RNA, DNA, & Proteins Chapter 12 Review. Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA...

RNA, DNA, & ProteinsChapter 12 Review

Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication

DNA polymerase

Another name for protein synthesis

translation

Sugar used to make DNA

dexoyribose

Process of making a DNA copy

replication

Nitrogen base with 1 ring such ascytosine and thymine

pyrimidine

Organism whose cells have a nucleus

eukaryote

Process in which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA

transcription

Three sequential nucleotides in anmRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid

codon

Organism without a nucleusprokaryote

Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine and guanine

Purine

Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA

nucleotide

Principle that hydrogen bonds can only form between certain nitrogen bases

Base pairing

Process in which one strain of bacteria is genetically changed by receiving DNA from another

transformation

Series of genes that controls development and differentiation inthe developing embryo

Hox genes

Coiled DNA and proteins that are spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells

chromatin

Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

anticodon

Tightly packed DNA and proteins thatare “scrunched up” into rod-shapedbundles in dividing cells

chromosomes

Expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

exon

Process of making proteins from an RNA message

Translation (protein synthesis)

What is CHARGAFF’S RULE?

A = T

G = C

Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif

Type of RNA that carries DNA codefrom the nucleus out to the cytoplasm

Messenger RNA

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein

gene

Region of DNA where RNA polymerasebinds to start transcription

promoter

Protein molecule around which DNA is wrapped to form a nucleosome in chromatin

histone

Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together

Hydrogen bonds

Bead-like structures that form when DNA wraps around histones

nucleosome

Type of RNA that matches itsanticodon and attaches the correctamino acid to the growing proteinchain during protein synthesis

Transfer RNA

Structures found in the cytoplasmmade of rRNA and proteins where protein synthesis happens

Ribosomes

Name the scientist who repeated

Griffith’s mice-pneumoniaexperiment but used

enzymes todestroy different kinds ofmolecules and showed that

DNAwas the molecule that

caused transformation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery

Oswald Avery

Type of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA

Sugar found in RNA molecules

ribose

Group of genes in a prokaryote thatoperate together

operon

Region of DNA near the promoter where repressor proteins bind and turn genes off

operator

Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule

RNA polymerase

Protein that binds to the operator siteand stops RNA polymerase frombinding and transcribing a gene

repressor

Process of changing into different kinds of cells with different functions

differentiation

Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together

Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)

Virus that infects bacteria

bacteriophage

Another name for a protein chain

polypeptide

Macromolecule made by joining aminoacid subunits together

protein

Regulatory region with the sequence TATATA or TATAAA found in many types of organisms which helps positionRNA polymerase

TATA box

Sequence of DNA that is NOT involved

in coding for a protein which is cut out

of the m-RNA molecule before it is read

by the ribosomes intron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html

Name the woman scientist whose X-rayimages of DNA helped James Watson and Francis Crick figure out the structureof DNA

ROSALYN FRANKLIN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rosalind_Franklin.jpg

Tell 2 ways DNA is different from RNA

DNA RNADouble stranded Single strandedDeoxyribose sugar Ribose sugarA,T,C,G A,U,C,GNo Uracil No thymineContains genetic code Carries code from Stays in nucleus nucleus to cytoplasm

Helps with protein synthesis

Making a DNA copy = _____________

Using DNA code to

make an RNA = ___________________

Using an RNA messageto make a protein = _______________

replication

translation

transcription

A genetic change in a cell due to DNAreceived from another cell=

____________________.TRANSFORMATION

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html

Name the two scientists received theNobel prize for figuring out the structure of DNA

JAMES WATSON &FRANCIS CRICK

Oswald Avery repeatedGriffith’s mice-pneumoniaexperiment but used enzymes

todestroy different kinds ofmolecules before injecting

theminto the mice.

Which molecule was necessary for transformation to occur?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery

DNA

DNA → DNA = _____________

DNA → RNA = ___________________

RNA → protein = _______________

replication

translation

transcription

Name the two scientists whosebacteriophage-blender experiment

helpedshow that DNA was the molecule thatcarried the genetic code

http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg

ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA CHASE

A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________

http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm

BACTERIOPHAGE

Name this subunit used to buildnucleic acids like DNA & RNA

If this was going to make RNA whatsugar would be used?

Which nitrogen base could NOT be used?

Image by: Riedell

NUCLEOTIDE

ribose

THYMINE

Name this subunit used to buildnucleic acids like DNA & RNA

If this was going to make DNA whatsugar would be used?

Which nitrogen base could NOT be used?

Image by: Riedell

NUCLEOTIDE

deoxyribose

URACIL

Tell what nitrogen base these letters stand for

_____________= A

_____________ = G

_____________ = C

______________ = T

______________ = U

ADENINEGUANINECYTOSINETHYMINEURACIL

Image from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg

Which molecules make up the backbone (sides of ladder)in a DNA molecule?

Sugar and phosphates

Purines

A

G

Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are called ______________

© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

Chromosome

Supercoils

Coils

Nucleosome

Histones

DNA

double

helix


DNA that is condensed in the nucleus ofdividing cells so it can be transported easily is called _______________

CHROMOSOMES

Pyrimidines

C

T

Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are called ______________


Hydrogen

Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif

_____________ bondsbetween nitrogen bases hold the two strands together.


How is the DNA in PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES?

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTESSingle chromosomeMany chromosomesCircular (loop) Rod-shaped bundlesIn cytoplasm in Nucleus (no nucleus)

Coils

Histones


Which protein does DNA wrap around to formnucleosomes?

HISTONES

Name the pieces of message that are NOT edited out and are

expressed __________EXONS

Image by Riedell

Chromosome

SupercoilsCoils

Histones

DNA

double

helix


What are the small bead-like bundles called that form when DNA scrunches into chromosomes?nucleosom

es

Growth

Growth

Replication fork

DNA polymerase

New strand

Original strand DNA

polymerase

Nitrogenous bases

Replication fork

Original strand

New strand

The sites where strand separation and replication occur are called _____________replication forks

Name the 3 kinds of RNA

_________________RNA Combines with proteins to form

ribosomes

_________________RNA Matches m-RNA codon to add correctamino acids during protein synthesis

_________________RNA carries code from DNA to ribosomes

rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reservedmRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif

RIBOSOMAL

TRANSFER

MESSENGER

The pieces of message that are edited out are called __________

Where does this editing happen?

INTRONS

Image by Riedell

In nucleus

Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine the amino acid being coded for:

C C A =___________

C G U = __________

U U C = __________

G C A = __________

U A G = __________

proline

arginine

phenylalanine

STOP

alanine

_______________ are changes in the genetic material.MUTATIONS

Mistakes in copying DNARadiationChemicals in environment

Tell something that can cause mutations.

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________

Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________

KINDS OF MUTATIONS

GENE MUTATIONS

CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

Chromosome

Supercoils

Coils

Nucleosome

Histones

DNA

double

helix


DNA that is spread out in the nucleus ofnon-dividing cells so the code can be readis called _______________

CHROMATIN

Mutations involving only one or a few nucleotides are called ________ mutations

Explain why frameshift mutations at the beginning of a gene are more harmful than at the end.

point

Frameshifts cause everything after themutation to shift and be misread so mutations at the beginning change more of the code.

Name this kind of mutation

Changes one base for another

A T T C G A G C T

A T T C T A G C T→

SUBSTITUTION

Tell the kind of mutation shown:

deletion

http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm

Name the 3 kinds of RNA

_________________RNA

_________________RNA

_________________RNA

rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reservedmRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif

RIBOSOMAL

TRANSFER

MESSENGER


SUBSTITUTION


A T T C G A G C T

A T T C T A G C T

→


deletion


A= _________

B= _________

C= _________

D= ___________

F= _____________

G = __________________

Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

NUCLEUS

m-RNAamino acid

ribosome

t-RNA

codon

Amino acid

INSERTION

Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm



Segment flips and reads backwards


INVERSION

Tell the kind of mutation shown

Segment breaks off and joins a different non-homologous chromosome


TRANSLOCATION

Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes = _______________

3N plants are called ____________

4N plants are called ____________

POLYPLOIDY

triploid

tetraploid

What advantage does polyploidy give to some plants?

What do you call a polyploid human?

Makes them bigger and stronger

Dead. . . Humans can’t survive with polyploidy!

Group of genes that operate together are called an ________________OPERON

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/16GeneControl/lac_operon_ind.GIF

Name the regulatory regions upstream from

promoters in eukaryotic cells that bind many different regulatory proteins

Which sequence in eukaryotes helps position RNA POLYMERASE?

TATA box

Image by Riedell

ENHANCER regions

The changing of a cell to become specialized with different functions is called ___________________

How does this happen?

DIFFERENTIATION

http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg

Cells turn different genes on and off at different times

Tell what turns the lac operon off.Repressor sits on the operator blockingRNA polymerase from reading the code

When lactose is present, the repressor binds lactose instead of the operator

What turns the lac operon ON?

Image modified from: http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/16GeneControl/lac_operon_ind.GIF

In what kind of organisms would you find operons?

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

What does the TATA box do?

prokaryotes

Help position RNA polymerase

In what kind of organisms would you find TATA boxes and enhancer regions?

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

What is the function of hox genes?

eukaryotes

Control growth and differentiation indeveloping embryos

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