Review Tips for Physiology Finial

8/10/2019 Review Tips for Physiology Finial

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5/53

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Hepatocyte

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canaliculus

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6/53

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8/53

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11/53

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a. Size is important!

i. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs)

are absent from micelles and diffuse across brush-border membranes

w/glycerol into villus blood capillaries.

ii. Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) need micelles.

b. Emulsification of dietary lipid is accomplished by food preparation, chewing and

gastric mixing. Lingual and gastric lipase digest about 15% of the dietary fat to asingle fatty acid and diglyceride.

c. Pancreatic lipase, co-lipase, and esterasesaided by bile salts complete lipid

digestion in the upper intestine.

i. Pancreatic lipase and co-lipase

1. Hydrolyze triglycerides!2-monoglyceride (2-mg) + LCFAs

d. LCFA + 2-mg are solubilized in mixed micelles.

i. Micelles diffuse across the unstirred layerbefore reaching the brush-

border membranes.

e. The pH of the unstirred layer facilitates the shift of lipid-solubleproducts from

mixed micelles!free state for absorption across the brush-border membrane of

enterocytes.

i. Mixed micelles are NOT absorbed, only the contents.


12/53

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f. The products of fat hydrolysis^travel to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

via a fatty acid-binding protein (FABP).

g. Esterases re-esterify lipids.

i. 2-mg + LCFAs!triglycerides

h. The triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons.

i. During fasting, endogenous lipids are processed and secreted in VLDLs.

ii. VLDLs and chylomicrons permeate villus lacteal capillaries, NOTvillus

blood capillaries!

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Sites of nutrient absorption. A, Theentire small intestine absorbscarbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.However, the absorption is greatest inthe duodenum, somewhat less in thejejunum, and much less in the ileum. Thethickness of the arrows in the insetindicates the relative magnitude of totalabsorption at the indicated site in vivo.The maximal absorptive capacity of aspecific segment under optimizedexperimental conditions (e.g., substrateconcentrations) may be greater. B, Somesubstances are actively absorbed only inthe duodenum. C, Bile acids areabsorbed along the entire small intestine,but active absorption occurs only in theileum. D, The vitamin cobalamin (B12) is

absorbed only in the ileum.


13/53

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Gabor filter-type

receptive field typical

for a simple cell.

Blue regions indicate

inhibition, red

facilitation.


23/53

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Innate Adaptive

Response time Rapid (mins!hrs) Slow (days)

Specificity Antigen nonspecificAntigen specific

improves during course of

immune response

Secondary responseSame as primary

response

Faster than primary

response

Major componentsPhysical barriers and

phagocytesB and T cells

Comparison of innate and adaptive immunity


24/53

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25/53

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Acute-Phase Response

Local responses Systemic responses

Activation of kinins:

!

Act on vascular endothelial

cells (e.g. bradykinin)

causing them to contract,

leading to vascular

permeability

!

Responsible for pain and

itching

!

Fever induction

!

Increases WBC number

!Production of C-reactive peptide

(this binds the microbes membrane

and activates complement system

resulting in cell lysis or enhanced

phagocytosis)

Activation of the

coagulation pathway (clot)


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Artificial [Passiveonly] Artificial [Activeonly]

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TH2 cells!Secrete: IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-3, GM-CSF

Cytokine Function

IL-4B cell proliferationTH2 proliferation

IgE synthesis

IL-5B cell proliferation and secretion of antibodies

Eosinophil activation

IL-10 Inhibits TH1 production and macrophage function

IL-13B cell proliferation

IgE synthesis

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C3a

(Mannose associated serine protease)

Mannose binding lectin)

C1Esterase

Inhibitor

acts here

! The most important and

abundant complementmolecule is C3.

!All 3 complement pathwaysgenerate enzymes that actas C3 convertaseanenzyme that cleaves C3.

Final result

outcome is

MAC!!!

Which ismainly

composed of

C9s

># P.


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