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Rouz- sajaro finansebi
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nawili pirveli
winasityvaoba
adamianTa Sexedulebani imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda awarmoos
saxelmwifom finansuri operaciebi, Rrma politikuri filosofiis nayofia.
erTni uzenaes prioritetad piris Tavisuflebas, meoreni ki _ mTlianad
sazogadoebis keTildReobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs miiCneven. gansxvavebuli
filosofia ki saxelmwifos yvelaze gonivruli ekonomikuri saqmianobis
Taobaze gansxvavebul mosazrebebs badebs.
Tumca politikis Sesaxeb racionaluri mosazrebis Camosayalibeblad
mxolod politikuri filosofia ar kmara. aRniSnuli procesi moiTxovs
saxelmwifos praqtikuli saqmianobis codnas. vin aris uflebamosili,
warmarTos ekonomikuri politika? raze xarjavs saxelmwifo fuls da saidan
qmnis Semosavals? am wignis pirvel TavSi SevityobT, Tu ramdenad zemoqmedebs
politikuri azri sajaro finansebisadmi damokidebulebis formirebaze da ra
qmedebebia damaxasiaTebeli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sajaro finansebis
sistemisaTvis. pirveli Tavi aris erTgvari wyaro sajaro finansebis sistemis im
detalebis gasaazreblad, romlebic momdevno TavebSia ganxiluli.
me-2 da me-3 TavebSi aRwerilia ekonomistebis mier gamoyenebuli sajaro
finansebis analitikuri berketebi; me-2 Tavi Seexeba pozitiur analizs,
romelic mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobis koncefciasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sainteresoa, rogor afaseben ekonomistebi sxvadasxva politikis zegavlenis
xarisxs. Tumca Cveni mizani ar Semoifargleba saxelmwifo politikis Sedegis
wignis dedanSi, iseve rogorc zogadad inglisurenovan literaturaSi, gamoyenebulia termini ''Government", romelic pirdapir iTargmneba, rogorc `mTavroba~, magram, Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili iqneba mTavrobis ekonomikuri funqciebis saxelmwifoze gavrceleba, radgan xelisuflebis danawilebis klasikuri principis Tanaxmad Zalian bevr qveyanaSi (maT Soris, aSS-Si da saqarTveloSi) mTavroba mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaa da mTlianad ver gansazRvravs ekonomikur politikas. cxadia, SeiZ-leboda gvexmara termini `xelisufleba~, romelic aerTianebs aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs rogorc centralur (federalur), ise adgilobriv doneebze, magram tradiciisadmi pativiscemis niSnad da imis xazgasasmelad, rom xelisufleba mxolod saxelmwifos nawilia, romelsac saxelmwifos ufro didi nawilis _ mosaxleobis winaSe valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba akisria da rom msoflios Zalian bevr qveyanaSi arapirdapiri gziT (arCevnebi, referendumebi da a.S.) mosaxleobac monawileobs politikis, maT Soris, ekonomikuri politikis formirebaSi, Cven gamoviyenebT termins `saxelmwifo~ (red.).
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gansazRvriT. gvsurs, gavaanalizoT, moaqvs Tu ara mas dadebiTi Sedegi (da ra
SemTxvevaSi). es normatiuli analizis funqcia, romelic moiTxovs zust da
mkafio eTikur SexedulebaTa sistemas, romlis gareSe `kargis~ aRmoCena
SeuZlebelia. aRniSnuli eTikuri Sexedulebebis sistema me-3 TavSia ganxiluli.
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Tavi pirveli
Sesavali
sajaro finansebi sxva araferia, Tu ara rTuli kamaTi individisa da
saxelmwifos urTierTobis Sesaxeb. sajaro finansebi kvalifikaciis amaRlebis
saukeTeso skolaa.
vaclav klausi, CexeTis yofili premier-ministri
1030 weli qristeSobamde. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ebraeli tomebi
centraluri xelisuflebis gareSe cxovrobdnen. biblia mogviTxrobs, Tu
rogor evedreboda xalxi winaswarmetyvel samuels: `dagvidgine axla mefe, rom
sxva xalxebis wesisamebr gangvsjides~ (I mefeTa 8, 5). samueli Seecada,
ebraelTaTvis azri Seecvlevinebina. man aRuwera, Tu rogori iqneboda maTi
cxovreba monarqiis farglebSi:
`ai, ra uflebebi eqneba mefes, romelic imefebs Tqvenze: waiyvans Tqvens Svilebs
da Tavis etlebTan da cxenebTan daiyenebs da irbenen misi etlis win. . . aiyvans Tqvens
asulebs menelsacxebleebad, mzareulebad da puris mcxobelebad. wagarTmevT saukeTeso
yanebs, venaxebsa da zeTisxilis baRebs da Tavis morCilebs daurigebs. . .waiRebs
meaTeds Tqveni faridan da Tqvenc misi ymebi gaxdebiT. maSin mohyvebiT wuwuns Tqvens
arCeul mefeze. . .~ (I mefeTa 8, 11 18).
Tumca ebraelebs warbic ar SeuxriaT dramatuli scenaris gamo: `ar
daujera xalxma samuels. Tqves: ara da ara, mefe unda gvesvas, Cvenc iseTebi
unda viyoT, rogoric sxva xalxebi arian. Cveni mefe gangvsjis Cven, win
wagviZRveba da Cveni gulisTvis ibrZolebs~ (I mefeTa 8, 19 20).
es bibliuri epizodi zustad aRwers saukuneebis winandel e. w.
ambivalenturobas (ormag gancdas) saxelmwifos mimarT. saxelmwifo sistema
aucileblobaa _ yvela ers aqvs igi, Tumca imavdroulad mas arasasurveli
Sedegebis motanac SeuZlia. aseTi Sereuli Sexedulebani saxelmwifos mimarT
kompleqsurad saxelmwifos sagadasaxado da saxarjo politikasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. mefe mosaxleobas uzrunvelyofs maTTvis saWiro zogierTi
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saSualebiT (am SemTxvevaSi, jariT), magram mxolod garkveuli safasuris
gadaxdis Semdeg. saxelmwifo danaxarjebis wyaro sabolood mainc kerZo
seqtoria. samuelis daxvewili ganmartebis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadebi sakmaod
seriozul tvirTad SeiZleba iqces.
mas Semdeg saukuneebma ganvlo, saxelmwifos mimarT msgavsi damokidebuleba
ki kvlav aqtualuria. gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs saxelmwifos
finansur operaciebTan dakavSirebiT. es wigni mogviTxrobs saxelmwifos
sagadasaxado da saxarjo politikis Sesaxeb, romelsac, Cveulebriv,
saxelmwifo finansebsac uwodeben. aRniSnuli termini garkveulwilad
arazustia, radgan finansuri xasiaTis (anu fulTan dakavSirebuli) sakiTxebi
sulac ar aris arsebiTi. ZiriTadi problemebi ufro metad realuri resursis
gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba. swored amitom zogierTi avtori upiratesobas aniWebs
termins saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomika an ubralod saxelmwifo ekonomika.
yuradRebis centrSia saxelmwifos mikroekonomikuri funqcia da
resursebis gamoyofasa da Semosavlis ganawilebaze misi zemoqmedebis xasiaTi.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifos makroekonomikur funqcias (sagadasaxado, saxarjo da
fulad-sakredito politikis saSualebiT umuSevrobisa da fasebis saerTo
doneze zemoqmedeba), is calke kursSi Seiswavleba.
sajaro finansebis moqmedebis sfero zogjer bundovania. saxelmwifos
maregulirebeli strategia mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens resursebis
ganawilebaze, romlis mizani zogjer saxelmwifos sagadasaxado da saxarjo
politikis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva. ase, magaliTad, Tu saxelmwifos surs,
Seamciros korporaciis sidide, mas SeuZlia, msxvil korporaciebze maRali
gadasaxadi daawesos. garda amisa, saxelmwifo reglamentirebis ufleba aqvs,
romlis mixedviTac, gansazRvrul moculobaze ufro didi firma
aralegalurad CaiTvleba. sajaro finansebi korporaciebis dabegvris sakiTxs
intensiurad swavlobs, xolo antimonopoliuri sakiTxebi misi mxolod
arapirdapiri Seswavlis sagania (romlebic sawarmoo organizaciis Sesaxeb
masalebSia ganxiluli). es wigni ki tradiciulad saxelmwifos mier
danaxarjebis gawevasa da Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli operaciebis
ganxilvas gaagrZelebs.
dedanSi gamoyenebulia termini "Public finance", romelic SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc `sazogadoebrivi finansebi~, `saxelmwifo finansebi~, magram Cven upiratesoba `sajaro finansebs~ mivaniWeT, radgan ekonomikis es sfero, garda wminda saxelmwifo finansebisa, moicavs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa dazRveva, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo finansebis nawili (red.).
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sajaro finansebi da ideologia
ekonomistebi, romlebic sajaro finansebs swavloben, ikvleven
saxelmwifos mier faqtobrivad gatarebul sagadasaxado da saxarjo
politikas. garda amisa, isini imasac aanalizeben, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo es
politika. Sexedulebani ekonomikur sferoSi saxelmwifos saqmianobis Sesaxeb
im ideologiuri mosazrebebis nayofia, romlebic individisa da saxelmwifos
urTierTobas Seexeba. politikuri filosofosebi or ZiriTad midgomas
ganasxvaveben:
organuli Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
saxelmwifo bunebrivi organizmia. TiToeuli individi aris aRniSnuli
organizmis nawili, Tavad saxelmwifo ki _ organizmis guli. iang Cang-Ci, mao
Ze dunis eTikis maswavlebeli pekinSi, amtkicebda, rom `qveyana mTliani
organizmia. igi adamianis sxeuls hgavs. qveyana ar aris manqana, romelic
SesaZloa daiSalos da kvlav aiwyos~ (Johnson, 1983, gv. 197). individi
mniSvnelovania, rogorc mxolod sazogadoebis wevri, da misi sikeTe
sazogadoebis mTliani sikeTis WrilSi ganisazRvreba. amdenad, sazogadoeba
zemoqmedebs individze. ase, magaliTad, platonis `respublikaSi~ moqalaqis
qmedeba gamarTlebulia, Tu igi sazogadoebis keTildReobazea orientirebuli.
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb organuli Teoriis yvelaze samarcxvino magaliTs
nacistebi gvTavazoben: `nacionalisturi socializmi ar aRiarebs calke
individs, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebisagan damoukideblad da saimedodaa
daculi saxelmwifo Carevisagan... individis yoveldRiuri moqmedeba mTlianobas
unda emsaxurebodes. mxolod am gziT iqneba igi Rirebuli~1.
1 Stuckart and Globke (1968, gv. 330). (uiliam stukarti da hans globke _ nacisturi germaniis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros uxucesi warmomadgenlebi).
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sazogadoebis miznebis avtori saxelmwifoa; igi sazogadoebas maTi
Sesrulebis unars aniWebs. cxadia, miznebis arCevani mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavebulia. platoni Tvlida, rom saxelmwifos mizani aris oqros
Sualedis miRweva, romlis farglebSic adamianis qmedeba ganpirobebuli iqneba
srulyofili keTilgonierebiT. meore mxriv, adolf hitleri (1971/1925, gv. 393)
miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos mizania rasobrivi siwmindis miRweva: `saxelmwifo
srulyofilebis miRwevis saSualebaa. srulyofileba ki fizikurad da
fsiqikurad homogenur qmnilebaTagan Semdgari sazogadoebis dacva da
ganviTarebaa~. leninis sityvebis Tanaxmad (1968/1917, gv. 198), proletaruli
saxelmwifos mizani `muSa da eqspluatirebul xalxTa maswavlebloba,
winamZRoloba da lideroba da am gziT maTi socializmSi Seyvanaa~.
sazogadoebrivi miznebi metad gansxvavebulia; amdenad, Zalian
mniSvnelovania, gavigoT, Tu rogor unda moxdes maTi SerCeva. organuli
Teoriis mimdevarni amtkiceben, rom garkveul miznebs sazogadoeba bunebrivad
asrulebs. bunebrivi miznis erT-erTi magaliTi geografiul arealSi
suverenitetisaTvis brZolaa (gavixsenoT nacistebis ltolva evropaSi
dominanturi adgilis mosapoveblad). filosofosebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
cdilobdnen, aexsnaT termin `bunebrivis~ mniSvneloba, Tumca misi gansazRvreba
dRemde bundovania.
meqanikuri Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
meqanikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ar aris sazogadoebis
organuli nawili. igi TiTqos adamianebma Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad
gamoigones. amerikeli politikuri moRvawis, henri kleis, azriT (1829 weli),
`saxelmwifos endobian. saxelmwifo moxeleebi ki rwmunebulebi arian. rogorc
ndobis sagani, ise rwmunebulebi adamianTaTvis sargeblobis uzrunvelsayofad
arian Seqmnilni~. centralur rgolSi upiratesad dgas individi (da ara jgufi).
davuSvaT, saxelmwifos mizani marTlac xalxisaTvis keTildReobis
motanaa. Cven jer ar gangvisazRvria keTildReobis arsi, arc is, Tu rogor
unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifom ,,keTildReoba~. yvela adamiani eTanxmeba im
azrs, rom saxelmwifo mosaxleobas Zaladobisagan icavs. amisaTvis ki
saxelmwifos iZulebis uflebis monopolia esaWiroeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi anarqia
gaZlierdeba da situacia daemsgavseba XVII saukunis filosofosis, Tomas
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hobesis (1963/1651, gv. 143), sityvebSi aRwerils: `adamianis cxovreba (gaxda)
martosuli, sabralo, sazizRari, sastiki da xanmokle~. bolo periodSi
somaliSi momxdari movlenebi, sadac arc efeqtiani erovnuli mTavroba
funqcionirebs da danaSaulic Cveulebrivi movlenaa, kidev erTxel adasturebs
hobesis dakvirvebis WeSmaritebas. analogiurad, `xalxTa simdidreSi~ ("The Wealth
of Nations") adam smiTi amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifom unda daicvas `Tavisi
sazogadoeba danaSaulisa da sxva, damoukidebeli sazogadoebis agresiisagan~,
`xolo sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevri _ sxvaTa Cagvrisa da usamarTlobisagan~
(1977/1976, wigni V, gv. 182, 198).
yvelaze SezRuduli Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifosac ki fizikuri
iZulebisagan moqalaqeebis dacva evaleba. garda amisa, smiTi amtkicebda, rom
saxelmwifom unda ikisros `gansazRvruli saxelmwifo saqmisa da saxelmwifo
institutebis Camoyalibeba-SenarCunebis pasuxismgebloba, romlebic arasodes
ar moemsaxureba individis an individTa mcire jgufis interesebis
stimulirebasa da Sesrulebas~ (1977/1976, wigni V, gv. 210-211). aq SesaZloa
gagvaxsendes gzebi, xidebi, sakanalizacio sistema _ infrastruqtura
sazogadoebis sakeTildReod unda funqcionirebdes2.
am TvalsazrisiT, meqanikuri Teoriis WrilSi gamefebuli mosazrebani
sakmaod gansxvavebulia. Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis mimdevarni, romlebic
Tvlidnen, rom SezRuduli Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifo yvelaze
racionaluria, misTvis ekonomikuri rolis miniWebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.
smiTis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `nebismieri adamiani, sanam ar arRvevs
samarTlianobis kanons, absoluturad Tavisufalia sakuTari interesis
dakmayofilebaSi~ (1977/1776, wigni V, gv. 180). Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis
mimdevarni metad skeptikurad uyurebdnen saxelmwifos unars socialuri
keTildReobis gazrdisa. rogorc tomas jefersonma sakmaod zustad SeniSna:
`zogjer amboben, rom adamians ar unda vendoT, rodesac is mmarTvelia.
SeiZleba ki mas vendoT, rodesac mmarTveloba sxvis xelSia? vipoveT ki ukve
is angelozi, romelic misi mefe gaxdeba? modiT, istorias mivandoT am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema~.
amis sapirispirod, isini, visac social-demokratebs vuwodebT, miiCneven,
rom mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa mniSvnelovani
saxelmwifo intervencia, romelic sxvadasxva formiT xorcieldeba: specialuri
2 erTni imasac amtkiceben, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mogvareba kerZo mewarmis prerogativa unda iyos. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebuli problemebi me-4 TavSia ganxiluli.
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reglamenti, romelic samuSao adgilis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs, kanoni,
romelic krZalavs rasobriv da sqesobriv diskriminacias binaTmSeneblobis
dros, gaWirvebulisaTvis saxelmwifo daxmareba. rodesac social-demokratebis
sawinaaRmdegod amboben, rom aRniSnuli Carevebi adamianis Tavisuflebas
arRvevs, maSin isini mzad arian, upasuxon, rom Tavisufleba ufro metia, vidre
fizikuri iZulebis ararseboba. gaRatakebuli adamiani SesaZloa Tavisufali
iyos Semosavlis gamoyenebaSi, magram es Tavisufleba xom sakmaod SezRudulia.
Tumca cxadia, Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis mimdevarTa da social-demokratTa
poziciebs Soris mTavrobis intervenciis racionaluri donis Sesaxeb
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi arsebobs.
wignis TvalTaxedva
SedarebiT axalia idea imis Taobaze, rom individi sazogadoebaze maRla
dgas. istorikosi lorens stouni (1977, gv. 4-5) aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove
periodamde
`sayovelTaod miRebuli iyo koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom jgufi (iyo es
sagvareulo, sofeli, mogvianebiT ki saxelmwifo) upiratesobiT sargeblobda
individis survilTan da mis konkretul miRwevebTan SedarebiT. `sicocxle,
Tavisufleba da bednierebis survili~ piradi idealebi iyo. maT XVII saukunis
Cveulebrivi, ganaTlebuli adamiani arasodes miakuTvnebda jansaRi
sazogadoebis upirveles miznebs~.
am xnis ganmavlobaSi anglo-amerikul politikur msoflmxedvelobaSi
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikuri Teoria gabatonda, Tumca ara totalurad.
adamiani, romelic amtkicebs, rom raime unda gakeTdes `erovnuli interesis~
WrilSi, da Tanac individis an individTa jgufis keTildReobis ignorirebas
axdens, farulad iziarebs organul Teorias. ufro zogadad, TviT yvelaze
maRalindividualistur sazogadoebaSi adamiani eris saxeliT gamodis da
samSoblos msxverpladac ki ewireba. rogorc keneT erou [1974] aRniSnavs,
`individsa da sazogadoebas Soris daZabulobis arseboba gardauvalia. maTi
moTxovnebi individis sindisisa da socialuri konfliqtis mixedviT meryeobs~.
gasakviri ar aris, rom anglo-amerikulma ekonomikurma msoflmxedvelobam
individualisturi mimarTulebebi ganaviTara. individi da misi survili
mogebaze orientirebuli ekonomikisaTvis (igi ganxilulia am wignSi) mTavari
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obieqtivia. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, individualisturi tradiciis
mimdevarnic ki ver Tanxmdebian imaze, Tu ramdenad aqtiuri unda iyos
saxelmwifo. amdenad, meqanikuri Teoriis damkvidreba TavisTavad iseTi
ideologiis Camoyalibebas ar uzrunvelyofs, romelic zustad migviTiTebda,
unda ganxorcieldes Tu ara konkretuli ekonomikuri intervencia3.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovania, radgan ekonomikuri politika
mxolod ekonomikur analizs ar efuZneba. saxelmwifos survili,
ganaxorcielos an ar ganaxorcielos moqmedeba, nawilobriv eTikur da
politikur gadawyvetilebebzea damokidebuli. rogorc sajaro finansebis
Sesaxeb qveyanaSi mimdinare debatebi cxadyofs, am sakiTxebs uamravi gonieri
adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba. SevecadeT, bevri maTganis azri SeZlebisdagvarad
samarTlianad agvesaxa.
saxelmwifo erTi SexedviT
ukve giCveneT, Tu ra zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia ideologias saxelmwifos
samoqmedo racionaluri arealis Sesaxeb piris Sexedulebaze. Tumca imisaTvis,
rom saxelmwifo politikis Taobaze jansaRi da gaazrebuli Sexeduleba
Camoyalibdes, mxolod ideologia ar kmara. adamians SesaZloa saxelmwifos
faqtobrivi funqcionirebis Sesaxeb informacia esaWiroebodes. ra
samarTlebrivi SezRudvebia dawesebuli saxelmwifo seqtorze? raze xarjavs
saxelmwifo fuls da saidan finansdeba es danaxarjebi? sanam aSS-is sajaro
finansebis sistemas CavuRrmavdebiT, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mokle mimoxilvas
gTavazobT.
3 aRniSnuli SekiTxva saxelmwifos Sesaxeb arsebuli meqanikuri Teoriis konteqstSi, romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo xalxTan SedarebiT uzenaesia da man unda marTos cxovrebis yvela aspeqti, marTlac safuZvelsaa moklebuli.
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samarTlebrivi CarCoebi
aSS-is konstituciis `Semoqmed mamaTa~ Sexedulebani saxelmwifos
intervenciis Sesaxeb konstituciaSia asaxuli. upirvelesad ganvixilavT im
debulebebs, romlebic ukavSirdeba federaluri saxelmwifos saxarjo da
sagadasaxado saqmianobas, da Semdeg davubrundebiT saxelmwifos.
federaluri saxelmwifo. konstituciis pirveli muxlis me-8 nawili
kongress amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi `valebis gadaxdis, sayovelTao
Tavdacvisa da sruli keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis~ oficialur uflebas
aniWebs. wlebis Semdeg `sruli keTildReobis~ idea kongresisa da
sasamarTloebis mier farTod iqna interpretirebuli; amdenad, aRniSnuli
muxli efeqtianad iTvleba da saxelmwifo danaxarjebze SezRudvebs aRar
awesebs 4 . konstitucia federaluri danaxarjebis odenobas arc absoluturad
da arc ekonomikis moculobasTan SedarebiT ar zRudavs. saTanado
danaxarjebis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtebi (faqtobrivad yvela sxva kanonis msgavsad)
SesaZloa swored kongresSi iyos momzadebuli. finansur kanonproeqts
(kanonproeqti sabiujeto asignebebis Sesaxeb) kanonis Zala mxolod mas Semdeg
eniWeba, rac igi orive palataSi xmaTa umravlesobas miiRebs da mas prezidenti
moawers xels. prezidentis mier finansur kanonproeqtze vetos dadebis
SemTxvevaSi am kanonproeqts mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiReben, Tu man xmaTa ori
mesamedi miiRo orive palataSi.
rogor afinansebs kongresi aRniSnul danaxarjebs? pirveli muxlis me-8
nawilis mixedviT, federaluri sagadasaxado Zalaufleba qmediTi xdeba:
`kongress eqneba ufleba, daawesos da Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, mosakreblebi,
sabaJo gadasaxdelebi da aqcizi~. sabiujeto asignebebis Sesaxeb
kanonproeqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, `kanonproeqtebi gadasaxadis dawesebis Sesaxeb
warmomadgenlobiT palataSi unda momzaddes~ (muxli 1, nawili 7).
koloniur periodSi britanuli sagadasaxado politikis gamo Seqmnili
udidesi ukmayofilebis fonze gasakviri ar aris, rom saxelmwifo sagadasaxado
Zalauflebis SezRudva gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ganxorcielda:
4 pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, gaweuli unda iqnes garkveuli saxis danaxarjebi. ase, magaliTad, kongresma saTanadod unda daafinansos jari da sasamarTlo sistema.
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11
1. `yvela gadasaxdeli, sabaJo mosakrebeli da aqcizi erTnairi iqneba aSS-
is mTel teritoriaze~ (muxli 1, nawili 8). gadasaxadebis ganakveTebis
dawesebisas kongress ara aqvs romelime Statis diskriminaciis ufleba. Tu
federaluri mTavroba benzinze gadasaxads daawesebs, maSin misi ganakveTi yvela
StatSi Tanabari unda iyos. es ar gulisxmobs imas, rom Segrovebuli
gadasaxadebis moculoba erT sul mosaxleze yvela StatSi Tanabari unda iyos.
savaraudod, im StatebSi, sadac saSualoze ufro xSirad marTaven manqanas,
sagadasaxado valdebulebani ufro maRali iqneba, Tumca sxva pirobebi
erTnairi darCeba. amdenad, SesaZlebelia (da ufro realuric), rom zogierT
gadasaxadTan dakavSirebuli mdgomareoba romelime StatSi sxvebTan SedarebiT
ufro mZime iyos5.
2. `pirdapiri gadasaxadi mxolod mosaxleobis aRweris, an maTi
ricxovnobis safuZvelze unda dawesdes~ (muxli 1, nawili 9). pirdapiri
gadasaxadi aris pirisTvis dakisrebuli gadasaxadi sazogadoebis mimarT.
arsebiTad es debuleba swored imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tu `A~ StatSi ,,B~
StatTan SedarebiT orjer meti mosaxleobaa, maSin kongresis mier dawesebuli
nebismieri pirdapiri gadasaxadis Segrovebis Sedegad `A~ Stati ,,B~ StatTan
SedarebiT orjer met Semosavals moutans saxelmwifos.
XIX saukunis bolos federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dawesebis
mcdeloba uzenaesma sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad miiCnia im motiviT, rom
Semosavlis dabegvra mosaxleobis araproporciul, saxelmwifo sagadasaxado
tvirTad iqceva xolme. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis dawesebis erTaderTi gza konstituciaSi cvlilebis Setana iyo. me-
16 damatebis Tanaxmad, romelic 1913 welsaa ratificirebuli, `kongress,
Semosavlis wyaros miuxedavad, zogierT Statze proporciulad ganawilebisa
da mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gauTvaliswineblad Semosavalze gadasaxadis
dawesebisa da misi Segrovebis ufleba eqneba~. dRes piris pirdapiri gadasaxadi
federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis erT-erTi mTavari dasayrdenia.
1. `ar SeiZleba pirisaTvis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, qonebis ukanonod
warTmeva; ar SeiZleba kompensaciis gareSe piradi qonebis sajaro gamoyeneba~
(me-5 Sesworeba). sagadasaxado politikis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli debuleba
5 istorias ar axsovs, rom romelime sagadasaxado kanonSi raime muxlis darRvevis gamo dafiqsirebuliyo winaaRmdegoba. Tumca gamonaklisi daiSva gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi: kongresma daawesa sagadasaxado ganakveTi zeTze, romlis mixedviTac, zeTi alaskis CrdiloeT ferdobze Tavisufldeboda gadasaxadisagan. federaluri raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, es iyo konstituciis darRveva. raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sabolood uzenaesma sasamarTlom baTilad cno.
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12
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis mier Camoyalibebuli nebismieri gansxvavebis
marTlzomierebis aucileblobas usvams xazs. Tumca arc ise martivia imis
gansazRvra, kanonieria Tu ara gansxvaveba da aris Tu ara igi sakanonmdeblo da
sasamarTlo procesebis nawili.
2. `nebismieri Statidan Semotanili nawarmi Tavisufalia gadasaxadisa da
mosakreblisagan~ (muxli 1, nawili 9). aRniSnuli debuleba Setanili iqna
samxreTi Statebis swored imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom maTi Tambaqosa da sxva
saqonlis gatanas centraluri mmarTveloba safrTxes ar Seuqmnida. es
saxelmwifo finansebis sistemis ganviTarebaze umniSvnelod moqmedebs.
federaluri mTavroba yvela danaxarjs gadasaxadebidan ar afinansebs. Tu
danaxarji Semosavalze metia, igi uflebamosilia, `SeerTebuli Statebis
kreditis saxiT isesxos fuli~ (muxli 1, nawili 8). bolo periodSi garkveuli
mxardaWera moipova konstituciurma cvlilebam dabalansebuli federaluri
biujetis Sesaxeb, Tumca jerjerobiT igi miRebuli ar aris.
Stati da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba. me-10 Sesworebis Tanaxmad,
`Zalaufleba, romelic, konstituciis Tanaxmad, Statebze ar delegirdeba,
xolo misiT sargebloba ar ikrZaleba calkeuli Statebis mier, Sesabamisad
Statebs an xalxs ekuTvnis~. amdenad, xarjvisa da dabegvris aSkara
uflebamosilebis miniWeba StatebisaTvis aucilebeli arc aris. Tumca
saxelmwifo Tavis ekonomikur saqmianobas zRudavs. pirveli muxlis me-10 nawili
awesebs: `arc erT Stats kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe ara aqvs importsa da
eqsportze sabaJo gadasaxadis an mosakreblis dawesebis ufleba~. amdenad,
federaluri mTavroba saerTaSoriso ekonomikur politikas akontrolebs.
garda amisa, araerTi konstituciuri debuleba isea interpretirebuli, rom
moiTxovs, saxelmwifom TviTneburad ar daawesos gadasaxadebi, ar
ganaxorcielos ucxoeli rezidenti pirebis diskriminacia, ar dabegros sxva
Statebidan saqonlis Semotana. ase, magaliTad, 1986 wels uzenaesma
sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad cno alaskis kanoni, romlis mixedviTac,
sajaro proeqtebze momuSave pirTa 95 % alaskeli unda yofiliyo.
Statebi uflebamosilni arian, sakuTari konstituciiT da mxolod am
Statis farglebSi gaswion xarjebi da daaweson sagadasaxado SezRudvebi.
Statebis konstituciebi maT mier regulirebadi ekonomikuri sakiTxebis
TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. bolo periodSi sajaro
finansebis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso miRweva iyo Statebis survili, sajaro
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13
seqtoris danaxarjebis Semcirebis mizniT Sesworeba SeetanaT sakuTar
konstituciaSi.
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, adgilobriv mmarTvelobas Statis mier
sagadasaxado da saxarjo prerogativa aqvs miniWebuli. rogorc XIX saukunis
mosamarTlem aRniSna:
`municipalitetis uflebebisa da Zalauflebis wyaroa sakanonmdeblo
organo, romelic municipalitets sasicocxlod aucilebel Zalas STaberavs.
mas SeuZlia aaSenos da daangrios. Tu mas ngreva SeuZlia, mas aseve SeeZleba
SezRudva da kontroli~ (City of Clinton v, Cedar Rapids, 1868).
Secdoma iqneboda, gvefiqra, rom adgilobrivi mmarTveloba fiskaluri
avtonomiis deficits ganicdis. uamrav patara Tu did qalaqs mniSvnelovani
politikuri Zalaufleba da Statisa da federaluri saxelmwifos survilze
aqtiuri reaqcia aqvs. sakmaod saintereso miRwevad unda CaiTvalos ukanasknel
wlebSi federaluri fondebisaTvis Statebsa da qalaqebs Soris dafiqsirebuli
konkurencia. aRniSnuli qalaqebi xSirad ufro warmatebulad lobireben Tavis
saqmianobas, vidre Statebi!
mTavrobis zoma
bil klintonma SeerTebuli Statebisadmi cnobil mimarTvaSi ganacxada:
`veeberTela mmarTvelobis epoqa dasrulda~. aRniSnuli gancxadeba gulisxmobs,
rom arsebobs meTodi, romliTac dadgindeba, aris Tu ara mmarTveloba
`veeberTela~. magram rogor unda ganisazRvros mTavrobis sidide?
politikosebi da Jurnalistebi swored sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli
adamianebis raodenobis mixedviT gansazRvraven mTavrobis sidides _ zomas.
Tumca mTavrobis zomis koeficientma, romelic masSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis
mixedviTaa gamoangariSebuli, SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. warmoidgineT
qveyana, sadac ramdenime sajaro moxele amuSavebs mZlavr kompiuters, romelic
iRebs yvela ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas. aseT qveyanaSi, mTavrobis moxeleTa
raodenobis safuZvelze, mTavrobis mniSvneloba saTanadod ver fasdeba.
analogiurad, Zalian martivia, Seiqmnas scenari, romelSic bevri sajaro
moxele SedarebiT sust sajaro ZalauflebasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. Tumca
xSirad sajaro seqtoris moxeleTa raodenoba sasargeblo informaciaa.
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14
miuxedavad amisa, igi naTels ar hfens mTavar sakiTxs _ ra masStabiT
akontrolebs mTavroba sazogadoebis resursebs?
arsebobs ufro keTilgonivruli da miRebuli midgoma, mTavrobis zoma
ganisazRvros mis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli danaxarjebis moculobis
mixedviT, romlebic ZiriTadad sami saxisaa:
1. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidva. saxelmwifo SeiZens aRniSnuli
kategoriis did odenobas, raketidan metyevis momsaxurebamde.
2. Semosavlis xalxisaTvis, biznes-erTeulebisa da sxva mTavrobebisaTvis
gadacema. saxelmwifo zogierTi pirisa da organizaciisagan iRebs Semosavals
da mas sxvebs gadascems. amis magaliTad gamodgeba keTildReobis amaRlebis
iseTi programebi, rogoricaa sasursaTo talonebi da fermerTaTvis garkveuli
saqonlis warmoebisaTvis (an warmoebis SeCerebisaTvis) gadaxdili subsidiebi.
3. procentebis gadaxda. mTavroba xSirad sesxulobs fuls sakuTari
saqmianobis dasafinanseblad da, rogorc msesxebeli, valdebulia amgvari
privilegiiT sargeblobisaTvis procenti gadaixados.
federaluri mTavroba danaxarjebis klasifikacias axorcielebs
dokumentSi, romelsac naerTi (konsolidirebuli) biujeti6 ewodeba. 2001 wels
federaluri danaxarjebi (Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebisaTvis
gadacemuli grantebis garda) Seadgenda daaxloebiT 1659 miliard aSS dolars.
Tu amas davamatebT Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier am wels
gaweul danaxarjebs, mTlianad miviRebT 2952 miliard aSS dolars (Economic
Report of the President, 2003, gv. 373) 7 . saxelmwifo danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli
cifrebi advilad xelmisawvdomi da farTod gavrcelebulia. rogorc wesi,
danaxarjebis gazrdasTan erTad mosaxleoba gadawyvets, rom mTavrobis zoma
gaizarda, da piriqiT. Tumca saxelmwifos zogierTi qmedeba resursebis
ganawilebaze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs, Tundac igi minimalurad zust
danaxarjs warmoSobdes. ase, magaliTad, reglamentireba TavisTavad ar aris
Zviri, magram garkveul wesTan erTad SeiZleba sakmaod Zviri aRmoCndes. sahaero
baliSis arsebobis moTxovnam gazarda avtomanqanis fasi. sxvadasxva saxis
nebarTvisa da Semowmebis gadasaxadi zrdis binaTmowyobis Rirebulebas. Sromis
6 konstituciiT nebadarTulia sabiujeto dokumentis romelime tipis publikacia: `regularuli angariSgeba da amonagebisa da danaxarjis Sesaxeb angariSi, romelic ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo fuls, gansazRvruli intervalis gasvlis Semdeg gamoqveyndeba (muxli 1, nawili 9). 7 Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebisaTvis 2001 wels gadacemulma grantebma 277 mlrd dolari Seadgina.
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15
bazarze moqmedi iseTi reglamentebi, rogoricaa minimaluri saxelfaso
ganakveTi, SesaZloa saTaves udebdes umuSevrobas, xolo narkotikebis biznesis
SezRudvam SeiZleba daagvianos mecnieruli ganviTareba.
arsebobs azri, rom informacia saxelmwifo reglamentirebiT gamowveuli
ekonomikis danaxarjebis Sesaxeb wliur maregulirebel biujetSi unda
gamoqveyndes. swored am gziT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli aseTi danaxarjebis zusti
aRricxva. samwuxarod, maTi gamoTvla Zalian rTulia. ase, magaliTad, eqsperti
farmacevtebi ver Tanxmdebian imaze, preparatebze kontrolis arsebobis gareSe
Tu ra saxis axali medikamenti unda iqnes warmoebuli. analogiurad,
TviTRirebulebis gamoangariSebisas rTulia Sefasdes mTavrobis mier
daSvebuli usafrTxoebis procedurebis Sedegi. aRniSnuli problemebis fonze
ar arsebobs oficialuri maregulirebeli biujetis 8 Camoyalibebis albaToba.
araoficialuri monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom federaluri reglamentirebiT
gamowveuli wliuri danaxarji sakmaod didia da daaxloebiT 700 miliard aSS
dolars Seadgens (Nivola. 1998, gv. 8).
zogierTi cifri. Cveni survilis sawinaaRmdegod, vaskvniT, rom ekonomikaze
saxelmwifos zegavlenis masStabis erT cifrSi moqceva SeuZlebelia. kvlav
praqtikuli problemis winaSe vdgavarT da gvsurs vipovoT mTavrobis zomis
samarTliani indikatori, romelic misi zrdis tendenciebis SefasebaSic
dagvexmareboda. ekonomistTa didi nawili momxrea, pirobiTad gansazRvruli
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis meTodi Tumca uxeS, magram mainc sasargeblo meTodad
CaiTvalos. sxva xarveziani meTodebis msgavsad, igi jansaR mosazrebebs
uzrunvelyofs.
saTanado gafrTxilebebis fonze gTavazobT 1.1 cxrils. masSi
warmodgenilia monacemebi aSS-is mTavrobis yvela donis mier gaweuli
danaxarjebis Sesaxeb. pirveli sveti uCvenebs, rom wliuri danaxarji 1929 wlis
Semdeg 290-ze meti erTeuliT gaizarda. am cifrma mTavrobis zomis zrdis
xarisxis Sefasebisas SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos ramdenime mizeziT:
8 reglamentireba mxolod imitom ar aris cudi, rom danaxarjebs warmoSobs. mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli sxva qmedebis msgavsad, misi Sefaseba mxolod mas Semdegaa SesaZlebeli, rac moxdeba Sedegisa da danaxarjis gamoTvla (danaxarjisa da Sedegis analizTan dakavSirebuli problemebi me-11 TavSia ganxiluli).
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16
1. inflaciis Sedegad dolaris Rirebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba.
meore svetSi danaxarjis maCvenebeli 2001 wels arsebuli kursis mixedviT
dolariTaa gamoxatuli. faqtobrivad am wels gaweuli saxelmwifo danaxarji
25-jer metia 1929 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze.
cxrili 1.1. Statebis, adgilobrivi da federaluri xelisuflebis
danaxarjebi (SerCeuli wlebis mixedviT)
(1)
mTliani
danaxarji
(miliardi)
(2)
2001 weli,
dolari
(miliardi)*
(3)
2001 weli,
dolari
1 sulze
(4)
mSp-is procenti
1929 10 118 970 9,9
1940 19 237 1794 18,8
1950 61 428 2812 20,7
1960 120 591 3272 22,7
1970 286 1080 5268 27,6
1980 812 1557 6839 29,0
1990 1778 2249 8991 30,6
2000 2776 2842 10061 28,3
2001 2951 2951 10335 29,3
* 2001 wels dolaris konversia ganxorcielda mSp-is deflatoris
gamoyenebis Sedegad.
2. TandaTan mosaxleobis raodenobac gaizarda. mzardi mosaxleoba, Tavis
mxriv, gazrdil moTxovnebs uyenebs sajaro seqtors (ase, magaliTad, gazrdili
mosaxleobis keTilmowyobisaTvis saWiroa meti gza da ufro farTo
sakanalizacio qseli). mesame svetSi mocemulia saxelmwifos mier erT sul
mosaxleze gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji, romelic 1929 wlidan 2001 wlamde
daaxloebiT 10-jer gaizarda.
3. xSirad sasargebloa, saxelmwifos mier gaweuli danaxarji ekonomikis
masStabTan SedarebiT gavaanalizoT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavrobis zoma orjer,
gadaangariSeba (red.).
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17
xolo ekonomika samjer izrdeba, iTvleba, rom mTavrobis zoma Semcirebulia.
meoTxe svetSi mocemulia saxelmwifo danaxarjis procentuli Tanafardoba
mTlian Sida produqtTan (mSp), wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da
gaweuli momsaxurebis sabazro RirebulebasTan. 1929 wels aRniSnuli
maCvenebeli 9.6 %-s, xolo 2001 wels _ 29.3 %-s Seadgenda.
wina diskusiis fonze, 1.1 cxrilSi mocemuli cifrebi sizustis yalb
SegrZnebas iwvevs. kvlav udavoa is faqti, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri roli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. mSp-is mesamedi sajaro
seqtoridan modis, rac imaze miuTiTiTebs, rom mTavroba udides ekonomikur
Zalas flobs.
zogierTi saxis saerTaSoriso Sedareba dagvexmareba, aSS-is Sesaxeb
arsebuli monacemebi perspeqtivaSi davinaxoT. 1.2 cxrilSi mocemulia
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis maCveneblebi, romlebic zogierTi ganviTarebuli
qveynis mSp-Tanaa dakavSirebuli. es monacemebi cxadyofs, rom ara mxolod aSS-s
aqvs Zlieri sajaro seqtori. marTlac, SvedeTsa da safrangeTTan SedarebiT,
aSS-is sajaro seqtori sakmaod mcirea. im dros, rodesac sxvadasxva mizeziT
sajaro seqtoris masStabebi qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia, am TavSi
ganxiluli ideologiuri azrovneba albaT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. erTi
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, SvedeTSi imitomaa msxvili sajaro seqtori, rom
saxelmwifo afinansebs janmrTelobis dacvis TiTqmis mTel sistemas, romelic
sazogadoebriv pasuxismgeblobad iTvleba. meore mxriv, aSS-Si, janmrTelobis
dacva ufro piris piradi prerogativaa, amdenad, janmrTelobis dacvaze
danaxarjebis udides nawils kerZo seqtori gaswevs.
cxrili 1.2. saxelmwifo danaxarjebis procentuli wili mTlian Sida
produqtTan (SerCeuli qveynebis mixedviT)
avstralia 31,0 % iaponia 38,3%
kanada 37,4 SvedeTi 53,1
safrangeTi 49,4 gaerTianebuli
samefo 38,8
germania 44,5
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18
wyaro: US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, gv. 838. mocemulia
2001 wels dafiqsirebuli cifrebi.
danaxarjebi
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis mTliani masStabebidan maT Semadgenlobaze
gadavinacvloT. SeuZlebelia, saxelmwifos saxarjo saqmianobis udidesi
moculobis erT, mokle cxrilSi asaxva. 2004 fiskaluri wlis federalur
biujetSi programebis nusxas da maT aRwerilobas daaxloebiT 1100 gv. ekava!
(dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT veb-gv.:
http://w3.access.gpo.gov/usbudget/index.html).
1965 wels da dReisaTvis gaweuli federaluri saxelmwifo danaxarjebi 1.1
grafikzea asaxuli. Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis mier gaweuli
danaxarjebi 1.2 grafikzea mocemuli. am monacemebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
erovnuli Tavdacva saxelmwifo danaxarjebis mniSvnelovani
komponentia, Tumca misi SedarebiTi mniSvneloba TandaTan iklebs. 1965
wels igi federaluri biujetis 47% iyo, dRes ki 17,3%-ia.
socialuri uzrunvelyofis masStabi Zalian gaizarda. sxva
faqtorebTan erTad, is pensiaze myofi adamianebisaTvis transfers
iTvaliswinebs. dRes socialuri uzrunvelyofa federaluri biujetis
erT-erTi udidesi xarjviTi muxlia.
samedicino momsaxureba, janmrTelobis dazRvevis sistema
xandazmulTaTvis 1965 wels jer kidev ar arsebobda, dRes ki igi
federaluri biujetis 11,5%-s moixmars.
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis
ricxvi gaizarda. rogorc 1.2 grafikSia naCvenebi, 1965 wlidan 1999
wlamde maTi wili Statebisa da adgilobriv biujetebSi TiTqmis
gaormagda (8%-dan 15,7%-mde). amave dros, Statebisa da adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobebis mier gzebis mowyobaze gaweuli danaxarji
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.
sesxze procentis gadaxdis koeficienti, federalur danaxarjebTan
proporciis mixedviT, TiTqmis ucvlelia 1965 wlidan. masze
federaluri biujetis daaxloebiT 8,5% modis.
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19
gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom iseTi swrafad mzardi sferoebi,
rogoricaa sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRleba da procentis gadaxda,
SedarebiT myari faqtorebia, vinaidan isini winaswari gadawyvetilebebis
safuZvelzea gansazRvruli.
1.1 da 1.2 cxrilebi
marTlac, saxelmwifo biujetis didi nawili e.w. `uflebrivi
programebisagan~ Sedgeba. esaa programebi, romelTa danaxarji fiqsirebuli
dolariT ki ara, aramed masSi monawileobis uflebis mqone adamianTa
raodenobiT ganisazRvreba. kanonebi, romlebic aregulirebs iseT sferoebs,
rogoricaa socialuri uzrunvelyofa, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis
amaRlebisken mimarTuli programebi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis fasebis
mxardaWera da a.S., beneficiarTa odenobisa da masStabis gansazRvras moiTxovs.
amdenad, uflebrivi programebis danaxarjebs moqmedi mTavroba ar
gaiangariSebs, Tu ar Seicvleba kanoni. analogiurad, sesxis momsaxurebis
Tanxis odenoba saprocento ganakveTisa da wina deficitis mixedviT
ganisazRvreba. amdenad, igi TiTqmis ar Sedis amJamad gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi
pirebis sakontrolo sferoSi. araerTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, federaluri
biujetis sami meoTxedi SedarebiT ukontroloa. me-8 TavSi vimsjelebT imis
Taobaze, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos mier gaweuli danaxarjebi ukontrolo, da
Tu marTlac asea, risi gakeTeba SeiZleba am mimarTulebiT.
sasargeblo iqneboda, mTliani danaxarjebi mTavrobis doneTa mixedviT
gagvenawilebina. federalur mTavrobaze mTliani pirdapiri danaxarjebis 51%,
Statebze _ 21%, xolo adgilobriv mmarTvelobaze _ 28% modis. Statebi da
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebi aqtiuri moTamaSeebi arian. maTi danaxarjebis didi
wili modis policiaze, saxanZro samsaxurze, ganaTlebasa da transportirebaze.
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs Statebi
gasweven. me-20 TavSi ganxilulia is sirTuleebi, romlebic warmoiSoba
mTavrobis sxvadasxva donis fiskaluri RonisZiebebis koordinirebisas.
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20
1.3 da 1.4 cxrilebi
amonagebi
federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis ZiriTadi komponentebi asaxulia 1.3
grafikze, xolo Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
informacia _ 1.4 grafikze. federalur doneze piradi Semosavlis dabegvra
dRes amonagebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa, romelzedac mobilizebuli
gadasaxadebis 46% modis. gTxovT, 1.3 grafikSi yuradReba miaqcioT `socialur
dazRvevas~. esaa xelfasze gadasaxadi, romliTac socialuri dazRvevisa da
samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa xdeba. maTze dRes federaluri
amonagebis mesamedze meti modis. garkveulwilad sainteresoa korporaciebis
Semosavalze dawesebuli federaluri gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis Semcireba. 1965
wels masze federaluri Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 22% modioda, dRes ki
aRniSnuli maCvenebeli mxolod 8%-ia. Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
seqtorSi ori yvelaze saocari cvlileba iyo qonebis gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis
Semcireba da fizikuri piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadis masStabis zrda.
cvlilebebi sesxis realur RirebulebaSi. kamaTis dros xSirad moismenT
azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom gadasaxadebi saxelmwifos Semosavlis erTaderTi
wyaroa. Tumca im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo debitoria da fasebis done
izrdeba, sesxis realur RirebulebaSi mimdinare nebismieri cvlileba SesaZloa
Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyarod iqces. ukeT gasarkvevad, warmoidgineT, rom
wlis dasawyisSi kreditorisagan isesxeT 1000 aSS dolari, romlis dabruneba
wlis bolomde ar mogiwevT. davuSvaT, wlis ganmavlobaSi fasebi 10%-iT
gaizarda. amdenad, fulis Rirebuleba, romelsac kreditors daubrunebT, 10%-iT
naklebi iqneba fulis im RirebulebasTan SedarebiT, romelic misgan isesxeT.
saqme isaa, rom inflaciam Tqveni sesxis realuri Rirebuleba 100 aSS dolariT
(1000 aSS dolaris 10%) Seamcira. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tqveni realuri
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21
Semosavali inflaciis Sedegad 100 aSS dolariT gaizarda. cxadia, Tqveni
kreditoris faqtobrivi Semosavali 100 aSS dolariT Semcirda9.
2002 fiskaluri wlis dasawyisSi federaluri mTavrobis gadauxdeli vali
daaxloebiT 3,5 trilion aSS dolars Seadgenda. 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi
inflacia 1,4 % iyo. zemoT moyvanili logikis Sesabamisad, inflaciis Sedegad
federaluri sesxis faqtobrivi Rirebuleba 49 miliardi aSS dolariT (3,5
trilioni aSS dolari X 0,014) Semcirda, rac faqtobrivad igive Semosavalia,
rac 1.3 grafikSi miTiTebuli nebismieri gadasaxadi. Tumca saxelmwifo
buRaltruli aRricxvis procedurebis mixedviT, inflaciis gamo sesxis
Rirebulebis SemcirebiT miRebuli mogeba SemosavalSi ar Sedis. me-18 TavSi
ganvixilavT im sakiTxebs, romlebic sesxisa da misi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis
Sefasebas ukavSirdeba.
Cveni gegma
am nawilSi SemogTavazeT ZiriTadi `faqtebis~ erToblioba _ faqtebisa,
romlebic Seexeba saxelmwifos fiskalur institutebs, saxelmwifo
danaxarjebis moculobasa da areals, agreTve meTods, romelsac mTavroba
TviTdafinansebisaTvis iyenebs. am wignis darCenili nawili ufro met faqts
eZRvneba; igi fiskaluri sistemis funqcionirebis sqematur suraTs gTavazobT.
aRniSnuli faqtebis mniSvnelobas vaanalizebT da vcdilobT, vipovoT pasuxi
SekiTxvaze, migviyvana Tu ara `status-kvom~ sasurvel Sedegamde, da Tu ase ar
aris, maSin rogor SeiZleba mdgomareobis gamosworeba.
daskvna
sajaro finansebi, romlebic agreTve saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomikis an
saxelmwifos ekonomikis saxeliTaa cnobili, saxelmwifos sagadasaxado
9 Tu msesxebelic da kreditoric elian inflacias, erT-erTi moelis, rom inflaciis sakompensaciod unda gaizardos saprocento ganakveTi. aRniSnuli fenomeni ganxilulia me-15 TavSi (`dabegvra da inflacia~).
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22
da saxarjo qmedebebze, resursebis ganTavsebisa da Semosavlis
ganawilebisas saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis xarisxzea fokusirebuli.
sajaro finansebis ekonomistebi aqtualur politikas aanalizeben da
saxelmwifo qmedebebisaTvis instruqciebs SeimuSaveben. bolo periodSi
ekonomistebi saxelmwifos rolis mimarT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
damokidebulebis zegavlenas ganicdian.
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb organuli Teoriis mixedviT, piri mxolod
sazogadoebis miznebis misaRwevad Setanili wvliliT fasdeba. miznebs ki
swored saxelmwifo gansazRvravs.
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, mTavroba
individualuri miznebis misaRwevad iqna gamogonebuli. bundovania, Tu
rogor axerxebs mTavroba konfliqturi individualuri miznebis
harmonizebas.
individualur gadawyvetilebaTa miReba ekonomistebis fokusirebis sagani
ufroa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb wignSi aRweril meqanikur midgomas
Seesabameba. es sulac ar SezRudavs diskusiebs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
keTilgonivruli rolis Sesaxeb.
kostitucia federaluri da Statebis saxelmwifo ekonomikur qmedebebze
SezRudvebs awesebs.
federaluri mTavroba uflebamosilia, survilisamebr da efeqtianad
gaswios nebismieri danaxarji da maT dasafinanseblad sesxebi da
gadasaxadebi gamoiyenos. gadasaxadis ganakveTebis dawesebisas federalur
mTavrobas ekrZaleba Statis diskriminacia, agreTve saxelmwifo
eqsportze mosakreblis daweseba. me-16 damateba federalur mTavrobas
fizikuri piris Semosavlis dabegvris uflebas aniWebs.
Statebis mmarTvelobebs ekrZaleba importze sabaJo tarifis daweseba,
ucxoeli rezidentebis diskriminacia an sxva Statebis produqciis
dabegvra. Statebis umetesoba sabiujeto moTxovnilebebs abalansebs.
mTavrobis zomis yvela Cveulebrivi maxasiaTebeli _ dasaqmebulebi,
danaxarji, amonagebi da a.S. _ mainc garkveuli naklovanebiT xasiaTdeba.
ufro konkretulad ki, aRniSnuli monacemebi maregulirebel danaxarjebs
ar asaxavs. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs sakmaod naTeli mtkicebuleba
imisa, rom saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis xarisxi erovnuli resursebis
ganTavsebaze droTa ganmavlobaSi gaizarda.
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis moculoba gaizarda rogorc nominaluri, ise
realuri TvalsazrisiT, erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT, agreTve
mTliani Sida produqtis mimarT.
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23
Tavdacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis wili federalur danaxarjebSi droTa
ganmavlobaSi Semcirda, xolo socialur uzrunvelyofaze,
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebasa da gadauxdeli davalianebis
procentze gaweuli danaxarjebi gaizarda. uflebrivi programebisa da
procentis gadaxdis kombinacia amcirebs wlis ganmavlobaSi danaxarjebis
moculobaze kontrolis xarisxs.
pirad Semosavalsa da xelfasze daricxuli gadasaxadebi dRes
saxelmwifos Semosavlis didi nawilia.
Asadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli Seesabameba saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
arsebul organul Teorias da romeli _ meqanikur Teorias?
a) `Zlieri saxelmwifo rusebisaTvis anomalia ar aris, arc is, ris
winaaRmdegac saWiroa brZola, aramed, piriqiT ... igi gaxlavT yvela cvlilebis
iniciatori da mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala~ (ruseTis prezidenti, vladimer
putini);
b) `saxelmwifos momsaxurebis maqsimumi gulisxmobs misi momsaxurebis
usasrulobas. igi aris imis saSualeba, rom individma gaiazros Tavisi
saWiroeba~ (uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle, uiliam renkvisti, stenfordis
universitetisaTvis dawerili samagistro naSromi).
2. safrangeTis kanonis Tanaxmad, kinoTeatrebi valdebulni arian,
weliwadSi 20 kviris ganmavlobaSi safrangeTSi gadaRebuli mxatvruli filmebi
gauSvan, risi formaluri mizanic aris safrangeTSi aSS-is filmebis Cvenebis
SezRudva da am gziT amerikuli kulturuli zemoqmedebis Semcireba. vin iqneba
aRniSnuli kanonis momxre?
a) saxelmwifos Sesaxeb organuli Teoriis momxre;
b) Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis momxre;
g) social-demokrati.
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24
3. Warbi wona aSS-Si janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo
problemaa. aRniSnuli problemis mogvarebis erT-erTi gza aris `cximis
dabegvra~. sursaTi, romelic saxelmwifos mier dawesebul, dRiurad misaReb,
minimalur cximze mets Seicavs, daibegreba. Seesabameba Tu ara aseTi gadasaxadi
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikur Teorias?
4. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, gadawyviteT, saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze
mcirdeba Tu izrdeba da ratom. yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogor Seesabameba Tqveni
pasuxi mTavrobis zomis standartul maCveneblebs?
a) Cveulebriv, rodesac damqiravebeli daqiravebuls janmrTelobis
dazRveviT uzrunvelyofs, iTvleba, rom aRniSnuli dazRveva moqmedebs
daqiravebulis meuRlisTvisac. ramdenime wlis win san-franciskoSi miRebul
iqna kanoni, romelic biznesSi monawile firmebs avaldebulebda, janmrTelobis
dazRveviTa da sxva saxis sargebliT rogorc erTi da imave, ise sxvadasxva
sqesis dauqorwinebeli partniorebi uzrunveleyoT;
b) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxelmwifos mier Sesyidvis Sefardeba
mTlian Sida produqtTan Semcirda;
g) federaluri biujeti dabalansda Statebisa da adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli subsidiis Semcirebis xarjze.
5. 2002 wels did britaneTSi inflaciis ganakveTi daaxloebiT 2,1%-s
udrida. wlis dasawyisSi britaneTis saSinao vali daaxloebiT 311 miliard
evros utoldeboda. ramdenad dagvexmareba aRniSnuli faqtebi saxelmwifos
Semosavlebis gamosaTvlelad 2002 wels?
6. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, bil klintonma ganacxada, rom didi
mmarTvelobis era dasrulda. Semcirda Tu ara misi prezidentobis periodSi
mTavrobis zoma? upasuxeT Semdeg monacemze dayrdnobiT: 1993 wels federaluri
mTavrobis danaxarji Seadgenda 1,41 trilion aSS dolars, xolo mTliani Sida
produqti _ 6,64 trilion aSS dolars. 2001 wels federaluri danaxarji iyo
1,86 trilioni aSS dolari, xolo mSp _ 10,2 trilioni aSS dolari. aRniSnul
periodSi fasebi daaxloebiT 16%-iT gaizarda.
ra damatebiTi monacemebi gWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom ufro srulyofilad
upasuxoT am SekiTxvas?
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25
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26
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Congressional Budget Office. The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 2004 2013.
Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 2003.
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1997 (1776) (book V, Chapter
1.).
_____________________________________________________________________________
danarTi
sajaro finansebSi kvlevis Catareba
am wignSi xSirad vixseniebT bevr wignsa da statias. aRniSnuli
literatura swored garkveuli sakiTxis Zirfesvianad gamokvlevis
msurvelTaTvis aris saWiro. studentebma, romlebsac surT, daweron naSromi an
moamzadon Tezisi saxelmwifo finansebis saganSi, unda gadaxedon iseT
specifikur Jurnalebs, rogoricaa:
International Tax and Public Finance
Journal of Public Economics
National Tax Journal
Public Finance
Public Finance Quarterly.
garda amisa, ZiriTad zogad-ekonomikur JurnalebSi xSirad qveyndeba
statiebi sajaro finansebis sferoSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli
moicavs Semdeg gamocemebs, Tumca ar Semoifargleba maTiT:
American Economic Review
Journal of Economic Perspectives
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27
Journal of Political Economy
Quarterly Journal of Economics
Review of Economics and Statistics.
sajaro finansebis Sesaxeb statiebi, romlebic gamoqveynebulia aRniSnul
da bevr sxva gamocemaSi, indeqsirebulia Journal of Economic Literature-Si da
xelmisawvdomia internetSi.
garda amisa, studentebma unda gaaanalizon brokingis institutis seriis
Studies of Government Finance-is tomebi. aRniSnul wignebSi Sedis sakmaod
skrupulozuri da Tanamedrove diskusiebi sajaro finansebis mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebze. kongresis sabiujeto ofisi uzrunvelyofs sasargeblo angariSebs
mimdinare politikuri azrTa sxvadasxvaobis Sesaxeb. dokumentebis sia
mocemulia veb-gverdze: www.cbo.gov.
ekonomikuri kvlevis erovnuli biuros mecnieruli naSromebi, romelTa
mopoveba SesaZlebelia bevri universitetis biblioTekaSi, sajaro finansebis
uaxlesi kvlevis kargi, alternatiuli wyaroa. Tumca mainc aRsaniSnavia
zogierTi am naSromis teqnikuri sirTule. maTi naxva SesaZlebelia veb-gverdze:
www.nber.org.
saxelmwifos saxarjo da sagadasaxado saqmianobis Sesaxeb bevri monacemi
arsebobs. qvemoT CamoTvlilia informaciis is sasargeblo wyaroebi, romlebic
gamoqveynebulia aSS-is saxelmwifo beWdviTi ofisis mier da xelmisawvdomia
Semdeg misamarTebze:
Statistical Abstract of the United States
(www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical-abstract-us.html)
Economic Report of the President
(http: //w3.access.gpo.gov/eop)
Budget of the United States
((http: //w3.access.gpo.gov/eopusbudget/index.html)
U.S. Sensus of Governments
(www.census.gov/govs/www/cog.html).
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28
aRniSnuli gamocemebi yovelwliuria (garda U.S. Sensus of Governments-isa,
romelic xuT weliwadSi erTxel ibeWdeba). Facts and Figures on Government Finance,
romelic yovelwliurad ibeWdeba sagadasaxado fondis mier, aris saxelmwifos
saxarjo da sagadasaxado qmedebebis Sesaxeb monacemTa sxva krebuli. Tu
gWirdebaT monacemi, romelic XVIII saukunidan iwyeba da xangrZliv
perspeqtivazea gaTvlili, ixileT: Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial
Times to 1970 (aSS-is saxelmwifo beWdviTi organo). mkiTxveli, romelic
gansakuTrebuladaa dainteresebuli Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis
sajaro finansebiT, waikiTxavs aSS-is mTavrobaTaSorisi urTierTobebis
mrCeveli komisiis (US Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations) angariSebs.
sajaro finansebis Sesaxeb arsebuli udidesi informaciaa ganTavsebuli
internetSi. gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa Resources for Economists on the Internet-is gv.
(http://rfe.org), sadac CamoTvlili da aRwerilia 900-ze meti internet-wyaro. aseve
Zalian sasargebloa US Census Bureau-s mTavari gv. (http://www.census.gov/econ/www/).
da bolos, uaxlesi informacia sagadasaxado politikis Sesaxeb ganTavsebulia
miCiganis universitetis sagadasaxado politikis kvlevis ofisis veb-gverdze
(http://otpr.org), agreTve urban-brukingis sagadasaxado politikis centris veb-
gverdze (http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/).
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29
Tavi 2
pozitiuri analizis saSualebani
erTni cxovroben. meoreni ki sicocxlisunarianebi Tavadve xdebian.
jesi jeksoni
am Tavs mSvenivrad moergeboda aseTi saxelwodeba: `ratomaa ase rTuli
imis Tqma, Tu ra xdeba garSemo?~. mudmivad vismenT ekonomistebisa da
politikosebis cxare kamaTs saxelmwifoTa operaciebis Sedegad miRebuli
msgavsi Sedegebis Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, rodesac jorj u. buSma 2003 wels
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcireba ganizraxa, konservatorebma gamoTqves azri,
rom dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTi mosaxleobas ufro bejiTad muSaobis
stimuls Seuqmnida. liberalebi skeptikurad ganewyvnen da amtkicebdnen, rom
gadasaxadebs mxolod umniSvnelo efeqti aqvs. TiToeuli mxaris
warmomadgeneli ekonomistebi miiCnevdnen, rom swored maTi mosazreba iyo
WeSmariti. aris Tu ara karikaturaze gamoxatuli cinizmi moulodneli?
gansazRvruli pasuxebis deficitis arsebiTi mizezia is, rom ekonomistebs
ZiriTadad ar SeuZliaT qveynis ekonomikaze skurpulozuri da kontrolirebadi
eqsperimentebis Catareba. kombostos zrdaze sasuqis zemoqmedebis xarisxis
Sesafaseblad botanikosma nakveTis erT nawilze kombosto sasuqiT unda
daamuSaos, xolo meore nawilze identuri kombosto unda gazardos, oRond
sasuqis gareSe, da Seadaros Sedegebi. usasuqo nakveTi sakontrolo jgufia.
ekonomists amgvari cdis Catarebis saSualeba ara aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mTavrobas SeuZlia, Secvalos ekonomikuri garemo, mainc ar arsebobs iseTi
sakontrolo jgufi, romelTan Sedarebac SesaZlebeli iqneba. amdenad,
verasodes viwinaswarmetyvelebT sxvadasxva politikuri cvlilebebiT
gamowveul konkretul Sedegs.
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30
vinaidan ekonomistebi sakontrolo cdebis deficits ganicdian, isini
ekonomikur sistemaze sxvadasxva saxelmwifo qmedebebis zegavlenis
Sesafaseblad sxva meTodebs iyeneben. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi sajaro
finansebSi yvelaze SesaniSnavi miRwevaa saxelmwifo politikis sakiTxebis
Sesaswavlad Tanamedrove statistikuri saSualebebis farTod gamoyeneba.
SromiTi resursebis miwodebaze gadasaxadebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb
mimdinare debatebi kargad gviCvenebs, Tu ra saxis pozitiuri analizia
Catarebuli sajaro finansebis sferoSi.
karikatura:
`es gaxlavT mTavari, rac mindoda meTqva. axla momeciT statistika,
romelsac daveyrdnobi~.
Teoriis roli
xSirad gaigonebT mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `cifrebi Tavad saubroben~.
ras gvetyvian cifrebi saSemosavalo gadasaxadis ganakveTsa da Sromis
miwodebaze? 2.1 cxrili gvTavazobs informacias, Tu rogor meryeobs 1955
wlidan 2001 wlamde mobilizebuli gadasaxadebis ukanaskneli dolaris
proporcia, anu zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi. cxrili aseve gviCvenebs, Tu
rogor Seicvala erTi momuSavis samuSao saaTebis saSualo raodenoba. cifrebi
miuTiTebs, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTebi zogadad (Tumca ara ganuxrelad)
gaizarda, xolo samuSao saaTebi Semcirda. gadasaxadebi amcirebs Sromis
miwodebas.
marTebulia Tu ara aRniSnuli daskvna? sagadasaxado ganakveTebis
cvlilebasTan erTad icvleboda sxva faqtorebic, romlebsac SeeZlo
zegavlena moexdina Sromis miwodebaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arasaxelfaso
Semosavali _ dividendebidan, procentebidan da a.S. miRebuli Semosavali
gaizrdeboda, maSin adamians SeeZleboda naklebi emuSava, radgan igi ufro
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31
gamdidrdeboda. amasTanave, protestantuli eTikis Sesusteba SesaZloa Sromis
miwodebas amcirebdes. aRniSnulTagan arc erTi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli
mocemul cifrebSi. cxadia, gvinda vicodeT, Tu ra damoukidebel zegavlenas
axdens gadasaxadi Sromis miwodebaze. aRniSnuli efeqtis Seswavla mxolod
ori cvladis tendenciis gamokvlevis Sedegad SeuZlebelia. situacia amjeradac
tipuria _ rodesac monacemebisagan veliT pasuxebs, cifrebi yovelTvis duman.
saqme isaa, rom aseTi dakvirvebis Catarebis Sedegad `pandoras yuTs~
vxsniT. sxvadasxva cvladebis didi nawili icvleba. romeli maTgani
dagvexmareba gadasaxadis efeqtis gansazRvraSi? ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mizania cvladebis im nawilis izolireba, romlebic ekonomikaze
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. gadasaxadebisa da Sromis miwodebis magaliTi
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor asrulebs aRniSnul rols ZiriTadi ekonomikuri Teoria.
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32
cxrili 2.1 saSemosavalo gadasaxadis ganakveTi da gaweuli Sroma
weli
zRvruli federaluri
sagadasaxado ganakveTi*
(procentulad)
samuSao saaTebi saSualod
kviraSi**
1955 20,00 39,6
1960 20,00 38,6
1965 17,00 38,8
1970 19,48 37,1
1975 22,00 36,1
1980 30,13 35,3
1985 29,05 34,9
1990 22,65 34,5
1995 22,65 34,5
2001 22,65 34,5
* sagadasaxado politikis centri, "Historical Combined Income and Employee Tax
Rates for a Family of Four", URL: http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/overview/-
combined_family.cfm, 2003 wlis 15 ianvari.
** Economic Report of the President, 2002 weli (Washington, DC: US Government Printing
Office, 2002), gv. 376.
Sromis miwodebis Teoriis postulatis mixedviT, samuSao gadawyvetileba
drois racionalur ganawilebas emyareba1. davuSvaT, batoni rojersis
gankargulebaSi dReSi ramdenime saaTia. ramdeni saaTi unda dauTmos man
muSaobas, xolo ramdeni _ uqmad yofnas? rojersi siamovnebas (`sargebels~)
dasvenebisagan iRebs, magram Semosavlis misaRebad mas muSaoba uwevs, amdenad,
misi Tavisufali droc izRudeba. rojersis problemaa Semosavlisa da
Tavisufali drois saukeTeso kombinaciis povna, romelic mis sargebels
gazrdis.
1 Sromis resursebis Teoria am TavSi mxolod zedapiruladaa Camoyalibebuli. me-16 TavSi ixileT grafikuli eqspozicia saTauriT: `Sromis miwodeba~.
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davuSvaT, rojersis saaTobrivi anazRaurebis ganakveTi 10 dolaria.
aRniSnuli xelfasi rojersis drois Rirebulebaa. Tavisufali drois yovel
saaTSi rojersi 10 dolars kargavs _ dro fulia. Tumca keTilgonieri
individi yoveli SesaZlo saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar muSaobs, Tundac uqmad yofna
mas Zalian Zviri ujdebodes. adamiani uqmad atarebs dros manam, sanam misgan
miRebuli sargebeli aWarbebs danaxarjs.
es modeli absurdulad martivad SeiZleba miviCnioT. igi imis
SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs, rom piris mier Sromis miwodeba ojaxis sxva
wevrTa mier miRebul Sromis gadawyvetilebaze iyos damokidebuli. modeli ar
gveubneba, sad SeuZlia individs imdeni saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaoba, ramdenic
moesurveba. marTlac, mTeli Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani
gadawyvetilebas mxolod mas Semdeg iRebs, rac racionalurad Seafasebs
sargebelsa da danaxarjs, SesaZloa ararealisturad mogveCvenos.
miuxedavad amisa, modelirebis mTeli mizani scenaris maqsimaluri
gamartivebaa; amdenad, SeiZleba problema mxolod mis ZiriTad nawilebamde
iqnes dayvanili. literator-kritikosi, liton streCi, ambobda: `dasawyisSi
Cadenili Secdoma yoveli xelovnebis dasabamia~ (Lipton, 1977, gv. 3). Secdoma
yoveli kargi ekonomikuri analizis sawindaric aris. modeli imis mixedviT ki
ar unda Sefasdes, zustia Tu ara, aramed imis mixedviT, waagavs Tu ara igi
WeSmaritebas da aris Tu ara informaciis wyaro. ekonomikis Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove naSromTa umetesoba emyareba imis daSvebas, rom sargeblis
maqsimizacia aris kargi samuSao hipoTeza. aRniSnuli mosazreba gamoyenebulia
am wignSic.
warmovidginoT, rom batonma rojersma miagno Semosavlisa da Tavisufali
drois sargeblis maqsimizaciis kombinacias, romelic efuZneba mis saxelfaso
ganakveTs, romelic 10 dolaria. mTavroba iRebs gadawyvetilebas, romlis
mixedviT, xelfasi 20%-iT daibegreba. rojersis wminda xelfasi, anu misi
xelfasi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg, 8 dolari iqneba. rogor moiqceva am
dros keTilgonieri adamiani? imuSavebs bevrs, cotas Tu ar Secvlis muSaobis
moculobas? sajaro debatebis ganmavlobaSi samive SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb
erTob Tavdajerebuli argumentebi gaismis. realurad ki SeuZlebelia,
TeoriiT viwinaswarmetyveloT, Tu ra zegavlenas moaxdens saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze.
imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT, ratom xdeba ase, gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcioT
imas, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadi amcirebs Tavisufali drois mimdinare fass.
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gadasaxadis dawesebamde rojerss Tavisufali drois erTi saaTi 10 dolari
ujdeboda. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg ki rojersis wminda
xelfasi Semcirda da mas uqmad yofnis erTi saaTi ukve 8 dolari ujdeba.
vinaidan uqmad yofna gaiafda, arsebobs misi zrdisa da muSaobis Semcirebis
tendencia. es Senacvlebis efeqtis saxeliTaa cnobili.
gadasaxadis dawesebis paralelurad sruliad sxva saxis efeqti Cndeba.
davuSvaT, rom rojersi imuSavebs saaTebis gansazRvruli odenobis
ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad mis wminda xelfasSi nebismieri dasaSvebi cvlilebisa.
gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg rojersi saaTSi mxolod 8 dolars miiRebs
(gaixseneT, rom erT saaTSi igi adre 10 dolars iRebda). faqtobrivad rojersma
Semosavali dakarga. radgan Tavisufali dro, Cveulebriv, kargia, misi
gamoyenebis koeficienti Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad yovelTvis izrdeba, da
piriqiT, _ rodesac Semosavali iklebs, yovelTvis mcirdeba. Tavisufali drois
gamoyenebis naklebi koeficienti ki TavisTavad muSaobis masStabis zrdas
gulisxmobs. imdenad, ramdenadac saSemosavlo gadasaxadma rojersis
Semosavali Seamcira, igi iZulebulia, meti imuSaos. es Semosavlis efeqtis
saxeliTaa cnobili.
amrigad, gadasaxads erTdroulad ori Sedegis motana SeuZlia: igi ufro
iafi saqmianobis (Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis) Senacvlebis tendencias
waaxalisebs da realur Semosavals amcirebs. raki Senacvlebisa da Semosavlis
efeqtebi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebia, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis efeqtis
Sefaseba mxolod Teoriulad SeuZlebelia. gaiazreT qvemoT mocemuli ori
Sexeduleba:
1. `amgvari maRali gadasaxadebis gamo marTlac ar Rirs imdeni muSaoba,
ramdensac vmuSaobdi~.
2. `amgvari maRali gadasaxadebis gamo iZulebuli var, vimuSao ufro meti,
raTa SevinarCuno cxovrebis pirobebi~.
im adamianisaTvis, romelic pirvel mosazrebas warmoTqvams, dominirebs
Senacvlebis efeqti, xolo meore winadadebis avtorze Semosavlis efeqti.
orive Tvalsazrisi srulyofilad asaxavs keTilgonivrul qcevas.
SeuZlebelia, Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis konfliqtiT
gamowveul ganusazRvrelobas metismetad mkveTrad gavusvaT xazi. pasuxs
SekiTxvaze, ra zegavlenas axdens sagadasaxado sistemaSi gatarebuli
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cvlilebebi Sromis miwodebaze, mxolod empiriuli muSaoba (analizi, romelic,
Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, dakvirvebasa da gamocdilebas efuZneba) gagvcems.
Tundac yvelaze maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa mosazrebebs am sakiTxze
mniSvnelovani skepticizmiT unda mivudgeT.
Sromis miwodebis magaliTze dayrdnobiT Cven argumenti CamovayalibeT.
Tumca iTvleba, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi ufro zogadia, Teoriis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mizani ki is aris, rom Cveni yuradReba Cvens mierve ignorirebul
sferoebze gaamaxvilos.
empiriuli analizis meTodebi
Teoria imis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom Cvensave mosazrebas organizaciuli
forma mivaniWoT, rodesac igi ekonomikur samyaroSi mimdinare cvlilebaze
adamianTa reaqciis Sefasebas Seexeba. Tumca igi, Cveulebriv, aRniSnuli
reaqciis masStabebze ar migvaniSnebs. marTlac, axlaxans ganxiluli Sromis
miwodebis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, mxolod Teoria uZluria, mosalodneli
cvlilebis mimarTuleba iwinaswarmetyvelos. amisaTvis empiriuli muSaobaa
aucilebeli. moqmedebs empiriuli strategiis sami saxe: piradi interviu,
eqsperimenti da ekonometrikuli Sefaseba. TiToeuli maTganisaTvis TeoriasTan
koordinacia sasicocxlod aucilebelia. Teoria Sesaswavli sakiTxis
organizaciul struqturaze, dasmul SekiTxvebsa da Sedegebis interpretaciaze
zemoqmedebs.
interviuebi
yvelaze uSualo da pirdapiri gza imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs
mTavroba adamianis qcevaze, Tavad am adamianisaTvis martivi SekiTxvis dasmaa. es
aris empiriuli `kvlevis~ tipi, romelic reportiorebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli
(`gviTxariT, gadaavadebT Tu ara pensiaze gasvlas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
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saxelmwifo socialuri uzrunvelyofis sargebels Seamcirebs?~). Sromis
miwodebaze gadasaxadis efeqtis Sesafaseblad araerTi rTuli interviu
Catarda. britanel iuristTa da buRalterTa jgufs dausves frTxili SekiTxva,
Tu rogor gansazRvraven Tavisi samuSao saaTebis raodenobas, ician Tu ara im
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Sesaxeb, romlebic maT mimarT gamoiyeneba,
sagadasaxado ganakveTi maT muSaobas stimuls uqmnis Tu bariers. pasuxebis
mixedviT dadginda, rom gadasaxadebi SedarebiT cota adamianze zemoqmedebs
(Break, 1957, gv. 549). mdidari amerikelebis jgufis Sesaxeb ufro gviani
gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, `mxolod maTi erTi meeqvsedi... amtkicebs, rom maT
TandaTanobiT mzardi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gamo faqtobrivad Seamcires
muSaobis masStabi... isini, vinc maqsimalur zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs
eqvemdebarebodnen, samuSao barieris arsebobis Sesaxeb odnav ufro xSirad
acxadebdnen, vidre isini, vinc ufro dabali ganakveTiT ibegrebodnen~ (Barlow,
Brazer & Morgan, 1966, gv. 3).
interviusaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba
interviuTa interpretireba did yuradRebasa da sifrTxiles moiTxovs.
yovelives Semdeg, Tu individi xmamaRla ar acxadebs Tavisi sagadasaxado
ganakveTis Sesaxeb, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom igi ver aRiqvams gadasaxadis
gadaxdamde periodsa da gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgom periods Soris
gansxvavebas.
Zveli Cinuri andaza gvaswavlis: `usmine, ras ambobs, da Semdeg uyure, ras
akeTebs~. faqti, rom individi raimes ambobs Tavisi qcevis Sesaxeb, sulac ar
adasturebs naTqvamis WeSmaritebas. zogierT adamians uWirs imis aRiareba, rom
finansuri gadawyvetileba zemoqmedebs mis SromiT gadawyvetilebaze (`mirCevnia,
ar visaubro fulis Sesaxeb. es samarcxvinoa~, _ Tqva msaxiobma barbara
streizandma). sxvebi mTavrobas sruli funqciis qonis gamo sayveduroben, Tumca
maT qcevaze gadasaxadebi faqtobrivad ar zemoqmedebs. davuSvaT, gsurT gaigoT,
TuUromel radiosadgurs usmens ojaxi. ras moimoqmedebT: SeekiTxebiT maT Tu
mixvalT maTTan saxlSi da naxavT, romel talRazea dayenebuli radiomimRebi?
eqsperimentebi
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ukve aRvniSneT, rom ekonomikaSi empiriuli muSaobis ZiriTadi problema
kontrolirebadi eqsperimentebis Catarebis SeuZleblobaa. Tumca mTavrobam
daafinansa ramdenime cda, romelTa mizani ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaswavlad
eqsperimentuli meTodologiis gamoyeneba iyo. idea, romelic aRniSnul
socialur eqsperimentebs usvams xazs, im samuSaoebSia ilustrirebuli,
romlebic 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saxelmwifo da kerZo skolebis
SedarebiT efeqtianobaze Catarda.
dRes sakmaod mwvave debatebi mimdinareobs imis Sesaxeb, sajaro finansebi
bavSvebis kerZo skolebSi gasagzavnad unda gamoiyenebodes Tu ara. aRniSnuli
debatebis mTavari sakiTxia, aris Tu ara kerZo skolebi saxelmwifo skolebze
ufro efeqtiani, gansakuTrebiT, _ roca saqme exeba ganaTlebul bavSvebs
centraluri qalaqebidan. am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis bunebrivi gza
analogiuri donis im studentTa moswrebis Sefasebaa, romlebic erTi tipis
skolebSi swavloben. aRniSnulma gamokvlevam uCvena, rom kerZo skolebi ufro
kargad muSaoben. Tumca aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba imitom miviReT, rom maRali
miRwevebis mqone studentebi, pirvel rigSi, kerZo skolebSi swavlas arCeven.
1990 wels, uiskonsinSi daigegma socialuri cda, romelic am problemisken
iqneboda mimarTuli2. qalaq miluokis Rarib ojaxebs neba darTes, ganacxadi
SeetanaT im programaze, romelic daafinansebda maT swavlas arareligiur
kerZo skolaSi. ganmcxadeblebisgan programaSi monawileni SemTxveviTobis
principiT SeirCa. ganmcxadeblebi, romelTa SerCeva ar moxda, sakontrolo
jgufis funqcias asrulebdnen. nebismieri gansxvaveba, romelic ori jgufis
Semdgom saskolo miRwevaSi dafiqsirdeboda, unda ganxiluliyo, rogorc ori
sxvadasxva tipis skolis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba.
socialuri eqsperimentisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba. eqsperimenti
ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaswavlad saimedo meTodia, Tumca mas garkveuli
SezRudvebic axasiaTebs. amis erT-erTi mizezi swored is aris, rom klasikuri
eqsperimentis meTodologia aucilebel winapirobad arCevanis SemTxveviTobas
miiCnevs _ SerCeuli pirebi im sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi unda iyvnen,
romlis qcevac amJamad kvlevis sagania. socialuri eqsperimentis SemTxvevaSi
arCevanis gakeTeba SemTxveviTobis principis ganuxreli dacviT (Tavdapirvelad
am principis dacva Tundac SesaZlebeli iyos) faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. ase,
magaliTad, miluokis eqsperimentSi aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi studenti, romelic
2 dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT Rouse [1998].
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kerZo skolaSi gaigzavna, leqciebs sulac ar eswreboda, an mxolod mcire xnis
ganmavlobaSi eswreboda. vinaidan studentebma Tavad airCies kerZo skola,
studentTa maxasiaTeblebi dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa
jgufs ukve aRar ekuTvnoda.
garda amisa, mcenareebisa da laboratoriuli cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT,
adamianebma ician, rom isini eqsperimentSi monawileoben. Segneba ki qcevaze
yovelTvis axdens zegavlenas. mcirericxovani da universaluri programis
monawileTa reaqcia programis mimarT metad gansxvavebulia. eqsperimentma,
romelic mxolod ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavebuli Sedegi moitanos im SedegTan SedarebiT, romelic SesaZloa
mudmivmoqmed programas hqondes.
cxadia, socialuri eqsperimentebi Zvirad Rirebulia. ase, magaliTad,
eqsperimenti Catarda Raribi mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo gadawyvetilebebze
saijaro subsidiebis zegavlenis Sesafaseblad da is 163,3 milioni aSS dolari
dajda (ix. Ingram [1985]). bartlesis mixedviT [1995], socialur eqsperimentze
mTlianma danaxarjma 1970 wlis Semdeg miliard dolars gadaaWarba. Tumca
aRniSnuli danaxarji garkveuli saxis samomavlo investiciaa. SesaZloa, Rirdes
kidec ramdenime milioni dolaris daxarjva im programis efeqtianobis
gansazRvrisaTvis, romelic ramdenime miliardi dolaris daxarjvasTan iqneba
dakavSirebuli.
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi. ekonomikuri qcevis garkveuli saxiT
Seswavla laboratoriul pirobebSicaa SesaZlebeli. es aris midgoma, romelsac
xSirad fsiqologebi iyeneben. gamomcdeli daiqiravebs adamianTa (subieqtTa)
jgufs, romlebic sxvadasxva funqciebs asruleben. Sromis miwodebis
Sesaswavlad gamomcdelma SeiZleba Sromis miwodebis Teoriidan aRniSnos, rom
mTavari cvladi wminda xelfasis ganakveTia. SesaZlo eqsperimentuli strategia
ki aseTia: subieqtebs sxvadasxva samuSaoebis SesrulebisaTvis garkveul
jildoebs hpirdebian da iniSnaven, Tu rogor icvleba samuSaos Sesrulebis
xarisxi jildos xarisxis Sesabamisad.
laboratoriuli eqsperimentis dros gamoaSkaravdeba socialuri
eqsperimentisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba. mTavari problema isaa, rom
garemo, romelSic qcevaze dakvirveba xdeba, xelovnuria. ufro metic,
subieqtebi, romlebic kolejis studentebs warmoadgenen, mTeli sazogadoebis
warmomadgenlebi ver iqnebian. Tumca laboratoriuli eqsperimenti bevrad ufro
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iafi da moqnilia, vidre socialuri eqsperimenti. misi popularoba erTob
gaizarda ukanasknel wlebSi, da rogorc Semdgom TavebSi davinaxavT,
saintereso da mniSvnelovani Sedegi mogvca.
ekonometrikuli mecnierebebi
ekonometrika aris ekonomikuri monacemebis statistikuri analizi,
romelic adamianTa azris gamokiTxvisa da maTze Catarebuli cdis Sedegebs ar
efuZneba. ufro metic, am mecnierebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva politikis zegavlenis
Sesaxeb daskvna swored Seswavlili qcevis mixedviT keTdeba3. maSin, rodesac
ekonomistebi ver akontroleben istoriul movlenebs, ekonometrika momxdari
movlenis mniSvnelobis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.
SromiTi qcevis martivi modelis mixedviT, wliuri samuSao saaTebi (L
Labor supply) damokidebulia wminda xelfasis ganakveTze (net wage rate - wn).
amasTanave, iseTi arasaxelfaso Semosavali, rogoricaa dividendi da procenti
(A), asaki (X1) da Svilebis raodenoba (X2), SesaZloa samuSao saaTebis
raodenobaze zemoqmedebdes. ekonometrikosi samuSao saaTebisa da am
ganmartebiTi cvladebis urTierTobis gamosaTvlelad specifikur algebrul
formas irCevs. gansakuTrebiT martivi forma aseTia:
L = 0 + 1wn + 2A + 3X1 + 4X2 + (2.1)
gantolebis parametrebia, xolo _ SemTxveviTi (arasistematuri)
Secdoma. parametrebi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs marjvena cvladi
samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze. Tu 1 = 0, maSin wminda xelfasi samuSao
saaTebis raodenobaze ar zemoqmedebs. Tu 1 0-ze metia, maSin wminda xelfasis
zrda pirs aiZulebs, ufro meti imuSaos dominirebs Senacvlebis efeqti. Tu
1 0-ze naklebia, maSin wminda xelfasis zrda pirs aiZulebs, ufro naklebi
imuSaos _ dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti.
3 yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom ekonometrikuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba gamokvlevebisa da eqsperimentebis Sedegad mopovebuli monacemebis mimarTac.
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SemTxveviTi Secdoma () Sromis miwodebaze mkvlevrisaTvis SeumCnevel
zemoqmedebas asaxavs. miuxedavad kvlevaSi CarTuli cvladebis odenobisa,
yovelTvis arsebobs qcevis modelis mier auxsneli tipi.
Tu gvecodineba , cxadia, Sromis miwodebaze gadasaxadebis zemoqmedebis
Sesaxeb yvela debati gadawyvetili iqneba. ekonometrikis praqtikuli mxare
sxvadasxva teqnikis gamoyenebiT -s Sefasebaa. yvelaze popularuli meTodi
mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis saxeliTaa cnobili. cxare debatebi
Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb migvaniSnebs, rom aRniSnuli teqnika yovelTvis ar
iZleva saboloo Sedegs. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, ratom xdeba ase, vnaxoT, Tu
rogor gamoiyeneba igi Sromis miwodebis magaliTisaTvis.
am mizniT ramdenime wuTiT daiviwyeT 2.1 gantolebaSi miTiTebuli yvela
cvladi, garda wminda xelfasisa. amdenad, samuSao saaTebis formula sakmaod
martivia:
L = 0 + 1wn + (2.2)
2.2 gantoleba wrfivia, radgan misi RerZi gadmocemulia L-iTa da wn-iT,
xolo Sedegi _ sworxazovani.
2.1 grafiki
davuSvaT, rom arsebobs informacia gansazRvruli jgufis adamianTa
samuSao saaTebis odenobisa da gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg xelfasis
moculobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli dakvirvebis grafikulad gamosaxvisas wertilebi
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ganbneulia iseve, rogorc 2.1 A grafikSi. cxadia, erTi swori xazi yvela am
wertils ver moergeba. mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis mizani im xazis
parametrebis aRmoCenaa, romelic saukeTesod moergeba wertilebs4. aseTi
regresiuli xazi gamoxatulia 2.1 B grafikSi. regresiuli xazi geometriulad
2.2 gantolebaa, xolo misi daxriloba 1-s gamoiTvlis (A parametris
kalkulacias ki regresiis koeficienti ewodeba).
1-s gamoTvlis Semdeg ganxiluli unda iqnes misi saimedooba. dgas ki igi
1-s `WeSmarit~ sididesTan axlos? imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, ratomaa es sakiTxi
mniSvnelovani, warmoidgineT, rom wertilebi isea ganbneuli, rogorc 2.1 C
grafikSi. regresiuli xazi 2.1 B grafikSi gamoxatulis identuria, Tumca
wertilebi ufro metadaa ganbneuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1 iseTivea, rogorc
2.1 B grafikSi, SesaZloa maT saimedoobaSi eWvi SevitanoT. ekonometrikosebi
standartul Secdomas gamoiTvlian, romelic mianiSnebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
gansxvavdebodes gamoTvlili parametri WeSmariti sididisgan. rodesac
standartuli Secdoma Sefasebuli parametris moculobasTan SedarebiT
umniSvneloa, maSin koeficienti statistikurad mniSvnelovnad CaiTvleba.
aRniSnul magaliTSi mxolod erTi ganmartebiTi cvladi gvxvdeba wminda
xelfasi. davuSvaT, mis nacvlad gantolebis ori cvladi arsebobda: wminda
xelfasi da arasaxelfaso Semosavali. organzomilebian sivrceze regresiuli
xazis morgebis msgavsad, regresiuli sibrtye SesaZloa samganzomilebian
sivrceSi ganbneul wertilebs moergos. orze meti cvladis SemTxvevaSi
Sesaferisi geometriuli asaxvis forma ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa,
analogiuri maTematikuri principebi nebismieri raodenobis ganmartebiTi
cvladebis parametrebis gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba (im pirobiT, rom cvladebis
raodenoba dakvirvebaTa raodenobaze naklebia). faqtobrivi kalkulaciebi
kompiuteris saSualebiT xdeba.
moqmedi -s gamoTvlisas SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba L-is cvlilebis
Sesaxeb, romelic wminda xelfasis SecvliTaa gamowveuli. davuSvaT, 1 = 100-s.
Tu gadasaxadebis zrda wminda xelfass 50 centiT amcirebs, maSin individi
wliurad 50 saaTis (100 X 50 dolarze) ganmavlobaSi imuSavebs.
4 saukeTeso xazi kvadratSi ayvanil vertikalur manZils, romelic xazis wertilebsa da ganbneul wertilebs Soris arsebobs, minimumamde amcirebs. ixileT Wooldridge [2003].
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ekonometrikuli analizisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebebi
ekonometrikuli analizis dros warmoiSoba sirTuleebi, romlebic xsnis
imas, Tu ratom iReben sxvadasxva mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva daskvnebs. ase,
magaliTad, 2.1 gantolebaSi nagulisxmebia daSveba, rom TiToeuli adamianis
qcevas erTi da igive gantoleba aRwers. Tumca sxvadasxva tipis adamianebi
sxvadasxvagvari Sromis miwodebiT xasiaTdebian. daojaxebul qals
daojaxebuli mamakacisagan gansxvavebuli reaqcia eqneba wminda xelfasis
cvlilebaze. analogiurad, axalgazrdas xandazmulisagan gansxvavebuli Sromis
miwodeba axasiaTebs. aseT adamianTa erT jgufSi gaerTianeba parametrebis
araswor gamoTvlas iwvevs. mkvlevrebma ZiriTadad winaswar ar ician, Tu rogor
daiyofa maT mier SerCeuli nimuSebi. aq saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis msgavsi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaa saWiro, ramac SesaZloa mkvlevrebi gansxvavebul
Sedegebamde miiyvanos.
erT-erTi problema isaa, rom parametrebi icvleba. qalTa Sromis miwodebis
gantoleba, romelic 1975 wlis maCveneblebs eyrdnoba, 2004 wlis maCveneblebis
safuZvelze damyarebuli imave gantolebis Sedegisgan metad gansxvavebul
Sedegebs mogvcems. garkveulwilad es qalTa muSaobisadmi damokidebulebis
Secvlis Sedegia da, amdenad, damokidebulia sidideze. zogadad, is realoba,
romlis gamokvlevis survilic ekonometrikosebs amoZravebT, mudmivad icvleba.
sxvadasxva maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli Sefasebani gansxvavebulia,
Tundac maT gamosaTvlelad analogiuri meTodebi gamoiyenebodes.
garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom saimedod iyos gamoTvlili, regresiuli
gantoleba yvela Sesabamis cvlads unda moicavdes. sxva SemTxvevaSi zogierTi
efeqti, romelic gamotovebuli cvladis Sedegia, SesaZloa miekuTvnos wminda
xelfasis faqtors. mniSvnelovani cvladebi xandaxan gantolebaSi
gamotovebulia, radgan maT Sesaxeb informacia ubralod ar arsebobs. ase,
magaliTad, rTulia movipovoT informacia mosaxleobis arasaxelfaso
Semosavlebis wyaroTa Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, rom: (1) arasaxelfaso Semosavlebis
zrdasTan erTad (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) adamianis muSaobis masStabi iklebs,
da (2) arsebobs tendencia, rom maRalanazRaurebad adamians aseve maRali
arasaxelfaso Semosavali hqondes. Tu Cvens gantolebaSi ar mivuTiTebT
arasaxelfaso Semosavals, misi efeqtis nawili xelfass miewereba, xolo 1-s
gaangariSebuli sidide Tavis WeSmarit sidideze ufro naklebi iqneba.
zogadad, 1-s gaangariSebuli sidide yovelTvis araobieqturia, garda im
SemTxvevisa, rodesac gantolebaSi yvela is cvladia CarTuli, romelic
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samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze zemoqmedebs da sistematuradaa dakavSirebuli
xelfasTan.
problema ufro garTuldeba maSin, rodesac potenciurad mniSvnelovani
cvladi gamoTvlas ar eqvemdebareba. iseTi damokidebuleba, rogoricaa
agresiuloba (iniciativis maRali xarisxi), SesaZloa samuSao gadawyvetilebebze
zemoqmedebdes, Tumca misi gamoTvla SeuZlebelia.
mkvlevrebi xSirad kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli cvladi unda iqnes
CarTuli gantolebaSi. magaliTad, unda moicavdes Tu ara gantoleba iseT
cvlads, rogoricaa individis ganaTlebis done? erTni amtkiceben, rom
ganaTleba Sromis miwodebaze zemoqmedebs da, amdenad, CarTuli unda iqnes
gantolebaSi, rogorc ganmartebiTi cvladi. meoreni darwmunebulni arian, rom
ganaTleba samuSao gadawyvetilebebze mxolod xelfasis cvlilebis kuTxiT
zemoqmedebs da, amdenad, misi gantolebaSi CarTva araracionaluria.
ekonomikuri Teoria ganmartebiTi cvladebis saZieblad garkveuli struqturis
CamoyalibebaSi gvexmareba. Tumca igi iSviaTadaa gansazRvruli _ sxvadasxva
mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva daskvnebs akeTeben.
cvladebis gansazRvris procesSi arsebuli siZneleebi saimedo Sefasebis
mopovebas arTulebs. ganvixiloT samuSao drois gamoTvlisas wamoWrili
problemebi. erTi SexedviT, yvelaferi martivia _ TiTqos mxolod samsaxurSi
gatarebuli drois gamoTvlaa saWiro. Tumca ukeTesia, gamovTvaloT mokle
Sesveneba da `gacdenili~ dro. maTi gamoTvla aSkarad ufro rTulia. xelfasis
ganakveTis gamoTvlac arsebiT problemebs ukavSirdeba. yvelaze kargi meTodi
aris gamoTvla ara mxolod im Tanxisa, romelsac daqiravebuli yoveli kviris
bolos iRebs, aramed sxva sargeblis Rirebulebisac (pensiis ufleba,
janmrTelobis dazRveva, kompaniis avtomanqaniT sargeblobis ufleba da a.S.)
erTi mniSvnelovani daSveba: gantolebis marjvena mxares ganlagebuli
cvladebi marcxniv ganlagebul cvladebze zemoqmedebs, magram ara piriqiT. Tu
es ase ar aris, maSin marTlac seriozuli problemebi iCens Tavs. davuSvaT, 2.1
gantolebis 1 dadebiTia. erT-erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, wminda xelfasis
zrdasTan erTad adamiani ufro mets muSaobs. meore, sakmaod damajerebeli
interpretaciis mixedviT, damqiravebeli met xelfass uxdis adamians, romelic
ufro didxans muSaobs. marTlac, xelfasis ganakveTi SesaZloa namuSevar
droze zemoqmedebdes, namuSevari dro ki _ xelfasis ganakveTze. Tu marTlac
asea, maSin mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis Sedegad 1-is gamoTvlili
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sidide Sromis miwodebaze wminda xelfasis cvlilebis efeqts arasworad
afasebs.
gamoiyeneba ramdenime statistikuri meTodi aRniSnuli erTdrouli mizez-
Sedegobrivi urTierTobis problemis gadasaWrelad. isini rTulia da
sxvadasxva meTodebma SesaZloa sxvadasxva Sedegebamde migviyvanos. es aris
ekonometrikuli mecnierebebis Sedegebis sxvadasxvaobis kidev erTi mizezi.
daskvniTi komentarebi
Teoria empiriuli mkvlevrebis mniSvnelovani iaraRia, romelic maT im
cvladebis izolirebaSi exmareba, romlebmac SesaZloa qcevis garkveul saxeze
zegavlena moaxdinos. empiriuli muSaoba amowmebs, Seesabameba Tu ara Teoria
msoflio gamocdilebas. imis gamo, rom ekonomistebisaTvis is Sedegia yvelaze
sasurveli, romlis safuZvelic mopovebuli realuri monacemebia, empiriuli
muSaobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodi ekonomikaSi ekonometrikuli analizi
gaxlavT. Tumca yvelaze patiosani ekonometrikosebic ki sxvadasxva
daskvnebamde midian, radgan arc monacemebi da arc statistikuri teqnika ar
aris srulyofili. keTilgonieri adamiani `faqtebis~ definiciis
gansakuTrebuli nakrebis swor interpretacias ar daeTanxmeba:
faqti martivia
da faqti pirdapiria.
faqti zarmacia
da faqti igvianebs.
yvela faqts axlavs mosazreba,
faqtebi arasodes akeTeben imas, rac me msurs5.
gadaviwuroT imedi, rom odesme SeviswavliT im faqtorebs, romlebic
zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze? ra Tqma unda, ara. ekonomisti, romelic ikvlevs
empiriul SekiTxvas, aucileblad Seejaxeba mecnierebebs, romelTagan
5 ''Gross-Eyed and Painless''-idan 1980 Bleu Music Co., Index Music, Inc., and E.G Music. Ltd. deivid birnisa da braian enos nebarTviT.
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TiToeuli sxvadasxva daSvebas akeTebs, problemis sxvadasxva aspeqtze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas da, amdenad, sruliad gansxvavebul daskvnebs gvTavazobs.
xSirad ramdenime gamokvlevis harmonizacia xdeba da ganxilvis fenomenis
naTeli suraTi iqmneba. feldStainma (1982A, gv. 830) aseTi qmedebebis
ganmaxorcielebeli