12

ideologia

germanuli nacizmi is fenomenia, romelmac ara mxolod uamravi adamiani Seiwira da araerT Taobas daumaxinja cxovreba, aramed bevrisaTvis dRemde bolomde auxsneli rCeba. rogor moxda ise, rom nacizmi gaCnda germaniaSi, qveyanaSi, romelmac amdeni SesZina civilizacias da progress da romelic dRevandel evropaSic ki samagaliToa, rogorc ara mxolod Zalian ganviTarebuli, aramed Zalian humanuri qveyana, sadac kars uReben ltolvilebs, sadac praqtikulad ar aris korufcia da sadac saxelmwifo yvelafers akeTebs, rom TiToeul adamians hqondes Rirseulad cxovrebis saSualeba. albaT, SedarebiT ioli asaxsnelia, rogor gaimarjva komunizmma ruseTSi, romelsac realurad arasodes hqonia demokratia da romelic arasodes yofila bolomde evropuli qveyana.

Tornike SaraSeniZe

rogor gaCnda nacizmi germaniaSi

fineTi

sabWoTa

kavSiri

poloneTi

rumineTi

Savi zRva

TurqeTi

i

Te

nZ

re

ba

s

bulgareTi

iugoslavia

ungreTi

Cexoslovakia

germania

litva

latvia

estoneTi

Sv

ed

eT

i

no

rv

eg

ia

dania

holandia

belgia

safrangeTi

Sveicaria avstria

ital

iaespaneTi

po

rt

ug

al

ia

afrika

sardinia

korsika

elba

sicilia

atlantis okeane

xmelTaSua

zRva

adr

iatikis z

Rva

CrdiloeTis

zRva

pirveli naperwkali

yvelaferi, albaT, imiT daiwyo, rom 1806 wels prusia sastikad damarcxda napoleonis saf-rangeTTan omSi. es ar iyo ubralod omis wageba, es iyo erovnuli sircxvili da katastrofa. om-is dawyebidan ramdenime dReSi prusiis ori uzarmazari armia or sxvadasxva brZolaSi erTdro-ulad damarcxda frangebTan, ris Sedegadac sul male (omis dawyebidan or kviraSi!) mowinaaRm-degem prusiis mTeli teritoria daikava. omis ase sastikad wageba ukve Zalian mZimea, magram pru-sielebisaTvis es yvelaferi ormagad mZime aRmoCnda, radgan maT sakuTari jari evropaSi sauke-Tesod miaCndaT da isini arafers uTmobdnen iseT did yuradRebas rogorc jars – qveynis yve-laze saamayo da yvelaze saWiro instituts.

Sedegad katastrofas mohyva ara mxolod didZali teritoriebis dakargva da didZali gada-saxadi, aramed sruli uimedoba da sasowarkveTileba. rogorc aseT dros xSirad xdeba xolme, gamoCndnen patrioti da ganaTlebuli adamianebi, romlebmac gadawyvites eri gamoefxizlebi-naT da misTvis momavlis imedi CaesaxaT. XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi swored amas akeTebdnen ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli da prusiasac ase gamouCndnen inteleqtualuri liderebi, romle-bic cdilobdnen xalxisaTvis CaegonebinaT, rom odesme prusia aucileblad daaRwevda Tavs frangebis monobas (iseve, rogorc saqarTvelo daaRwevda Tavs ruseTs). prusielebSi aseTebs Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda cnobili filosofosi fixte, romelic eris gamofxizlebis mcdelobisas erTob Sors wavida da gamoacxada, rom misi xalxi (ara prusielebi, aramed mTlia-nad germanelebi) yvelaze gamorCeuli iyo da gacilebiT meti SeeZlo, vidre, magaliTad, roma-nul erebs (maT Soris, frangebs) da rom, saerTodac, ̀ namdvili eri~, rogorc aseTi, swored ger-manelebs SeeZloT SeeqmnaT. swored aq gaCnda germanuli nacizmis pirveli naperwkali, gaesva ra xazi germanelebis gansakuTrebul upiratesobas sxvebTan SedarebiT.

napoleonTan damarcxebas kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyva. prusielebma TavianTi Secdomebi gaiazres da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis reformirebas mihyves xeli. amis Sedegi iyo, rom naxevar saukuneSi maT evropaSi (da, Sesabamisad, mTel msoflioSi) uZlieresi SeiaraRebuli ja-ri hyavdaT, romelmac (bismarkis brwyinvale diplomatiasTan erTad) didi wvlili Seitana pru-siis mier germaniis gaerTianebis saqmeSi. erTiani germania prusiis modelze aewyo – jars aqac

13

iohan gotlib fixte (1762-1814)

nacizmi germaniaSi

didi britaneTi

irlandia

gamorCeuli adgili eWira; arc fixtes ide-ebi gamqrala – ufro metic, eris warmatebe-biT (warmateba ki bevri iyo, dawyebuli 1870 wels safrangeTis damarcxebiT da gagrZe-lebuli evropaSi arnaxuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT) Tavbrudaxveuli germaneli filosofosebi da mwerlebi axali SemarTe-biT alaparakdnen germanelebis gamorCeu-lobaze. Tomas manic ki, romelic mogviane-biT nacizmis erT-erT yvelaze Seurigebel mowinaaRmdeged iqca, XX saukunis dasawyis-Si germanul sulsa da inteleqts adidebda da germanelTa gamorCeul misiaze werda. Tomas manis aseTi gamosvlebis fonze gasak-viri ar aris, rom germaneli samxedroebi su-lac imaze werdnen, rom germanias, rogorc kacobriobis `sulier da inteleqtualur liders~, valdebuleba hqonda sxva qveynebi daepyro.

ase mivida germania XX saukunis Tavis pirvel katastrofamde – pirvel msoflio omamde. Tomas mani

(1875-1955)

14

katastrofa da damcireba

1914 wels germanias ara mxolod msoflioSi uZlieresi jari hyavda, aramed ekonomiurad erT-erTi uZlieresi qveyanac iyo. ekonomikis wyalobiT germaniis gavlena swrafad izrdeboda da, wesiT, mas omi araferSi sWirdebo-da. magram, rogorc cnobilia, qveyana mainc gaexvia omSi – germaniis maSindeli imperatoris araTanmimdevruli da axirebuli xasiaTis, germaneli diplomatebis uTavobis, metoqe saxelmwifoebTan gaCenili undoblobisa da, ubra-lod, movlenaTa absurduli da tragikuli ganviTarebis

gamo ver moxerxda omis Tavidan acileba, romelmac Seiwira imperiebi, milionobiT adamiani da sabolo-

od moitana XX saukunis ori Wiri – nacizmi da komunizmi.

rogorc ukve vTqviT, germanias omi, wesiT, araferSi sWirdeboda, magram amis miuxedavad,

omis dawyebas germaneli xalxi arnaxuli si-xaruliT Seegeba. qalaqebSi sazeimo msvle-

lobebi imarTeboda, romlis monawileebic gahyvirodnen, rom dadga sanatreli dro, rom bolos da bolos germaneli xalxi moipovebda misTvis kuTvnil adgils, da-amarcxebda ra Tavis mtrebs! es, albaT, kargad metyvelebs germanelTa maSindel sulier mdgomareobaze.

momavali oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi germaniis jarma viTomdac fenomenalur warmatebebs miaRwia. germanelebma or-jer lamis aiRes parizi da mTeli omis

imperatorivilhelm II(1888 -1918)

ideologia

germaneli jariskacebi ruseTSi

ganmavlobaSi safrangeTis teritoriis sakmaod didi nawili ekavaT. ruseTi sastikad daamarc-xes, uzarmazari teritoriebi waarTves da samarcxvino zavzec moawerines xeli. magram am warma-tebebs, saboloo jamSi, aranairi fasi ar hqonda, radgan germanelma samxedroebma am warmatebe-biT isargebles, sruli kontroli daamyares qveynis sagareo politikaze da uamravi ugunuroba Caidines (sagareo politika diplomatebis saqmea da iseve ver itans samxedroebis Carevas, ro-gorc omi ver itans diplomatebisa da politikosebis Carevas). konkretulad, maT ramdenjerme Tqves uari dazavebaze, radgan verafriT warmoedginaT, rom germanias didZal axal terito-riebs ar SemouerTebdnen. bolos ki imdeni ̀ moaxerxes~, rom germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi amerikac ki CarTes, rac sabolood gadamwyveti faqtori aRmoCnda – 1918 wels germania gamoifita da aS-kara gaxda, rom omis gagrZelebis Tavi aRar hqonda maSin, roca mis mowinaaRmdegeebs amerikel-Ta wyalobiT Zalebi ematebodaT. germania iZulebuli gaxda dazaveba eTxova, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis teritoriaze mowinaaRmdegeebs fexic ki ar daudgamT.

dazaveba ki metad mZime gamodga. mokavSireebma germanias daaTmobines floti, mZime Seiara-Reba da qveyana blokadaSi moaqcies, romelic manam ar moxsnes, sanam germaniis parlamentma da-zavebis SeTanxmeba ar daamtkica. manamde ki blokadiT gamowveul SimSilobas milionamde germa-neli emsxverpla, ramac, cxadia, erSi arnaxuli guliswyroma gaaCina. ratom unda daxociliyvnen SimSiliT germanelebi, romelTac omis dros teritoria ar daukargavT da aqeT iTxoves mSvi-doba?! qveyanaSi areuloba da qaosi iyo, bevrgan ajanyebebic ki daiwyo, romelTa ukan komunis-tebi idgnen.

15

pirveli msoflio omis germanuli posterebi

nacizmi germaniaSi

am tragedias isic daemata, rom im perio-disaTvis xelisuflebas saerTod CamoSor-dnen samxedroebi, romelTa sworxazovnebam qveyana saboloo damarcxebamde miiyvana. am-erikis prezidentma uilsonma ganacxada, rom igi ̀ omis gamCaReblebTan~ saqmes ar dai-Werda da Sedegad xelisufleba samoqalaqo-ebma gadaibares (imperatori gadadga da ma-le qveynidanac gaiqca), romelTac omis gaCa-RebasTan saerTo TiTqmis araferi hqondaT, magram, samagierod, umZimes samSvidobo Se-Tanxmebebze xelis moweris gamo risxva swo-red maT daatydaT Tavs. samxedroebmac mSve-nivrad isargebles amiT da omis wageba `Ra-lats~, marqsistebsa da ebraelebs daabra-les. ebraelebze yvelafris gadabralebis tradicia evropaSi didi xnis win damkvidr-da – odesRac maT ase daabrales Savi Wiris gavrceleba da monRolTa Semoseva. hitle-ris siZulvili ebraelTa mimarT (romelic mere TiTqmis mTelma germanelma erma aita-ca) upirvelesad swored am ̀ Ralatis~ miTiT aixsneba.

dazavebaze kidev ufro mZime gamodga sa-boloo samSvidobo xelSekruleba, romelic parizis konferenciaze germanelTa monawi-leobis gareSe miiRes. frangebs omSi imde-nad mZime danakargi hqondaT, rom yvelaferi gaakeTes, raTa germania maqsimalurad dae-sustebinaT da mas aRarasodes wamoeyo Tavi. ingliselebi xvdebodnen, rom frangebs zed-meti mosdiodaT, magram iZulebuli iyvnen sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis gaewiaT angari-Si, romlisTvisac oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi germania kacobriobis upirveles mtrad iq-ca. Sedegad, germanias teritoriebi waarT-ves, daakisres arnaxuli da absurdulad di-di gadasaxadi (dRevandeli kursiT, TiTqmis naxevari trilioni dolari) da omis dawye-baSi damnaSaved germania gamoacxades. ase damamcireblad evropaSi iqamde arc erT da-marcxebul qveyanas ar mopyrobian. erTi sa-ukuniT adre damarcxebul safrangeTs (ro-melic napoleonis xelSi TiTqmis oci weli aterorebda evropas) praqtikulad yvela-feri apaties da mis ZirZvel teritoriebs ar Seexnen. ra daaSava aseTi germaniam?

ase iSva damcireba da SurisZiebis survi-li.

germaniam safrangeTs daubruna elzasi da lotaringia, belgias ergo eipeni da malmedi, xolo saaris in-dustriuli regioni 15 wliT samar-Tavad gadaeca erTa ligas. daniam mii-Ro CrdiloeT Slesvigi. moxda rainis mxaris demilitarizacia – iq aikrZa-la germaniis samxedro Zalebi Tu sa-fortifikacio nagebobebi. amasTan, Cexoslovakiam germaniisagan miiRo hluCinis olqi. germanuli qalaqi dancigi, erTa ligis gadawyvetilebi-Ta da mfarvelobiT, Tavisufal qala-qad iqca, aseve baltiis zRvaze mdeba-re memeli (dRevandeli klaipeda) litvis kontrols daeqvemdebara. ev-ropis gareT germaniam yvela kolonia dakarga, mTlianad ki – Tavisi evro-puli teritoriis 13 procenti (da-

2axl. 50 aTasi km ) da mosaxleobis er-Ti meaTedi (6.5-dan 7 milionamde ada-miani).

16

ideologia

dasavleTi prusia (gadaeca poloneTs)

poseni(gadaeca poloneTs)

aRmosavleTiprusia

memeli

dancigipomerania

silezia

germaniisSidasazRvrebi

CrdiloeT Slesvigi(gadaeca danias)

hluCinis olqi(gadaeca Cexoslovakias)

elzasi-lotaringia

(gadaeca safrangeTs)

eipen-malmedi

(gadaeca

belgias)

germaniis teritoriebi, ganawilebuliversalis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, 1919

damcirebidan nacizmamde

1920-iani wlebi germaniisaTvis axal koSmarad iqca. qveyana verafriT ixdida dakisrebul re-paracias. mcire nawilis gastumrebisTvisac ki saWiro gaxda didi odenobiT markebis dabeWdva, rasac aranormaluri inflacia mohyva. roca germaniam reparaciebis gadaxda SeaCera, pasuxad safrangeTma misi teritoriis ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli nawili daikava. germaniam amas pasiuri protestiTa da boikotiT upasuxa, rasac kidev uaresi inflacia mohyva. Sedegad marka imaze iafi gaxda, vidre qaRaldi, romelzec ibeWdeboda.

1923 wlis bolos germanias gaumarTla – mis xelisuflebaSi bismarkis Semdeg yvelaze gonie-ri politikosi gustav Strezemani movida. igi kargad acnobierebda, rom boikoti da safran-geTTan dapirispireba saboloo jamSi germanias ufro azaralebda, rom qveyanas sulis moTqma sWirdeboda da saamisod, surda Tu ara, gamarjvebul qveyanasTan Serigeba da kompromisis gamo-Zebna iyo saWiro. Strezemanma gadawyvita boikoti daesrulebina. es ar iyo ioli gadawyvetile-ba – germanelTa didma nawilma es kapitulaciad da samarcxvino nabijad miiCnia da qveyanaSi sap-rotesto gamosvlebi daiwyo. bavariam, saerTod, damoukideblobis gamocxadeba gadawyvita.

swored am dros emTxveva hitleris pirveli gamosvla. jer kidev naklebad cnobil, magram ukve fiurerobaze meocnebe politikoss SeeSinda bavaria marTlac ar gasuliyo germaniidan, mas xom sruliad germaniis fiureroba surda da amitom gadatrialebis mowyoba moindoma. mis partias jer bavaria unda Caegdo xelSi, Semdeg ki Tavis momxreTa armiasTan erTad berlinze un-da wasuliyo. gadatrialebis mcdeloba Cavarda da hitlerma cixeSi amoyo Tavi, sadac dawera Tavisi cnobili `main kampfi~ (Cemi brZola). am wignSi aisaxa hitleris zizRi ebraelTa mimarT, am wignSi aisaxa hitleris zizRi ̀ mo-

versalis sazavo xelSekrulebiT (1919) germanias omiT gamowveuli zaralis asanazRau-reblad daekisra im droisaTvis uzarmazari Tan-xis – 132 miliardi markis (33 miliardi aSS dola-ri) odenobis reparaciis (reparacia – fuladi an naturaluri gadasaxadi, romelsac uxdis omSi damarcxebuli qveyana gamarjvebuls miyenebuli zaralis asanazRaureblad) gadaxda.

ruris okupacia (germ. Ruhrbesetzung) – 1923-1925 wlebSi safrangeTma da belgiam, vaimaris respublikis mxridan reparaciis gadaxdis Sewy-vetis pasuxad, md. ruris xeoba daikaves.

17

`batonebo, romeli nawili mogiWraT?!~

nacizmi germaniaSi

RalateTa~ mimarT, romlebmac germanias `omi waagebines~, am wignSi aisaxa hitleris zizRnarevi damokidebuleba slavebis mi-marT, romelTac avstriis imperia wabilwes, Seitanes ra iq ̀ aragermanuli suli~ (TviTon hitlers avstria, Tavisi samSoblo, ezizRe-boda da pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis jarSi omobda). am wignSi gaiwera hitleris samomavlo programac msoflio batonobis

mopovebisaTvis – jer safrangeTis, rogorc germaniis dauZinebeli mtris daCoqeba, Sem-deg ki – sasicocxlo sivrcis mopoveba aR-mosavleTiT (ruseTis mimarTulebiT)... ro-ca hitleri xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida, `main kampfi~ yvela germanelis savaldebu-lo sakiTxavad iqca, daaxloebiT ise, ro-gorc yvela qristianisaTvis iyo `biblia~. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom mis dros biblia ar ga-moicemoda da realurad idevneboda kidec. es gasagebia – nacizmi, saxelmwifo ideolo-giis garda, religiis rolsac asrulebda. da Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom `Zveli aRTqma~ ebraelebs eZRvneba, gasakviri aRaraferi unda iyos.

sanam hitleri cixeSi ijda, germaniaSi cxovreba lagdeboda. Strezemanma gamarj-vebul saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebi moa-gvara, isini valis restruqturizaciaze da-iyolia, amerikidan didZali investiciebi moizida, SeRavaTiani sesxebi aiRo da ekono-mika fexze daayena. sul male berlini evro-pis erT-erT yvelaze xalisian da bednier qa-laqad iqca. damcireba TandaTanobiT yve-las aviwydeboda da axali omi aRaravis sur-da.

ideologia

gustav Strezemani(1878-1929)

18

cixidan gamosuli hitleris adgilze albaT bevri Caiqnevda xels da gadawyvetda, rom azri aRar hqonda brZolas da `main kampfis~ programis ganxorcielebas,… magram yvelaferi sxvagva-rad warimarTa. 1929 wels germanias (da mTel msofliosac) ori ubedureba daatyda Tavs – Strezemanis sikvdili da didi depresia. amerikidan investiciebi da sesxebi Sewyda, germanias, fulis miwodebis nacvlad, valebis dafarvas sTxovdnen. es axali ubedureba Znelad gasaZlebi iyo da germanelebmac ver gauZles.

depresiisa da gaWirvebis fonze hitleris demagogiam frTebi gaSala da misma partiam arna-xuli popularoba moipova. amas isic daemata, rom Strezemanis gardacvalebis Semdeg germaniis politikaSi namdvili vakuumi gaCnda, aravin aRmoCnda iseTi, vinc hitlers seriozul metoqeo-bas gauwevda. sxva aravin Canda, visac wesrigis damyareba SeeZlo. germanelebs ki qaosisa da ga-Wirvebis Semdeg swored wesrigi enatrebodaT, wesrigi da ara – demokratia.

1928 wels nacional-socialistebma (hitleris partiam) xmebis 3 procentic ki ver miiRes, 1932 wels ki ukve parlamentis erTi mesamedi daakompleqtes.…

1933 wels, didi depresiis dawyebidan oTx weliwadSi, hitleri germaniis kancleri gaxda...

nacizmi germaniaSi

19