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RISEOFTRADEUNIONISM

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INTRODUCTION

A trade union (British English) or laborunion (American English) is an organization of workerswho have banded together to achieve common goalssuch as better working conditions

The trade union, through its leadership, bargains withthe employer on behalf of union members andnegotiates labour contracts with employers. This mayinclude the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaintprocedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotionof workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.

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Originating in Europe, trade unions became popular inmany countries during the Industrial Revolution, when

the lack of skill necessary to perform most jobs shiftedemployment bargaining power almost completely to theemployers' side, causing many workers to be mistreatedand underpaid. Trade union organizations may becomposed of individual workers, professionals, pastworkers, or the unemployed.

The most common, but by no means only, purpose ofthese organizations is "maintaining or improving theconditions of their employment"

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Over the last three hundred years, many trade unionshave developed into a number of forms, influenced bydiffering political objectives. Activities of trade unions vary,

but may include: Provision of benefits to members: Early trade unions,

like Friendly Societies, often provided a range of benefitsto insure members against unemployment, ill health, old

age and funeral expenses. In many developed countries,these functions have been assumed by the state;however, the provision of professional training, legaladvice and representation for members is still animportant benefit of trade union membership.

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Collective bargaining: Where trade unions are able tooperate openly and are recognized by employers, theymay negotiate with employers over wagesand working

conditions. Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or

resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals.

Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation

favorable to the interests of their members or workers asa whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns,undertake lobbying, or financially support individualcandidates or parties (such as the Labour Party in

Britain) for public office.

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HISTORY

The origins of unions' existence can be traced fromthe eighteenth century, where the rapid expansionof industrial society drew women, children, ruralworkers, and immigrants to the work force in

numbers and in new roles. This pool of unskilledand semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized infits and starts throughout its beginnings, and wouldlater be an important arena for the development of

trade unions.

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When the publication of the History of TradeUnionism(1894) by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, thepredominant historical view is that a trade union "is a

continuous association of wage earners for the purposeof maintaining or improving the conditions of theiremployment.

A modern definition by the Australian Bureau ofStatistics states that a trade union is "an organizationconsisting predominantly of employees, the principalactivities of which include the negotiation of rates of payand conditions of employment for its members."

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EUROPE

In France, Germany, and other European countries,socialist parties and democrats played a prominent rolein forming and building up trade unions, especially from

the 1870s onwards. This stood in contrast to the Britishexperience, where moderate New ModelUnions dominated the union movement from the mid-nineteenth century and where trade unionism was

stronger than the political labor movement until theformation and growth of the Labour Party in the earlyyears of the twentieth century.

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AUSTRALIA

Supporters of Unions, such as the ACTU or AustralianLabor Party, often credit trade unions with leading the labormovement in the early 20th century, which generally soughtto end child labor practices, improve worker safety, increase

wages for both union workers and non union workers, raisethe entire society's standard of living, reduce the hours in awork week, provide public education for children, and bringother benefits to working class families.

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SHOPTYPES

A closed shop (US) or a "pre-entry closed shop"(UK) employs only people who are already unionmembers. The compulsory hiring hall is an exampleof a closed shop in this case the employer must

recruit directly from the union, as well as theemployee working strictly for unionized employers.

A union shop (US) or a "post-entry closed shop"(UK) employs non-union workers as well, but sets a

time limit within which new employees must join aunion.

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An agency shop requires non-union workers to pay afee to the union for its services in negotiating theircontract. This is sometimes called the Rand formula. In

certain situations involving state public employees in theUnited States, such as California, "fair share laws" makeit easy to require these sorts of payments.

An open shop does not require union membership inemploying or keeping workers. Where a union is active,workers who do not contribute to a union still benefit fromthe collective bargaining process. In the United States,state level right-to-work laws mandate the open shop insome states.

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UNIONPUBLICATIONS

Several sources of current news exist about thetrade union movement in the world. Theseinclude LabourStart and the official website of theinternational trade union movement Global Unions.

Another source of labor news is the WorkersIndependent News, a news organization providingradio articles to independent and syndicated radioshows.

Labor Notesis the largest circulation cross-union

publication remaining in the United States. It reportsnews and analysis about labor activity or problemsfacing the labor movement.

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TYPESOFUNIONS

Craft unionismCraft unionism refers to organizing a union in a

manner that seeks to unify workers in a particularindustry along the lines of the particular craft ortrade that they work in by class or skill level. Itcontrasts withindustrial unionism, in which allworkers in the same industry are organized into the

same union, regardless of differences in skill.

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Directly Affiliated Local Union

A Directly Affiliated Local Union (DALU) is a U.S. labor

union that belongs to the AFL-CIO (American Federation ofLabor and Congress of Industrial Organizations) but is not anational union and is not entitled to the same rights andprivileges within the Federation as national affiliates.

General union

A General Union is a trade union (called laborunion in American English) which represents workers from all

industries and companies, rather than just one organizationor a particular sector, as in a craft union orindustrial union. Ageneral union differs from a union federation or tradescouncil in that its members are individuals, not unions.

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Industrial unionism

Industrial unionism is a labor union organizing methodthrough which all workers in the same industry areorganized into the same unionregardless of skill ortradethus giving workers in one industry, or in allindustries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike

situations. Advocates of industrial unionism value itscontributions to building unity and solidarity, suggesting theslogans, "an injury to one is an injury to all" and "the longerthe picket line, the shorter the strike."

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Labour council

A labour council, trades council or industrial

council is an association of labour unions or unionbranches in a given area. Most commonly, theyrepresent unions in a given geographical area,whether at the district, city, region, or provincial orstate level. They may also be based on a particularindustry rather than geographical area, as forexample, in the Maritime Council of Australiawhichco-ordinated the waterfront and maritime unionsinvolved in the 1890 Australian Maritime Dispute.

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Trades Hall

A Trades Hall is an English term for a building

where trade unions meet together, or work fromcooperatively, under a local representativeorganisation, known as a Labor Council or TradesHall Council. The term is commonly usedin England, Scotland and Australia.

They are sometimes colloquially called ''theworker's parliament''.

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National trade union center

A national trade union center is

a federation or confederation of trade unions in asingle country. Nearly every country in the world has anational trade union center, and many have more thanone. When there is more than one national center, it is

often because of ideological differencesin some caseslong-standing historic differences. Some countries, suchas theScandinavian, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland have different centers for blue collar workersand professionals.

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Anarcho-syndicalism

Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism whichfocuses on the labour movement.[1]Syndicalismeis aFrench word, ultimately derived from the Greek, meaning"trade unionism" hence, the "syndicalism" qualification.Syndicalism is an alternative co-operative economicsystem. Adherents view it as a potential force forrevolutionary social change, replacing capitalism andthe state with a new society democratically self-managedby workers.

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UNIONFEDERATION

AFL-CIO

Change to Win Federation

Labor federation competition in the United States International Trade Union Confederation

International Labor Rights Forum

International Workers Association

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LISTOFTRADEUNIONSGENERAL

Eight-hour day

Anarcho-syndicalism

Political Catholicism

Labor aristocracy

New Unionism

Solidarity Strike action

Salt (union organizing)

Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act

Syndicalism

Workers' Memorial Day

Labour Day Labour movement

Hazards Campaign

Opposition to trade unions

Union busting

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