Rise in Fascism in Europe...Rise in Fascism in Europe Fascism a political movement that promotes an...
Transcript of Rise in Fascism in Europe...Rise in Fascism in Europe Fascism a political movement that promotes an...
Rise in Fascism in Europe
Fascism
a political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, militarism, denial of individual rights, and one party
rule.
Which European countries adopted fascism in the 1920s
and 30s
Spain, Italy and Germany
Fascism rises in Germany due to problems in the Weimar
republic
What is the Weimar republic?
An Unstable Democratic Government
People in Germany had no history of democratic government
Multi-party system
35 fighting political parties trying to run it by 1928
The gov’t has so many problems to deal with, and they can’t get anything done!
Too much opposition, attempted coups, and assassinations
President Paul von Hindenburg
Treaty of Versailles
Germans considered it a stab in the back.
Massive war reparations
War guilt clause
French occupation of the Ruhr valley
Inflation
To deal with their failing economy and war reparations, the German gov’t prints money
Loaf of bread cost….
1 mark in 1918
160 marks in 1922
2 billion marks in 1923
Carried money in wheel barrows
People paid 3x a day
What would you do?
Please open books to page 896
Quiz Yourself
What are three major changes in European society after WWI?
What are important differences between totalitarianism and fascism?
What problems in Weimar Germany led to the rise of the Nazi party?
The Rise of Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler
Born in 1889, son of Austrian custom official
Was he part Jewish?
Alois Schichlgruber and clan
Bad student, drop out
October 1907 Rejected from Vienna Academy of Fine Arts
– Good street scenes, trouble drawing people
World War I
Hitler moves to Munich in Germany
Is there for the outbreak of war
Thrilled
Dispatch runner between the trenches
Awarded Iron Cross, first class
Friends?
End of War
Gas injury
In hospital
Armistice
What about his early life do you think is significant?
Entry into politics
Job as political observer
Joins German Workers party after observing them
Skills that help him rise to predominance
– Trained as lecturer for gov’t
– Speaking skills
– Organizational skills
Skills continued…
Party control by 1921
Renames it the National Socialist German Workers Party
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
NSDAP or Nazi
Turns party into a mass movement
Flags, uniforms, badges, newspaper
Nazi flag; don’t write, just listen
– Red - social idea
– White - national idea
– Swastika - struggle of the Aryan man
3000 yrs old, used in Greece, china, England, Germany, India
Sanskrit “good being”
Common decoration (Finnish air force, American 45th division)
Denoting German nationalism
Joseph Goebbels; in charge of Propaganda
Focus on small towns, rather than big cities
Huge network of people gathering information
– What makes people unhappy?
Direct mailings
Rallies included music, a dance, then speakers
They become largest party in Germany
Beerhall Putsch, Nov 8, 1923
The plan:
In the midst of massive inflation and near collapse of Weimar, Nazis will make alliances with other right-wing parties, march on the gov’t and take over.
The Event
Met in a beerhall in Munich
Mayhem
Most groups drop out
Nazis and a few others march towards the capital
Government blockades the streets, shots are fired
Nazis scatter, Hitler is arrested
Trial
Hitler comes off as patriotic, thoughtful, and a real leader.
Judge sentences him to 5 years
He serves less than 1
Prison and Mein Kampf
Hitler’s manifesto; it contains….
German nationalism
Anti-Semitism
Anti-communism
The right of the fittest to lebensraum (living space) and secure control over the inferior races
Hitler lays out his plan to attack Russia, Poland and Czechoslovakia and eliminated the Jews from Europe
German “Aryans” will then resettle land in the east and use the slavs for slaves
Hitler becomes Chancellor
Chancellor - Head of state
I thought the Weimar Republic had a president?
Becoming chancellor
Nazi party was doing well in elections
A protest vote
Other political parties thought they could use Hitler to gain popularity, and control him
He insists on being chancellor, not vice-chancellor
They agree, he is made chancellor
Reichstag fire
Reichstag - the government offices, like the American Senate building
Reichstag fire, February 27
Fire breaks out
Who did it? Communists?
President Hindenburg is convinced to issue an emergency decree
Reichstag fire decrees – Suspends civil rights
– Anyone can be arrested and held
Germany becomes a fascist state
March elections
Nazi campaign techniques
44% of the votes
Pass the Enabling act
The gov’t can override the constitution for 4 years while issuing laws to deal with the country’s problems
Hitler is dictator, and through legal means
Just listen!
Creating the Nazi state
Hitler’s plan
Develop and Aryan state that will dominate Europe, possibly the world and exist for thousands of years
Germans must actively participate
How to do it?
Propaganda
Rallies
Get people working (Grants, public works, rearmament)
Terror and Repression
Terror: murder, thugery, concentration camps, death camps, execution squads
Arrests made in the middle of the night
Arresting families and friends of dissenters as well
Racial Policy
Creating a master race
Anti-Semitism
Attempts to separate Jews from people of German descent politically, socially, legally and economically
Exclude people from certain professions
– Legal, press, cultural, entertainment, teaching, civil service
– Jewish doctors can only treat Jewish patients
Non-Aryan Laws
Raises Bureaucratic question - who is Jewish?
Nuremburg laws
Last minute, Nuremburg rally of 1935
Excludes all Jews from German citizenship
Forbade marriage and extra-marital relationships between Jews and German citizens
Forbids Jewish housekeepers under the age of 40 from working in German homes and vice versa
All laws are retroactive
Kristallnacht, Nov. 9 1938
Secretary in German embassy assassinated by Polish Jew
Sparks Nazi rampage
Synagogues burned
7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed
100 killed
30,000 sent to concentration camps
In the aftermath…
Jews bared from public buildings
Prohibited from owning, managing or working in any retail store
Encouraged to emigrate from Germany
Quiz Yourself
What are some important details about Hitler’s life before he moved into politics?
What was Joseph Goebbels in charge of?
Why was Hitler sentenced to five years in prison?
What is Mein Kampf about?
Why was Hitler made chancellor?
What are the Reichstag fire decrees?
What was Kristallnacht?