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Roosevelt and the New Deal
Unit 2.2
Do the keyterms from page 58 up to page 67
Election of RooseveltVerkiesing van Roosevelt
• Lost confidence in pres. Hoover and his Republican government
• November 1932 –presidential elections
• Roosevelt won – realisedcapitalism (limited or no involvement of government) would no longer work on its own, government would have to become involved
• Vertroue verloor in pres. Hoover en syrepublikeinse regering
• November 1932 –presidentsverkiesing
• Roosevelt wen – besefkapitalisme sal nie meereie werk, regering salbetrokke moet raak
The New DealNuwe bedeling
• Series of measures implemented to rescue the American economy
• 3 aims:
- Relief : immediate relief to those affected worse by Depression
- Recovery: To get industries going and people back to work
- Reform: Reform of economic system
• Used the radio (media) to get message of optimism to people (important to get people on your side) – essential for economic recovery
• Reeks maatreels om Amerikase ekonomie te red
• 3 hoofdoelwitte: - Hulpverlening: onmiddelike
hulp vir die wat ergste geraakdeur depressie
- Herstel : Om nywerhede aandie gang te kry sodat mensekan werk
- Hervorming : verandering in hele ekonomiese sisteem
• Gebruik die radio omboodskap van optimisme teversprei – noodsaaklik virekonomiese herstel
The First part of the New Deal Die Eerste Nuwe Bedeling
• Relief and recovery • American congress(
parliament of united states) called in for session, referred to as 100 days
• New laws were passed to deal with worst problems
• Carried out by New government agencies (appointed by president) – alphabet agencies
• Hulpverlening en herstel• Amerikaanse kongres
(parliament van die VSA) ingeroep vir sitting, verwys na 100 dae
• Nuwe wette gemaak omprobleme aan te spreek
• Hierdie wette is uitgevoerdeur regerings agente –alfabet agente
Analysis of the First New Deal Ontleding van die Nuwe Bedeling
• Key areas identified in economy which needed immediate attention
- Financial crises – banks and businesses
- Unemployment - Agriculture - Industrial collapse – factories • Improve these parts of
economy by legislation(laws) and programmesimplemented by government
• Pak 4 belangrike afdelings van ekonomie aan
- Finansiele krisis- Werkloosheid- Landbou- Ineenstorting van nywerhede• Wetgewing en programme om
hierdie dele van ekonomie teverbeter
Legislation / Wetgewing
• The financial crises - Government closed all
banks – only allowed financially sound ones to re-open
- Laws guaranteed investments of small investors – stopped unsound businesses on stock exchange which do not contribute to economy
- Made loans available to pay mortgage bonds – avoid losing their homes
• Die finansiele krisis- Regering maak alle banke
toe – slegs die watfinansieel gesond word heropen
- Wette het beleggings van klein beleggers gewaarborg– stop ongesonde praktykeop aandele mark
- Maak lenings beskikbaar virhuisverband – vermei datmense hulle huise verloor
Programmes / Programme
• Unemployment : gave money to set up public work projects
❖ The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
- Gave work and taught skills to millions of young men –erosion control, tree planting, firefighting, flood control
❖ The Public Works Administration (PWA)
- Funding to build schools, hospitals other public buildings
- Hire of African American workers
• Werkloosheid : voorsienfinansies vir publieke projekte
❖ The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
- Voorsien werk aan miljoene- Leer vaardighede soos ersosie
beheer, plant van bome, brandbetryding, vloedbeheer
❖ The Public Works Administration (PWA)
- Bevondsing vir bou van skole, hospitale en ander publiekegeboue
- Indiensneming van Afro –Amerikaanse werkers
Programmes continueProgramme vervolg
• Agriculture : help farmers. Set up two agencies
❖ The Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA)
- Paid farmers subsidies to reduce production and destroy crops
- Reduce surplus and stabilized prizes
❖ The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- Built dams control flooding to provide hydro electricity for industries
• Landbou : om boere te help. Begin 2 agentskappe
❖ The Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA)
- Betaal boere subsidies omproduksie te verminder en oestete vernietig
- Doel was om oorskotte teverminder en pryse te stabiliseer
❖ The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- Bou van damme om vloede tebeheer vir opwerk van hidroelektrisiteit vir nywerhede
Programmes continue Programme vervolg
• Industrial collapse: promote recovery, increase wages so that workers can buy more. Stabilize prizes in businesses
❖ National Recovery Administration
- Codes for each industry - Fix prizing - Limit working hours - Set minimum wages - Banned child labour
• Industriele ineenstorting : gemik op herstel, verhogingvan lone sodat werkersmeer kan koop. Stabiliseringvan pryse in besighede
❖ National Recovery Administration
- Kodes vir elke nywerheid- Vasstel van pryse- Werksure te beperk- Minimum lone betaalbaar- Verbanning van
kinderarbeid
The second part of the New DealDie Tweede Nuwe Bedeling
• Reform America’s economy • Established system of old age
pension, health benefits, unemployment insurance, child welfare, poor relief, minimum wages, right to join unions
• Works progress Administration (WPA) provided work to millions with construction and conservation projects
• Artist – art projects
• Amerikaanse ekonomie tehervorm
• Stelsel van ouderdomspensioene, gesondheidsvoordele, werkloosheid versekering, kinderwelsyn, hulp aan armes, minimum lone, reg om by ‘n unie aan te sluit
• Works progress Administration (WPA) gee werk aan miljoenedeur konstruksie en bewaringsprogramme
• Kunstenaars – kunsprojekte
TEENSTAND TEEN NUWE BEDELINGOpposition to New Deal
• Rupublikeinse politisie:
- Beskuldig van diktatorskap, ondermynselfstandigheid, maak mense afhanklik van regering
• Gewone mense :
- Geglo hy land in rigting van sosialisme
• Leiers van sakeondernemings :
- Beskuldig van inmeng deur vasstelling van minimum lone, werlsure, erkenning van vakbonde, kwaad oor bydraes virbestaansveiligheid
• Ryk Amerikaners :
- Hoer belasting, ignoreerd gevoel
• Die hooggeregshof:
- Gevoel baie van handelinge was ongrondwetlik – bedreiging van sakepraktyk
• Republican politicians :
- Accused of dictatorship, undermined self – reliance, making people dependant of grants
• Ordinary people:
- Believed he is taking country towards socialism
• Business leaders:
- Accused government of interfering by setting of minimum wages, working hours, recognising of trade unions, resented having to pay social security for workers
• Wealthy Americans :
- Higher taxes, felt ignored
• Supreme court:
- Many acts to be unconstitutional –threatened power of business practice
Assessesering van Nuwe BedelingAssessment of New Deal
• Ekonomie herstel• Vertroue herstel• Pryse het gestabiliseer• Bankstelsel hervorm• Werkloosheid verminder• 1937 resessie ervaar –
regering het uitgawes begin snoei
• Werkloosheid kwessie eersteen WO 2 opgelos
• Demokrasie versterk• Voordeel uit projekte getrek
soos bou van damme
• Economic recovery • Confidence returned• Prices stabilised• Banking system was reformed • Unemployment reduced • 1937 recession – government
cut back on spending on projects
• Unemployment situation solved during WW 2
• Democracy got stronger • Advantages out of project –
dams
Assessesering van Nuwe BedelingAssessment of New Deal
• Beginsel van regering virwelvaart van burgers – virsiekes, bejaardes, werkloses- teenoorgesteldevan Rupublikeine
• Implementering van nuwebedeling posisie van president versterk
• Nie almal het voordeelgetrek, huurboere, deelsaaiers, inheemseAmerikaners steeds swaargetrek sowel as status van vroue
• Principle of wealth for citizens – grants
• Opposite to what republicans did
• Implementing of new deal made position of the president stronger
• Not everyone enjoyed benefits – tenant farmers, sharecroppers, Native Americans still suffered, and status of woman did not improve
Do the following activities
• Activity 1 page 61
• Activity 2 page 63
• Activity 3 number 1 up to number 5 on page 67
New Deal: Did capitalism weaken or strengthen?
Read page 65 and answer the following questions:
• What is socialism?
• Did the New Deal weaken or strengthen capitalism in the USA?
• How did WW 2 contributed to work creation?
Eugenics was a type of
scientific racism which tried to
shape the characteristics of
humans and animals by
controlling their reproduction.
Eugenic scientists believed
that:
• there were stronger and
weaker human characteristics;
• certain racial groups had more
of the stronger characteristics
than others;
• weak races must be destroyed
and strong races helped to
increase in numbers.
2. Eugenics was based on the
idea of ‘the survival of the
fittest’.
3. The Nazi Party was a political
party in Germany from 1919 to
1945, led by Adolf Hitler.
In 1933 Hitler became the leader
of Germany.
4. The Nazis believed that
Germans were superior to Jews,
Arabs, East Europeans and
Africans.
They called the people they
believed to be the ‘master race’
Aryans.
5. The Nazis used scientific
racism in Germany to prove their
superiority. They:
• used eugenics between 1933
and 1945 to help Aryans have
more children;
• sterilised thousands of people
who they saw as unfit;
• killed groups of people who they
saw as inferior.
6. The Jewish people attracted
the most attention from the
Nazis, who were exceptionally
anti-Semitic.
7.Anti-Semitism refers to a
feeling of hatered for Jewish
people.
The Nazis killed millions of Jews
because of anti-Semitism.
8. The genocide of the Jewish
people during the rule of Adolf
Hitler is known as the Holocaust.
•It lasted from 1939 to 1945.
• At first, Jewish people were discriminated against and forced to work in factories.
• Later, six million Jews were murdered in special death camps.
Extermination of the Jews
The Nazi Holocaust
Racism + Social Darwinism
▪ At the end of the 19th
century, racism
combined with Social
Darwinism and
created ideas similar to
those Hitler would
espouse.
Racial Superiority
▪ In Mein Kampf (1925),
Hitler described a racial
hierarchy with:
▪ Aryans (the culture-
producing race) at the top
▪ Jews, Africans, and
Gypsies (the culture-
destroying races) at the
bottom.
Inferior Peoples v. Aryan Volk
▪ In his speeches he played
on fears that Germans
would one day be
outnumbered by inferior
peoples and idealized a
time when the Aryan
"Volk" lived in harmony.
Goal: Remove Inferior Types
▪ Hitler's goal was to remove the inferior types from Germany, making more lebensraum (living space) for the superior Aryans.
▪ The Jews were the special object of his hatred.
The Racial Hygiene Movement
▪ The Racial Hygiene
Movement (RHM), which
began in Germany in 1905,
had few supporters until the
Nazis came to power.
▪ “Only through [the Führer]
did our dream of …
applying racial hygiene to
society become a reality.”
-- Ernst Rüdin - Nazi psychiatrist
Euthanasia
▪ The RHM advocated the
removal of those who would
not improve the German race
and had no use in society –
those who Hitler called the
"useless eaters."
▪ This meant killing the
mentally ill, the terminally ill,
and the physically and
mentally handicapped. They
euphemistically called this
"euthanasia."
Eugenicis
▪ It also meant eugenics – the
science of improving the race
through selective breeding.
The Nazis required the
sterilization of those who
carried hereditary defects,
such as types of blindness and
deafness and certain diseases
which were thought to have a
genetic basis, such as
Huntington's Chorea and
epilepsy.
Sterilization
▪ To further purify the
race, women of mixed
blood were to be
sterilized.
▪ Those with ideal
Aryan characteristics
were bred like
livestock.
Physical Measurements
▪ The Nazi Bureau for
Enlightenment on
Population Policy and
Racial Welfare
recommended the
classification of Aryans
and non-Aryans on the
basis of measurements of
the skull and other physical
features.
Improving the Gene Pool
▪ Many of these ideas were not
unique to the Nazis. For example
in the early 1900s, many states
in The United States passed
compulsory sterilization laws
and prohibited intermarriage
between whites and African
Americans, Native Americans,
and Asians. However, the Nazis
were more ruthless and more
thorough in their efforts to
improve the gene pool.
"We do not stand alone" - Nazi
propaganda justifying the 1934
sterilization law, shows a German
couple surrounded by the flags of
nations which already had
identical laws. Neues Volk, 1936.
The War Against the Jews
▪ When the Nazis began
to wage war against the
Jews, they used rhetoric
and propaganda.
From an anti-Semitic children's
book. The sign reads "Jews are not
wanted here"
The Wandering Jew
▪ On November 8, 1937, a
propaganda exhibit entitled
Der Ewige Jude (The
Wandering Jew) opened. It
portrayed Jews as
communists, swindlers and
sex-fiends.
▪ Over 150,000 people
attended the exhibit in just
three days.
Communists and Thieves
▪ Jews were frequently associated with communists and thieves. The Wandering Jewlater became a notorious hate film, and associated the Jews with rats and other vermin.
The headlines say "Jews are our
misfortune" and "How the Jew
cheats." Germany, 1936.
Extermination
▪ For those with ears to
hear, Hitler promised
the extermination of
the Jewish people in a
speech to the
Reichstag in 193
▪ "...if the international Jewish financiers in
and outside Europe should succeed in
plunging the nations once more into a world
war, then the result will not be the
Bolshevizing of the earth, and thus the
victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the
Jewish race in Europe!"
-- Adolf Hitler, January 30, 1939
Harassment
▪ Harassment followed
the limitations on the
civil rights of Jewish
citizens.
Jewish children humiliated in the classroom.
Registration
▪ At first Jews were
required to register
and to wear yellow
stars as identification.
The Nuremberg Race Laws
▪ The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935:
▪ Deprived Jews of rights of citizenship
▪ Prohibited marriage or sexual relations with
Aryans
▪ Prohibited employment of Aryans as household
help
▪ The Nuremberg Race Laws included:
▪ "The Law for the Protection of German Blood
and German Honor" (prohibiting German-
Jewish intermarriage)
▪ "The Reich Citizenship Law" (designating Jews
as subjects).
▪ "The Law for the Protection of the Genetic
Health of the German People" (requiring
potential marriage partners to submit to a
medical examination).
▪ If they were disease free, they would be issued a
"Certificate of Fitness to Marry."
▪ The certificate was required in order to get a
marriage license.
Kristallnacht
▪ During the evening of November 9, 1938,
the "night of broken glass," many Jewish
businesses, synagogues and homes were
destroyed by mobs of people fired by
propaganda and fueled by their own
prejudice and ignorance.
▪ Kristallnacht was a massive coordinated
attack throughout the German Reich.
The burning of a synagogue during Kristallnacht
In Retaliation for Nazi Mistreatment
▪ The attack came after Herschel
Grynszpan, a 17 year old Jew
living in Paris, shot and killed
a member of the German
Embassy in retaliation for the
poor treatment his father and
his family suffered at the
hands of the Nazis. His family,
along with thousands of other
Jews, had been transported in
boxcars and dumped at the
Polish border.
“Rise in Bloody Vengence”
▪ The German propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, incited Germans to "rise in bloody vengeance against the Jews.
▪ Mob violence broke out as the German police stood by and watched.
▪ Storm troopers and members of the SS beat and murdered Jews along with the mobs.
▪ Nearly 1000 synagogues were burned and thousands of Jews rounded up.
Synagogues burned on the night of Kristallnacht
Ghettos
▪ Jewish people were
herded into ghettos
(walled off parts of the
city in which the
people could be more
easily controlled).
Joseph Goebbels
called the ghettos
"death boxes" Waiting for a drink of water in the Warsaw
Ghetto, where water and food were in
short supply.
This ration card from October 1941 entitled a resident to 300
calories a day.
Children climbing the walls to smuggle food into the Warsaw Ghetto
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising April - May 1943
Concentration Camps
▪ In the next phase of the
"final solution" Nazis
separated out the young,
the old, and the ill and sent
them to their deaths. The
gas chamber was used in
the extermination camps
such as Auschwitz. Those
who could work obtained
only a temporary reprieve.
Inmates at Sachenhausen wearing
identifying badges
Barracks at Auschwitz
Prisoners at Dachau
Children victims of Nazi medical experiments
Jewish prisoners are loaded onto the train from Westerbork, a transit camp, on
their way to a concentration camp
The Final Solution
▪ In January 1942 high Nazi officials met to
discuss the "final solution of the Jewish
question," in the Berlin suberb, Wansee.
Known as the Wansee Conference, this
meeting did not begin the killing of the
Jews, but in it the Nazis articulated their
plans clearly and determined on a
systematic method to carry them out.
The final destination for those who could not work, the gas
chamber. This is the gas chamber at Flossenburg.
Einsatzgrubben
▪ Not all murdered Jews
were killed in the camps.
A mobile killing force
called the Einsatzgrubben
conducted many
executions, particularly in
the Ukraine and Baltic
states.
Jews from Lubny (Ukraine)
assembled just prior to execution
Jewish victims who have been asked to
remove their outer garments prior to execution
Einsatzgrubben executions in the Ukraine
Jewish citizens of Kiev marching to Babi Yar
The ravine at Babi Yar, scene of mass executions in 1941. Ensatzgrubben killed
33,000 citizens of Kiev by gunning them down on the edge of the ravine.
Liberation
▪ In 1945 the camps were liberated. In the last
days the Nazis were still unwilling to give
up the plan to exterminate the Jews. They
either executed Jews in the camps as they
abandoned them, death-marched them into
the interior of Germany, or cut off food and
water, leaving them to die.
Children at Auschwitz. The lucky ones were liberated in 1945.
Mass grave site at Bergen-Belsen. The British found many dead
when they liberated the camp.
Examples of resistance to Nazism
▪ Sophie Scholl and the White Rose Movement
- University students who were former members of the Hitler youth group
- Seen how Jews were killed
- Designed pamphlets criticising the Nazi Party and ask to boycott Nazi meetings and stop to work in factories were weapons is produced.
- When Gestapo realized it, the leaders of the group were sentenced to death
Dietrich Bonhoeffer and the
confessing church
▪ Became a leader of the Confessing Church
▪ Challenged Hitler by sending a letter complaining about how Christianity had been removed from Germany
▪ Nazi’s removed church leaders from their churches – some was sent to concentration camps
▪ Bonhoeffer became a anti – Nazi resistance worker, helping Jewish families escape Germany
▪ Connected to a plot to assassinate Hitler
▪ Nazi’s executed him
Warsaw Ghetto uprising
▪ 300 000 Jews sent to Warsaw for mass killings
▪ Put in ghettos where they were badly treated
▪ Jews established underground resistance called Jewish fighting organisation
▪ Started protest in April 1945
▪ Did not have a strong army but managed to fight the Nazi’s for 4 weeks
▪ Nazi’s set Ghettos on fire and defeated them
References
▪ Adapted from Holocaust Nightmare: A
HistoryWiz Exhibit