Roads to Revolution

Series of 4 Wars King William’s

(1689-97) Queen Anne’s

(1702-13) King George’s

(1744-48)

Consequences: Battle for power

between Britain/France remains No real winners in wars

Battle of Louisburg angers Colonists During KG’s War

Relationship changes Reliance on British Animosity

French fortification 1753 Ohio River Valley

George Washington 1754 Fort Necessity =

embarrassment Albany Congress

Albany Plan on Union 24 delegates Franklin/Hutchinson

proposal General Braddock/ Fort

Duquesne Disaster

1,000 British ambushed Britain’s shortcomings

Lacked adequate troops and supplies

Tide turns for Britain 1757 Iroquois Treaty (1758) William Pitt

New Prime Minister Rallies Colonists for the

cause Surrender of Montreal

1760 War in Europe continues

Treaty of Paris 1763 Reorganized map of

Colonial America Consequences

Britain supreme naval power

Britain in MASSIVE debt Dual identity

Friction among Allies 1760-1763 Reimbursement of

Colonies a problem Increased Native

conflict Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763 Proclamation of 1763

10,000 British troops remain

Writs of Assistance 1760-1761 Anger over smuggling

Prior and during war

1760- writ of assistance Search and seizure James Otis

Lawyer for Colonists Rights of an Englishman “beyond which if

Parliament go, their Acts bind not”

Sugar Act 1764 Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act 1766 Quartering Act 1766-

1767 Townshend Duties

1767 Tea Act 1773 Coercive Acts 1774

Responses VA Resolves (Stamp Act)

1765 Loyal Nine 1765 Sons/Daughters of Liberty

1765 Stamp Act Congress 1765 Letters from a PA Farmer

1767 John Wilkes (England) 1768 Christian Sparta Boston Massacre 1770 Committees of

Correspondence 1772 Boston Tea Party 1773 First Continental Congress

1774 2nd Continental Congress

1775

Virginia Resolves Patrick Henry Urged House of Burgesses

to deny tax Only four passed:

Virginians were same as British should have same rights

VA taxes through House of Burgesses

VA alone had right to tax Denied legitimacy of tax law

outside US Anyone that disagreed = the

enemy

Loyal Nine Middle class Tried to get stamp

distributors to resign Sons of Liberty

Sam Adams, John Hancock, Ebenezer Mackintosh

Daughters of Liberty too Stamp Act Congress

Oct 17, 1765 Reps from 9 colonies

27 delegates total Agree Parliament lacked

authority to tax outside Britain

Resembled VA resolves

"The Repeal or the Funeral Procession of Miss America-Stamp": A satiric cartoon commemorating the repeal of the Stamp Act, c. 1766. Illustration courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. (larger version)

New PM in England Charles Townschend

Colonial resistance NY, refused to enforce

Led to Anti-colonists sentiment in House of Commons

Consequence: NY suspending act NY backed down

John Dickinson “Letters from a PA Farmer”

No right to tax for single purpose of raising revenue

Circular Letter 1768 written by Sam Adams

Condemned taxation w/out rep Advocated no illegal activities Mass legislation adopted letters

British response Over-reacts Royal governors dissolve letter Townschend creates American

Board of Customs Commissioners 1767 Raised number of port officials $ for secret informers “Liberty” incident June 1768

Sons of Liberty Reorganize “Save your $, Save your

country” campaign Nonimportation agreement =

boycott John Wilkes

In England Denounces KGIII Ran for Parliament

Woman resistance Sarah Osborn

Religious activist Starts Daughters of Liberty

Key role in nonconsumption movvement

Feb 22, 1770 Townschend

Acts eliminated Except Tea

New British PM Committees of

Correspondence Sam Adams in

charge 1st attempt at

wide political cooperation

Gaspee Affair

“The die is cast” - KGIII

Backcountry Natives

Lord Dunmore's War 1774 Slaughter of Shawnee natives in VA

Treaty of Ft. Stanwix 1786 Iroquois give land off Ohio River Guaranteed land in NY for tribe Leads to est. of Kentucky

Green Mountain Boys Ethan Green

Four years of guerilla warfare in New Hampshire

Leads to creation of Vermont

Regulator Movement North Carolina

Westerners felt unrepresented in assembly

South Carolina Consequences

Reflected tensions of expansion and willingness to resort to violence against anyone

African 1772 James Somerset

Sues for freedom in England Was taken to England by Master

Wins! Repercussions

Slave status becomes an issue

Lord Dunmore 1775 Promises freedom to slaves who

“fight” Wants to restore “royal” authority Creates tied between British and

slave liberation 1000 slaves join

Response to Coercive Acts Sept 5, 1774 – Philadelphia Convention:

Purpose: to determine how colonies should react and restore relationship with England

Accomplished: 1. Suffolk Resolves: rejects the Intolerable Acts and calls for military preparations and economic sanctions2. Declaration of Rights and Grievances: urges king to redress (or make right) colonial grievances3. The Association – urges every town to enforce Suffolk Resolves by establishing committees 4. Call for a second meeting in May 1775 (if colonial rights not recognized) Voted to boycott all British goods

and cease exports Sent petition to KGIII

1775 KGIII declares colonies in rebellion

A. The Delegates (56 total1. Radicals: Patrick Henry,

Samuel Adams, John Adams2. Moderates – George

Washington, John Dickinson3. Conservatives – John Jay

and Joseph Galloway

April 1775 General Gage ordered

to quell “rabble” and arrest patriot leaders

700 troops send to seize arms and ammunition at Concord

First shots fired

2nd Continental Congress Military Actions 1. Declaration of Causes and

Necessities for Taking Up Arms2. Colonies called to provide troops3. George Washington appointed as

commander-in-chief of new colonial army

4. Benedict Arnold authorized to lead Canada expedition

“Olive Branch Petition” Written by George Dickerson

Cease-fire at Boston Repeal coercive acts Establish/negotiate colonists’

rights

British troops attack Boston

Bunker Hill, Breed’s Hill Stunning Colonial victory

Jan. 1776 Thomas Paine publishes “Common Sense”

Argues: Not “common sense” for a

large continent to be ruled by a distant island

States needed to break away and become independent

No economic need for Britain

Monarchy dangerous to liberty

Incredibly influential

2nd Continental Congress June 7th

Richard Henry Lee proposes independence

July 2nd United States of America

created July 4th

Adopted by Congress

What it included Followed England’s Bill of

Rights 27 grievances with KGIII

Authors Thomas Jefferson * John Adams Ben Franklin