DNA, RNA, & ProteinsVocab review

Chapter 12

Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication

DNA polymerase

Another name for protein synthesis

translation

Sugar used to make DNA

dexoyribose

Process of making a DNA copy

replication

Nitrogen base with 1 ring such ascytosine and thymine

pyrimidine

Organism whose cells have a nucleus

eukaryote

Process in which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA

transcription

Three sequential nucleotides in anmRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid

codon

Organism without a nucleusprokaryote

Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine and guanine

Purine

Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA

nucleotide

Principle that hydrogen bonds can only form between certain nitrogen bases

Base pairing

Process in which one strain of bacteria is genetically changed by receiving DNA from another

transformation

Series of genes that controls development and differentiation inthe developing embryo

Hox genes

Coiled DNA and proteins that are spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells

chromatin

Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

anticodon

Tightly packed DNA and proteins thatare “scrunched up” into rod-shapedbundles in dividing cells

chromosomes

Expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

exon

Process of making proteins from an RNA message

Translation (protein synthesis)

Type of RNA that carries DNA codefrom the nucleus out to the cytoplasm

Messenger RNA

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein

gene

Region of DNA where RNA polymerasebinds to start transcription

promoter

Protein molecule around which DNA is wrapped to form a nucleosome in chromatin

histone

Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together

Hydrogen bonds

Bead-like structures that form when DNA wraps around histones

nucleosome

Type of RNA that matches itsanticodon and attaches the correctamino acid to the growing proteinchain during protein synthesis

Transfer RNA

Structures found in the cytoplasmmade of rRNA and proteins where protein synthesis happens

Ribosomes

Type of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA

Sugar found in RNA molecules

ribose

Group of genes in a prokaryote thatoperate together

operon

Region of DNA near the promoter where repressor proteins bind and turn genes off

operator

Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule

RNA polymerase

Protein that binds to the operator siteand stops RNA polymerase frombinding and transcribing a gene

repressor

Process of changing into different kinds of cells with different functions

differentiation

Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together

Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)

Virus that infects bacteria

bacteriophage

Another name for a protein chain

polypeptide

Macromolecule made by joining aminoacid subunits together

protein

Regulatory region with the sequence TATATA or TATAAA found in many types of organisms which helps positionRNA polymerase

TATA box

Sequence of DNA that is NOT involved

in coding for a protein which is cut out

of the m-RNA molecule before it is read

by the ribosomes

intron

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________

Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________

KINDS OF MUTATIONS

GENE MUTATIONS

CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

Change in one or just a few nucleotide in the code

Deletion or insertion that causes the remaining nucleotides to be regrouped & read incorrectly

Point mutation

Frameshift mutation

KINDS OF MUTATIONS

One nucleotide in code is replaced by another

Complete set of chromosomes fails to separate resulting in 3N or 4N organisms

substitution

polyploidy

KINDS OF MUTATIONS

Piece of DNA is broken off and lost

Piece of DNA breaks off and reattaches to another

deletion

translocation

KINDS OF MUTATIONS

Piece of DNA breaks off, flips, and reattaches so that it reads backwards

Piece of DNA is added to the code

Extra copies of part of a chromosome are made

inversion

insertion

KINDS OF MUTATIONS

duplication