Revision Summary Sheet – Rights and Responsibilities.

Moral rights What is expected from others in particular situations, based on what can be reasonably expected. E.g. parents expected to be contacted by teachers if their child misbehaves.

Legal Rights Expectations supported by the law. E.g. a child would reasonably expect to be educated. Education is so important for a child's development that there are laws requiring parents/guardians to arrange suitable education for their children

Moral duties/responsibilities

the idea that a person has moral duties in certain situations. Disobeying moral duties, then, becomes grounds for justified punishment.

Legal duties/responsibilities

the responsibility to obey the law.

Human Rights The fundamental rights that apply to all human beings whatever their nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status. Everyone is entitled to them without discrimination and the rights are all interrelated.

CriminalResponsibility

a person's ability to understand his or her conduct at the time a crime is committed. In other words, what a person is thinking when he commits a crime, or what result is anticipated or expected when a crime is committed.

Rue of Law everyone has to obey the law. This applies to politicians, the police and judges as well as ordinary citizens. If people break the law they must be held accountable for their actions and punished.

Political Rights the rights that involve participation in the establishment or administration of a government and are usually held to entitle the adult citizen to exercise of the franchise, the holding of public office, and other political activities

Trade Union An organisation of workers who join together to achieve common aims such as better pay and improved working conditions. Trade union leaders bargain with employers on behalf of union members.

Employers Association

body of employers, usually from the same sector of the economy, associated to further the interests of member companies by conducting negotiations with trade unions, providing advice, making representations to other bodies, etc.

Balancing Rights

we balance rights and responsibilities. This balancing is essential for stable relationships. When relationships are out of balance they feel oppressive.

European Convention on Human Rights ECHR)

is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)

a court based in Strasbourg which decides on cases where there has been a breach of Human rights in Europe.

Legal Representation

Legal representation is where people who have been arrested by the police have the right to

advice and representation by a lawyer to ensure it is a fair trial.

You can also have legal representation if you haven’t been arrested for other reasons

Teachers Responsibilities

Teach good lessons and set suitable classwork and homework that will be marked regularly and returned promptly

Parents’ or Carers’ responsibilities

Check their son or daughter’s homework. Take an interest in the work their children do at home and make sure that it is completed.

Learners’ responsibilities

Listen to teachers, and work hard. Keep a careful record of all homework tasks and hand homework in on time.

The education Act 1996 states the following:

If it appears to a local education authority that a child of compulsory school age in their area is not receiving suitable education, either by regular attendance at school or otherwise, they shall serve a notice in writing on the parent requiring him/her to satisfy them within the period specified in the notice that the child is receiving such education.

Moral Rights Moral Responsibility

To have work assessed promptly To make sure that you are safe around school/sensible

To be respected To speak out against bullying

To have personal property respected Respect peoples property

To treat others how you wish to be treated To support anyone who is upset.

To work in clean tidy rooms Return items/rooms to how you found them

2

The most basic principle of human rights is that they apply to everybody. This is because they apply to anyone that is ‘human’. This means human rights are afforded equally to prisoners.

However, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) recognises that there are situations where some rights can be restricted if they are outweighed by the interests of society. For example, where it is in the interests of national securityto invade someone’s privacy, or to limit someone’s free speech rights to prevent another person getting hurt. Equally, the ECHR recognises that committing a crime can legitimately result in a person being deprived of their liberty (freedom).

Prisoners Rights that cannot be restricted

Prisoners Rights that must be respected

Prisoners Rights that can be restricted

These rights cannot be limited: • the right

to life • the

prohibition on torture

• the right to a fair trial

• freedom from slavery

• protection from retrospective laws

• Prisoners are entitled to have their right to property respected

• right to respect for family and private life.

• prisoners legal correspondence cannot be opened orread by prison staff.

• Freedom from forced labour – prisoners are expected to work as part of their punishment (but can’t be made to if unfit, or their religion forbids this on certain days)

• Privacy – prisoners can be stopped and searched at any time

• Property – prison staff can put restrictions on what you can keep in your possession

• Privacy – prisoners’ phone calls and correspondence ismonitored

• Education – prisoners under 16 should have 15 hours education per week, but this can be restricted for safety or security reasons

The earliest recorded constitution, the Charter concerns the rights and responsibilities of the Muslim, Jewish, and other Arab and tribal communities of Medina during the war between that city and its neighbours.

Medina Charter was created by the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in the year 622 CE, it was the first written constitution in the Islamic world. The Medina Charter contained every aspect of running a country from politic to the human rights administration.

The Medina Charter consists of 47 clauses. 23 clause governed the relationship between Muslims, between Ansar and Muhajirin, while the remaining 24 clauses governed the relations of Muslims with non-Muslims, the Jews and others. In addition to the charter of Medina, it is also known by various names such as Medina agreement, Dustar al-Madinah and Al-Madinah Sahifah. The Medina Charter form the constitution for Medina which was based from the regulations of Islamic law to establish a pure Islamic state that puts people of different races or ethnic groups in one country living peacefully.

Protected Characteristics are groups of people that are protected from discrimination by the equality act 2010. The 9 characteristics are:• Age, • Gender reassignment, • Disability, • Marriage and civil partnership, • Pregnancy and maternity, • Race, • Religion and belief,• Sex and sexual orientation

Revision Summary Sheet – Rights and Responsibilities.

Magna Carta means great charter and was created by the Barons and Signed by King John. King john has been causing many problems in his country punishing people, raising taxes and bulling people who did not agree with/do as he said. The Barons has very little say in how their country was run. The magna carta was a planned to be a way of controlling the King and making sure that the Barons had some say in how their country was run. One of the clauses stated that people had the right to be trialled by a jury of their peers (if they had committed a crime it wouldn’t be the king or a judge that decided if they were guilty it would be a group of people on a jury)

3

Revision Summary Sheet – Rights and Responsibilities.

In 1989, world leaders decided that children needed their own special convention. It was agreed that people under 18 often needed special care and protection that adults do not. The result was the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child.

The convention encourages world governments to see children as Human beings with distinct and special rights to:

• Health and care,

• Protection,

• Participation in their society, and

• Education and play

4

What is the difference between the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) and the ECDR (European Convention on Human Rights)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

This was set up in 1948 after WW2 and set out the basic human rights, equalities and freedoms that everyone should be entitled to. It is not law but the Declaration does help us to evaluate the human rights record of every government across the world.

Article 1 of the Declaration states that “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”Other articles include• Everyone has a right to life, liberty and security

(article 2)• No one shall be subject to torture or degrading

treatment or punishment (Article 5)• All are equal before the law. (Article 7)• Everyone has a right to seek and enjoy asylum

from persecution in other countries. (Article 14)• Marriage shall be entered into only with the free

and full consent of the intending spouses. (Article 19)

• Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. (Article 19)

• Everyone has the right to an education. (Article 26)

European Convention on Human Rights

In 1950 The Council of Europe built on the UDHR and produced the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in 1950. This means that European citizens have the following legal rights:• Life, liberty and security of the person• To marry and have a family• A fair trial and criminal matters• The right to appeal in criminal matters• To vote and be a candidate in elections• Freedom of thought, conscience and religion• Education• Freedom of expression• Freedom of movement• Freedom of assembly and association• Property or peaceful enjoyment of possessions.

The following are prohibited:-• Torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment• The death penalty• Slavery and forced labour• Discrimination on the enjoyment of rights included in the ECHR• Expelling citizens of the country or preventing them from returning after

travel overseas.

The UDHR is an admirable attempt at a statement of common principles setting a minimum standard for human rights protection. But it lacksthe legal force of a treaty and – crucially – does not give individuals the ability to bring legal proceedings when their rights have been violated.The ECHR, on the other hand, is enforceable by the European Court of Human Rights. Individuals who claim their rights have been breached can approach the Court for a decision by an authority independent of the state said to have perpetrated the violation.

How effective are the UDHR and ECHR at protecting human rights?The UDHR and the ECHR have had a considerable influence of law across the world, Europe and the UK. Unfortunately, there are many examples of people’s rights being violated:-• Freedom of expression and democratic rights are restricted in China• There is widespread use of the death penalty outside Europe• Gay people are discriminated against in Russia• In 2014, the Syrian government was found to be causing civilian casualties by using chemical weapons near people’s homes.

Revision Summary Sheet – Rights and Responsibilities.

5

Revision Summary Sheet – Rights and Responsibilities.

16 year olds should get the vote 16 year olds shouldn’t get the vote

• Many young people are taught about politics/citizenship at school and will have some understanding

• Its their future that is being voted for • They are allowed to join the armed

forces at 16• They are allowed to et married with

permission from parents. • Young people (16-17 in Scotland have the

vote. • Improved access to the media/social

media which gives them access to the “news”/politicians social media sites.

• Voting ages are lower in countries outside of the UK

Not mature enough

6

Revision Summary Sheet – Rights and Responsibilities.

7

Trade Unions – Good or bad?Trade Unions were set up to represent workers’ interests, but with fewer members than at any time since 1940, are they sill

doing that today?

Trade Unions are good for workers, businesses and society

• Trade unions promote fair, safe and discrimination-free employment practises. This creates the conditions for strong employee loyalty, flexibility and productivity.

• Unions can work with governments to improve conditions for all workers.

• Workers in companies with a recognised trade union earn 10% more than in a comparable non-unionised workplace.

• Union members never have to face problems alone. Unions have workplace representatives to advise, support and represent members on a wide range of workplace problems.

• There are fewer accidents in unionised workplaces. Union health and safety representatives have legal rights to raise concerns and to take action to prevent accidents from happening.

Trade Unions fail to support workers and have a negative impact on business and society

• Trade unions produce higher wages (for the union members) at the expense of fewer jobs., They have failed to recruit workers in low-skilled, low-paid jobs and so cant represent their interests.

• Trade unions spend to much time on political campaigns and don’t do enough to support their members in the workplace.

• Trade union representatives try to prevent the introduction of a more efficient way of working and so makes it more difficult for businesses to succeed.

• Strikes cause needless disruption to the lives of ordinary people.

• Employees can buy legal insurance at less cost than a trade union membership fee, This pays for expert support in the event of employment problems.

Revision Summary Sheet – Rights and Responsibilities.