Rome & Han ChinaRome & Han China

Mr. ErmerMr. Ermer

Miami Beach Senior HighMiami Beach Senior High

World History APWorld History AP

The Age of EmpiresThe Age of Empires The late centuries BCE and the early centuries CE The late centuries BCE and the early centuries CE

see the rise of larger, more centralized empiressee the rise of larger, more centralized empires Imperial Rome & Han Dynasty China (Han China)Imperial Rome & Han Dynasty China (Han China) Rome & China have no direct contactRome & China have no direct contact

Connected by complicated trading networksConnected by complicated trading networks Rome & China have little influence on each otherRome & China have little influence on each other Rome & China establish long lasting stability in areaRome & China establish long lasting stability in area Rome & China both establish territorial-cultural links Rome & China both establish territorial-cultural links

that persevere to the present daythat persevere to the present day

Important differencesImportant differencesHan China looked to past dynasties for Han China looked to past dynasties for

inspirationinspirationRomans evolved pragmatically Romans evolved pragmatically

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic Small republic of farmers grows rich through tradeSmall republic of farmers grows rich through trade

ItalyItaly’’s central location in Mediterranean makes natural s central location in Mediterranean makes natural marketplace for trade, agricultural tradition meant land marketplace for trade, agricultural tradition meant land = wealth= wealth

Geography = fertile farmland, cultural unityGeography = fertile farmland, cultural unity Romans influenced by neighbors: Etruscans & GreeksRomans influenced by neighbors: Etruscans & Greeks The Seven Hills of Rome (Palatine Hill)The Seven Hills of Rome (Palatine Hill) Seven kings of Rome, overthrown by Brutus Seven kings of Rome, overthrown by Brutus ““the the

LiberatorLiberator””—creates the —creates the Res PublicaRes Publica ““The Public ThingThe Public Thing”” The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

Senate and consulsSenate and consuls, votes of the wealthy counted , votes of the wealthy counted moremore

Conflict of the OrdersConflict of the Orders: patricians vs. plebeians: patricians vs. plebeians Twelve Stone TabletsTwelve Stone Tablets: Rome: Rome’’s first code of lawss first code of lawsTribunes: officials elected to protect the interest of the lower Tribunes: officials elected to protect the interest of the lower

classclass

Etruscan Royalty of RomeEtruscan Royalty of Rome

The Senate of Rome:The Senate of Rome:

Roman SocietyRoman SocietyLatin Clan of Indo-EuropeansLatin Clan of Indo-EuropeansPatron/Client RelationshipPatron/Client Relationship

Emperors=patrons of the masses, give giftsEmperors=patrons of the masses, give giftsBasic unit of Roman life = familyBasic unit of Roman life = family

paterfamiliaspaterfamiliasRoman women have more rights than Roman women have more rights than

GreekGreekRome adopts the Greek pantheonRome adopts the Greek pantheon

Priests appointed from the wealthy class to Priests appointed from the wealthy class to perform rituals and maintain perform rituals and maintain pax deorumpax deorum

The Military & War EthosThe Military & War Ethos Roman divisions more maneuverable than Roman divisions more maneuverable than

PhalanxPhalanx Drafted conquered peoples into armyDrafted conquered peoples into army Non-Italians afforded citizenshipNon-Italians afforded citizenship RomeRome’’s army gains power as it conquerss army gains power as it conquers

Rome vs. CarthageRome vs. Carthage First Punic War, Rome wins control of SicilyFirst Punic War, Rome wins control of Sicily Second Punic War, Hannibal attacks Italy Second Punic War, Hannibal attacks Italy Rome sacks Carthage, Carthaginian Empire endsRome sacks Carthage, Carthaginian Empire ends

The Roman War EthosThe Roman War Ethos Romans hold strong ideals of honor, fight harderRomans hold strong ideals of honor, fight harder

Soldiers are rewarded for courageSoldiers are rewarded for courage

Hannibal Crossing The AlpsHannibal Crossing The Alps

Battle of ZamaBattle of Zama

Phoenician CarthagePhoenician Carthage

The Carthaginian EmpireThe Carthaginian Empire

The Roman Empire in 129 The Roman Empire in 129 B.C.B.C.

Building An EmpireBuilding An Empire

After defeating Carthage, Romans set After defeating Carthage, Romans set sights on Greek city-state of Corinth—sights on Greek city-state of Corinth—and winand win

Romans continue to fight for control of Romans continue to fight for control of the Hellenistic kingdoms of Asia & Africathe Hellenistic kingdoms of Asia & Africa

Julius Caesar conquers the GaulsJulius Caesar conquers the GaulsCaesarCaesar’’s army kills a million Gauls, enslave s army kills a million Gauls, enslave

another millionanother million

Caesar, Protector of RomeCaesar, Protector of Rome

Death of the RepublicDeath of the RepublicRich farmers leave for long military Rich farmers leave for long military

serviceserviceInvestors consolidate land into Investors consolidate land into latifudialatifudiaConflict of the Orders increases—crisis Conflict of the Orders increases—crisis Dictators keep the peace during times of Dictators keep the peace during times of

crisiscrisisRuled for six month terms, Ruled for six month terms, dictadicta (word) = law (word) = law

90s-30s BCE: Rome engulfed in civil war90s-30s BCE: Rome engulfed in civil warGenerals command personally loyal armiesGenerals command personally loyal armiesTwo TriumviratesTwo Triumvirates

Julius Caesar, Pompey, & CrassusJulius Caesar, Pompey, & CrassusMarc Antony, Octavian, & Lepidus Marc Antony, Octavian, & Lepidus

The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire Octavian emerges victorious from civil warOctavian emerges victorious from civil war

Designated Designated ImperatorImperator by the Senate by the Senate Changes name to Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Changes name to Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus

Assumes other titles like Assumes other titles like princeps princeps

Emperors presented as semidivine with civil Emperors presented as semidivine with civil consentconsent Caligula presents self as Caligula presents self as ““living godliving god”” Many emperors commit suicide or assassinated Many emperors commit suicide or assassinated

Military now comprised by life-long professionalsMilitary now comprised by life-long professionals Emperors seen as successful based on military victoryEmperors seen as successful based on military victory

Private contracting of government function Private contracting of government function creates tension between fair government and creates tension between fair government and profit motives of the publicansprofit motives of the publicans

Hail, Caesar Augustus!Hail, Caesar Augustus!

The Urban EmpireThe Urban Empire Urban centers administer and benefit from Urban centers administer and benefit from

empireempire Heavy commerce during Heavy commerce during pax romanapax romana

Also aided by the Romanization of the empireAlso aided by the Romanization of the empire Eastern side of the empire still has Hellenistic Eastern side of the empire still has Hellenistic

cultureculture

Citizenship extended to non-ItaliansCitizenship extended to non-ItaliansMilitary service = path to citizenshipMilitary service = path to citizenship

City centers in the provinces provide City centers in the provinces provide some of the most influential Romans of some of the most influential Romans of the first few centuries C.E.the first few centuries C.E.

Roman City LifeRoman City Life

Insulae Insulae Bread & Circuses Bread & Circuses

Coliseum and arenas Coliseum and arenas Economy of ScaleEconomy of ScaleAqueductsAqueductsRoadsRoads

ChristianityChristianity Yeshua ben Yosef (Joshua/Yeshua ben Yosef (Joshua/JesusJesus son of Joseph) son of Joseph)

Jewish charismatic preaching in early C.E.Jewish charismatic preaching in early C.E. Crucified by Romans for what others claimed he wasCrucified by Romans for what others claimed he was

Jesus taught exclusively to the Jewish pop of Jesus taught exclusively to the Jewish pop of Palestine, and only in the local Aramaic dialectPalestine, and only in the local Aramaic dialect The Christian scriptures written in GreekThe Christian scriptures written in Greek Preached about the responsibility of rich to the poorPreached about the responsibility of rich to the poor Empowerment of the Empowerment of the ““meekmeek””

Paul of Tarsus: Jewish Roman citizenPaul of Tarsus: Jewish Roman citizen Calls Jesus “Calls Jesus “ChristosChristos” or “anointed one”” or “anointed one” Spreads Christianity throughout MediterraneanSpreads Christianity throughout Mediterranean

Spread of ChristianitySpread of ChristianityPaul travels, writes letters, preaches Paul travels, writes letters, preaches

throughout the Mediterraneanthroughout the MediterraneanRoman elites see Christianity as Roman elites see Christianity as

exciting, exotic faithexciting, exotic faithRoman government sees Christianity as Roman government sees Christianity as

a threat to the well-being of the statea threat to the well-being of the statePersecution of ChristiansPersecution of ChristiansMartyrsMartyrs

Conversion of Constantine, Edict of Conversion of Constantine, Edict of MilanMilan

Theodosius establishes official religion Theodosius establishes official religion

The Roman DeclineThe Roman Decline Augustus warns against expanding the empireAugustus warns against expanding the empire

Emperors continue to expand in Europe & North AfricaEmperors continue to expand in Europe & North Africa War with the Germanic Tribes & Parthian EmpireWar with the Germanic Tribes & Parthian Empire

Roman army reorganized to defend, not conquerRoman army reorganized to defend, not conquer Hadrian’s Wall, forts on the Danube & Rhine riversHadrian’s Wall, forts on the Danube & Rhine rivers Germanic tribes = ready supply of slaves, wars eruptGermanic tribes = ready supply of slaves, wars erupt Roman cities begin to erect wallsRoman cities begin to erect walls

Political instability=military & economic Political instability=military & economic breaksbreaksProgressively deeper raids by Germanic tribesProgressively deeper raids by Germanic tribes

Wars drain treasury, coins devalued, rise of barterWars drain treasury, coins devalued, rise of barterDiocletian’s economic reforms help save economyDiocletian’s economic reforms help save economy

Roman Struggles & ChangeRoman Struggles & Change Government now seen as oppressive, disloyaltyGovernment now seen as oppressive, disloyalty Emperor Constantine reorganizes the empireEmperor Constantine reorganizes the empire

Conversion to Christianity, religious toleranceConversion to Christianity, religious tolerance Transfer of capital from Rome to Greek ByzantiumTransfer of capital from Rome to Greek Byzantium

Renames city Constantinople, major building projectsRenames city Constantinople, major building projects Eastern end of empire richer, more educated, more ChristianEastern end of empire richer, more educated, more Christian

ByzantiumByzantium Constantine appoints new patriarchs of ConstantinopleConstantine appoints new patriarchs of Constantinople

Constantine affects church doctrine—Council of Nicaea Constantine affects church doctrine—Council of Nicaea (325 CE)(325 CE)

Many in the country side (Many in the country side (paganipagani) retain old religion) retain old religion 395 CE: Western and Eastern empires formally split395 CE: Western and Eastern empires formally split

476 CE: Western Roman Empire collapses476 CE: Western Roman Empire collapses Germanic kingdoms form, Roman cities in ruins, rural Germanic kingdoms form, Roman cities in ruins, rural

populationpopulation Eastern Roman Empire changes name to Eastern Roman Empire changes name to Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

Large Empires of the First Century C.E.Large Empires of the First Century C.E.

China: Rise of the Qin China: Rise of the Qin DynastyDynasty

230-221 BCE: King Zheng of Qin defeat the Warring States230-221 BCE: King Zheng of Qin defeat the Warring States King Zheng assumes Zhou Dynasty’s Mandate of HeavenKing Zheng assumes Zhou Dynasty’s Mandate of Heaven Declares self Shi Huangdi “First August Emperor” (like Augustus)Declares self Shi Huangdi “First August Emperor” (like Augustus) Establishes capital in XianyangEstablishes capital in Xianyang

Qin administrative system: commanderies & countiesQin administrative system: commanderies & counties Commanderies ruled by civilian and military governorsCommanderies ruled by civilian and military governors All male citizens register with imperial clerks for conscription and taxesAll male citizens register with imperial clerks for conscription and taxes Establishment of standard weights and measures, coinage mintingEstablishment of standard weights and measures, coinage minting

Qin emperors expand into Korean peninsula & VietnamQin emperors expand into Korean peninsula & Vietnam Han idea of “grand unity” justifies expansion, oppression of rebel Han idea of “grand unity” justifies expansion, oppression of rebel

statesstates Qin officials Han Fei & Li Si espouse LegalismQin officials Han Fei & Li Si espouse Legalism

Citizens organized into mutually responsible groups Citizens organized into mutually responsible groups Free labor preferred over slaves, high tax base = wealthFree labor preferred over slaves, high tax base = wealth

Economic regulation, agricultural surplus, high level of regional tradeEconomic regulation, agricultural surplus, high level of regional trade

The Qin DeclineThe Qin Decline Nomadic warrior peoples on frontierNomadic warrior peoples on frontier

Xiongnu people especially troublesome for QinXiongnu people especially troublesome for Qin Qin emperors push on, build defensive wallQin emperors push on, build defensive wall

Wall allows for the colonization of Inner Eurasian SteppeWall allows for the colonization of Inner Eurasian Steppe

Constant warfare burdens Qin tax baseConstant warfare burdens Qin tax base Dissention among nobles & conscripted workersDissention among nobles & conscripted workers

Chief Master Li Si executed, Xiang Yu leads rebellionChief Master Li Si executed, Xiang Yu leads rebellion Third Qin Emperor surrenders to Han forcesThird Qin Emperor surrenders to Han forces Xiongnu Confederacy reconquers SteppesXiongnu Confederacy reconquers Steppes

Xiang Yu commits suicide, feudal lords warXiang Yu commits suicide, feudal lords war Han prince Liu Bang declares himself Han emperorHan prince Liu Bang declares himself Han emperor Rules with Confucian philosophy, moral valueRules with Confucian philosophy, moral value

Xiongnu TerritoryXiongnu Territory

The Han Dynasty; 206 BCE-220 The Han Dynasty; 206 BCE-220 CECE Han rulers keep Qin bureaucratic systemHan rulers keep Qin bureaucratic system

Army of 50,000+ crossbow armed soldiersArmy of 50,000+ crossbow armed soldiers Western/Former Han Dynasty (206 BCE-9 CE)Western/Former Han Dynasty (206 BCE-9 CE)

Territorial expansion, economic prosperityTerritorial expansion, economic prosperity Dynastic CyclesDynastic Cycles

Families compete for power, claim authority of past Families compete for power, claim authority of past dynasties—mandate of heavendynasties—mandate of heaven

Dynasties rise and fall according to the cycleDynasties rise and fall according to the cycle Imperial continuity through multiple dynasties until Imperial continuity through multiple dynasties until

19111911

Han PowerHan Power World’s most centralized bureaucracyWorld’s most centralized bureaucracy

Regional administrators played active role in local Regional administrators played active role in local affairsaffairs

Removal of princes, management of aristocratsRemoval of princes, management of aristocrats Governor-Generals appointed during crisis/famineGovernor-Generals appointed during crisis/famine

Bureaucratic schools breed government officialsBureaucratic schools breed government officials Imperial University started by Emperor Wu (136 BCE)Imperial University started by Emperor Wu (136 BCE) Rational thought brings diagnoses of body function, Rational thought brings diagnoses of body function,

link between weather and disease, invention of link between weather and disease, invention of magnetic compass, making of papermagnetic compass, making of paper

Confucian thought dominates education of the elitesConfucian thought dominates education of the elites Balance between emperor’s power and bureaucracyBalance between emperor’s power and bureaucracy Honor tradition, emperor’s responsibility, respect history’s Honor tradition, emperor’s responsibility, respect history’s

lessonslessons

Han Social & Economic OrderHan Social & Economic Order Han unite various groups who once warred Han unite various groups who once warred

Allowed former Qin lords to reacquire powerAllowed former Qin lords to reacquire power Status of scholars rises in society—masters Status of scholars rises in society—masters Emperor Wu est. state monopolies to pay for Emperor Wu est. state monopolies to pay for

warswars Minting of standard copper coins, The Silk RoadMinting of standard copper coins, The Silk Road Han cities designed in grid, wide avenuesHan cities designed in grid, wide avenues

Palaces become forbidden inner citiesPalaces become forbidden inner cities Large building projects aggrandize imperial powerLarge building projects aggrandize imperial power

Patriarchal family, women worked/respectedPatriarchal family, women worked/respected Public entertainment, gambling, debauchery Public entertainment, gambling, debauchery Funerary rites important to rich and poorFunerary rites important to rich and poor

Han Social Structure & Han Social Structure & ReligionReligion Free peasantry=base of societyFree peasantry=base of society

Farmers honored, merchants controlledFarmers honored, merchants controlled Scholar officials protect moral authorityScholar officials protect moral authority Top of society=imperial clan and noblesTop of society=imperial clan and nobles Merchants begin to espouse Daoist ideas to Merchants begin to espouse Daoist ideas to

improve position improve position Emperor Wu turns Confucian philosophy into Emperor Wu turns Confucian philosophy into

the state religion, Confucius=divine/demigodthe state religion, Confucius=divine/demigod Astronomical omensAstronomical omens Chinese not as religious/otherworldly as Chinese not as religious/otherworldly as

RomansRomans

Expanding Han RuleExpanding Han Rule Creating stability for improving tradeCreating stability for improving trade Standing army of 1,000,000; 10,000 Imperial Standing army of 1,000,000; 10,000 Imperial

GuardGuard Emperor Wu conquers Korea and SichuanEmperor Wu conquers Korea and Sichuan Emperor Wu sends expeditionary forces to Emperor Wu sends expeditionary forces to

battle the Xiongnu and their horsemenbattle the Xiongnu and their horsemen Xiongnu tribes split; southern tribes conqueredXiongnu tribes split; southern tribes conquered Northern Xiongnu pushed westward, threaten Northern Xiongnu pushed westward, threaten

Rome (Huns)Rome (Huns) Retreat of Nomadic peoples=pax sinicaRetreat of Nomadic peoples=pax sinica

Declining Han PowerDeclining Han Power ““China’s Sorrow” natural disasterChina’s Sorrow” natural disaster

Economic problems, political instabilityEconomic problems, political instability The usurper Wang Mang (9-23 CE)The usurper Wang Mang (9-23 CE)

Later Han emperors justify anti-reformist ruleLater Han emperors justify anti-reformist rule Elites reform tax code, benefitElites reform tax code, benefit

Government no longer controls economyGovernment no longer controls economy Increased social inequality, rebellionIncreased social inequality, rebellion

Confucius replaced by Laozi & Yellow Emperor Confucius replaced by Laozi & Yellow Emperor as model citizen—rise of Daoismas model citizen—rise of Daoism The Yellow Turban rebellionThe Yellow Turban rebellion

Buddhism arrives—millenarian movementBuddhism arrives—millenarian movement Han fall=three competing states (Wei, Shu, Han fall=three competing states (Wei, Shu,

Wu)Wu)