sentiment احساسfeeling, emotion spawn تعليم‘ آموزش pact tuitionمعاهده release eggs treatyتخمريزي teaching, training unmanned Lesson 20 Word Synonym Antonym amendment مهرهدار vertebrate غيرعادي ,evaluationبرآورد request appraisalتقاضا alteration, modification applicationاصالحassessment assertion ادعاdeclaration, claim denial charter اساسنامه‘ منشور license competence صالحيت‘ تبحر skill, ability inability craze شوق و enthusiasm apathy شورdisguise مبدل شکافي costume dissect لباس تشريح‘ كالبد ....documentary مستندdocumented festive ( ( جشن combine .... ترکيب happy, jolly sad fuse شادinadvertently بيدقتي تصادفي‘ با accidentally, carelessly purposely initiative افتادن omission متقابل inventiveness, ingenuity mutualابتکار قلم non-inclusion inclusion ازorphan يتيم pharynx حلق pop طرح ً .... غفلتاprank فريب‘ شوخي joke, trick preference سليقه‘ ميل ‘ رحجان favorite, partiality indifference proficient ماهرskilful, expert incompetent provincial محليlocal central rebellious declaration seizeقطعنامه resolution رنجيدن disobedient, unruly loyal resentياغيتوجه capture, take showmanshipگرفتن جلب قدرتthroat گلو unanimously آراء اتفاق بهvirtue حسن‘ هنر goodness wickedness voluntary داوطلبانهintended involuntaryTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 21 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverbinactivity .

* the state of changing one's position, to direct by moving24decline decrease, refuse increase, accept . decline gather collect disperse . gathering motion * movement stillness . partisan biased unbiased . pattern habit pattern . patterned phenomena events phenomenon. phenomenal phenomenally philanthropic humanitarian nasty philanthropy philanthropist . placid clam agitated . placidly plentiful abundant scarce plenty . plentifully reaction response react . reactive, reactionary reactively rhythm pulse rhythmic rhythmically scenic picturesque scenery, scene . scenically shallow superficial deep shallowness . shallowly sheltered protected shelter shelter . vanishing disappearing increasing vanish . Lesson 22 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb account story account accounting, accountant. accountable archaic ancient modern . hasten accelerate slow down . hastiness hasty hastily hue color . illustration picture illustrate illustrator. illustrated, illustrative inactive idle active inaction,intricate complex simple intricacy . intricately magnitude dimension magnify magnification. magnificent magnificently oblige require request . obligation obliging, obligatory obligingly overlook disregard keep in mind . overlooked poll survey polling, pollster. position location . practical functional impractical practicality practicable. practically predominant principal minor predominate, predominance . predominantly prompt induce late, slow . promptness promptlyTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 21 Word Synonym Antonym25abound بودن آوردن ‘ بحث .... be plentiful argue فراوان دليل reason armor محافظ پوششprotective covering ballpark تقريبيapproximate exact bladder مثانه‘ آبدانblaze سوزاندنburn comprise بودن sleight ofشعبدهبازي include exclude conjuring شاملhand crevice شکافgap, crack distract منحرف .... sidetrack, divert endowment رودخانه donation, gift estuaryوقف مصبheartbeat قلب ضربانhemisphere نيمكره heritage ميراثinheritance, tradition honeybee عسل زنبورimpressive جذاب‘ خارقالعاده imposing unimpressive inhale ( ( تنفس عمل در breathe in دمexhale interview مصاحبه .... talk to irritation حساسيت jaw آروارهchin, jawbone lichen گلسنگlung شش monarch پادشاه‘ ملکه queen, king nest النهshield nodule .... غده‘ گره ....nutrient مغذي offering pension بازنشستگي predatory گرده retirement fund pollen حقوقتنفسي entertaining respiratory tractتفريحي recreational درنده دستگاهretired بازنشسته rural شهر save, reserve use .... حفظ country, rustic urban set aside حومهup sleight of hand تردستيtrickery, conjuring slender الغر و ‘ سنجاب slim fat squirrel باريکمتوقف‘ بستن accumulator stick down ماالندوز .... close, stop open summit قلهzenith, apex nadir toxin سمpoison vascular عروقي‘ آونديvinegar سرکه widespread گسترده‘ رايج extensive, prevalent limitedTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 22 Word Synonym Antonym26acquire آوردن درآوردن obtain lose align بدست صف رديف‘ به .... arrange in a line altar مذبح

قربانگاه‘ ambitious جاهطلبانهgrand, impressive unimpressive brazen جسور‘ بيشرم shameless, bold

discreet bud غنچهblossom, flower clerical دفتريoffice confine محدود .... restrict, limit contempt اهانت .... scorn admire convenient مناسبsuitable inconvenient convention ‘

emotional زمينلرزه limit extend earthquake .... محدود pact, resolution curtailقراردادآوردن sensitive endureاحساسي استفاده ‘ بهرهبرداري last exploitation دوام سوء utilization, misuse firm شركتcompany flourish رشد .... thrive, grow deteriorate foster ترغيب و .... ترويجpromote, encourage discourage frontier مرزborder glory شکوهgrandeur handicap نقص ‘نارساييHispanic اسپانيايي intellectual منطقي‘ متفکر thinker, logical mammal پستاندار mystify و گيجدادن direction-finding notifyمسيريابي bewilder, baffle navigation .... مبهوت give notice اطالعobligation تعهدresponsibility obligatory اجباريrequired, requisite voluntary pesticide محقق‘ نظرسنج petition, request pollsterدرخواست insect killer pleaأفتكش researcher promptness سرعت‘ وقتشناسي speed slowness pursuit فعاليتactivity questionnaire

بررسي‘ نظرسنجي survey, opinion poll raise بردن دادن ‘ باال افزايش elevate, increase drop, lower raucous خشنrough, wild soft reckoning تخمين‘ محاسبه calculation, estimate require

كردن گرفتن ... oblige, compel retain مجبور impolite polite scriptبيادب employ rude بهموم writing sealنوشته و مهرsignify دادن راهنمايي‘ مانور indicate, show steer نشان .... maneuver, guide survey و مرور place of worship, sanctuary themeمعبد review, investigation temple .... بررسيriches povertyثروت bud vase wealthگلدان subject, topic vaseموضوعTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 23 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb analogous similar to different analogy . approximately around exactly approximate approximation approximate . compel oblige .27compelling compellingly formidable overwhelming . formidablyintruderintrusive annoying intrude intrusion, . intrusivelyperiodicalperiodically sometimes frequently periodical periodic, . prone inclined to .prophetprophetic predictive prophesy prophecy, . prophetically proportions dimensions . proportional, proportionate proportionally, proportionately readily freely reluctantly ready readiness ready . reliably dependably unreliably rely reliability, reliance reliable, reliant . reluctantly hesitatingly willingly reluctance reluctant . renown prominence . renowned sacrifice concession . sacrifice sacrificial triumph achievement failure triumph . triumphant, triumphal triumphantly Lesson 24 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb affordable economical prohibitive afford . affordably contaminated pollute pure contaminate contamination . discernible detectable discern discernment . discernibly flourishing thriving flourish . maintain preserve destroy . maintenance mediocre average excellent mediocrity . negligible insignificant significant neglect neglect, negligence neglected, neglectful, negligent . negligibly parallel similar dissimilar parallel . peculiar strange normal peculiarity . peculiarly potent powerful weak . remarkable exceptional ordinary . remarkably scattered dispersed scatter . solid steady solidify solidification . solidly somewhat slight . tedious monotonous interesting tedium . tediouslyTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 23 Word Synonym Antonym28

alliance معاهده‘ توافق ‘ اعتماد agreement, treaty appliance ابزار‘ وسيله machine binding اجباري‘ الزم necessary, obligatory voluntary buoy شناورfloat ceremonially آييني deploy

deceptionكالهبرداري exaggerated restrained fraudنامعقول arrange extravagantصفأراييfulfill برآورده .... satisfy girth اندازه‘ محيط ... thickness, breadth length mermaid دريايي پريmortal مردني‘ فاني deadly, earthly immortal moss خزه offend آزردنhurt somebody's feelings omen نشانه‘ فال sign, prophecy ornately آراستهhandsomely readiness آمادگي scale

پولک‘ فلس sprite پري‘ جنtruce آتشبسceasefire, peace trunk تنه undertake .... گرفتن ‘ تعهد عهده به accept relinquish voyage سفرjourney, trip Lesson 24 Word Synonym Antonym afford برآمدن عهده ازanxiety نگرانيnervousness reassurance ascertain دادن determine, find out beast تشخيص

حيوان‘ چهارپا animal belt كمربند burden بارload clawed پنجه coral snake مار مرجانculture محيط ...debris نخاله‘ آشغال rubbish, waste delirious زده excited disappointing هيجانكوهاندار unsatisfactory satisfactory dromedaryمأيوسکننده شترequator استوا خطfrustrate ماندن ناكامgenus گونه‘ نوع type, kind horn شاخ hump ..... integrity بيعيبي‘ درستي honesty dishonesty interest بهرهbenefit peculiar فرد به ,restore .... تجديد special universal renovate منحصرremodel ruminant نشخوار .....salmon آزاد ماهيsluggish ...slow-moving snout پوزهnose sparse پراکندهthin dense throng ازدحامmultitude, swarm few trek دراز و دور salaryدستمزد poison, toxin antidote wageسم journey venom سفرTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 25 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb29briefly concisely at length brevity brief . circulate distribute . circulation circulatory consistently dependably inconsistently consist consistency consistent . exhibit display conceal . exhibit, exhibition, exhibitor found establish . foundation, founder improperly inappropriately properly impropriety improper . infrequently rarely frequently infrequency infrequent . impulsively capriciously deliberately impulse, impulsiveness impulsive . isolated secluded nearby isolate isolation . overtly openly covertly overt . profoundly significantly insignificantly profundity profound . sharply quickly slowly sharpen sharpness sharp . situated located situate situation . subsequently afterwards subsequent . unmistakable indispensable debatable . unmistakably Lesson 26 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb chaotic disorganized organized chaos . characteristic typical uncharacteristic characterize Characteristic, characterization . characteristically controversial debatable indisputable controversy . controversially exemplify symbolize . exemplarygratefulnessgratifying . satisfying disappointing gratify gratification, gratefully interpret clarify confuse . interpreter, interpretation, interpreting launch initiate finish . launch, launching legitimate authentic unlawful legitimacy . legitimately particular specific vague . particularly radiant bright dull radiance, radiation, radiator . radiantly ridge crest . span cover . span spontaneous instinctive spontaneity . spontaneously stream river stream . striking remarkable ordinary . strikinglyTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 25 Word Synonym

Antonym30acquaintance آشناييfamiliarity, friendship ignorance assimilate برابر و adjust, fit .... همگونin astrology طالعبيني bat خفاش cedar wood سرو colossal عظيمالجثهgigantic tiny concerning

به بودن relating to, about contend راجع eclipses ....outshine تاج assert, declare crown معتقدengage جلب .... absorb erect برپا .... build, create extinct شده died out living fleeting منقرض

گذرا و قابل finance indisputableسرمايه fund وزغ transitory permanent frog سريع غير و مسلمميانجي unmistakable debatable lingua franca بحث زبانmalicious بدخواهmalevolent kind, benevolent monologue تکنفره soliloquy outlying نمايش

مرکز ‘ پرت از دور remote outstanding برجستهexceptional abysmal pidgin شکسته پا و دستpresumed فرضي‘ احتمالي supposed proclaiming بيانيهannouncement provided for مشروط

آنکه برrecognition تصديقcredit resort چاره‘ پاتوق ‘ تفريحگاه remedy satirical مسخره‘ هجو mocking, humorous societal جمعيgroup, public soliloquy تکگوييmonologue timber چوب ‘ Lesson 26 Word Synonym Antonym مشعل language torchزبان wood tongue تيرaccomplishment دستاورد‘ اتمام finishing, achievement bald طاسhairless bankruptcy بودن economic failure belongورشكستگي متعلقcaptivate مجذوب .... charm civic عمومي‘ شهري civil, public private diligent ساعي‘ كوشا hard-working lazy ethnic نژادي‘ قومي tribal, racial exemplary الگو‘ سرمشق model, representative flavor طعمtaste intellectualization عقالنيbrain power emotion itinerant سيار

در ‘ به در traveling mount رفتن نامعلوم‘ مبهم climb, ascend descend obscure باال vague obvious prolific بسيار تأليفات مولد‘ داراي productive unproductive quarry معدن ,mine .... ازextract relief برجسته ‘ تسکين نقشtrucking مبادلهTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 27 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb aptly appropriately inappropriately aptness apt . involuntarily automatically willingly31involuntary . demonstration display concealment demonstrate . demonstrative, demonstrable demonstrably ingredients elements . marvel wonder . marvelous marvelously measurable assessable indeterminate measure measurement . measurably moderate medium, to reduce moderate moderation . moderately odd strange ordinary oddity . oddly reflection image reflect . reflected supposedly presumably actually suppose supposition supposed . sustained consistent temporary sustain sustenance . symbols marks symbolize . symbolic symbolically synthesis combination synthesize . synthetic synthetically tangible concrete intangible tangibility . tangibly tightly firmly loosely tighten tightness tight . Lesson 28 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb aggravating irritating soothing aggravate aggravation . amusement diversion amuse . amusing amusingly conceivably possibly unimaginably conceive conceivable . convert alter . conversion convertible curative healing injurious cure . debilitating weakening growing debilitate debility . deplete consume . depletion depleted finite limited infinite . perceive observe . perception perceptive, perceivable perceptively, perceivably security safety danger secure . secure securely toxic poisonous harmless toxicity . tranquility peacefulness uproar tranquilize . tranquil tranquilly trap retain release . trap trapped undeniably absolutely undeniable . underestimated miscalculated overestimated underestimate .

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 27 Word Synonym Antonym32commentary تحليل‘ رساله essay, analysis conquest پيروزيvictory defeat contemplation

تفکر‘ انديشه thought defeat دادن .... محروم idol depriveبت overcome lose deity شکستprovide dirigible فضايي .... ابراز thesis, essay embodyرساله airship dissertation سفينهrepresent, exemplify essay مقالهdissertation hearsay شايعهrumour, gossip fact imitation تکه‘ پره writing lobeكتيبه inscription تقليدlocust ملخ mercilessly صبعانهcruelly kindly mighty قدرتمندpowerful weak overthrow مضمحل go up .... طغيان rebel نقطهگذاري victim punctuationصيد remove from power prey شدنagainst relief رهايي‘ آسودگي release scanty بسيار .. very little abundant sculpture approximate definiteتقريبي sudden considered speculativeناگهاني statue snapمجسمهsupposition گمانguess sustain كردن درآوردن suffer thresh تحمل پوست ...... ‘ ازyardstick معيارmeasure Lesson 28 Word Synonym Antonym bristle پرز‘ مو hair chronic

بيپايان‘ ثابت constant, unceasing acute conducive مطلوبfavorable conservationist مرجاني environmentalist coral reefمحافظ صخرهcredit تحسين‘ تشويق praise, acclaim blame debility ضعفweakness strength dump محل

زباله insert facade .... فرو reign, empire embedامپراطوري waste disposal site dynasty دفننما‘ ظاهر

freight تجاري برانگيز shipment, goods inconclusive محموله questionable conclusive سوالincubation تکوين‘ نهفتگي ‘ جوجهكشيinfection آلودگي‘ عفونت contamination mild ماليمsoft harsh mold كپک ostensible ظاهري ‘دريايي superficial, apparent real porpoise واضح گرازpriest روحاني‘ كشيش clergy scholar محققresearcher sore throat درد گلوsuccessive متواليfollowing tender دردناکpainfulTest of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 29 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb acknowledge recognize deny .requisition requirement, requisition .33acknowledgment acknowledge acquire attain lose . acquisition acquisitive assimilate incorporate . assimilation assortment selection . assorted caliber quality . condensed summarize full condense . contradictory inconsistent consistent contradict contradiction . disregard ignore heed . disregard precious cherished worthless . prominent renowned unknown prominence . prominently requisite demanded require,unravel separate . unraveling vague unclear clear vagueness . vaguely vast huge small . vastly volume quantity . voluminous voluminously Lesson 30 Word Synonym Antonym Verb Noun Adjective Adverb charisma appeal . charismatic clever astute stupid cleverness . cleverly convince persuade . convincing convincingly endure persevere . endurance endurable, enduring forfeit relinquish continue . forfeit precarious hazardous safe . precariously severe intense gentle severity . severely sporadic erratic regular . sporadically superior exceptional inferior superiority . wanton senseless . wantonly weak ineffective strong weaken weakness . weakly widespread extensive limited . wisdom insight foolishness . wise wisely witticism humor wit, wittiness. witty wittily woo attract repel .Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)Lesson 29 Word Synonym

Antonym34acquisition دستاوردgaining loss aspiration آرزوhope assorted واجور various attribute جورولد oblige breed .... وادار characteristic bindمشخصه و اعطا .... reproduce die off concede زاد

واگذلر‘ .... grant, give up consciousness آگاهيawareness unconsciousness craft پيشه‘ حرفه expertise, skill discount تخفيفreduction, money off draft طرح .... outline, sketch out inventory موجودي financialپولي trader monetaryبازرگان list, record merchant صورتobligation تعهدresponsibility possession مالکيت‘ دارايي ownership pronounced برجسته ‘دقت ‘ محتاط distinct, marked prudent آشکار با careful, cautious reckless refuge گرفتن rule, empire resideسلطنت shelter, sanctuary reignپناهگاه be located in ritualistic قرار secondaryتابع emotional subordinateاحساسي carpet sentimentalقاليچه ceremonial rugآيينيmain trespass .... تجاوز‘ تخلف .... intrude tuck away گذاشتن ساسون‘ تو put in, place Lesson 30 Word Synonym Antonym ally همپيمان‘ دوست friend enemy contingent وابسته‘ فرمان‘ حکم dependent, conditional decree محتمل law, declaration erosion فرسايشwearing down fine جريمهpunishment, penalty intimacy آشنايي‘ نزديکي closeness, familiarity matriarchal مادرساالر omnipresence عمومي‘ جهاني universal outspoken رکfrank tactful proprietor امتياز جلو property owner propulsion صاحب به ,attackتهاجم forward motion raid روinvasion rigorous دقيق‘ سخت hard, exact shrewd زيرکastute, clever naive soundness شدن accuracy stemصحت ناشيsurveillance نظارتobservation tabloid مصور روزنامهtentacle حساس شاخکtransaction معاملهbusiness waver بودن hesitate دودل1 English Grammar I/we/you/they do He/she/it does

( Present Simple ( ساده حال1- I drive a bus. 2- She looks after patients. 3- What do you do?ميرود 1‐ کار به ميافتند اتفاق مکرر طور به يا دارند عموميت که چيزهايي بيان براي ساده . حالThe earth goes around the sun.ميکنيم 2‐ استفاده کارها انجام چگونگي بيان براي ساده حال . ازI get up at 6 o’clock every morning.ميدهيم 3‐ انجام را کاري مطلب يک بيان با اوقات . گاهيI promise/ I apologize/ I advise/ I insist/ I agree/ I refuse … etcميکنيم 4‐ استفاده دائمي موقعيتهاي بيان براي ساده حال . ازJohn isn’t lazy. He works hard most of the time.که 5‐ کرد think " " هنگامي استفاده ميتوان ساده حال از باشد عقيده و فکر معناي . بهI think Mary is Canadian, but I’m not sure.افعال 6‐ معمول طور کار ) ( See, hear, smell, taste به به استمراري نه و ساده حال با را

با . را افعال اين حال . .can ميبريم از کنيم استفاده ميتوانيم همميرسد نظر به چگونه شخص يک اينکه بيان براي استمراري يا و احساسي look ( ( ساده چه يا و

ميکنيم feel ( ( دارد . استفادهDo you see that man over there? (not Are you seeing) I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it? You look well today. Or You’re looking well today.I do

ذشته گ ال ح ينده آ

( Present Continuous ( استمراري حال2 English Grammar Am/is/are + ---ing 1- I am trying to work 2- She is driving to work 3- Are you enjoying the party?آغاز . 1‐ را کاري ما ميکنيم استفاده استمراري حال از هستيم عمل يک انجام حين در که هنگامي

است نرسيده پايان به هنوز اما . کردهايمKate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.با 2‐ ميتوان را استمراري برد ... today/this week/ this year حال کار به . وYou are working hard today. (not You work hard today.)با 3‐ خصوص به ميبريم کار به ميدهد رخ حال زمان به نزديک که تغييراتي بيان را استمراري حال

زير : افعالget, change, become, increase, rise, fall, grow, improve, begin, start Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better?)ميبريم 4‐ کار به هستند موقتي که حالتهايي و موقعيتها بيان را استمراري . حالI’m living with some friends until I find a place of my own.نميگيرند 5‐ قرار استفاده مورد استمراري حال زمان در زير : افعالlike, love, hate, want, need, prefer, know, release, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember, belong, fit, contain, consist, seemکه 6‐ کرد " " think " " هنگامي استفاده ميتوان استمراري حال از کردن فکر معناي . بهI’m thinking about what happened.I am doing

ذشته گ ال ح ينده آ3 English Grammar I/we/you/they have done He/she/it has done

( Present Perfect ( حال ....1- I have lost my key. 2- She has forgotten my name. 3- We have seen the film.ميکنيم * صحبت دارد ادامه حال به تا و شده آغاز گذشته از که زمان از بخشي مورد در که هنگامي

ميبريم ‘ کار به حال .. Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) Have you heard from Brian recently?

است جديد خبر يک ً معموال . اينRecently In the last few days Since breakfastميگوييم 1‐ که است" هنگامي افتاده اتفاق چيزي "Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.a period until nowگذشته . 2‐ در عملي دارد وجود ارتباط حال زمان با ميکنيم استفاده کامل حال از که هنگامي

است حال زمان در نتيجهاي . دارايIs Sally here? No, she has gone out. (=she is out now.)با 3‐ را کامل حال ببريم yet و .just, already ميتوانيم کار بهJust = a short time ago Are you hungry? No, I have just had lunch. Already= happened sooner than expected What time is Mark leaving? He’s already gone. Yet= until now. Speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences. Has it stopped raining yet? I have written the letter, but I haven’t sent it yet. been (to) و gone (to) ‐

4فرق Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (=He is there now or on his way there) Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (=She has now come back)با 5‐ را کامل حال زمان ... today/this evening/this year ميتوانيم در اگر ببريم کار به و

باشد نرسيده پايان به زمان از بخش اين . صحبت

I haven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you?ميافتد : 6‐ . اتفاق چيزي که است باري اولين اين : ميگوييمIt’s the first time he has driven a car.

ذشته گ ال حذشته گ ال ح

( Present Perfect Continuous ( .... استمراري حال4 English Grammar I/we/they/you have been doing He/she/it has been doing 1- I’ve been looking for you everywhere. 2- She’s been working very hard. 3- We’ve been waiting for an hour.در . 1 ‐ ميبريم کار به است شده تمام تازگي به يا ً ا که عملي بيان براي را استمراري کامل حال

دارد وجود ارتباط حال زمان با نيز . اينجاI have been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me.با 2‐ را استمراري کامل انجام . how long, for … and since حال حال در عمل ميبريم کار به

است شده متوقف تازگي به يا است . شدنHow long have you been learning English? (=you’re still learning English)هم ) 3‐ هنوز و است شده تکرار زمان از دورهاي طي که اعمالي براي را استمراري کامل حال

ببريم ( کار به ميتوانيم دارد . ادامهDebbie is a very good tennis player. She’s been playing since she was eight.

ميگوييم 1نکته : وقتي “She has been painting the ceiling” شده انجام عمل مثال اين درپايان . به نظر مورد عمل که نيست مهم ماست توجه مورد

ميگوييم . وقتي اما نه يا خود ”She has painted the ceiling“ : رسيده و است مهم عمل نتيجهنيست توجه مورد . عمل

است ) ( how long :2 نکته انجام حال در هنوز که عملي براي استمراري کامل حال همراه به راکامل . حال از است شده تمام که عملي براي اما ميبريم کار بههمراه ميکنيم how much, how many or how many times به . استفاده

How long have you been reading the book? How much of that book have you read?مثل ) 4‐ افعال (بعضي know/like/believe استفاده استمراري کامل حال در معمول طور به

ميتوانيم . اما کامل mean و want نميشوند حال در راببريم کار به . استمراري

I’ve known about it for a long time. (not I’ve been knowing) I’ve been meaning to phone Jane, but I keep forgetting.افعال 5‐ با را کامل حال يا و استمراري کامل به . work و live حال اما کرد استفاده ميتوانميکنيم always همراه استفاده کامل حال از . فقطJulia has been living/ has lived in Paris for a long time. I’ve always lived in the country. (not I’ve always been living) ‘I haven’t done something since/for… : ‐ 6ميگوييم I haven’t seen Julia since Monday.

ال حI have been doingI was doing

( Past Simple ( ساده گذشتهI started doing I finished doing

ذشته گ ذشته5 English Grammar I/we/you/they did He/she/it did 1- I enjoyed the film. 2- She passed her examination. 3- Did you go to the cinema?

به ‐ . ساده گذشته در افعال در . ed– اغلب و هستند بيقاعده افعال از بسياري اما ميشوند ختمبه گذشته نميشوند ed– زمان . ختم

The police stopped me on my way home last night. I went to the cinema three times last week.. است was/were ‘ be (am/is/are) گذشته ‐ .I was angry because they were left. I/ he/she/it was doing We/you/they were doing( Past Continuous ( استمراري گذشته1- I was watching TV when you arrived. 2- She was walking home when she met Dave. 3- We were looking for you when you were in bathroom.

گ ال حگذشته 1‐ با را است نرسيده پايان به هنوز و شده شروع گذشته زمان در که موقعيتي يا عمل

ميکنيم بيان . استمراريI waved to Helen, but she wasn’t looking.به 2‐ است شده انجام ديگر عمل انجام حين عملي اينکه بيان را استمراري حال و ساده حال اغلب

ميبريم . : کارIt was raining when I got up.

ميکنيم استفاده ساده گذشته از است شده انجام ديگر عمل از بعد عملي اينکه بيان براي : اماI was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat.افعال 3‐ از نميشوند want ( و know مثل ) بعضي استفاده استمراري گذشته در معمول طور به.We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing) I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting)

( Past perfect Continuous ( .... استمراري گذشته6 English Grammar

( Past perfect ( گذشته ....I/we/they/you had done He/she/it had done 1- I had made a big mistake. 2- She had gone home. 3- We weren’t hungry. We had just had lunch.گذشته 1‐ از کنيم صحبت است شده انجام گذشته زمان از قبل که عملي مورد در بخواهيم اگر

ميکنيم استفاده . کاملWhen Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.کامل 2‐ گذشته و کامل حال : مقايسهWho is that woman? I’ve never seen her before. I didn’t know she was. I’d never seen her before.کامل مقايسه 3‐ گذشته و ساده گذشته :Kate wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was at her mother’s house. Kate had just got home when I phoned. She had been at her mother’s house. I/we/they/you had been going He/she/it had been doing 1- I’d been working hard all day. 2- She’d been living there only a short time. 3- We’d been playing football.گذشته ) ( ‐ . زمان در است شده انجام ديگر عمل انجام از قبل اتفاقي بگوييم ميتوانيم .ماWe’d been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.استمراري 2‐ کامل گذشته و استمراري کامل حال : مقايسهJames is out of breath. He has been running. James was out of breath. He had been running.استمراري 3‐ کامل گذشته و استمراري گذشته : مقايسهCathy was sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because she’d been working very hard.افعال 4‐ از نميشوند like ( و know مثل ) بعضي استفاده استمراري گذشته در معمول طور . به

We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing)