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18 : Educational standards are ……………. year by year because of lack of funds.

1) preceding 2) overlapping 3) degenerating 4) restricting

19 : After doing this project, we will ……………… a new project later this year.

1) bear on 2) break up 3) stand out 4) embark on

20 : The soil in this part of the world is not rich enough to …………….. a large population.1) survive 2) sustain 3) suspend 4) submit

21 : After years of research, scholars have finally ………………. this theory to a scholar in ancient Greece.

1) pondered 2) ascribed 3) depicted 4) disclosed

22 : They …………………. a 500-year lifespan for a plastic container.1) alleged 2) survived 3) diverged 4) postulated

23 : Short questions are more likely to ………………… a response.

1) elicit 2) undergo 3) perceive 4) register

24 : Many principles are ……………. in the Declaration of Human Rights.1) resided 2) embodied 3) proceeded 4) submitted

25 : In late October, the prime minister …………………… an emergency meeting.1) associated 2) summoned 3) deduced 4) collaborated

26 : The contract between the two companies will ……………. at the end of the year.

1) surrender 2) obstruct 3) expire 4) extinguish

27 : An elderly man has ……………. doctors at the hospital by living after he was officially declared dead.1) confounded 2) conducted 3) converted 4) corresponded

28 : What was intended as a peaceful demonstration rapidly ………………. into violence.1) degenerated 2) agitated 3) preceded 4) discriminated

29 : The Democratic Party …………….. 70 percent of the vote.1) esteemed 2) garnered 3) obligated 4) assembled

30 : Some animals can …………………. very high temperatures.

1) submit 2) detach 3) obstruct 4) withstand

31 : Researchers have discovered that up to one half of all children born of alcoholics are genetically

…………………… to alcoholism.

1) apprehended 2) discerned 3) predisposed 4) impressed

32 : Computers are used to store and later to ………………. information efficiently.1) retrieve 2) fabricate 3) proceed 4) absorb

33 : Birds …………….. less accurately when the earth’s magnetic field is disturbed.1) ponder 2) accompany 3) navigate 4) probe

34 : The story of the scientist’s life is ……….. in this new biography.

1) revolved 2) reconciled 3) revoked 4) recounted


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35 : It has been ……………. that dinosaurs became extinct because the Earth’s climate changed.

1) detested 2) speculated 3) founded 4) fostered

36 : The love and support of his family …………. him during his time in prison and made him feel less desperate there.

1) resolved 2) sustained 3) assumed 4) determined

37 : The road ……………. the highway a mile from here- you can’t miss the signs for it.1) intersects 2) interferes 3) intervenes 4) intercepts

38 : Make sure you ………….. that present carefully or it may get damaged in the post.

1) flourish 2) consume 3) wrap 4) dispatch

39 : The pattern ………. from our analysis of the accident data shows that bad roads are responsible for the majority

of accidents.

1) occurring 2) assuming 3) identifying 4) emerging

40 : The changes to the national health system will be ………….. next year; people won’t have to worry about long

waiting lists for hospitals anymore.

1) converted 2) intervened 3) accompanied 4) implemented

41 : She ………… him into handing over all his savings, and then ran away with all the money.

1) inclined 2) betrayed 3) deceived 4) conceived

42 : High winds have …………. fire-fighters in their efforts to put out the forest.1) diverted 2) released 3) hindered 4) interfered

43 : His mother …………. him for breaking the vase her mother had given her as a wedding gift.1) scolded 2) clashed 3) disputed 4) quarreled

44 : Governments usually …………. freedom of movement into and out of the country in time of war.

1) detect 2) induce 3) restrict 4) simulate

45 : The government …………….. that the buildings would not be redeveloped in the historical parts of the town.1) tackled 2) confronted 3) committed 4) undertook

46 : She intends to ………… a medical career, but her father would like her to study law.

1) engage 2) resolve 3) aspire 4) pursue

47 : The war would have ended if the enemy planes had not …………. the cease-fire agreement.1) violated 2) enforced 3) exceeded 4) attributed

48 : The skilled use of make-up in films is essential to ……….. the actors’ best features and makes them more

attractive.1) occur 2) attain 3) encounter 4) enhance

49 : She …………. Several famous experts to back up her argument : we can learn a foreign language well even in old

age.

1) attributed 2) derived 3) invoked 4) deviated

50 : A marriage is likely to ……………. If you and your partner are similar in personality.

1) refuse 2) refer 3) pass 4) last


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51 : He was arrested by the police when he tried to ……………. a gun into the airport.

1) smuggle 2) impose 3) emerge 4) obtain

52 : Her new book ………… the essay you ‘re looking for though you might also find it as a separate piece in The

Asian Journal of Sociology.1) denotes 2) inserts 3) enhances 4) incorporates

53 : The airline hopes to …………… deaths in fires by using more fire-resistant materials.1) survive 2) neglect 3) eliminate 4) correspond

54 : It is difficult to ………… these statistics without knowing how they were obtained.1) derive 2) establish 3) interpret 4) circulate

55 : I don’t want to ……………… her achievements, but she did have a lot of help.1) collapse 2) estimate 3) encounter 4) diminish

56 : My parents have ………… to give a big party for the whole family at the weekend.

1) arranged 2) checked 3) described 4) provided

57 : “ Could you turn down the TV? I have to do these problems today and I am trying to …………….”1) consult 2) conclude 3) conserve 4) concentrate

58 : Exercise improves your body and your mind and enables you to …………. better in the work place and at home.

1) persuade 2) perform 3) receive 4) retire

59 : The presidents of the companies concerned ………….. the terms of the agreement.1) intended 2) worked 3) negotiated 4) represented

60 : It was decided that the duties of part-timers should be …………….. .1) declined 2) reduced 3) required 4) devoted

61 : Most accidents could be …………. if people paid more attention to safety recommendations.1) avoided 2) forbidden 3) allowed 4) recognized

62 : If you ……………. that something is true, you suggest that it is true without actually saying so.1) contradict 2) consider 3) ignore 4) imply

63 : Deep freezing is now a common way of ……………. fruit and vegetables.1) identifying 2) preserving 3) preventing 4) recovering

64 : They didn’t finish the project in time though they had ………….. three weeks to it.

1) adhered 2) supplied 3) allocated 4) regarded

65 : Water waves are ……………. by the action of the wind.1) generated 2) designed 3) delivered 4) encouraged

66 : The court …………. the agreement after months of debate.1) nullified 2) penetrated 3) vanished 4) inclined

67 : This poem is ………… to Shakespeare.

1) proceeded 2) identified 3) estimated 4) attributed


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68 : After six months of working overtime, she ………… paying off her debts.

1) succeeded in 2) complained to 3) removed from 4) reminded of

69 : James didn’t have any trouble ………… to the climate in Atlanta because he had grown up in the south.

1) applying 2) adjusting 3) appointing 4) confirming

70 : Boiling water …………. rapidly.

1) evacuates 2) evaporates 3) increases 4) inflates

71 : The army is reported to be ……………….. considerable resistance in some remote rural areas.

1) encountering 2) interacting 3) transferring 4) concentrating

72 : The news broadcast …………… the rumor that a circus was coming to town.

1) contended 2) induced 3) confirmed 4) inferred

73 : She was …………. hiding the stolen jewelry in her closet.

1) judged 2) resumed 3) maintained 4) detected

74 : The accused man was ………. by the jury.

1) condensed 2) inherited 3) inclined 4) condemned

75 : The enemy …………. before the advance of our soldiers.

1) retreated 2) remarked 3) reproduced 4) regulated

76 : The film ……………. their attention completely.

1) absorbed 2) abstained 3) abridged 4) abused

77 : He ………….. his speech with a summary.

1) confessed 2) concluded 3) neglected 4) notified

78 : Benevolent graduate …………. money to the college for the new library.

1) advocated 2) confirmed 3) donated 4) founded

79 : Nobody likes him. He is always …………… in other people’s affairs.

1) attempting 2) overlooking 3) stimulating 4) interfering

80 : I couldn’t concentrate on my homework, because my brother kept …………….. me with silly questions.

1) interrupting 2) competing 3) involving 4) providing

81 : The police officer ……………… Mary that the car she was driving had been used in a robbery two weeks ago.

1) described 2) informed 3) explained 4) ordered

82 : The actress killed the producer because he had …………… her film contract.

1) determined 2) undergone 3) undertaken 4) terminated


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Adjectives

1 : The philosopher’s explanation of the theory was rather ………… i.e. difficult to understand.1) immense 2) distinctive 3) inevitable 4) opaque

2 : When people saw picture of killed soldiers on TV, there was a ……….. reaction against the war.

1) spontaneous 2) comprehensive 3) preoccupied 4) primitive

3 : Low inflation is the key to …………. Economic growth.

1) congruous 2) sustained 3) extravagant 4) well-disposed

4 : The degree of punishment should be ………… to the seriousness of the crime.

1) receptive 2) inclined 3) prominent 4) proportional

5 :

Farmers are still a …………. Political force in France.

1) prognostic 2) plentiful 3) potent 4) provisional

6 : The success of the project is due to the ………. amount of work that has gone into it.

1) primary 2) leading 3) tremendous 4) celebrated

7 : Teachers settled for a 4 % pay rise with …………… effect from last April.

1) foregone 2) preceding 3) retrospective 4) substantial

8 : Do you think that these higher –than- average temperatures are ………… to global warming.

1) attributable 2) expansive 3) convertible 4) substitutional

9 : These chemicals are …….. to the environment.

1) exhaustive 2) contrastive 3) detrimental 4) forthcoming

10 : Flexibility is ……….. to creative management.

1) intrinsic 2) compatible 3) forthcoming 4) contemporary

11 : The …………… goal of this research is to gather data on the process of first language acquisition.

1) principal 2) successive 3) continual 4) insightful

12 : The slight difference in the way men and women are affected by the drug is not really ………….. .

1) intrinsic 2) contrary 3) predominant 4) significant

13 : The victim was able to give the police an …………. description of her attacker.

1) accurate 2) ultimate 3) identical 4) equivalent

14 : Violence is just one of the many problems ………. in city life.

1) explicit 2) empirical 3) available 4) inherent

15 : Roman coins that she showed me were ……….. to the one I had found in the garden.

1) crucial 2) specific 3) adjacent 4) identical


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16 : Technology advances could ……….. lead to even more job losses.

1) randomly 2) inherently 3) ultimately 4) empirically

17 : During the last one hundred years, ………… every aspect of life has been westernized.

1) conversely 2) primarily 3) virtually 4) redundantly

18 : Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a(n) ……………. dry cough.

1) effective 2) persistent 3) respected 4) considerate

19 : Anita had a(n) …………….. arrangement with her brother- each would take care of the other’s children if the

need arose.

1) adjacent 2) coherent 3) analogous 4) reciprocal

20 : She’s not very …………. In the way she treats her children; they may be punished today for something they were

rewarded for yesterday!

1) dominant 2) restrictive 3) consistent 4) proportional

21 : The report suggests that there has only been a (n) …………. improvement in women’s pay over the past few years.1) ultimate 2) eventual 3) marginal 4) enormous

22 : Even though she knew she was wrong, she was ……………. to openly admit it.1) variable 2) reluctant 3) disobedient 4) submissive

23 : Sleep has often thought of as being in some way …………… to death.1) alike 2) compatible 3) analogous 4) comparative

24 : Math is a(n) …………… part of the school curriculum almost anywhere in the world.1) eventual 2) intrinsic 3) concurrent 4) simultaneous

25 : His paintings show ……………. attention to details.1) inevitable 2) reliable 3) meticulous 4) attractive

26 : Her performance was ………….. affected by the behavior of the crowd and was not satisfactory.1) secretly 2) sincerely 3) adversely 4) punctually

27 : The ……………. export of the Middle East is Petroleum.

1) immense 2) exceeding 3) predominant 4) brilliant

28 : The Nobel Prize is one of the most …………… awards that a person can win.1) prestigious 2) pessimist 3) perfectionist 4) permanent

29 : Road accidents are generally caused by …………… driving and not by any factor relating to the roads.

1) Imprudent 2) fragile 3) reckless 4) ingenious

30 : The belief that the earth is flat is today regarded as …………….. .

1) absurd 2) abstract 3) absolute 4) abrupt


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31 : Because John didn’t take good care of himself, it was ………….. that he would get sick.

1) accidental 2) inevitable 3) measurable 4) typical

32 : The police were highly appreciative of the housewife’s …………. courage.

1) impulsive 2) futile 3) intractable 4) indomitable

33 : Is the Canadian dollar ………… to the U.S. dollar?1) invariable 2) potential 3) unanimous 4) equivalent

34 : He was found ………… of dangerous driving and forbidden from driving for three years.

1) violent 2) unbalanced 3) guilty 4) independent

35 : I posted the letter one month ago. It is very ………….. that my friend hasn’t received it yet.1) Impossible 2) orderly 3) suitable 4) unlikely

36 : …………. reports said that seven people had died, though this was not confirmed later.

1) initial 2) excessive 3) apparent 4) sufficient

37 : My schedule is quite …………….. . I can arrange to meet you any day next week.1) flexible 2) accurate 3) arbitrary 4) voluntary

38 : Despite differences in background and opinion, their partnership was based on ………….. respect.1) virtual 2) neutral 3) mutual 4) rational

39 : I’ve taught my daughter to be ……………. about giving people our address when she doesn’t know them quite

well.

1) wary 2) mutual 3) vital 4) naïve

40 : I …………… remembered having met her before though I couldn’t exactly remember when.1) vastly 2) urgently 3) stealthy 4) vaguely

41 : Wide tree-lined streets are ……………… to the town’s character; it’s not possible to imagine the town without

them.

1) precise 2) marginal 3) adjacent 4) intrinsic

42 : The more …………. your notes, the more useful they will be for revision purposes.

1) intact 2) drastic 3) extreme 4) thorough

43 : Refer to the footnote on the …………… page; you will find your answer there.1) Inherent 2) preceding 3) widespread 4) subordinate

44 : Students from countries as …………… as Colombia and Lithuania use the new series of books to learn English.

1) diverse 2) apparent 3) external 4) sufficient

45 : The majority of students felt ………………….. for teacher’s help.

1) frank 2) logical 3) grateful 4) beneficial

46 : The earthquake was very …………… .1) avoidable 2) distortable 3) deliberate 4) destructive


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Nouns

1 : This society enjoys cultural …………… despite the fact that it consists of different ethnic backgrounds.

1) conviction 2) homogeneity 3) demonstration 4) erection

2 : None of the journalist’s children showed the slightest …………….. to follow their father into journalism.1) extension 2) composition 3) impression 4) inclination

3 : It is hard to believe that hunger is a problem despite the ………… of the country.

1) prosperity 2) approximation 3) inspiration 4) advocacy

4 : War and illiteracy are two of the greatest …………… to human progress.

1) divergences 2) resolutions 3) impediments 4) phenomena

5 : Communication via the internet gives an important …………….. to international trade.1) exposure 2) dimension 3) expenditure 4) distribution

6 : Lack of childcare facilities can be a major ………….. for women wishing to work.1) routine 2) dispute 3) obstacle 4) contraction

7 : It is a common ……………. that women are worse drivers than men.1) impetus 2) essence 3) fallacy 4) amusement

8 : The …………. for using this teaching method is to encourage student confidence.1) rationale 2) advent 3) authenticity 4) constitution

9 : These reports are ……………. to the many hours of research completed by this committee.1) proximity 2) testimony 3) motion 4) submission

10 : The points the author makes are fine, but the whole essay lacks …………… .

1) coherence 2) profile 3) route 4) solidarity

11 : The rise in the interest rate had a direct …………… on the company’s profits.1) proportion 2) bearing 3) domain 4) convergence

12 : It is some researchers ……….. that exercise is more important than diet if you want to lose weight.1) undertaking 2) designation 3) exhibition 4) contention

13 : There is no ……….. on students to take so many subjects in one semester.

1) compulsion 2) momentum 3) impetus 4) affiliation

14 : Dogs and wolves are members of the same ………………..1) species 2) monsters 3) creatures 4) primates

15 : I’ve been prescribed iron tablets to make up the ………….. .

1) fault 2) nutrition 3) deficiency 4) protection


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32 : Feminists say that the book was written from a male ………… .1) objective 2) inspection 3) perspective 4) presumption

33 : The Highways Department is responsible for the construction and ……….. of bridges and roads.1) equipment 2) adjustment 3) manipulation 4) maintenance

34 : In exceptional …………. students may arrange to take examinations at other times.

1) alternatives 2) implications 3) circumstances 4) distributions

35 : After a full ………… lasting over 2 years, very little new evidence had come to light.1) approach 2) exploitation 3) investment 4) investigation

36 : A thorough understanding of mathematics is sufficient to explain a wide variety of natural ……….. .1) criteria 2) principles 3) phenomena 4) components

37 : For centuries housework and shopping have been identified as female ……….. .

1) targets 2) domains 3) sectors 4) contexts

38 : Modern example of this type of weaving for Persian carpets in the region show little …………. from traditional

patterns.

1) deviation 2) relevance 3) application 4) permanence

39 : Despite some doubts by the experts, the …………….. of this painting to Rembrandt had never been questioned.1) attribution 2) simulation 3) association 4) specification

40 : She has the …………. of being one of the few people to have received an honorary degree from the university this

year.

1) extraction 2) detection 3) distinction 4) simulation

41 : Financial ……………. on the company are preventing them from employing new staff.1) resolutions 2) deductions 3) approaches 4) constraints

42 : The course is essentially theoretical in ……….. , but you’ll need some practical work experience before you can

apply for the job.

1) process 2) function 3) orientation 4) exploitation

43 : There was widespread ………… over the plan, and the management had finally to revise it.1) discontent 2) antithesis 3) interaction 4) emergence

44 : The audience broke into ………….. as the old singer slowly climbed the stairs.

1) tribute 2) applause 3) compliment 4) encouragement

45 : Many of the residents here are ………….. of the original settlers emigrating to the area at the end of the 18 th

century.

1) prototypes 2) derivatives 3) procedures 4) descendants


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46 : I’ve made quite a lot of last-minute ………….. to the article: I think it’s now ready for publication in the

newspaper.

1) assembly 2) compliment 3) constitution 4) amendment

47 : Some institutions still have a strong ……………. against women and employ them if they are forced to.1) bias 2) restraint 3) morality 4) inclination

48 : Students can be expelled at the …………… of the head teacher, and they cannot return to school within a year

after expulsion.

1) foresight 2) judgment 3) alternative 4) discretion

49 : You can only come on school trip if your parents give their written …………… .1) device 2) consent 3) criterion 4) inclination


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!;;?

1 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,

2 : !"#$ 4'() '(%& .

3 : !"#$ 1'() '(%& .

4 : !"#$ 3'() '(%& .

5 : !"#$ 2'() '(%& .

6 : !"#$ 3'() '(%& .

7 : !"#$ 3'() '(%& .

8 : !"#$ 1) '(%& '(.

9 : !"#$ 2'() '(%& .

10 : !"#$ 1'() '(%& .

11 : !"#$ 2'() '(%& .

12 : !"#$ 4'() '(%& .

13 : !"#$ 1'() '(%& .

14 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

15 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,

16 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,

17 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

18 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

19 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,

20 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,

21 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,

22 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,

23 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,

24 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

25 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

26 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

27 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,

28 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

29 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,

30 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,

31 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

32 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,

33 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,

34 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,

35 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,

36 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,

37 : $% !"# &'() '(*+,

38 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

39 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

40 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,

41 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,

42 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,

43 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

44 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,


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45 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,

46 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,

47 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,

48 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,

49 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,


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Essential Words for Exam

Adjectives

accurate: correct, precise, exact ! # $% &'()! &* # +

adjacent: near, close ),-./0 &)12.3

ample: enough, plenty 425 6 7,1,84 &

apparent: obvious, clear +9,1 &)2:;<

arbitrary: by chance 2=>,6 4!2?> &6

beneficial: useful, helpful =3 # @A3!-( &@

brilliant: bright B2AC2> & 72DE)!

controversial: F$C GH,8C # I &8JKD2A3 diverse: of different kinds L-AM3 &7-N2H-N

dizzy: confusing N # N8( &O@AA5 P # )1< K.

doubtful: uncertain Q!1! &!!83

drastic: sudden and violent @; &!2R S@

ecstatic: excited, joyful T,!2; &U-E8(

equivalent: the same in value Q!2V3 & W), X0 &8C,8C

exceeding: extreme, high W S@; &!2 S@

fictional: imaginary H2M(,!6 E & # Y2 6

fragile: breakable BW2H & O@AA:;

frank: honest, Z!2%

futile: useless, fruitless C6 24 S C &O@ 6 O!2=M(,

grateful: thankful ),[G(2\(

immense: huge, enormous ]^ &_)IC # W &X S!2

imprudent: unwise, careless C6 MR, # C &`2 6 8:4

impulsive: careless, thoughtless C &8:=> 71@C6 KH,!8E

indomitable: unbeatable [J2H QIYI> &a(,) S[J2H 'b:; & 8 S8

inevitable : unavoidable [J2H T2AMc, S 8ingenious: inventive, clever O@HW2( &8:Md3 &ZeE

inherent: intrinsic >,f6 H1)! &6

initial: first Y1, # ,@MC, &K 6S

intact: undamaged XY2( &O!)-gH '(!

interval: gap, break K=1 &Kh%24


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intractable: difficult to control or deal with H@DH i,)6 [J2H j2kVH, & l58( & S8

intrinsic: inherent, essential >,f6 H1)! &6 (2(, &6

invariable: unchanging m> 71@C &'C2n ## 8

marginal: oIc6 ;2R &B@H, & # , K pmediocre: average, ordinary Y-/V36 q(-M3 &

meticulous: careful ! # KH242:;-3 &*

mutual: joint, reciprocal KdH2c1! &K48r1!

naïve: O!2(s-Y

neutral: impartial C6 tAE &j8r6

peripheral: ;2R # , K p)2A5 &p

permanent: enduring, lasting ,! S / 6 @C, &p

pessimistic: C@C # u

preceding: previous hd6 J & # D # u

predisposed: likely to do or have something @VMb3 & O!23<

predominant: noticeable 8> KMbc8C S8> vY2w &u Su

prestigious: important, significant Xx3 &KMbc8C

primitive: first, original, ancient ,@MC,6S Y1, & # 1@C &K p

rational: logical, reasonable ykA3 &Q-yV36

reckless: careless C6 C &'!6 MR, # C &`2 6 Kc->

reliable: dependable 8dMV3 &!2/M^, zC2

requisite: essential, necessary, )189 &iW{p

spontaneous: N!23< 71@C6 hd6 U-c!-E &!-E KC !-E &

subordinate: inferior, lower 2J #SW &|C2> & 8MA S'(! 8

sufficient: enough 425 6

thorough: complete, perfect |32c &z325

a thorough search

unanimous: S*=M3 &K})2\:

a unanimous decision

vital: essential, important bC # R &Xx3 )2 # >2 6

voluntary: ME, # )2 pKH2dhr1,! &

wary: careful, cautious v~,-3 & `2M$3

widespread: common ,) SP


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Adverbsadversely: unfavorably T-hk32H )-r KC @^2b32H )-r KC &

approximately: nearly 8y> S2d

confidently: certainly /r, 2C & •=H KC !2/M^, 2C # 72A

consequently: as a result ,8C2AC S MH )! &u # K.

conversely: on the other hand 48r W, &•:^ 8C6 ! S8G

eventually: finally 2xH Si2.H,8( &2M

primarily: mainly 2>@/^ &2(2(,

punctually: on time '18( &|-3 KC

redundantly: not needed 429,6 ,W & S@

reluctantly: unwillingly 2/> 71@C & O,85, 2C S z

remarkably: noticeably G/D} )-r KC # Kc-> zC2 )-r KC &8 simultaneously: at the same time, concurrently KC723I/0 )-r

sincerely: honestly KH2!2% )-r KC

subsequently: ,@VC &2d2VM3

temporarily: transiently '-3 )-r KC

urgently: )-4 )-r KCp)-4 KC & S'

vaguely: ambiguously Xxd3 )-kxC

vastly: W )-r KC &O!8MbN )-r KC S!2

virtually: almost, very nearly 8y> S2d e/^ &


22/48


23/48

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illustration: 9-> # 8D> &+ Sz:; &+

inferiority: 2J #S Gd>) u 6 2J 71! & S G 6 }-5 &6

insight: perception, feeling, sense C # ! &lA S ?C &@ # "8

integrity: wholeness, completeness S G})2\: 6 32/> & # ' intention: H &@? # '

interaction: z32V>

intervention: KhE,@3

interpretation: => b # 9-> &8 # 8D> &+ S +

investigation: y$> # ()8C &* 6

jealousy: "!2bR

jeopardy: danger 8kE

morality: eE, # 2J &"2 S@Ad p eE,6

orientation: 'xc S C2 6 U8GH &

patience: :; 8d% # 2d 6S

priority: -Y1, S'

regulation: ",)8y3 &7-H2

repulsion: C &"8=H &)2cIH, # ),I p

reputation: "8x;

resistance: '=Y2g3 & '312y3

resolution: i@ "2dn iI^ &O!,), &z:D3 |4) &z:D3 zR

restraint: N-hc &'VH2/3 &|A3 # 8 p

resurrection: R, # @.> &2 S R @ # & [email protected] *H1) & "2

retaliation: i2yMH,

simulation: d; # W2( K p

solution: zR O,)

submission: hb> # & X -$> Sz

superiority: 8>8Cp

supervision: ")2]H

suppression: C-58( &T-58(6 survival: 7!8C )@C XY2( 72c &2yC

suspension: V> # 7!-C *hV3 &*

tradition: custom 'A( &X()

vanity: )18w &8d:>

vibration: 72(-H &U2V>),

violation: kg>6 &


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Verbsabridge: shorten, abbreviate 7!85 8?Mg3 &7!85 O2>-5

absorb: attract, take in 7!85 T[c

abstain: refrain, withdraw 08J # 7!85 T2AMc, &7!85 I

abuse: exploit 7!85 O!2=M(,-(

accompany: go with, go together with 2D3 S 0,8/0 &7!85 'V 6 7!85

adhere: 1. stick to 2. follow, advocate, obey '( db} # KC 7@ ) ( J # 18 p KC 7!-C ),!241 &7!85

adjust: adapt, accustom 7!85 )2NW2( &7!,! * 1

advocate: support 2/R S),@48r &7!85 ' p7!85

affect: influence n2> '$> # n2> & 7!,! ),8 8 # uM;,[N 8

agitate: disturb C &7!85 7,!8N8( &7!85 KM=; &7!,! +2?ME, # 7!,! $

anticipate: expect, predict J &uM;,! )2]MH, # C l # A 6 7!85

appoint: select uM;2/N &7!85 T-?A3,)25 KCp-

apprehend: 1. understand 2. arrest '( 5 B)! /x4 &7!8 # 7@ )( GM(! # 7!85 8

arrange: prepare, put in order ! B),@> S7!85 v>83 &7@

ascribe: attribute KC 7!,! qC) & KC 7!,! 'dbH

aspire: desire M;, &uM;,! 1W)assume: suppose, presume )! &7!8:984uM;,@AJ &uM48N 8]H

assign: 1. allocate 2. appoint '( 7!,! +2?ME,) (uM;2/N &7!85 T-?A3

associate: relate, have relationship with 2C uM;,! "8;2V3 1 `2d>), &7!,! qC)

attain: obtain, get 7!)1< '(@C

attribute: ascribe KC 7!,! qC) & KC 7!,! 'dbH

betray: to be disloyal E # 7!85 'H2

circulate: pass around 7!-C U!8N )!.)2cp7!-C

clash: disagree uM;,! KY!2.3 &uM;,! O8c2D3

coincide: occur at the same time, agree , overlap ;-\/0 & 7!-C 7)2y3 &7!-C 723I/06 uM;,!collaborate: work together )2:/0p712V> &7!85uM;,!

collapse: destroy, to be destroyed )184 S ;2J184 &uMg # 1& 7@ S7!85 7,8

commit: obligate 7@; @xVM3 &7!,! @xV>

comply: conform, follow, obey J &7!85 '^2r, # 18 p2C 7@; / A02/0 &7!85

conceive: imagine 7!85 )-?>


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concentrate: focus &7!85 I58/>

condemn: criticize C-> &7!85 lHW8( # 7!85 a

conduct: 1. do, carry out 2. lead, direct '(7!,! i2.H,)(,@0 S 7!85 '

confess: admit, acknowledge 7!85 j,8M^, &7!85 ),8,confirm: approve 2> #S7!85 @

confound: confuse N # 7!85 XN)!8( &7!85 P

confront: face, encounter c,-37@; 18C1) &7@; K

conserve: preserve ),@xGHp7!85 0 =R &7!85

consult: refer uM48N ")-D3 & 7!85 KVc,83

consume: use, eat 7!85 O!2=M(, &7!)-E

contend: claim 7!85 2^!, &7!85 )2x~,

convene: assemble, gather 2/0 !8N 6S 7@; |/c X0 )1! &uM;,!

convert: change, transform @d> S m> &7!85 z ## 7!,! 8

correspond: agree, resemble 7!-C KC2D3 & 7!-C *4,-3

deceive: cheat, trick, mislead 84 S7!W Q-N &7!,! v

deduce: infer 7!85 ';,!8C

degenerate: worsen, deteriorate uM4) `2k$H, KC1) &7@; 8>@C

deliver: submit -$> S7!,! z

denote: mean } KH2DH # I p AV3 KC & 8C 7!85 'Y{! &7!-C6 } # I p7!-C

depict: show, portray -?> KC S D5 8 # 2/H &7@ S7!,! l

deposit: put (money) in bank ),1 S7!85 I

derive: get, gain, obtain 7@; *MD3 &uM48N

detach: separate from something larger ,W,8MN)IC '/bp-7!85 ,I.3 &7!85 ,@c

detect: distinguish, notice h(2A;6# 7!85

determine: find out, ascertain V> ## 7!85 u

detest: hate, dislike uM;,! "8=H

deviate: diverge b3 W, &7@; j8$A3 # 7@; )2E 8

devote: allocate, assign 7!85 * 1 &7!,! +2?ME,

diminish: reduce, decrease uM48N 8]H )! X5 &7!85 X5 &uM(25discern: perceive /x4 & # 7@; Kc-M3 &7@

disclose: reveal uME2( )2:;< &785 U24

discriminate: distinguish Vd> # 2 1 S /> &7@; z ## 2 I S 7@; z

dispatch: send, post 7!2M(84 &7!85 Q2(),

display: exhibit, show 2/H &7,! 72DH S 7!,! l


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dispute: debate, quarrel 7!85 F$C 1 Q@c &7!85 O8c2D3

distinguish: differentiate gD> # 7!,! $

diverge: deviate b3 W, &7@; j8$A3 # 7@; )2E 8

donate: give (money, etc.), esp. for a good purpose @0 & 7!85 ,@0, S!,! KH2^, & 7!85 K 7elicit: extract, bring out C # D5 718 # 7!85 ,8gM(, &7@

eliminate: remove, omit uM;,[N )2A5 &7!85 j[R

embark on/upon: do, carry out W)1 ")!2d3 &7!85 i,@, &7!,! i2.H, S7@

embody: give physical expression to 7!85 Xb.> &7!85 Xb.3

emerge: appear @; )2:; S :$> &7!85 ' # 7!85 X

enhance: improve, augment 7!,! 2y>), &7!,! !-dxC

enumerate: name one by one &7!8/;8C S : # 7!85 85f !

equip: provide with what is necessary 3< &7!85 Ix.37!85 O!2

establish: se up 7!85 2J 8C

esteem: respect 3,8N &uM;,[N i,8MR,6 uM;,!

estimate: calculate /g>&7!85 !)1 # C &7!85 K # 7!85 )2E &7!8C 718

evaporate: vanish, disappear @J2H &7@; )2gC S7@; @

exceed: go beyond, surpass } W,8>,84 # I puM4)

expire: finish, conclude 2 yA36 2J &7@; S72 SuM42

extinguish: destroy, eradicate , w 1 l> S-D> &7!85 P S7!85 *

garner: gather 7!85 |/c

generate: create, produce Y-> # , &7!85 @ S7!85 !2.

glance: look, glimpse Y2/c, 8]H6 KC uME,@H,

hinder: prevent & 7!85 'VH2/3identify: recognize gD> &uME2A; # 7!,! $

implement: carry out &7@H2() i2.H, KC7!85 ,8c,

imply: suggest -h> S C 2$ # 7!85 72

impose: /$> # 7!85 Q2/^, &7!85 z

impress: affect n2> # uM;,[N 8


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incline: tend 2/> S,8N &uM;,! z SuM;,! l

incorporate: integrate, include [email protected] &uM48N8C )!

increase: 7!1I4, &7@; K429,

induce: persuade, encourage w8> # -D> &7!85 v S7!85 *inflate: fill with air, blow up 7!85 _)IC &7!85 !2C

inherit: } 3),1 # I pKC 7@; 3),1 &7!-C

insert: put in !-/H zE,! & 7!85 !),1

intercept: stop (sb or sth moving between two places) &uM;,! W2C, b5 6 S } 2 # I p C ,) # O,) u -7!85 * -M3

interfere: meddle with 7!85 KhE,@3

interpret: explain, clarify b=> # 9-> &7!85 8 # 7!,! +

interrupt: disturb b5 j8R6 b5 O,) 8( &7@; |H23 &7!85 |k ,)6 uM48N ),8

intersect: cut across @/0 S@/0W, &7!85 |k,) 8G SuM;[N 8G

intervene: mediate, come between, interfere C & 7!85 'r2(1 &7!85 KhE,@3 # }1! u # uM48N ),8I

invoke: refer KC 7@; z(-M3 &KC 7!85 !2AM(,

last: continue D5 Q-r &uM;,! K3,!, # 7@

locate: learn the position of } z$3 # I p J ,) # 72:3 &7!85 ,@ S C2 6 7!85

maintain: keep uM;,! KGH & 7!85 0 =R

monitor: control W &7!85 'd,83 S7!,! ),8 8]H 8

navigate: , MD5 6 J,-0 & # d3->, &2/ # z -,@0 &7@H,) S7!85 '

neglect: ignore C6 xc->6 !2H &7!85 SuM48N O@

negotiate: 7@; O85,[3!),1 &7!85 O85,[3

notify: inform 7!,! Ler,

nullify: cancel, abolish 7!85 zr2C &7!85 -mY

object: oppose, refuse W)1 '=Y2g3 &7!85 %,8M^, S7@

obligate: compel 7!85 )-d.3 &7!85 iIh3

obstruct: stop, hinder N-hc & 7@; |H23 # 8 p7!85

obtain: get, attain 7!)1< '(@C

occur: happen, take place 7!,! 4 ) &7!85 Z2=>,

overlap: ;-\/06 uM;,! zE,@> &uM;,!overlook: ignore, neglect !2H SuM48N O@

overwhelm: overload 7!85 Z8mMb3 & 7!8C184 !-E )!

penetrate: enter 7!85 f-=H

perceive: notice, distinguish Kc-M3&7@;B)!7!85

perform: do, carry out 7!85 ,8c, &7!,! i2.H,


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persuade: convince 7!85 T2.3 &7!85 @^2yM3

pinpoint: find or describe exactly V> '! KC ## ! &7!85 u # 7!85 $ gD3 2y

ponder: think deeply, contemplate 7!85 */V> &7!85 8:=>

postulate: accept as true @C &7!85 %84 Xhb3 S x 6 7!85precede: go before J # } W, l # I puM48N ),8

preserve: keep 85 ']42$3 &7!85 0 =R7!

probe: investigate, look into ()8C6 y$> &7!85 # 7!85 *

proceed: go on, continue 7!85 i,@, &7!,! i2.H,

promote: improve 7!85 8MxC &7!,! 2y>),

pursue: follow, go after J &7!85 Q2dH! # G # 8 p7!85

quarrel: argue, dispute 7!85 F$C 18c & 7!85 O8c2D3

recognize: distinguish, identify gD> # /() KC &7!,! $ # uME2A; '

reconcile: settle M; &uM48N 8]H )! &uMb 6 7!85

release: set free uME2( 20) &7!85 !,W<

reproduce: copy, duplicate t:> # Y-> &7!85 8 # 7!85 zt3 @

reside: live, inhabit N@HW &7@; u52(6 7!85

resolve: settle 7!85 j8r8C &7!85 zR

restore: bring back, return R, &7@H,!8N W2C # 7!85 2

restrict: limit, confine 7!85 !1@$3

resume: begin again 7!85 L18; -H W, &uM48N8( W,

retain: maintain, keep uM;,! KGH &7!85 0 =R

retreat: recede, withdraw DH vy^ # A 6 D5 vy^ ,) !-E &7!85 # 7@

retrieve: recover, regain hd 'Y2R KC6 R, &uMDN8C # 7!)1< '(@C O)2C1! & 7!85 2

reveal: disclose, make public 7!85 )2:;<revoke: cancel 7!85 zr2C &7!85 -mY

revolve: rotate, turn, circulate ,)-$3 Q-R S, KkyH 2 p- E8} & 7!85 7,)1! &uMDN # 7@

scold: criticize, blame C-> &7!85 lHW8( # 7!85 a

smuggle: take in or out secretly or illegally 2}2 &7!85 Z2}26 !),1 S7!85 )2E 2

speculate: guess 7!85 72/N 1 %84 &7!W 5@R


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stimulate: encourage, excite w8> # -D> &7!85 v S8$> & 7!85 * S7!85 !

submit: deliver -$> S7!,! z

summon: call, invite, convene 7@H,-E,84 &7!85 )2 2 R,

surpass: excel in, be better than J &7!-C 8>8C # D 6 uM48Nsurrender: give up hb> # &7@; X

survive: live longer 7@H23 O@HW &7!8C )! KC XY2( 72c

suspend: hang, swing 17!)1< T2> &uM;

tackle: cope with &KC uME,!8J

terminate: end, finish 2J &7!,! K/>2E S7!,! 72

transfer: transmit, deliver 7@; zyMA3 &7!,! Q2yMH,

trigger: cause, start 8c KC &7@; vc-3 S7!85 L18; &uME,@H, 72

undergo: tolerate, experience , } # 2;-E2H I S@A S h:D3 2 6 ,)-7@; z/$M3 &KC 7!,! u> &7!85 KC8.>

undertake: embark on, engage in 7@; ),! O@x^ &uM48N O@x^ KC

utilize: use 7!85 O!2=M(, &7!8C )2:C

vanish: disappear @J2H S7@; -$3 &7@; @

violate: breach 7!85 1 yH

withstand: resist !85 '=Y2g3 &7!85 '312y3 7

wrap: J # 6 # @AC KMbC &7@ p7!85


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8@;' A 8B' C%;DEsubject- verb agreement

! "#$ %&' ( )* +,&-& ) ./0 * ' 1& %23 4/5 %! 67( )-81& %98(: ;&1 :#8 H:?& "1! %& F23 4/5 67(.

!"#1 !"# $%&'% ( ) * +, )-% ./%# 0 .1# 23 45' 67 ./%# !"# 867%9/ 0 8%:;3 07 , 0 )??


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!"#58%:; least .T2U > N * much L P12! N 0 H:?& "1I& V"128 4&1W ? ' :#8. He gave me a little advice about choosing a school.

Susan has less money than I.

He did the least amount of work of anyone in the class,

There is not much time to finish this job completely.

!"#6 ;


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$F;B'Verbs

X& ": N "1 Y 7 B( # ?0(?G PZ(Y1& )[(#7 ": [1/5( 67": :?&"1! > 4I8 - #0"%3#=: G "(?W N :? .-& ) ./0 * ' D %! )> %23 CD ": 1 ) /5 651& 1 4

("(:Ying1& S67( to 0 ' D )- )( 1 )4/5 H:17 4I8 P"#M %& %I. )C>-&to( 0 "(?W %23 ": ' G N :? .

!"#1I S%1#6 I6 )1 ()1 .1# ,@S%1# 8754 C ing = 7%Q 3 J07.

enjoy quit (give up) postpone mention

appreciate finish delay discuss

mind avoid suggest keep on

I enjoy to play tennis. ´

I enjoy playing tennis. ü

!"#2I S%1#6 I6 )1 (% 7)l= 8754 C .1# ,to)infinitive( = 7%Q3 J07. hope to agree to seem to would like to forbid to

plan to offer to appear to want to

promise to refuse to pretend to ask to

I hope to see you again soon

He promised to be here by ten.

!"#3I S%1#6 I6 ^_ (, (VW6 [) ( :\ % *,( =3 B (^mW 0 ) (% 7)l= [to)infinitive( =3 (B ).

require someone to invite someone to tell someone to

order someone to permit someone to advise someone to

force someone to allow someone to encourage someone to remind someone to ask someone to

expect someone to

warn someone to

would kike someone to

want someone to

need someone to

The police ordered the driver to stop. ü

Mr. Johnson told me to be here at ten o \ clock. ü

!"#487%9/ I6 ^_%M@I (.1# ,ing = 7%


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He made the children look both ways before crossing the street.

The teacher let him leave early .

]1^ ": 9 ' B( -/& 4/5 -81& [#_`0 %23 4/5 %! let>make1& "-a0 P"#M %& to 0 "1I& ' :>". The student was made to speak in English.

[#_`0 "-a0

!"#6 gk S%1# I6 )13 )1 .1# @ (% ing = 3 T *J, (8754 C % A0) 0 LJ%W to = 7%Q 3 J07. gk S%1#63 I6 )?'7%9/ :

feel , hear , notice , observe, see , smell , watch.

I heard the baby cry ¾¾® I heard the baby crying

Jane observed him leave ¾¾® Jane observed him leaving.

The professor forbids the students leaving early. ´ )KL(

The professor forbids the students to leave early. ü ) ,M N O (

I am opposed to go to war. ´ )KL(

I am opposed to going to war . ü ) ,M N O (

Do not let those children to eat a lot of candy. ´ )KL(

Do not let those children eat a lot of candy. ü ) ,M N O (

I was surprised to see a person to cry at that movie . ´ )KL(

I was surprised to see a person cry at that movie. ü ) ,M N O (

)1

I was surprised to see a person crying at that movie. ü ) ,M N O (

!"#7qP%D S%1#6 p%:' I6 ^_)modals(LJ%W .Q- 6S%1# (AJ5 7)l= % to = 7%Q 3 J07.I 7J ( j , *YW6 L)=B qP%D S%1#6 Yg:

can could must

may should will

might would shall

They can walk five miles without getting tired,

They could walk five miles without getting tired,

#b]( ": cW1A [1/5(YB ) A ? N 0 H:?& "1I& d ' -A#8:

) past participle) ([#/J0 e7((f#7 4I8([1/5+have) +modal((cW1A [1/5 Mr. and Mrs. Smith might have enjoyed the party.

He should have sent his application earlier.

We should not have eaten such a big dinner.

We must to water our plants regularly. ´ )KL(

We must water our plants regularly. ü ) ,M N O (

They could walked to school because it was close. ´ )KL(

They could walk to school because it was close. ü ) ,M N O (

The show will have begin by the time we arrive. ´ )KL(

The show will have begun by the time we arrive. ü ) ,M N O (


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G & " H)IJ ; adjective or adverb

B PZ(#7 ?0(?G gh& ": ):1 Y 2= :"#0 ": i1j]1L NN W B( 6JM d N - 0 k? e7( 6JM N M#= (" ? N 0 n ' > -.! ): P"1jE %& 1 )?b

51m( P1Eo$(' > e7( :"#0 ": ) 2m 1 N 0 10 %& ? ' -U:. bA( ": 6JM N X ' e7( B( 4jW )noun(4/5 B( -/& >)to be( 0' D )- .

His recent

Adj

accident

Noun

caused a sudden

Adj

change

noun

in his behavior.

He

Pron

is intelligent

Adj

W N 0 1U- ' 1/5( -.A(#= W > P1JM S[ N : :# ) M#= (" ?b N 12A n )-. .(?&1.& )": * 1U C1I0Y J9h0 ' 0 "(?W %23 ": ' G N -A? .

B Po23 ": ) W ? N - 1U( M#= (" [1/5 N 0 n ' -..! .

He had

verb

an accident recently

Adv

and his behavior changed

Verb

suddenly

Adv

Hespoke

Verb int elligently

Adv

W N - M#= eU (" P1JM 67( *I20 1U N -..! n .( ": ) W 6]1^ * N 0 6JM B( 4jW - ' D )- . 2A "(?W eU ?7 6lR 6JM >: :#8 6W:' G N -A? .>: ?G(

B( 4jW 6JM ) 01! :#3> C>-& e7( p 1 ) & N "(?W 1_AD * ( G N ? "#97:1A %23 -AY1& [>( 6JM H:#& ) W %& - N -j= - ):#8 4 .

He grew an especial

Adj

small

Adj

tree. ´ )KL(

He grew anespecially

Adv small

Adj

tree. ü ) ,M N O (

He is an extreme

Adj

pleasant

Adj

person. ´ )KL(

He is anextremely

Adv pleasant

Adj

person. ü ) ,M N O (

!"# P * ?a:M %M) * = 23 P )?D65' *%M)@J (,H@ 45' 67 *)??.

She could run very

Adv

quickly

Adv

.

!"# C


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.T2U > N W 4I8 * N - Y6JM good well 67(.

My sister plays the piano very good. ´ )KL(

My sister plays

verb

the piano very well

adv

. ü ) ,M N O (

You should order that book real soon. ´ )KL(

You should order that book really

adv

soon

adv

.ü )ON,M(

He worked hardly at the factory all day. ´ )KL(

He worked hard at the factory all day. ü ) ,M N O (

It was an interesting designed museum. ´ )KL(

It was an int erestingly

adv

designed

adj

museum. ü ) ,M N O (


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;KL;+M;>4 HN;.O H0$(! ; 4P Parallel structures

P"1jE > P12! 1UY )p ?7Y 0 "(?W eU?7 6lR %! P12! B( N b N -A? .1& )B(#0 - Y> )-.81& C1XI .-& ) ./0 * ' 1& 1_AD %! )?0(?G ?@A B( - Y

)-.81& %98(: 4I8 > "19q17 p .

1(! "#$

He likes music

Noun

, art

Noun

and histary

Noun

2(%&'( "#$))*++ing(

He likes swimming

V ing+

, dancing

V ing+

and horseback riding

V ing+

.

3(,-.

He is tall

Adj

, dark

Adj

and handsome

Adj

.

4(/ %&'(to)infinitives(

They wanted to paint the living room, to lay a new carpet, and to buy a new sofa.

!"#:C#%\6 r,k C


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5(than

Eating

V ing+

in a restaurant is more fun than cooking

V ing+

at home.

6(Although

Although he liked to eat good food, he did not like to pay high prices for it.

"-a0 "-a0

- Going on vacation is more fun than to work in the summer. ´ )KL(

Going on vacation is more fun than to working in the summer. ü ) ,M N O (

- Renting an apartment can be as expensive as to buy a house. ´ )KL(

Renting an apartment can be as expensive as buying a house. ü ) ,M N O (

- That soup should not be served hot, but at a cold temperature. ´

)KL(

That soup should not be served hot, but cold. ü ) ,M N O (

- Her husband had bought a house, found a job, and chose a school for the children before she arrived. ´ )KL(

Her husband had bought a house, found a job, and chosen a school for the children before she arrived. ü ) ,M N O (


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92(J(! *H;QR- who / whom

who >whoever %IN]1^ ": -.9XU 'E15 ?)12m whom>whomever -.9XU ']#/J0 ?)12m .

B( H:1J97( Y(?& '! "#$ %&Who> Whoever '0 H:1J97( ?)B Y#b]( B( :#8: Who (whoever) + verb

The woman who

WHO

sang

VERB

yesterday has studied voice for years.

who

WHO

came

Verb

to the party?

Give the money to whoever

WHOEVER

needs

VERB

it.

I said that whoever

WHOEVER

had

VERB

finished could leave.

B( H:1J97( Y(?& %! :#8 %3#=whom> whomever '0 H:1J97( ?)B Y#b]( B( :#8.

Whom (whomever) + subject (4E15) +verbThe woman whom I met yesterday is a voice teacher.

Give it to whomever you like.

They chose whomever was most interested. ´ )KL(

They chose whoever was most interested. ü )ON,M(

She gave it to the only person who she believed. ´ )KL(

She gave it to the only person whom she believed ü )ON,M(

I saw the man who john spoke to. ´ )KL( I saw the man whom john spoke to. ü )ON,M(


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9S*T UVQ6)conditional sentences(

)"(: '$?8 Po23 r#A %7 '! "#$ %&e :

*+) ,-.:6N/W#0 ?& '$?8 r#A *)(6N/m> > 1U:"(: 6]Z: *I20 > 42,90 Y1U.62XW ": Po23 r#A *)( ":if clause)[>( gh& 1& %! '$?8 Po23if '0 r>?8 :#8('0 H:1J97( H:17 [1^ C10B B(:#8.

%23 f>: 62XW ": >)result clause('0 H:1J97( H:17 H-.)D C10B B(:#8. If he comes to school, I will give him your message.

)-0D -U(#q >( %! 67( *I20 > 42,90 './)(

/+& ,-.:67( 42,90 ?NL > *I20 ?NL [1^ C10B ": %! :"(: H"18( '9N/m> > 6N/W#0 %& '$?8 r#A *)(.

62XW ":if clause'0 H:1J97( H:17 %98sG C10B B( `N9A 62XW ": > :#8'$?8 % )result clause([1/5( B(would>could> might

'0 H:1J97(:#8. If he studied he could get good grades.

%98sG

)-.! '2A %/]1( './)(

/-( ,-.:67( H:#& 42,90 ?NL > *I20 ?NL %98sG C10B ": %! :"(: 6]Z: '9N/m> > 6N/W#0 %& '$?8 r#A *)(.

62XW ":if clause-N/& 'm10 C10B B( (had+ pp)'$?8 %`N9A 62XW ": > )result clause(Y#b]( B(could

might have pp

would

+ +H:1J97(

'0:#8. If he had come to school, I would have given him your message.

)-01NA %7"-0 %& >( './)(

Moq% : > H:17 H-.)D ……………..H:17 [1^+if

[1/5 H:17 4I8+would……………………> ……………………H:17 %98sG +if

)[#/J0 e7(([1/5 f#7 4I8would + have + pp…> …………………...-N/& 'm10+if

!"#L%Ha*M 3;


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If you had lost your job, what would you have done? ü )ON,M(

If they had ask me, I would have given them my opinion. ´ )KL(

If they had asked me , I would have given them my opinion ü )ON,M(

If I have been there , I would make a speech. ´ )KL(

If I were there , I would make a speech. ü )ON,M(

1)

If I had been there , I would have make a speech. ü )ON,M(

If Bob had studied more, he would have pass the test. ´ )KL(

If Bob had studied more, he would have passed the test. ü )ON,M(

If Jane had known it was supposed to rain, she would have took an umbrella. ´ )KL(

If Jane had known it was supposed to rain, she would have taken an umbrella. ü )ON,M(

If I would have a degree from that university, I would get a good job.

´ )KL(

If I had a degree from that university, I would get a good job. ü )ON,M(

If he would have been on time, we would have asked him to the party. ´ )KL(

If he had been on time, we would have asked him to the party. ü )ON,M(


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Cloze Tests A little more than a hundred years ago, a number of European scholars began to record stories

………(1)……….. told in peasant cottages and compile them ………(2)……… the first great collections

of European folk tales. ………(3)………… evidence exists to prove that the folk tales they recorded

existed long before then, ………(4)……….. collections of sermons from the 12 th to the 15th century show

that mediaeval preachers knew of some of the same stories …………(5)…………. by the 19th century

folklorists.

1 :

1) that 2) were 3) which 4) being

2 :

1) for 2) into 3) from 4) within

3 :

1) To write 2) Written 3) They wrote 4) Writing

4 :

1) yet 2) too 3) though 4) perhaps

5 :

1) for being recorded 2) like those 3) are recorded 4) as those recorded

If you ask most people to list what makes them ……(6)……….. someone on first meeting, they ……..

(7)……. personality, intelligence, and sense of humor. But they’re probably deceiving …….(8)…… . The

characteristic that impresses people the most …… (9)…….. meeting anyone, from a job applicant

……(10)…… a classmate, is appearance.

6 :

1) like 2) to like 3) being like 4) liking

7 :

1) will say 2) are to say 3) are saying 4) will be saying

8 :

1) it 2) them 3) themselves 4) one another

9 :

1) is 2) for 3) when 4) during10 :

1) as 2) to 3) or 4) for


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Since water is the basis of life, …….. (11)…… the greater part of the tissues of all living things, the

crucial problem of desert animals is to survive in a world …… (12)……. sources of flowing water are

rare. And since man’s inexorable necessity …… (13)…. large quantities of water at frequent intervals,

……(14)…… comprehend that many creatures of the desert pass their lives …….(15)……. a single drop.11 :

1) composes 2) composing 3) it composes 4) that composing

12 :

1) which 2) that 3) there 4) where

13 :

1) is to absorb 2) of absorbing 3) that is to absorb 4) is absorbing

14 :

1) scarcely he can 2) he scarce can 3) he can scarcely 4) scarce can he

15 :

1) for 2) from 3) upon 4) without

Everyone brings some kind of power to the negotiating table. It’s easy to be awed ……(16)…… external

sources of power and influence while …….(17)…….. such internal sources of your own power

…….(18)……… your self-esteem, self-knowledge and confidence ……(19)……. fast on your feet.

Power in a negotiation can be very dynamic. Be patient and your own store of internal power ……(20)….

to your advantage.

16 :

1) for 2) with 3) by 4) from

17 :

1) overlooking 2) to overlook 3) be overlooking 4) being overlooked

18 :

1) of 2) as 3) like 4) about

19 :

1) you think 2) so thinking 3) to think 4) as you are thinking

20 :

1) being working 2) is working 3) is to work 4) will work


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Nature conservation means that protection of animals and plants in their natural homes. It means the

preservation of ……. (21)……. species that live with us on Earth, in the wild places, and even in our

gardens and homes. ……(22)…… the sensible use of all the Earth’s resources. It requires the

development ……..(23)……. a deep sense of responsibility for the long-term welfare of this planet.…….(24)……. man’s prehistoric ancestors mastered the use of fire, human beings have influenced the

natural environment. In Africa the burning of forests 50,000 years ago contributed to the creation of the

great grasslands there. But man’s ability to destroy nature ………(25)…….. in the last 100 years. The

pace of technological advance has been startling.

21 : 1) great various 2) great variety of 3) the great variety of 4) the great various

22 : 1) It involves 2) They involve 3) They are involved in 4) It is involved in

23 :

1) in man who 2) of man who 3) which man of 4) in man of

24 : 1) When 2) Until 3) Ever since 4) As long as

25 :

1) increased enormous 2) had increased enormously

3) has increased enormously 4) had an enormously increase

All living things need to be protected from heat, cold and weather conditions, injury, other animals and

germs. The skin ……..(26) …….. this work of protection. Birds are greatly helped by an outer covering

of feathers and most mammals …….(27)….. a coat of fur. Human beings have hair on their bodies but

not enough to act as a protection. However, the skin, although ……(28)…… with clothes for warmth inmost climates, does a great deal to keep the body healthy, and, …….(29)…… cut or pierced, is

practically germ-proof. The whole of the human body is covered by skin, …….(30)……. in thickness

according to the part of the body that it covers. It is thinnest over the exposed part of the eyeballs and

thickest on the soles of the feet.

26 : 1) does a lot 2) makes much 3) makes lots of 4) does much of

27 : 1) in 2) by 3) into 4) from

28 :

1) covering 2) it covers 3) it has to cover 4) it has to be covered

29 : 1) unless 2) though 3) it was 4) to be

30 : 1) the varies 2)

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